16 Data Handling

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d.
 Organisation of data

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 Measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
 Bar graphs
 Probability
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INTRODUCTION
Statistics, a branch of mathematics, is the study of collection, organisation, presentation and analysis of data
K
and drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis.
Consider the following marks scored by 20 students out of 50 in a class test.
26, 32, 20, 40, 31, 35, 42, 37, 28, 46, 40, 31, 29, 38, 27, 41, 29, 35, 32, 43
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Each entry in the above list of marks is a numerical fact which is called an observation. The collection of
observations in the form of numerical figures is known as data.
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There are two types of data.

(i) Primary data (ii) Secondary data
Primary data : (Data never gathered before) When an investigator collects the data himself with a definite plan,
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it is called primary data. Though collection of primary data is time consuming process but it is reliable and
relevant as it is original in character.
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Secondary data : (Data gathered by another source) The data which is collected by someone other than the user
is called secondary data and are obtained from published or unpublished sources.

ORGANISATION OF DATA
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The data obtained in the original form is called raw data or ungrouped data. The data is condensed into
groups or classes in order to facilitate the study of their salient features. Such an arrangement is called
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presentation of data.
The raw data can be arranged as follows :
(i) Ascending order (ii) Descending order
The raw data, when arranged in ascending or descending order is called an array.
The marks obtained by 20 students out of 50 are as given below :
26, 32, 20, 35, 31, 35, 42, 35, 28, 42, 40, 31, 29, 35, 27, 42, 29, 35, 32, 42
The data in this form are called raw data. The above raw data in ascending or descending order gives slightly
better picture to reach a conclusion.
The data is arranged in ascending order as follows :
20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29, 31, 31, 32, 32, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 40, 42, 42, 42, 42

Data Handling 311

 Similarly, it can be arranged in descending order as
42, 42, 42, 42, 40, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 32, 32, 31, 31, 29, 29, 28, 27, 26, 20
If the number of observation is large, then arranging data in ascending or descending order becomes a tedious
job. We make a table with three columns as shown in the above table. First column is of marks, second for
tally marks and third for number of students (frequency). In marks column, marks are written in ascending
order. Now, for each given data, we place a vertical line ( ) called tally mark against the marks obtained in
first column. We record tally marks in bunches of five, the fifth tally mark is drawn diagonally across the first

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four. For example, = 8. After marking all the observations, we count the number of tally marks
corresponding to each observation and write in the frequency column. We find that the sum of all
frequencies is equal to the number of observations.
Marks Tally marks Number of students

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d.
20 1
26 1
27 1

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28 1
29 2
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K 31
32
35
2
2
5
40 1
42 4
20
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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
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The number of times an observation occurs in the given data is called the frequency of the observation.
Frequency table or frequency distribution is a method to present raw data in the form from which
information can be easily interpreted.
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Example 1 : Prepare a frequency table of the following scores obtained by 40 students in a test :
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24, 16, 17, 30, 28, 20, 15, 24, 16, 18, 18, 15, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 25, 20, 18, 28, 27, 25,
24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16, 25, 20, 27, 28, 28, 16.

Solution : Marks Tally marks Frequency (No. of students)

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15 3
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16 6
17 1
18 6
20 6
24 5
25 6
27 2
28 4
30 1
40

312 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Example 2 : The following are the number of members in 20 families in a village.
5, 7, 5, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4.
Prepare a frequency table.
Solution : Number of members Tally marks Number of families
1 1

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2 1
4 3
5 7
6 5

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d.
7 3
20

Example 3 : A die was thrown 25 times and the following outcomes were recorded :

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5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 6, 5, 5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4
Prepare a frequency table for above data after arranging it in ascending order.
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Solution :
K The outcomes are arranged in ascending order as below :
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6
The frequency table for above data is as follows :
Outcomes Tally marks Number of outcomes (Frequency)
1 3
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2 5
3 3
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4 5
5 6
6 3
t
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25

