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EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
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Method 1 - Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources

1. PRINCIPLE AND APPLICABILITY

1.1 Principle. To aid in the representative measurement of

pollutant emissions and/or total volumetric flow rate from a
stationary source, a measurement site where the effluent stream is
flowing in a known direction is selected, and the cross-section of
the stack is divided into a number of equal areas. A traverse
point is then located within each of these equal areas.

1.2 Applicability. This method is applicable to flowing gas

streams in ducts, stacks, and flues. The method cannot be used
when: (1) flow is cyclonic or swirling (see Section 2.4), (2) a
stack is smaller than about 0.30 meter (12 in.) in diameter, or
0.071 m2 (113 in.2) in cross-sectional area, or (3) the measurement
site is less than two stack or duct diameters downstream or less
than a half diameter upstream from a flow disturbance.

The requirements of this method must be considered before

construction of a new facility from which emissions will be
measured; failure to do so may require subsequent alterations to
the stack or deviation from the standard procedure. Cases
involving variants are subject to approval by the Administrator,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

2. PROCEDURE

2.1 Selection of Measurement Site. Sampling or velocity

measurement is performed at a site located at least eight stack or
duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream from any flow
disturbance such as a bend, expansion, or contraction in the stack,
or from a visible flame. If necessary, an alternative location may
be selected, at a position at least two stack or duct diameters

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downstream and a half diameter upstream from any flow disturbance.

For a rectangular cross section, an equivalent diameter (De) shall
be calculated from the following equation, to determine the
upstream and downstream distances:
2L W
De '
(L % W)

Eq. 1-1

Where
L = Length and W = width.

An alternative procedure is available for determining the

acceptability of a measurement location not meeting the criteria
above. This procedure,
determination of gas flow angles at the sampling points and
comparing the results with acceptability criteria, is described in
Section 2.5.

2.2 Determining the Number of Traverse Points.

2.2.1 Particulate Traverses. When the eight- and two-diameter

criterion can be met, the minimum number of traverse points shall
be: (1) twelve, for circular or rectangular stacks with diameters
(or equivalent diameters) greater than 0.61 meter (24 in.); (2)
eight, for circular stacks with diameters between 0.30 and 0.61
meter (12 and 24 in.); and (3) nine, for rectangular stacks with
equivalent diameters between 0.30 and 0.61 meter (12 and 24 in.).

When the eight- and two-diameter criterion cannot be met, the

minimum number of traverse points is determined from Figure 1-1.
Before referring to the figure, however, determine the distances
from the chosen measurement site to the nearest upstream and
downstream disturbances, and divide each distance by the stack

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diameter or equivalent diameter, to determine the distance in terms

of the number of duct diameters. Then, determine from Figure 1-1
the minimum number of traverse points that corresponds: (1) to the
number of duct diameters upstream; and (2) to the number of
diameters downstream. Select the higher of the two minimum numbers
of traverse points, or a greater value, so that for circular stacks
the number is a multiple of 4, and for rectangular stacks, the
number is one of those shown in Table 1-1.

2.2.2 Velocity (Non-Particulate) Traverses. When velocity or

volumetric flow rate is to be determined (but not particulate
matter), the same procedure as that used for particulate traverses
(Section 2.2.1) is followed, except that Figure 1-2 may be used
instead of Figure 1-1.

2.3 Cross-Sectional Layout and Location of Traverse Points.

2.3.1 Circular Stacks. Locate the traverse points on two

perpendicular diameters according to Table 1-2 and the example
shown in Figure 1-3. Any equation (for examples, see Citations 2
and 3 in the Bibliography) that gives the same values as those in
Table 1-2 may be used in lieu of Table 1-2.

For particulate traverses, one of the diameters must be in a plane

containing the greatest expected concentration variation, e.g.,
after bends, one diameter shall be in the plane of the bend. This
requirement becomes less critical as the distance from the
disturbance increases; therefore, other diameter locations may be
used, subject to the approval of the Administrator.

