Compiled and prepared by:

Prof. Bernie B. Domingo

CCE - Faculty
 NANOTECHNOLOGY

"The Next Big Thing Is Really Small”

Topics of the day
• Introduction
• Defination
• History
• Timeline
• Tools & techniques
▫ Carbon nanotubes
▫ Nanorods
▫ Nanobots
• Approaches used
▫ Top-down
▫ Bottom-up
• Materials used
• Application
▫ Drugs
▫ Fabrics
▫ Mobiles
▫ Electronics
▫ Computers
▫ Other uses
• Nanotechnology in INDIA
• Possiblities for future
• Pitfalls of nanotechnology.
NANO & TECHNOLOGY
• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric
system, equal to one billionth of a metre(10-9).

• Technology is the making, usage, and

knowledge of tools, machines and techniques, in
order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.
Definition
• Nanotechnology is the
study of manipulating
matter on an atomic scale.

• Nanotechnology refers
to the constructing and
engineering of the
functional systems at very
micro level or we can say at
atomic level.

• A Nanometer is one
billionth of a meter,
roughly the width of three
or four atoms. The average
human hair is about
25,000 nanometers wide.
 History
• The first ever concept was presented
in 1959 by the famous professor of
physics Dr. Richard P.Feynman.

• Invention of the scanning

tunneling microscope in 1981 and
the discovery of fullerene(C60) in
1985 lead to the emergence
of nanotechnology.

• The term “Nano-technology" had

been coined by Norio Taniguchi in
1974
nanometer

• a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9

meter, or one billionth of a meter.
• commonly used in nanotechnology, the
building of extremely small machines.
Nanoscale and nanostructures
• The early 2000s also saw the
beginnings of commercial
applications of nanotechnology,
although these were limited to
bulk application of
nanomaterials.

• Silver nano platform for using

silver- nanoparticles as an
antibacterial agent
, nanoparticle-based
transparent sunscreens, and
carbon nanotubes for stain-
resistant textiles.
TYPESOFMICROSCOPES USED IN
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Electron
microscope
• a microscope that
uses a beam of
accelerated electrons
as a source of
illumination.
• In 1930, German
engineers Ernst
Ruska and Max Knoll
built the first electron
microscope.
Atomic Force Microscope
• a type of high resolution
scanning probe
microscope that has a
resolution that you can
measure in fractions of a
nanometer.
• was pioneered in 1986
by Nobel Prize Winner
Gerd Binnig along with
Calvin Quate and
Christoph Gerber.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
• an instrument for
imaging surfaces at
the atomic level.
• its development in
1981 earned its
inventors, Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer (at IBM
Zürich), the Nobel
Prize in Physics in
1986.
Timeline
 Tools & Technology
• There are several important modern developments.
▫ The atomic force microscope (AFM).
▫ The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are
scanning probes that launched nanotechnology.

• Various techniques of nanolithography such as:

▫ optical lithography.
▫ X-ray lithography,
▫ Dip pen nanolithography
▫ Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer)
were also developed.

Lithography in MEMS context is typically the

transfer of a pattern into a photosensitive
material by selective exposure to a
radiation source such as light.
 Carbon Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon
with a cylindrical nanostructure.

• They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto

132,000,000:1.

• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their name is

derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-
thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.

• Properties
▫ Highest strength to weight ratio, helps
in creating light weight spacecrafts.

▫ Easily penetrate membranes such as

cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.

▫ Electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach

themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can
detect chemical vapours.
Carbon Nanotube
• Application
▫ Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT
in making bicycle component.

▫ Zyvex Technologies using CNT for

manufacturing of light weight boats.

▫ Replacing transistors from the silicon

chips as they are small and emits less
heat.

▫ In electric cables and wires

▫ In solar cells

▫ In fabrics
Nanorods(quantum dots)
• Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale
objects.

• Dimensions range from 1–100 nm.

• They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting

materials.

• A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and

bond to different facets of the nanorod with different
strengths. This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow
at different rates, producing an elongated object.

❑ USES:

▫ In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods

can be changed by changing their orientation with an
applied electric field.

▫ In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

▫ In cancer therapeutics.
 Nanobots
• Close to the scale of 10-9.

• Largely in R&d phase .

• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable

of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.

• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be

necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.

• Capable of replication using environmental resources .

• Application:
▫ Detection of toxic components in
environment.

▫ In drug delivery.

▫ Biomedical instrumention.
Approaches in nanotechnology
1. Bottom up:

In the bottom up approach different

materials and devices are
constructed from molecular
components of their own. They
chemically assemble themselves by
recognizing the molecules of their
own breed.

• Examples of molecular self

assembly are Watson crick base
pairing , nano-lithoghraphy .
2. Top down:
In top down approach nano objects and
materials are created by larger entities
without bouncing its atomic reactions
usually top down approach is practiced less
as compared to the bottom up approach.