EXERCISE 16.1
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1. Given below are the ages of 25 students of class VII in a school. Prepare a frequency distribution table.
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12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 13, 14, 14, 13, 13, 12, 12, 13, 13, 10, 11, 12, 13, 11, 12, 11, 11, 12, 11, 12
2. The marks obtained by 30 students of class VI in a test out of 10 marks are as follows :
4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 0, 5, 2, 7,0, 6, 9, 7, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2, 9, 8
Make a frequency distribution table for the above data.
(i) Find the number of student passed, if the passing marks is 4.
(ii) How many students failed?
(iii) How many students secured more than 8 marks?
(iv) How many students secured the highest marks?

Data Handling 313

 3. The following data gives marks out of 50 obtained by 30 students of a class in a test :
16, 20, 27, 47, 31, 35, 16, 40, 29, 22, 11, 12, 20, 22, 40, 31, 29, 27, 22, 35, 22, 12, 16, 22, 31, 35, 29, 40, 29, 27
Arrange them in ascending order and prepare a frequency table for the above data.
4. The marks scored by 36 students are as follows :
60, 58, 58, 90, 62, 62, 58, 78, 44, 60, 58, 90, 55, 48, 78, 39, 62, 60, 90, 98, 78, 58, 62, 58, 60, 55, 78, 48, 98,
39, 78, 60, 60, 55, 44, 55

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Prepare a frequency table for the above data and answer the following questions.
(i) What is the lowest score? (ii) What is the highest score?
(iii) If 45 is the passing marks, how many have failed?
(iv) How many have scored less than 60 marks?
5. Write the data given below in descending order and prepare a frequency table.

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d.
8, 6, 7, 5, 9, 6, 5, 4, 9, 6, 9, 7, 5, 6, 8, 4, 7, 5, 7, 9, 6, 7, 10, 6, 7
6. Make a frequency distribution table for the following marks obtained by 25 students in mathematics test
in class VII of a school.

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10, 18, 13, 19, 10, 19, 25, 17, 19, 9, 12, 9, 13, 17, 19, 18, 20, 25, 8, 12, 16, 19, 19, 20, 9
Answer the following questions :

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(i) What is the lowest marks?
(iii) Which mark is occurring more frequently?
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL VALUE (TENDENCY)
(ii) What is the highest marks?

We have studied frequency distribution and use of frequency table to interpret the data. The information
contained in frequency table can be represented by means of some numerical values. This value represents
the entire data. It is a number around which maximum number of observations are clustered and is known
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as central value of data.
There are various methods to find the measures of central value. The most commonly used measures of
central value are :
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(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Median (iii) Mode

Arithmetic Mean
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Arithmetic mean of a group of observations is defined as

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Sum of all observations

Arithmetic mean =
Number of observations
or Sum of all observation = Mean × No. of observation
The arithmetic mean (A.M) of n observations x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, ........ , xn is given by
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x1  x2  x3  x4  x 5 ......  xn
A.M. =
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n
Range : The difference between the highest and the lowest observations is called the range of the given data
or observations.
Example 1 : The marks obtained in a class test by 10 students are as follows :
12, 16, 13, 15, 8, 10, 13, 17, 11, 9
Find the range of the marks.
Solution : Arranging the marks in ascending order :
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13, 15, 16, 17
We observe that, highest marks are 17 and the lowest marks are 8.
Hence, range of marks = 17 – 8 = 9

314 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Example 2 : Find the mean of first six even numbers.
Solution : First six even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
2  4  6  8  10  12  Sum of all observations 
Mean =  Mean = 
6 No. of observations 
42
= 7

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6
Hence, required mean is 7.
Example 3 : The ages in years of 12 teachers of a school are :
28, 32, 54, 42, 42, 35, 35, 37, 55, 45, 41, 34
(i) What is the age of the oldest teacher?

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d.
(ii) What is the age of the youngest teacher?
(iii) What is the range of the ages of teachers?
(iv) What is the mean age of the teachers?

