Key Concept 5.

1
The process of industrialization changed the way in which goods
were produced and consumed, with far-reaching effects on the
global economy, social relations, and culture.

I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.

A. A variety of Use the graphic in Freemanpedia to summarize the role each of the
factors that led to following had in the Industrial Revolution.
the rise of The geographical
Situated along the The demographic shifts in
industrial Atlantic Ocean, availability of coal, iron, Europe led to increased
production and Europe's numerous and timber played a agricultural productivity,
eventually ports and harbors crucial role in the early yielding surplus food but
resulted in the Industrial Revolution. requiring fewer farmers,
provided it with Britain, with abundant thereby improving
Industrial access to both and easily accessible nutrition and prompting
Revolution natural resources coal and iron deposits, job relocations. This
included: and markets beyond utilized these two primary population expansion
its borders. raw materials to fueled the demand for
manufacture goods workers and served as a
during this period. driving force behind the
Industrial Revolution.
Improved agricultural Legal protection of
Urbanization became crucial productivity private property.
for industrialization due to
the concentration of labor in Legal safeguards for private
specific areas, facilitated by property and contracts
the establishment of reduced investment risks,
factories. This process relied facilitated industrial growth,
on foreign investment in and facilitated immigration to
societies lacking a robust fulfill the United States' need
bourgeoisie. for industrial labor.
Improvements in agriculture,
especially in England, which
resulted in crop rotation
techniques, increased output,
and decreased agricultural
requirements, made the
Industrial Revolution feasible.

An abundance of rivers Access to foreign The accumulation of

and canals resources capital
Before railroads, water Before the advent of The cornerstone of
power, ports, and navigable railroads, water power, industrialization lay in the rise
rivers and canals were ports, and navigable rivers of a burgeoning bourgeois
essential to the rise of and canals played a vital class possessing the means
industry because they role in industrial to invest, as factories
provided inland transit, fuel development, providing demanded substantial
for new machinery, and a inland transportation, fuel for financial capital. Inherited
place to dock commercial machinery, and docking wealth held by the aristocracy
ships. facilities. held less significance in this
context.
B. The development Use the graphic in Freemanpedia to summarize each of the following.
of machines,
How did the steam How did the internal Read the article “History of
including steam Fossil Fuel Usage since the
engine contribute to the combustion engine
engines and the Industrial Revolution”.
fossil fuel revolution? contribute to the fossil Summarize the results of the
internal Be specific. fuel revolution? Be long-term impact of the
combustion The Industrial Revolution specific. fossil fuel revolution.
engine, made it was propelled by Coal deposits and steam engi nes
the steam engine, The internal combustion
possible to take engine revolutionized t were the main drivers of the
which also influenced e
advantage of vast conomies, civilizations ransportation, industry, and Industrial Revolution,
energy use through its which got its start in
new resources of , and patterns of widespread adoption Great Britain in the late
energy use. It had a throughout the fossil fuel era1 . 700s. James Watt
energy stored in significant and made improvements
to the steam engine that
fossil fuels, wide-ranging influence, made it possible for
specifically coal paving the way for later companies and mines to
technical developments. pump water.
and oil. The Mass-produced items
fossil fuels like cotton textiles
were the result of this.
revolution As nations industrialized
greatly to compete worldwide
and colonized Asia and
increased the Africa for raw resources,
energy the revolution expanded
to Europe and the US.
resources By the late 19th century,
available to industrialization had
sped technical advancement,
human societies. connected people worldwide,
and changed economies.
C. The development Define each of the following.
of the factory
system Putting-Out System Factory System Specialization of
concentrated (used before the IR) Labor
During the mid-1700s the production of he process of breaking down
labor in a single to the early 1800s, manufactured goods a production process into '
location and led to merchants in New on a large scale using smaller tasks.
an increasing England provided machines in factories,
degree of families, especially introduced in Britain
those headed by in the late 18th century
specialization of women and young girls,
labor. with raw materials to
be used in the
manufacturing of
partially or completely
finished items for the
merchant.
D. As the new The future world event that featured countries in Western Europe,
methods of notably Britain and Germany, the US, Russia, and Japan is World War I.
industrial
production became
more common in
parts of
Northwestern
Europe, they
spread to other
parts of Europe and
the United States,
Russia, and Japan.

