Experiment All DD

Power System II (3150911) 1
Experiment - 1
Aim :To write computer program for plotting instantaneous voltage, current and
power in a single phase ac circuit.
Requirements : MATLAB software (any version).
Matlab Code :
%plotting P Q S V and I in single phase ac circuit
%f=50Hz, pf angle varying from -90 to 0 to +90
Vm=1;
Im=0.5;
f=50;
theta=[-pi/2:.1:pi/2];
t=[0:0.001:.02];
wt=2*pi*f.*t;
pdc=((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta)
% v=Vm*sin(wt)
% i=Im*sin(wt-theta(i))
% plot(t,v,t,i)
for j=1:length(theta)
v=Vm.*sin(wt)
i=Im*sin(wt-theta(j))
s=v.*i
p=(((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta(j)))*(1-cos(2.*wt))
q=((((Vm*Im)/2).*sin(theta(j))).*sin(2.*wt))
pdc=((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta(j))
pdc=pdc*(ones(length(v)))
plot(t,v,t,i,t,s,t,p,t,q,t,pdc)
grid on
legend('V','I','S','P','Q','DC')
pause()
end
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Output Plot :

Conclusion :

Experiment - 2
Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of short
transmission line for different specified set of receiving end quantities (different load at
leading, unity and lagging power factor)
MATLAB Code :
%% Short Tranmission Line

clc;
clear all;
L=input('Length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n ');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n ');
S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
Z=complex(R,2*pi*50*ind);
j=sqrt(-1);
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=A;
Ir=S/((sqrt(3)*Vl));
IR =((Ir))*complex(cos(-acos(Fi)),sin(-acos(Fi)));
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
Ps=3*real(VS*(conj(IS)));
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100;
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
Qs=3*imag(VS*(conj(IS)));
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('Receiving end Line Voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000);
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IR))

disp('Sending end Line Voltage in kV');

disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000);
disp(abs(IS))
disp('Sending end p.f.');
disp(F)
disp('Voltage Regulation of the line');
disp(VR)
disp('Transmission Efficiency of the line');
disp(EF)
Output :
Example 1 :
Length of transmission line in km

20
receiving end voltage in kV
11
Per km resistance in ohm
.03
Per km inductance in mH
.7
Receiving power in MW
1
Lagging power factor
.8
Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

11
Receiving end current

65.6080
Sending end Line Voltage in kV

11.3601

65.6080
Sending end p.f.

0.7806
Voltage Regulation of the line

3.2736
Transmission Efficiency of the line

99.2312

Example 2:

16
receiving end voltage in kV
11
.03
.7
1
.8
Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

11

65.6080
Sending end Line Voltage in kV

11.2872

65.6080
Sending end p.f.

0.7845

2.6108

99.3840
Conclusion:

Experiment - 3
Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of a
Medium transmission line T model for different specified set of receiving end quantities.
Output
Example : 1
100
freq. in hz
50
receiving end voltage in kv (Enter line Value)
66
0.1
Per km reactance in ohm
0.2
per km susuptance in siemens
0.04e-4
Receiving end power in kw
10000
value fi0.8
Sending end voltage

4.0245e+04
sending end current

102.9763
Sending end p.f.

0.8323

5.6152

96.6360
Example:02

100
freq. in hz
50
receving end voltage in kv (Enter line Value)
110

0.2
Per km reactance in ohm
0.4
per km susuptance in siemens
2.5e-6
Receving end power in kw
20000
value fi0.9
Sending end voltage

6.7461e+04
sending end current

110.6687
Sending end p.f.

0.9278

6.2238

96.2416
Conclusion:

Experiment - 4
Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of a Medium
transmission line π model for different specified set of receiving end quantities
Matlab Code :
%% Medium Line by Pi model
clc;
clear all;
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n ');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n ');
S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
j=sqrt(-1);
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;
A=(Y/2)*Z+1;
B=Z;
C=Y*(((Y/4)*Z)+1);
D=A;
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100;
Pr=S*0.8;

EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('Receiving end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp(abs(IR))
disp('Sending end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp(abs(IS))
disp(F)
disp(VR)
disp(EF)

Output :
Example 10.13:

150
receiving end voltage in kv
110
.1
1.59
50
.8
Per km capacitance in uF
.00955
Receiving end Line voltage in kV