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Solution : The ages of 12 teachers in ascending order are :
28, 32, 34, 35, 35, 37, 41, 42, 42, 45, 54, 55

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K (i)
(ii)
(iii)
The age of the oldest teacher is 55 years.
The age of the youngest teacher is 28 years.
Range of the ages of teachers is (55 – 28) = 27 years.
Sum of the ages
(iv) Mean age =
Number of teachers
28 + 32 + 34 + 35 + 35 + 37 + 41 + 42 + 42 + 45 + 54 + 55
=
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12
480
= = 40 years
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12
Example 4 : In a class test marks obtained out of 12 by students are as follows :
6, 5, 8, 6, 7, 5, 6, 10, 4, 3
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(i) Arrange the marks in ascending order.

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(ii) What are the highest marks scored by students?

(iii) What is the range of the marks?
(iv) Find the arithmetic mean (average) of the marks.
Solution : (i) The marks in ascending order are :
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3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 10
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(ii) Highest marks are 10

(iii) Range of the marks = highest marks – lowest marks = 10 – 3 = 7
(iv) Number of students (observations) = 10
Sum of the marks
A.M of marks =
Number of students
3  4  5  5  6  6  6  7  8  10
=
10
60
= =6
10

Data Handling 315

 Example 5 : The rainfall (in mm) in a city on 7 days of certain week was recorded as follows.

Days Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun

Rainfall (in mm) 1.4 12.1 2.2 0.0 21.5 4.5 1.0

(i) Find the mean rainfall for the week.

(ii) On how many days was the rainfall less than the mean rainfall ?

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Sum of the rainfall (in mm)
Solution : (i) Mean rainfall =
Number of days
Sum of the rainfall = 1.4 + 12.1 + 2.2 + 0.0 + 21.5 + 4.5 + 1.0

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d.
= 42.7
Number of days = 7
42.7
Mean rainfall = = 6.1 mm.
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(ii) On 5 days rainfall was less than mean rainfall 6.1 mm.
Example 6 : Mean of 6 numbers is 17. It was found out later that 21 was wrongly written as 12. Find the
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Solution :
K correct mean of the observations.
Mean of 6 numbers = 17
Sum of 6 numbers = 17 × 6 = 102 (Sum of observations = Mean × No. of observations)
 Now ‘21’ was wrongly written as ‘12’
Therefore, the correct sum of all 6 numbers = 102 – 12 + 21 = 111

111  Sum of all observations 

 Mean =
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Thus, correct mean =  18.5 
6 No. of observations 
Example 7 : The mean of 12 numbers is 7. If 2 is added to each number, what will be the new mean?
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Solution : Mean of 12 numbers = 7

Sum of 12 numbers = 12 × 7 = 84 (Sum of observations = Mean × No. of observations)
There are 12 numbers, 2 is added to each number.
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Now, the new sum of 12 numbers = 84 + 12 × 2 = 108

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New sum of 12 numbers

New mean =
Total numbers
108
= 9
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12
Hence, the new mean is 9.
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Example 8 : If the mean of 12, x, 5, 7 and 13 is 9. Find the value of x.

Solution : The numbers are 12, x, 5, 7 and 13.
12  x  5  7  13
Mean =
5
37  x
 9 =
5
 45 = 37 + x
 x = 45 – 37 = 8
The value of x is 8.

316 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Example 9 : The mean of 6 numbers is 20. If one number is deleted, their mean is 15. Find the deleted
number.
Solution : Mean of 6 numbes = 20
Let the 6 numbers be x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6.
x1  x2  x3  x4  x5  x6
Now, Mean =
6

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x  x 2  x3  x4  x5  x6
 20 = 1
6
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 120 ... (i)
Now, when one numbers is deleted, mean becomes 15.