• Solid-state techniques can also be used

to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or
NEMS, which are related to
microelctromechanical systems or
MEMS.

• MEMS became practical once they could be

fabricated using modified semiconductor
device fabrication technologies, normally
used to make electronics.
Materials used
• Zinc oxide:
▫ Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain
resistant.

• Silver ion:
▫ Healing property

• Aluminum silicate:
▫ Scratch resistance

• Gold ion:
▫ Chip fabrication, drug delivery.
Application Of
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.

• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right

location in the body and release drug doses on
a predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.

• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.

• They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer

tumour.

• Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.

• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or

chemotherapy.

• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.

▫ For example, some clothing

manufacturers are making water and
stain repellent clothing using nano-
sized whiskers in the fabric that cause
water to bead up on the surface.

▫ In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.

▫ Making spill & dirt resistant,

antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device
developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and
the University of Cambridge (UK).

• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making

it extremely dirt repellent.

• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using

photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface.

• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a

nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices to be bent,
stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes.
Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electrodes made from nanowires enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well
as thinner than current flat panel
displays.

▫ Nanolithography is used for

fabrication of chips.

▫ The transistors are made of

nanowires, that are assembled on
glass or thin films of flexible plastic.

▫ E-paper, displays on sunglasses and

map on car windshields.
Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.

• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow

cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer
which consists of pure carbon.

• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays

techniques due to less consumption of electricity and
less heat emission.

• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater

extend.

• Researchers at North Carolina State University says

that growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called
nanodots.
• Hewett Packard is developing a memory device that uses nanowires
coated with titanium dioxide.
• One group of these nanowires is deposited parallel to another group.
• When a perpendicular nanowire is laid over a group of parallel
wires, at each intersection a device called a memristor is formed.
• A memristor can be used as a single-component memory cell in an
integrated circuit.
• By reducing the diameter of the nanowires, researchers believe
memristor memory chips can achieve higher memory density than
flash memory chips.
• Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of iron and nickel are being
used to create dense memory devices.
• Chips produced by Intel before “i” series processors were between
65nm -45nm.
• Later with the help of nanotechnolgy 22nm chips were made which
itself is a milestone.

• Advantages of using carbon nanotubes:

▫ Faster and smaller- carbon nanotubes can be used to produce

smaller and faster components.

▫ This will also result in computers that consume less energy.

▫ High speed and high capacity memory.

▫ Allows circuits to be more accurate on the atomic level.

Other uses
• Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials, such as tungsten
carbide, tantalum carbide and titanium carbide, are more wear and
erosion-resistant, and last longer than their conventional
counterparts.

• Silver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kill bacteria

and prevent infection.

• Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone

▫ Formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular level.

• Aerogels lightest known solid due to good insulating properties is

used in space suits and are proposed to use in space craft.
Nanotechnology in India
• IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.

• Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.

• Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science

and Technology Initiative (NSTI).

• Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was

initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five
years.
• The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
- basic research promotion,
- infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research,
- development of nano technologies and their applications,
- human resource development and
- international collaborations.
IIT mumbai project
Possibilities for the future
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter,
stronger, and programmable materials that
▫ require less energy to produce than conventional material

▫ and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation,

ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.

• The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of

nanorobotics.

• These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well

as tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the
depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed.
• There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure everything
from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.

• There would be almost nothing that couldn’t be repaired

(eventually) with the introduction of nano surgery.
Pitfalls of nanotechnology
▫ Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and
digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell
damage.
▫ Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to
cross the blood-brain barrier.

▫ The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is

the Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly
viruses that can continue to wipe out a community, country or even
a civilization.

▫ Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for

GRAY GOO.
 References
1. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm
5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-
nanotechnology.html
6. www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts/
7. www.nafenindia.com/Final_Report_Nano_OK.pd
8. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.ht
m
9. http://www.nanostart.de/index.php/en/nanotechnology/nan
otechnology-information/610-schneller-sparsamer-robuster-
nanotechnologie-in-computer-handy-a-co
 POST-TEST
1. What is nanotechnology and how did it start?
2. Where is nanotechnology used today? Can I buy
nanotechnology products?
3. What are some of the most interesting nanoparticles
found in nature (not manufactured in the lab)?
4. Given the nano-size of the particles, are there any
effective respirator filters to guard against
inhalation?
5. How are safety tests carried out in nano tech?
6. What is the difference between nanotech, biotech
and synthetic biology?
7. How are safety tests carried out in nano tech?
8. With something like nanosilver, is it possible to
design out the hazard while keeping the “benefits”?
9. What are synthetic nanoparticles?
10.Would you support nanotechnology? Why or Why
not?
T h a n k You