In addition, for stacks having diameters greater than 0.61 m (24

in.), no traverse points shall be within 2.5 centimeters (1.00 in.)
of the stack walls; and for stack diameters equal to or less than
0.61 m (24 in.), no traverse points shall be located within 1.3 cm
(0.50 in.) of the stack walls. To meet these criteria, observe the
procedures given below.
2.3.1.1 Stacks With Diameters Greater Than 0.61 m (24 in.). When
any of the traverse points as located in Section 2.3.1 fall within
2.5 cm (1.00 in.) of the
stack walls, relocate them away from the stack walls to: (1) a
distance of
2.5 cm (1.00 in.); or (2) a distance equal to the nozzle inside
diameter, whichever is larger. These relocated traverse points (on
each end of a diameter) shall be the "adjusted" traverse points.
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Whenever two successive traverse points are combined to form a

single adjusted traverse point, treat the adjusted point as two
separate traverse points, both in the sampling (or velocity
measurement) procedure, and in recording the data.

2.3.1.2 Stacks With Diameters Equal To or Less Than 0.61 m (24

in.). Follow the procedure in Section 2.3.1.1, noting only that
any "adjusted" points should be relocated away from the stack walls
to: (1) a distance of 1.3 cm (0.50 in.); or (2) a distance equal to
the nozzle inside diameter, whichever is larger.

2.3.2 Rectangular Stacks. Determine the number of traverse points

as explained in Sections 2.1 and 2.2 of this method. From Table 1-
1, determine the grid configuration. Divide the stack cross-
section into as many equal rectangular elemental areas as traverse
points, and then locate a traverse point at the centroid of each
equal area according to the example in Figure 1-4.
If the tester desires to use more than the minimum number of
traverse points, expand the "minimum number of traverse points"
matrix (see Table 1-1) by adding the extra traverse points along
one or the other or both legs of the matrix; the final matrix need
not be balanced. For example, if a 4 x 3 "minimum number of
points" matrix were expanded to 36 points, the final matrix could
be 9 x 4 or 12 x 3, and would not necessarily have to be 6 x 6.
After constructing the final matrix, divide the stack cross-section
into as many equal rectangular, elemental areas as traverse points,
and locate a traverse point at the centroid of each equal area. The
situation of traverse points being too close to the stack walls is
not expected to arise with rectangular stacks. If this problem
should ever arise, the Administrator must be contacted for
resolution of the matter.

2.4 Verification of Absence of Cyclonic Flow. In most stationary

sources, the direction of stack gas flow is essentially parallel to
the stack walls. However, cyclonic flow may exist (1) after such
devices as cyclones and inertial demisters following venturi
scrubbers, or (2) in stacks having tangential inlets or other duct
configurations which tend to induce swirling; in these instances,
the presence or absence of cyclonic flow at the sampling location
must be determined. The following techniques are acceptable for
this determination. Level and zero the manometer. Connect a Type
S pitot tube to the manometer. Position the Type S pitot tube at
each traverse point, in succession, so that the planes of the face
openings of the pitot tube are perpendicular to the stack cross-
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sectional plane; when the Type S pitot tube is in this position, it

is at "0E reference." Note the differential pressure ()p) reading
at each traverse point. If a null (zero) pitot reading is obtained
at 0E reference at a given traverse point, an acceptable flow
condition exists at that point. If the pitot reading is not zero
at 0E reference, rotate the pitot tube (up to ±90E yaw angle),
until a null reading is obtained. Carefully determine and record
the value of the rotation angle (") to the nearest degree. After
the null technique
has been applied at each traverse point, calculate the average of
the absolute values of "; assign " values of 0E to those points for
which no rotation was required, and include these in the overall
average. If the average value of " is greater than 20E, the
overall flow condition in the stack is unacceptable, and
alternative methodology, subject to the approval of the
Administrator, must be used to perform accurate sample and velocity
traverses. The alternative procedure described in Section 2.5 may
be used to determine the rotation angles in lieu of the procedure
described above.
2.5 Alternative Measurement Site Selection Procedure. This
alternative applies to sources where measurement locations are less
than 2 equivalent or duct diameters downstream or less than one-
half duct diameter upstream from a flow disturbance. The
alternative should be limited to ducts larger than 24 in. in
diameter where blockage and wall effects are minimal. A
directional flow-sensing probe is used to measure pitch and yaw
angles of the gas flow at 40 or more traverse points; the resultant
angle is calculated and compared with acceptable criteria for mean
and standard deviation.

NOTE: Both the pitch and yaw angles are measured from a line
passing through the traverse point and parallel to the stack axis.
The pitch angle is the angle of the gas flow component in the plane
that INCLUDES the traverse line and is parallel to the stack axis.
The yaw angle is the angle of the gas flow component in the plane
PERPENDICULAR to the traverse line at the traverse point and is
measured from the line passing through the traverse point and
parallel to the stack axis.