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d.
 Let the deleted number be x1 .
Therefore, the mean of rest off numbers
x2  x3  x4  x 5  x6
 New mean =

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5
x  x3  x4  x 5  x6
 15 = 2

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K 
5
75 = x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6
Putting the value of equation (ii) in equation (i), we get
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 120
... (ii)

 x1 + (x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6) = 120

 x1 + 75 = 120
 x1 = 120 – 75 = 45
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Hence, the deleted number was 45.
Example 10 : The mean age of 17 teachers of a school was 33 years. One new teacher aged 24 years joins the
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school. Find the new mean age of 18 teachers.

Solution : Mean age of 17 teachers = 33 years
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Total ages of 17 teachers = 33 × 17 = 561

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( Sum of all observations = Mean × No. of observations)

Age of new teacher = 24 years
Total ages of 18 teachers = 561 + 24 = 585
585
Mean age of 18 teachers = = 32.5 years
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18
Mean age of 18 teachers is 32.5 years.
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EXERCISE 16.2

1. Find the mean of

(i) First five prime numbers. (ii) First six multiples of 3. (iii) First five whole numbers.
2. A cricketer scores the following runs in eight innings.
73, 52, 41, 36, 0, 25, 45, 24
Find his mean score.

Data Handling 317

 3. The height of 12 boys were measured (in cm) and the results are as follows :
141, 136, 128, 135, 142, 133, 139, 147, 151, 145, 138, 145
(i) What is the height of the shortest boy?
(ii) What is the height of the tallest boy?
(iii) What is the range of their heights?
(iv) Find the mean height of the boys?

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(v) How many boys have heights more than the mean height?
4. The mean of 10 observations is 35. If one observation 32 was misread as 23, find new mean.
5. Find the arithmetic mean of all even numbers between 89 and 101.
6. The mean of 50 observations was 250. Later it was found out that the number 152 was wrongly copied
as 102 for the computation of means. Find the correct mean.

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d.
7. Find the mean of all factors of 12.
8. A cricketer has a mean score of 45 in 8 innings. Find out how many runs are to be scored in the
9th innings to raise the mean score to 50.

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9. The mean of 26, 14, x, 25, 15, 13, 27, 18 is 18.75. Find the value of x.
10. The mean of six numbers is 30. If one number is excluded, the mean is 29. Find the value of number

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which is excluded.
11. The mean of 45 numbers is 25. If each number is multiplied by 3, find the new mean.
12. The daily temperature recorded in °C at Delhi during the first week of May, 2011 was as under :
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42, 42.5, 40.5, 41, 43.5, 40.5, 44
Find the mean temperature recorded.
13. Find the arithmetic mean of :
(i) Squares of the first five natural numbers.
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(ii) Cube of the first four natural numbers.
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ARITHMETIC MEAN OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

We have learnt that data can be presented in the form of frequency table and also the method of finding
arithmetic mean of individual observations. In case of huge data, arithmetic mean can be calculated by
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converting the given data in frequency distribution form.

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If x1, x2, x3, x4, ....... xn are n observations and have corresponding frequencies f1, f2, f3, f4, ......., fn respectively
then, arithmetic means
( f1 × x1 )  ( f 2 × x2 )  ( f 3  x3 )  ......  ( f n  xn )
A.M =
( f1  f 2  f3  ......  f n )
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f i x i
or A.M = , where ‘’ is a Greek letter showing summation and is called ‘Sigma”.
f i
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Steps involved in finding Arithmetic Mean.

Step 1 : First column is for value of observations, second for the corresponding frequencies and third for
computing the value of their respective products.
Step 2 : Fill up the first two columns.
Step 3 : Multiply the value of observations with corresponding frequencies (fi xi) and write in third column.
Step 4 : Find the sum of all entries of third column to get fixi.
Step 5 : Find the sum of all entries (frequencies) in column II to get fi .
 fi xi
Step 6 : Apply the formula A.M. =
 fi

318 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Following examples show the application of the above formula to find arithmetic mean.
Example 1 : The marks obtained by 20 students in an examination are shown below :
43, 41, 38, 28, 35, 37, 25, 28, 37, 34, 25, 41, 35, 41, 43, 28, 25, 37, 34, 37.
Prepare a frequency table and find the arithmetic mean of marks obtained by students.
Solution : Frequency distribution table is shown below.