E. The “second Research “Second Industrial Revolution” on your own and summarize the
industrial key differences here.
revolution” led to Between the middle of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, there were major scientific
new methods in the developments, mass manufacturing, urbanization, globalization, and sociological transformations
production of steel, that took place during the Second Industrial Revolution. Manufacturing processes were changed
by new technologies that increased productivity and efficiency, such as electricity, internal
chemicals, combustion engines, and steel production techniques. Globalization increased marketplaces
electricity, and and linked economies, while mass manufacturing made commodities more accessible and
precision machinery inexpe Migration from rural to urban regions caused urbanization, which had significant social
and econo Notwithstanding obstacles like as forced labor, disparities in wealth, and deteriorating
during the second environme
half of the 19th
century.

II. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated
the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for
the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.

A. The need for raw

materials for the
factories and
increased food
supplies for the
growing population
in urban centers
led to the growth of
export economies
around the world
that specialized in
commercial
extraction of
natural resources
and the production
of food and
industrial crops.
The profits from These are the illustrative examples of production and export natural
these raw resources you need to know. Be sure you can correctly identify the products
materials were and the significant regions/locations they are coming from.
used to purchase
finished goods.
B. The rapid Use the graphic in Freemanpedia to summarize each of the following.
development of
steam-powered Shipbuilding in India Iron works in India Textile production in
and Southeast Asia India and Egypt
industrial
Like iron, shipbuilding in
production in India was restricted or
European commandeered for British
use once the British Indian ironworks were well-known
countries and the entered the country. worldwide (see to McGuigans).
U.S. contributed The arrival of Dutch, However, after British
Portuguese, and Chinese colonization and arrival,
to the increase in in the spice trade had a the British decided to close European industrial s
these regions’ similar impact on Southeast or abandon the mines prowes outpaced them,
Asia. since iron could be used to which resulted in a decline
share of global support uprisings against in their dominance.
manufacturing the British Raj.
during the first IR.
While Middle
Eastern and
Asian countries
continued to
produce
manufactured
goods, these
regions’ share in
global
manufacturing
declined.

C. The global
economy of the
19th century
expanded
dramatically from
the previous period
due to increased
exchanges of raw
materials and
finished goods in
most parts of the
world.

Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave

merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct
economic advantage.

Be able to identify and explain the impact of these commodities.

III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production,
financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.

A. The ideological Use Freemanpedia AND your own research to summarize the economic
inspiration for beliefs of these two men. Be specific.
economic
Adam Smith
changes lies in Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith was a pivotal figure in the Scottish
the development Enlightenment and a pioneer in the field of political economics.
of capitalism and
classical
liberalism
associated with
Adam Smith and
John Stuart Mill.

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was an English civil servant, politician, political economist, and philosopher. He
made significant contributions to social philosophy, political theory, and political economics,
making him one of the most important intellectuals in the annals of classical liberalism.

B. The global nature Use Freemanpedia to summarize each of the following.

and production
contributed to the The United Fruit Company Hong Kong and Shanghai Stock Markets
based in the U.S. and Banking Corporation
proliferation of operating in Central (HSBC) founded by British Where investors buy and sell
large-scale America bankers shares of companies. It's a
set of exchanges where
transnational Since 1899, the United Fruit
AI that generates is experimental.companies issue shares and
Find out more established other securities for trading.
businesses that Company (UFCO) has been in Hong Kong in 1865, the
an American firm involved Hongkong and Shanghai
relied on various in the trading of tropical fruit, Banking Corporation (HSBC)
mostly bananas. UFCO was functioned as a regional bank
financial created via the merger of the to cater to global requirements,
instruments. Boston Fruit Company and such as funding commerce
Minor C. Keith's banana between Europe and Asia.
trading businesses. It had
major property holdings in the
Caribbean lowlands,
constructed ports and
railroads, created jobs, and
maintained community
services. It possessed or
rented real estate in the
nations of Central, South,
and West India.
 Insurance Gold Standard Limited-Liability
Insurance, which is mostly used for risk
management against contingent or
is a monetary system in which
the standard economic unit of
Corporations
unpredictable losses, offers financial account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. a company structure that provides
protection by guaranteeing that one pass-through taxes and limited
party will reimburse another for a certain liability protection.
loss, damage, or injury.

IV. There were major developments and innovations in transportation and

communication, including railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals.

Use Freemanpedia AND your own research to highlight the innovations and impact of each of
the following.