2.5.1 Apparatus.

2.5.1.1 Directional Probe. Any directional probe, such as United

Sensor Type DA Three-Dimensional Directional Probe, capable of
measuring both the pitch and yaw angles of gas flows is acceptable.
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(NOTE: Mention of trade name or specific products does not

constitute endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.) Assign an identification number to the directional probe,
and permanently mark or engrave the number on the body of the
probe. The pressure holes of directional probes are susceptible to
plugging when used in particulate-laden gas streams. Therefore, a
system for cleaning the pressure holes by "back-purging" with
pressurized air is required.

2.5.1.2 Differential Pressure Gauges. Inclined manometers, U-tube

manometers, or other differential pressure gauges (e.g., magnehelic
gauges) that meet the specifications described in Method 2, Section
2.2.

NOTE: If the differential pressure gauge produces both negative

and positive readings, then both negative and positive pressure
readings shall be calibrated at a minimum of three points as
specified in Method 2, Section 2.2.

2.5.2 Traverse Points. Use a minimum of 40 traverse points for

circular ducts and 42 points for rectangular ducts for the gas flow
angle determinations. Follow Section 2.3 and Table 1-1 or 1-2 for
the location and layout of the traverse points. If the measurement
location is determined to be acceptable
according to the criteria in this alternative procedure, use the
same traverse point number and locations for sampling and velocity
measurements.

2.5.3 Measurement Procedure.

2.5.3.1 Prepare the directional probe and differential pressure

gauges as recommended by the manufacturer. Capillary tubing or
surge tanks may be used to dampen pressure fluctuations. It is
recommended, but not required, that a pretest leak check be
conducted. To perform a leak check, pressurize or use suction on
the impact opening until a reading of at least 7.6 cm (3 in.) H20
registers on the differential pressure gauge, then plug the impact
opening. The pressure of a leak-free system will remain stable for
at least 15 seconds.

2.5.3.2 Level and zero the manometers. Since the manometer level
and zero may drift because of vibrations and temperature changes,
periodically check the level and zero during the traverse.
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2.5.3.3 Position the probe at the appropriate locations in the gas

stream, and rotate until zero deflection is indicated for the yaw
angle pressure gauge. Determine and record the yaw angle. Record
the pressure gauge readings for the pitch angle, and determine the
pitch angle from the calibration curve. Repeat this procedure for
each traverse point. Complete a "back-purge" of the pressure lines
and the impact openings prior to measurements of each traverse
point.

A post-test check as described in Section 2.5.3.1 is required. If

the criteria for a leak-free system are not met, repair the
equipment, and repeat the flow angle measurements.

2.5.4 Calculate the resultant angle at each traverse point, the

average resultant angle, and the standard deviation using the
following equations. Complete the calculations retaining at least
one extra significant figure beyond that of the acquired data.
Round the values after the final calculations.

2.5.4.1 Calculate the resultant angle at each traverse point:

Ri ' arc cosine[(cosineY i)(cosinePi)]

Eq. 1-2

Where:
Ri = resultant angle at traverse point i, degree.
Yi = yaw angle at traverse point i, degree.
Pi = pitch angle at traverse point i, degree.

2.5.4.2 Calculate the average resultant for the measurements:

'Ri
R'
n

Eq. 1-3
Where:
Ravg = average resultant angle, degree.
n = total number of traverse points.

2.5.4.3 Calculate the standard deviations:

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j (Ri&R)
n
2
i'1
Sd '
(n&1)

Eq. 1-4
Where:
Sd = standard deviation, degree.

2.5.5 The measurement location is acceptable if Ravg # 20E and Sd

# 10E.

2.5.6 Calibration. Use a flow system as described in Sections

4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.2 of Method 2. In addition, the flow system
shall have the capacity to generate two test-section velocities:
one between 365 and 730 m/min (1200 and 2400 ft/min) and one
between 730 and 1100 m/min (2400 and 3600 ft/min).

2.5.6.1 Cut two entry ports in the test section. The axes through
the entry ports shall be perpendicular to each other and intersect
in the centroid of the test section. The ports should be elongated
slots parallel to the axis of the test section and of sufficient
length to allow measurement of pitch angles while maintaining the
pitot head position at the test-section centroid. To facilitate
alignment of the directional probe during calibration, the test
section should be constructed of plexiglass or some other
transparent material. All calibration measurements should be made
at the same point in the test section, preferably at the centroid
of the test section.