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Marks x Frequency (f) f×x
25 3 25 × 3 = 75
fx
28 3 28 × 3 = 84 Mean =
f
34 2 34 × 2 = 68
692

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d.
35 2 35 × 2 = 70 =
20
37 4 37 × 4 = 148 = 34.6
38 1 38 × 1 = 38 Hence, arithmetic mean is

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41 3 41 × 3 = 123 34.6 marks.
43 2 43 × 2 = 86

ns id Age (in years) :

f = 20

12 13
f.x = 692

Example 2 : Given below are the ages of 25 students of class VII in a school :
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14 15

Number of students : 8 5 4 8
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Find the arithmetic mean of their ages.
Solution : Age (in years) x No. of students f f×x
fx
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12 8 12 × 8 = 96 Mean =
f
13 5 13 × 5 = 65
337
14 4 14 × 4 = 56 = = 13.48
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25
15 8 15 × 8 = 120
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Hence, arithmetic mean

f = 25 f.x = 337 is 13.48 years.

Example 3 : Find the mean of the following distribution :

x: 3 4 6 10 8
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f: 2 2 3 1 3
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Solution : x f f×x
3 2 3×2=6
fx
4 2 4×2=8 Mean = f
6 3 6 × 3 = 18
66
8 3 8 × 3 = 24  =6
11
10 1 10 × 1 = 10 Hence, arithmetic mean is 6.
f = 11 fx = 66

Data Handling 319

 Example 4 : The following is the distribution of weight (in kg) of 50 persons :

Wt (in kg) : 52 54 55 56 57 60 62
No. of persons : 12 8 5 4 5 8 8

Find mean of the weights of 50 persons.

Solution : Weight (in kg) x Frequency (f) f×x

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52 12 52 × 12 = 624
fx
54 8 54 × 8 = 432 Mean =
f
55 5 55 × 5 = 275 2816


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56 4 56 × 4 = 224

d.
50
57 5 57 × 5 = 285 = 56.32
60 8 60 × 8 = 480 Hence, arithmetic mean is
62 8 62 × 8 = 496 56.32 kg.

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f = 50 fx = 2816

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Example 5 : In a factory employees were paid wages in a particular month as follows.
K Wages (`) :

No. of employees :
3200

2
3500

4
3800

2
4200

5
4500

4
4700

Wages (`) : 5200 5600

No. of employees: 6 2
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Find the mean wage of employees.
Solution : Wages (in `) x No. of employees (f) f×x
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3200 2 6400
3500 4 14000
fx
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3800 2 7600 Mean =

f
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4200 5 21000 132900

4500 4 18000 
30
4700 5 23500 = `4430
5200 6 31200 Hence, arithmetic mean
5600 2 11200 is ` 4430.
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f = 30 fx = 132900
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EXERCISE 16.3

1. The following table shows weight (in kg) of 18 workers in a factory :

Weight in kg : 60 62 63 64 66 70
No. of workers : 5 4 2 3 3 1

Calculate the mean weight.

320 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 2. Find the mean of the following data :
x: 5 15 16 18 20
f: 2 2 3 4 4

3. The marks obtained in a class test by students of class VII are as follows :
Marks : 6 12 14 15 10 8 16

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No. of students : 2 3 4 2 3 5 1

Find the mean of the marks.