Railroads Steamships Telegraphs Canals

waterways and paved roads Horse-drawn
The introduction of steam engines into British inventors William Cooke carriages could carry goods more easily
The development of rail networks and shipping revolutionized the maritime and Charles Wheatstone over paved roadways, while canals offered a
the steam locomotive changed sector by enabling steamships to carry patented the first commercial t channel for transit.
transportation by enabling the speedier heavier loads and sail quicker, hence elegraphy system, which would
conveyance of people and commodities promoting international trade. be used for railroad signaling.
over great distances.
 V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.

A. In industrialized Use Freemanpedia AND your own research to summarize these two
states, many concepts. Be specific.
workers
organized Marxism
a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the l
themselves, often aborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society
in labor unions, to
improve working
conditions, limit
hours, and gain
higher wages.
Workers’
movements and
political parties
emerged in
different areas, Anarchism
the promoting a political theory advocating the abolition of hierarchical government and
e to force
alternative visions organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recours
of society, or compulsion.
including
Marxism.

B. In response to the Use Freemanpedia AND your own research to summarize efforts to
expansion of modernize as well as resistance to their efforts. Be specific.
industrializing
states, some Ottoman Empire
governments in
Asia and Africa, A reasonably modern conscripted army, changes to the financial
such as the system, the replacement of religious law with secular law, and the
Ottoman Empire replacement of guilds with modern manufacturers were all results of the
and Qing China, government's series of constitutional reforms implemented during the
sought to reform Tanzimat period. On October 23, 1840, the Ottoman Ministry of Post
and modernize was founded in Istanbul.
their economies
and militaries.
Reform efforts
were often
resisted by some
members of
government or
established elite
groups.
 Qing China
Essentially, the Self-Strengthening Movement was a bold attempt to
advance China by adoption of Western technology and expertise. But it
had a wide-ranging effect, and this movement's legacy is still shaping
China's historical narrative.

C. In a small number Use Freemanpedia to summarize each of the following.

of states,
governments The economic reforms The development of Muhammad Ali’s
of Meiji Japan factories and railroads development of a
promoted their
in Tsarist Russia cotton textile industry in
own Egypt.
state-sponsored
visions of
industrialization.

D. In response to the Use Freemanpedia to summarize each of the following.

social and
State pensions and Expansion of suffrage Public education
economic
public health in in Britain
changes brought Germany The industrial revolution
about by That more people changed cultures and
industrial Japan underwent a significant participating in politics. It shaped future global
economic transformation with ensured more education systems by driving
capitalism, some the Meiji Restoration, representation and the spread of public
governments becoming a more Westernized involvement in decision- education.
and modern country. Japan's making, marking a
promoted various industrial capabilities
significant turning point in
types of political, expanded as imports and
exports increased the history of the country.
social, dramatically, establishing the
educational, and groundwork for the country's
urban reforms future economic success.
VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent
significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental
restructuring of the global economy.

A. New social Use Freemanpedia to summarize these two concepts. Be specific.

classes, including
the middle class Middle Class
and the industrial During the Industrial Revolution, the middle class prospered and made educational
working class investments, while the working class encountered difficulties and differences in their
developed. standard of living.

Industrial Working Class

During the Industrial Revolution, the working class had to put up with hard work, poor
pay, and unfavorable living circumstances. Their battles cleared the path for social
transformation and labor reforms.

Men were supposed to work in distinct fields throughout the industrial revolution, and
B. Family dynamics, women were expected to take care of the family. This led to the domestication of
gender roles, and women.
demographics
changed in
response to
industrialization.

C. Rapid Use Freemanpedia to summarize these two concepts. Be specific.

urbanization that
accompanied Rapid Urbanization
global capitalism Beginning in England in the middle of the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution
often led to a transformed the textile industry and sparked the expansion of cities like Baltimore,
variety of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City. Rapid urbanization transformed cities into
centers of industry, culture, and innovation, but it also brought with it drawbacks and
challenges. rewards, such as population booms, infrastructural constraints, and technological
explosions.

Unsanitary Conditions
Urban regions had unsanitary conditions throughout the Industrial Revolution, which
disproportionately affected the working class. The unhygienic conditions were
caused by industries and slaughterhouses, overcrowding in dwellings, and poor
drainage. Health results were further influenced by work dangers, differences in life
expectancy, infant mortality, and health issues such as cholera, typhus, and TB.