2.5.6.2 To ensure that the gas flow is parallel to the central

axis of the test section, follow the procedure in Section 2.4 for
cyclonic flow determination to measure the gas flow angles at the
centroid of the test section from two test ports located 90E apart.
The gas flow angle measured in each port must be ±2E of 0E.
Straightening vanes should be installed, if necessary, to meet this
criterion.

2.5.6.3 Pitch Angle Calibration. Perform a calibration traverse

according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol in 5E
increments for angles from -60E to +60E at one velocity in each of
the two ranges specified above. Average the pressure ratio values
obtained for each angle in the two flow ranges, and plot a
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calibration curve with the average values of the pressure ratio (or
other suitable measurement factor as recommended by the
manufacturer) versus the pitch angle. Draw a smooth line through
the data points. Plot also the data values for each traverse
point. Determine the differences between the measured datavalues
and the angle from the calibration curve at the same pressure
ratio. The difference at each comparison must be within 2E for
angles between 0E and 40E and within 3E for angles between 40E and
60E.

2.5.6.4 Yaw Angle Calibration. Mark the three-dimensional probe

to allow the determination of the yaw position of the probe. This
is usually a line extending the length of the probe and aligned
with the impact opening. To determine the accuracy of measurements
of the yaw angle, only the zero or null position need be calibrated
as follows: Place the directional probe in the test section, and
rotate the probe until the zero position is found. With a
protractor or other angle measuring device, measure the angle
indicated by the yaw angle indicator on the three-dimensional
probe. This should be within 2E of 0E. Repeat this measurement
for any other points along the length of the pitot where yaw angle
measurements could be read in order to account for variations in
the pitot markings used to indicate pitot head positions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream, ASME

Performance Test Code No. 27. New York. 1957.

2. DeVorkin, Howard, et al. Air Pollution Source Testing Manual.

Air Pollution Control District. Los Angeles, CA. November
1963.

3. Methods for Determining of Velocity, Volume, Dust and Mist

Content of Gases. Western Precipitation Division of Joy
Manufacturing Co. Los Angeles, CA. Bulletin WP-50. 1968.

4. Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate Matter.

In: 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23. ASTM Designation D
2928-71. Philadelphia, PA. 1971.

5. Hanson, H.A., et al. Particulate Sampling Strategies for

Large Power Plants Including Nonuniform Flow. USEPA, ORD,
ESRL, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-600/2-76-170. June
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1976.

6. Entropy Environmentalists, Inc. Determination of the Optimum

Number of Sampling Points: An Analysis of Method 1 Criteria.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA Contract No. 68-01-3172, Task 7.

7. Hanson, H.A., R.J. Davini, J.K. Morgan, and A.A. Iversen.

Particulate Sampling Strategies for Large Power Plants
Including Nonuniform Flow. USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Publication No. EPA-600/2-76-170. June 1976. 350 p.

8. Brooks, E.F., and R.L. Williams. Flow and Gas Sampling

Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research
Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-600/2-76-203. July
1976. 93 p.

9. Entropy Environmentalists, Inc. Traverse Point Study. EPA

Contract No. 68-02-3172. June 1977. 19 p.

10. Brown, J. and K. Yu. Test Report: Particulate Sampling

Strategy in Circular Ducts. Emission Measurement Branch.
Emission Standards and Engineering Division. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711. July 31, 1980. 12 p.

11. Hawksley, P.G.W., S. Badzioch, and J.H. Blackett. Measurement

of Solids in Flue Gases. Leatherhead, England, The British
Coal Utilisation Research Association. 1961. p. 129-133.

12. Knapp, K.T. The Number of Sampling Points Needed for

Representative Source Sampling. In: Proceedings of the Fourth
National Conference on Energy and Environment. Theodore, L.
et al. (ed). Dayton, Dayton Section of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers. October 3-7, 1976. p. 563-568.

13. Smith, W.S. and D.J. Grove. A Proposed Extension of EPA

Method 1 Criteria. Pollution Engineering. XV (8):36-37.
August 1983.