4. A dice was thrown 25 times and following scores were obtained.

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d.
1 5 2 4 3 6 1 2 4 2 6 1 5
5 3 6 4 1 3 3 2 6 2 5 1
Prepare a frequency table and find the mean score.
5. Given below are the ages (in years) of 30 students of a class :

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13 14 13 14 12 13 13 14 15 13 14 14 16 12 14
13 14 15 16 13 14 13 12 17 13 12 13 13 13 13

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Find the mean age.
6. Find the mean of following data :
x:
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10 15 20 25 34
f: 3 10 25 7 5
7. Find the mean for the following frequency distribution :
x: 3 6 10 12 7 15
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f: 3 4 2 8 13 10
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MEDIAN
In some cases mean is not an appropriate representation of the given data. In case of mean, the order of the
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given data is not important and we need not arrange it in ascending or descending order. But for median,
we arrange the data in ascending or descending order and the middle term gives the median.
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For example : (i) if there are seven terms (odd numbers), the middle term will be the fourth-term as it divides
the arranged data in two equal groups. (ii) If the number of terms are eight (even numbers) there will be two
middle terms in arranged data as it divides the data into two equal groups. The mean (average) of these two
middle terms will give median. The following illustration will make the concept more clear.
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Example 1 : Find median of 5, 7, 11, 9, 6, 5, 8

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Solution : Therefore, 7 term arranging the data in ascending order,

5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11

Middle term = 4th term = 7

Hence, median is 7.
Example 2 : Find median of 4, 5, 7, 11, 9, 6, 5, 8
Solution : There are 8 (even) terms, arranging the data in ascending order
4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11

Middle terms

Data Handling 321

 67
Median = Average of middle terms = = 6.5
2
Hence, median is 6.5
Median is the middle value, after the observations have been arranged in ascending or descending order.
We can calculate median as under :
th
 n  1

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(i) When n is odd : Median = Value of  term
 2 

1   n  th n 
th 
(ii) When n is even : Median = Value of    term +   1 term 
2  2  2  
where n is the number of terms.

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d.
Example 3 : Find the median of the values
14, 18, 15, 20, 35, 25, 30
Solution : Arranging the numbers in ascending order :

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14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35
Number of terms, n = 7 (odd)
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K  n  1
Median = 
 2 
7  1
th

th
term

=  term = 4th term

 2 
The fourth term is 20.
Hence, median is 20.
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Example 4 : Find the median of the values
15, 10, 18, 25, 20, 30
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Solution : Arranging in ascending order :

10, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30
t

Number of terms, n = 6 (even)

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1   n  th n 
th 
Median =    term +   1 term 
2  2  2  
1   6  th 6 
th 
=    term +   1 term 
2  2  2  
r

1  rd
= 3 term + 4 th term 
2
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1
= (18  20)
2
1
= × 38 = 19
2
Hence, median is 19.
Example 5 : Find the median of the following data :
13, 16, 12, 14, 19, 12, 14, 13, 14
Solution : Arranging the numbers in ascending order :
12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 19
Number of terms, n = 9 (odd)

322 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 th
 n  1
Median =  term
 2 
th
 9  1
=  term = 5th term = 14
 2 
Hence, median is 14.

t. du
Example 6 : Find the median of marks obtained by 15 students :
31, 22, 20, 26, 17, 19, 40, 19, 25, 29, 17, 23, 21, 35, 24
Solution : Arranging the marks in ascending order :
17, 17, 19, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 35, 40

Pv s E

d.
Number of terms n = 15 (odd)
th
 n  1
Median =  term
 2 

Lt
th
 15  1 
=  term = 8th term = 23
 2 

ns id
K Hence, median is 23.
Example 7 : The runs scored in a cricket match by 11 players is as follows :
8, 14, 50, 110, 70, 100, 15, 20, 18, 10, 5
Find the median score.
Solution : Arranging the run scored in ascending order, we get
5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 50, 70, 100, 110
Number of terms n = 11 (odd)
tio e
th
 n  1
Median =  term
 2 
lu iv

th
 11  1 
=  term = 6th term = 18
 2 
t

Hence, median score is 18.