110

328.0399
Sending end Line voltage in kV

143.5325

306.3886
Sending end p.f.

0.7168

30.4841

91.5776
Example 10.14:

100
66
.1

1.59
20
.9
.0318

66

194.3940

76.0147

176.5284
Sending end p.f.

0.9056

15.1738

84.4639
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT - 5
AIM : To Analise the performance of long transmission line for specified load impedance.
Requiremeant : MATLAB software (any version).
Matlab Code :
%% Long Transmission Line
clc;
clear all;
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kV\n');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n');
S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
j=sqrt(-1);
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;
K=sqrt(Y*Z);
M=sqrt(Y/Z);
A=cosh(K);
B=sinh(K)/M;
C=M*sinh(K);
D=A;
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')

disp('Receiving end Line voltage in kV');

disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp(abs(IR))
disp('Sending end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp(abs(IS))
disp(F)
disp(VR)
disp(EF)

Output :
Example -1

160
110
.2
.995
20
.8
.0059
VR =
10.8163

110

131.2160

121.8979

119.9700
Sending end p.f.

0.8494

10.8163

92.9596

Example-2

200
110
.16
.796
20
.8
.0047
VR =
10.8195

110

131.2160

121.9014

120.0129
Sending end p.f.

0.8491

10.8195

92.9573
Conclusion:

Experiment - 6
Aim : To simulate transient in series R-L circuit with special attention to change in DC
offset current for application of excitation at different instant.
Required: MATLAB any version.
Theory:
Transient Response of Series RL Circuit having DC Excitation is also called as First order
circuit. In this article we discuss about transient response of first order circuit i.e. series R-L
circuit, its derivation with example.
Derivation of Transient Response of Series RL Circuit having DC Excitation :
Let a d.c. voltage V be applied suddenly (i.e., at t=0) by closing a switch K in a series R-L
circuit as shown in figure 1.
Applying KVL yields,
or
or
Equation 2 is a non-homogeneous differential equation and the forced response is obtained

from its solution; the solution is given by
where ic is the complementary function that always goes to zero value in a relatively short
time (transient solution) and is given by being a constant; ip is the particular solution of i that
provides the steady state response.

Hence the net solution i is given by
An inductance, due to its “electrical inertia” does not allow sudden change of current
through it following the rules of electromagnetic induction and hence at current through it
just before switching is same to the current just after the switching. This is represented as
However, before switching, there was no current through the inductor and hence at time
t=0+ (i.e., just after switching) the current through the inductor will also be zero.
i.e.,
with the initial condition, equation (3) at t=0+ becomes
This gives,
or
Expression (4) clearly shows the exponential rise of current i charging the inductor. The
profile i vs t has been shown in figure 2.

Transient Analysis of RL series circuit design

Resistance value input
Inductance value input

Step value input
Voltage source input
Scope output
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO.:07
Aim : To develop program for formulation of ZBUS matrix through ZBUS building
algorithm.
Requiremeant : MATLAB software.
Theory :
By inventing Ybus
Jbus = Ybus Vbus
Or Vbus = [Ybus]^-1 Jbus = Zbus Jbus
Or Zbus = [Ybus]^-1
The sparsity of Ybus, may be retained by using an efficient inversion technique [1] and nodal
impedance matrix can then be calculated directly from the factorized admittance matrix.
This is beyond the scope of this book.
Current Injection Technique:
Equation can be written in the expanded form

V1= Z11I1 +Z12I2+…+Z1nIn
V2= Z21I1 +Z22I2+…+Z2n1n
--------------------------------------
Vn= Zn1I1 + Zn2I1 +…+ZnnIn
It immediately follows from Eq. that
Zij =Vi\Ij [limit I1=I2=I3=…..=In=0]
Also Zij - Zji (Zbus is a symmetrical matrix).
As per Eq. if a unit current is injected at bus (node) 7, while the other buses ere kept open
circuited, the bus voltages yield the values of the Tth column of Zuur. However, no organized
computerizable techniques are possible for finding the bus voltages. The technique had
utility in AC Network Analyzers 'where the bus voltages could be read by a voltmeter.
Zbus Building Algorithm

It is a step-by-step programmable technique which proceeds branch by branch. It has the
advantage that any modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding of
Zbus.
Consider that Zbus has been formulated up to a certain stage and another branch is now
added. The
Zb=branch impedance
Zbus (old) Zbus
Upon adding a new branch, one of the following situations is presented.