14. Gerhart, P.M. and M.J. Dorsey. Investigation of Field Test

Procedures for Large Fans. University of Akron. Akron, OH.
(EPRI Contract CS-1651). Final Report (RP-1649-5). December
1980.
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15. Smith, W.S. and D.J. Grove. A New Look at Isokinetic Sampling
- Theory and Applications. Source Evaluation Society
Newsletter. VIII(3):19-24. August 1983.
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Table 1-1. CROSS-SECTION LAYOUT FOR

RECTANGULAR STACKS
———————————————————————————————————
———————Number of traverse points
Matrix layout
———————————————————————————————————
———————
9 ................... 3x3
12 ................... 4x3
16 ................... 4x4
20 ................... 5x4
25 ................... 5x5
30 ................... 6x5
36 ................... 6x6
42 ................... 7x6
49 ................... 7x7
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TABLE 1-2
LOCATION OF TRAVERSE POINTS IN CIRCULAR STACKS
(Percent of stack diameter from inside
wall to traverse point)
Traverse Number of traverse points on a diameter
Point
Number on a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Diameter
1 . . . . . 14 6. 4. 3. 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6 1. 1. 1.1 1.1
.6 7 4 2 4 3
2 . . . . . 85 25 14 10 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4. 3. 3.5 3.2
.4 .0 .6 .5 4 9
3 . . . . . 75 29 19 14. 11. 9.9 8.5 7. 6. 6.0 5.5
.0 .6 .4 6 8 5 7
4 . . . . . 93 70 32 22. 17. 14. 12. 10 9. 8.7 7.9
.3 .4 .3 6 7 6 5 .9 7
5 . . . . . 85 67 34. 25. 20. 16. 14 11 11. 10.
.4 .7 2 0 1 9 .6 2. 6 5
9
6 . . . . . 95 80 65. 35. 26. 22. 18 16 14. 13.
.6 .6 8 6 9 0 .8 .5 6 2
7 . . . . . 89 77. 64. 36. 28. 23 20 18. 16.
.5 4 4 6 3 .6 .4 0 1
8 . . . . . 96 85. 75. 63. 37. 29 25 21. 19.
.8 4 0 4 5 .6 .0 8 4
9 . . . . . 91. 82. 73. 62. 38 30 26. 23.
8 3 1 5 .2 .6 2 0
10 . . . . 97. 88. 79. 71. 61 38 31. 27.
4 2 9 7 .8 .8 5 2
11 . . . . 93. 85. 78. 70 61 39. 32.
3 4 0 .4 .2 3 3
12 . . . . 97. 90. 83. 76 69 60. 39.
9 1 1 .4 .4 7 8
13 . . . . 94. 87. 81 75 68. 60.
3 5 .2 .0 5 2
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14 . . . . 98. 91. 85 79 73. 67.

2 5 .4 .6 8 7
15 . . . . 95. 89 83 78. 72.
1 .1 .5 2 8
16 . . . . 98. 92 87 82. 77.
4 .5 .1 0 0
17 . . . . 95 90 85. 80.
.6 .3 4 6
18 . . . . 98 93 88. 83.
.6 .3 4 9
19 . . . . 96 91. 86.
.1 3 8
20 . . . . 98 94. 89.
.7 0 5
21 . . . . 96. 92.
5 1
22 . . . . 98. 94.
9 5
23 . . . . 96.
8
24 . . . . 98.
9
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Duct Diameters Upstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance A)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
50

a
Higher Number is for
Disturbance
Rectangular Stacks or Ducts
40 Measurement
A Site

30 B
a
24 or 25
Disturbance

20
20
16 Stack Diameter > 0.61 m (24 in.)

12

a
10 * From Point of Any Type of 8 or 9
Disturbance (Bend, Expansion, Contraction, etc.)

Stack Diameter = 0.30 to 0.61 m (12-24 in.)

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance B)

Figure 1-1. Minimum number of traverse points for

particulate traverses.
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Duct Diameters Upstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance A)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
50

a
Higher Number is for
Disturbance
Rectangular Stacks or Ducts
40 Measurement
A Site

30 B

Disturbance

20
16 Stack Diameter > 0.61 m (24 in.)

12

a
10 * From Point of Any Type of 8 or 9
Disturbance (Bend, Expansion, Contraction, etc.)

Stack Diameter = 0.30 to 0.61 m (12-24 in.)

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance B)

Figure 1-2. Minimum number of traverse points for velocity

(nonparticulate) traverses.
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Traverse Distance
Point % of diameter

1 4.4
2 14.7
3 29.5
4 70.5
5 85.3
6 95.6

2
1

Figure 1-3. Example showing circular stack cross section

divided into 12 equal areas, with location of traverse
points indicated.
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Figure 1-4. Example showing rectangular stack cross section

divided into 12 equal areas, with a traverse point at centroid
of each area.