So ea

MODE
Mode is the value of the observation for which the frequency is maximum. In other words, the observation
which occurs maximum times is called mode.
Example 1 : Find out the value of the mode from the following data :
r

50, 40, 50, 70, 50, 80, 40, 70, 50, 52, 45, 50
C

Solution : For finding out mode, we make frequency table.

Observations Tally marks Frequency

40 2
45 1
50 5
52 1
70 2
80 1
Since, the value of 50 is repeating maximum number of times i.e., 5, Therefore, mode is 50.

Data Handling 323

 Example 2 : The marks obtained by 13 students of a class in a test are given below :
25, 5, 14, 22, 20, 18, 22, 22, 33, 33, 22, 14, 23
Find the modal marks.
Solution : Arranging the marks in ascending order, we get
5, 14, 14, 18, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 25, 33, 33

Marks Tally marks Frequency

t. du
5 1
14 2
18 1

Pv s E
20 1

d.
22 4
23 1

Lt
25 1
33 2

ns id Since, marks 22 is repeating maximum number of times i.e., 4. Therefore, mode is 22.
Example 3 : Find the mode and median of the data :
K
12, 11, 15, 13, 18, 11, 13, 12, 13
Solution : Arranging the numbers in ascending order :
11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 18
Number of terms n = 9 (odd)
tio e
th
æ n + 1ö
Median = ç term
è 2 ÷ø
lu iv

th
æ 9 + 1ö
= ç term = 5th term = 13
è 2 ÷ø
t

Hence, median is 13.

So ea

Now, 13 is repeating maximum times i.e., 3 times.

Hence, the mode is 13.
Example 4 : The weight (in kg) of 15 students of a class are
46, 42, 38, 35, 37, 43, 43, 32, 43, 43, 38, 42, 38, 46, 38
r

(i) Find the median and mode of the data.

C

(ii) Is there more than one mode?

Solution : Arranging the weights in ascending order, we get
32, 35, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 46, 46
Number of terms n = 15 (odd)
th
æ 15 + 1 ö
Median = Value of ç term
è 2 ÷ø
= value of 8th term = 42
The frequency of 38 and 43 is maximum times i.e., 4, therefore, mode are 38 and 43. There are
two modes.

324 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 EXERCISE 16.4

1. The marks obtained by 20 students in an examination are as under :

20, 35, 35, 20, 38, 40, 39, 38, 39, 38, 40, 39, 41, 42, 41, 42, 43, 48, 39, 42.

t. du
Find the median and mode of the marks.
2. Calculate the mode of the following sizes of the shirts sold by a shop on a particular day :
34, 38, 37, 35, 38, 33, 32, 38, 30, 35, 32, 38, 36, 30, 31, 34, 39
3. The marks obtained by 10 students in mathematics (out of 50) are given below. Find the modal marks.

Pv s E

d.
36, 43, 36, 34, 43, 43, 38, 40, 43, 38
4. The monthly salary (in `) of 10 employees of a factory are given below :
12350, 7900, 7500, 8700, 8300, 10320, 12800, 9200, 13000, 11000

Lt
Find the median salary.
5. Find the median of first ten prime numbers.
ns id
6. Find the median of the following data :
14, 92, 62, 53, 42, 32, 22, 41, 83, 55
K
7. Find the median of the following data :
15, 12, 11, 10, 9, 5, 18, 16, 14, 13, 19
8. Find the median of the weight (in kg) of eight persons :
tio e
47, 60, 82, 49, 58, 80, 59, 63

BAR GRAPHS
lu iv

We have learnt to present the data in the frequency distribution form. The data is presented in various forms.
Bar graph is one of the forms.
A bar graph is a pictorial presentation of numerical data in the form of rectangles or bars of equal widths and
t

varying heights.
So ea

These bars are drawn either vertically or horizontally.