Matlab Code :
clear all;
clc
disp('------Formulation Z-bus Matrix-------')
n=input('enter total number of busses including Ref
busses = ');
zbus=zeros(n,n);
t=1;
while t==1
zbus;
s=menu('specify case no','new bus to reference
bus','existing bus to new bus','between existing
busses','existing bus to reference
bus','print','quit');
switch s
case{1}
zb=input('enter impedance value = ');
zbus=zb;
case{2}
k=input('enter starting bus number = ');
n=input('enter new bus number = ');
zb=input('Enter impedance value = ');
for i=1:n
if i==n
zbus(n,n)=zbus(k,k)+zb;
else
zbus(i,n)=zbus(i,k);
zbus(n,i)=zbus(k,i);
end
end

case{3}
a=input('enter first bus number = ');
b=input('enter second bus number = ');
zb=input('enter impedance value = ');
m1=zb+zbus(a,a)+zbus(b,b)-(2*zbus(a,b));
ztemp=(1/m1)*((zbus(:,a))-
(zbus(:,b)))*((zbus(a,:))-(zbus(b,:)));
zbus=zbus-ztemp;
case{4}
k=input('enter the old bus no = ');
zb=input('enter the impedance value = ');
m2=zbus(k,k)+zb;
ztemp=(1/m2)*zbus(:,k)*zbus(k,:);
zbus=zbus-ztemp;
case{5}
zbus;
case{6}
'end program';
t=0;
end
end

Experiment - 8
Aim : To simulate short transmission line using Simulink\MATLAB.
THEORY :
Short Transmission Line:
As stated earlier, the effects of line capacitance are neglected for a short transmission line.
Therefore, while studying the performance of such a line, only resistance and inductance of
the line are taken into account. The equivalent circuit of a single phase short transmission line
is shown in Fig.
I = load current
R= loop resistance i.e, resistance of both conductors
XL= loop reactance
VR= receiving end voltage
cosΦr = receiving end power factor ( lag)
VS = sending end voltage
cosΦs = sending end power factor
Phasor diagram of the line for lagging load power factor is shown in fig
( 0C )2 = ( 0D )2 + ( DC )2
V2S = ( 0E+ ED )2 + ( DB + BC )2
= ( VR cosΦR + IR )2 + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2
= √ [ (VR cosΦR + IR2 ) + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2 ]
(1) % voltage regulation = 𝑉𝑆 – 𝑉𝑅 / 𝑉𝑅 ∗ 100

(2) Sending end p.f cod Φs = 0D /0C = ( VR cos ΦR + IR ) / VS
(3) Power delivered = VR IR cos ΦR
Line losses = I2R
Power sent out = VR IR cos ΦR + I2R

%age Transmission efficiency = ( power delivered / Power sent out ) * 100
= ( VR IR cos ΦR / VR IR cos ΦR + I2R ) *100
0C = 0F = 0A + AF = 0A + AG + GF
= OA + AG + BH
VS= VR + IR cos ΦR + I XL sin ΦR
Simulation Model of Short Transmission Line :
Series RL branch data input :

Voltage source data :

Sending End quantities output : Receiving End quantities output :
Receiving End Load data input :
Conclusion:

Experiment - 9
Aim: To simulate Medium transmission line using Simulink\MATLAB.
Requirements: MATLAB software (any version).
THEORY:
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES:
In short transmission line calculations , the effect of the line capacitance are neglected
because such lines have smaller lengths and transmit power at relatively low voltage
(< 20 kV >). However ,as the length and voltage of the line increase ,the capacitance
gradually becomes of greater importance. Since medium transmission line have sufficient
length ( 50- 150 km ) and usually operate at voltages greater than 20kv ,the effect of
capacitance cannot be neglected . therefore ,in order to obtain reasonable accuracy in
medium transmission line calculations, the line capacitance must be taken into
consideration .
The capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line . however , in
order to make the calculation simple , the line capacitance is assumed to be lumped or
concentrated in the from of capacitor shunted across the line at one or more points . such
treatment of localizing the line capacitance gives reasonably accurate results . the most
commonly used methods for the solution of medium transmission lines are ;
1) End condenser method

2) Nominal T method
3) Nominal 𝜋 method
In this method the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving or load
end as shown in fig .this method of localizing the line capacitance at the load end
overestimates the effects of capacitance . 3 – phase transmission line is shown as it is more
convenient to work in phase instead of line to line values .

IR = load current per phase

R = resistance per phase
XL= inductive reactance per phase
C = capacitance per phase
cosΦR= receiving end power factor ( lag)
VS = sending end voltage per phase
phasor diagram for the circuit is shown in fig.
VR = VR + j0
IR= IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )
IC = j VR w C = J 2 𝜋 f C VR
%voltage Regulation = 𝑉𝑆 – 𝑉𝑅 / 𝑉𝑅 ∗ 100
% voltage transmission efficiency = VR IR cosΦR / VR IR cosΦR + I2S R * 100

EXPERIMENT - 10
AIM : To Annalise the performance of long transmission line for specified load
impedance.
Requiremeant : MATLAB software (any version).

THEORY :
> Exact equivalent circuit of a long transmission line is show in fig
>Here we consider infinitely small length dx of the line at a distance x from receiving end .
>Consider a small element in the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the receiving
end.
>Let, z = series impedance of the line per unit length
> y = shunt admittance of the line per unit length
> v = voltage at the end of element to wards receiving end
> v = voltage at the end of element towards sending end
> I=di = current entering the element dx
> I= current leaving the element dx
> for the small element dx
> z dx = series impedance
> y dx = shut admittance
> rise in voltage over the element length in the direction of increasing x,
dv = I. Z dx
dv/dx = I.Z
> The current entering the element is ( I+dI) where as the current leaving the element is I.
the dIfference in the current dI flow through the shunt admittance of the line,
DI = v.y dx, current drawn by element,
di/dx = v.y
> Differentiating equation
d^2V/dx^2 = z dI/dx =z(vy)
d^2V/dx^2 = YZV
> The solution of this differential equation is
V = k1 cosh(x√𝑦𝑧)+k2 sinh(x√𝑦𝑧)
> Differentiating equation w.r.t x, we have,
dv/dx=k1√𝑦𝑧 sinh (x√𝑦𝑧)+ k2 √𝑦𝑧 cosh (x√𝑦𝑧)

dv/dx= I.z
I.z = k1 √𝑦𝑧 sinh (x√𝑦𝑧)+ k2√𝑦𝑧 cosh (x√𝑦𝑧)
I = √y/z [k1 sinh (x √𝑦𝑧) + k2 cosh (x√𝑦𝑧)
Equation and give the expressions for V and I in the form of unknown constants k1 and k2.
The values of k1 can be found by applying end conditions as under:
At x = 0, V=R and I =IR
VR = receiving end voltage
IR = receiving end current
Putting these values in equation we have
VR = k1 cosh 0 +k2 sinh 0 =k1 + 0
VR= k1
Putting x =0 v =vr and I = Ir in equation we have
IR= √y/z [k1 sinh 0 + k2 cos h 0] = √y/z [0+k2]
K2 =√z/y Ir
Substituting the value of k1 and k2 in equation we get,
V=Vr cosh (x√𝑦𝑧)+√z/y Ir sinh (x√𝑦𝑧)
And I =√𝑦𝑧 Vr sinh (x√𝑦𝑧) + Ir cosh (x√𝑦𝑧)
The sending end voltage (Vs) and sending end current (Is) are obtained by putting x= in the
above equation I.e.,
Vs=Vr cosh (l√𝑦𝑧)+√z/y Ir sinh (l√𝑦𝑧)
Is = √y/z Vr sinh (√𝑦𝑧)+ Ir cosh (√𝑦𝑧)
> Now from equation

Zc = √z/y and Y =√𝑦𝑧
Where, Zc is known as characteristic impedance and
Y is the propagation constant.
The equation
Is=Vs = Vr cosh yl + Ir Zc sinh
y = Vr/Zc sinh yl + Ir cosh yl
>These two equations relate the sending end voltage and current with the receiving end
quantities.
> Comparing question with the general voltage and current equation of the line, we have
A = cosh yl
B = Zc sinh yl
C = 1/Zc sinh yl
D = cosh yl
> From this it is clear that, A = D = cosh yl

And, AD – BC = cosh^2 yl – Zc sinh yl * 1/Zc sinh yl = 1.

Simulation of Long Transmission Line :
Three phase source input :
Line Parameters input :

Three Phase RL Load :
Sending End Quantities Output :

Receiving End Quantities Output :
Conclusion:

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Power System II (3150911) 1

Requirements : MATLAB software (any version).

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Requirements : MATLAB software (any version).

%% Short Tranmission Line

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

disp('Sending end Line Voltage in kV');

Length of transmission line in km

Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end Line Voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end p.f.

Voltage Regulation of the line

Transmission Efficiency of the line

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Length of transmission line in km

Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end Line Voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end p.f.

Voltage Regulation of the line

Transmission Efficiency of the line

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Requirements : MATLAB software (any version).

Sending end voltage

sending end current

Sending end p.f.

Voltage Regulation of the line

Transmission Efficiency of the line

Length of transmission line in km

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Sending end voltage

sending end current

Sending end p.f.

Voltage Regulation of the line

Transmission Efficiency of the line

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Requirements : MATLAB software (any version).

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Length of transmission line in km

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end Line voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end p.f.

Voltage Regulation of the line

Transmission Efficiency of the line

Length of transmission line in km

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

Receiving end current

Sending end Line voltage in kV

Receiving end current