Construction of bar graphs :
Step 1 : On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX called x-axis and draw vertical line OY called y-axis.
Step 2 : Along the horizontal axis mark points at equal intervals. Below these points the names of the data
r

items, like : days, weeks, months, year etc. are marked at uniform gaps.
Step 3 : Choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of rectangles and then mark the heights on y-axis.
C

Step 4 : Draw bars or rectangles of equal widths on the horizontal axis with equal spacing between them.
The bars represent the numerical data.
Example 1 : In the following table, the details of rainfall in a city from May to September during a particular
year is given. Construct a bar graph showing the data.

Month May June July Aug Sept

Rainfall (in cms) 20 30 25 20 10
Solution : Working steps :
(i) We draw two lines perpendicular to each other on graph paper and mark them as OX and
OY horizontal and vertical axis respectively.

Data Handling 325

 (ii) Along OX line we mark months and along OY line, we mark rainfall in cms.
(iii) We choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of the bar. Here, we choose 1 sq. cm
as 5 units.
(iv) We draw the bar leaving uniform space between bars as shown.
Y Scale : 1 sq. cm = 5 units
30

t. du
Rainfall in cms 25

20

Pv s E
15

d.
10

Lt
0 X
May June July Aug Sept
ns id
K Months

Example 2 : The percentage of marks achieved by different classes of a school is given below. Construct a
bar graph to represent the data.

Classes : VI VII VIII IX X

tio e
Marks in percentage: 80 95 90 85 75
Solution : (i) We mark the classes on horizontal axis and marks on vertical axis.
lu iv

(ii) Scale choosen in 1 sq. cm = 5 units

Y
100
t

Scale : 1 sq. cm = 5 units

So ea

95

90

85
r
Marks in %

80
C

75

70

65

60

0 X
VI VII VIII IX X
Class

326 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Example 3 : Following are the runs scored by a cricketer in first six overs :

Over : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Runs : 10 16 12 8 10 5
(i) Draw the bar chart depicting the data.
(ii) In which over did the batsman score the maximum and minimum runs?

t. du
(iii) In which over did he score 12 runs?
Solution : (i) We draw two perpendicular lines to each other on graph paper and mark them as x-axis
and y-axis.

Pv s E

d.
18
Scale : 1 sq. cm = 2 runs
16

Lt
14

12
ns id 10
Runs

8
K
6

4
tio e
2
lu iv

0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6
Overs
t
So ea

(b) Along the x-axis we mark ‘overs’ and along the vertical y-axis we mark ‘Runs’.
(c) We choose an appropriate scale. Here, 1 sq cm = 2 units.
(d) We draw the bars as shown.
(ii) In 2nd over batsman scored the maximum runs and in 6th over he scored minimum runs.
r

(iii) In 3rd over he scored 12 runs.

C

Example 4 : The performance of a student in two class tests (out of 20) is given. Draw a double bar graph
choosing an appropriate scale and answer the questions that follows :

Subject : English Hindi Maths S.Sc Gen. Sc

I Test : 12 10 16 18 8
II Test : 16 12 12 14 16

(i) In which subject has the student improved his performance most?
(ii) In which subject is the performance the least.
(iii) In which subject(s) has the performance been improved?
(iv) In which subject(s) has the performance gone down?

Data Handling 327

 Solution : (a) On graph paper we draw two mutually perpendicular lines. We mark horizontal line as OX
and vertical line as OY.
(b) On horizontal line we mark the subjects and on the vertical line the marks.
(c) We choose an appropriate scale.

Y Scale : 1 sq. cm = 2 units

t. du
18

16

Pv s E

d.
14

12

Lt
Marks

10

8
ns id
K 6

0 X
Eng Hindi Maths S.Sc G.Sc
tio e

Subjects I Test
II Test
lu iv

(i) In General Science the student has improved his performance most.
t

(ii) In Maths and Social Science the performance is the least.

So ea

(iii) In English, Hindi and General Science the performance has improved.
(iv) In maths and Social Science the performance has gone down.
Example 5 : Given below is a table which shows the year-wise strength of a school. Represent this data by
bar graph.
r

Year : 2006 – 07 2007 – 08 2008 – 09 2009 – 10 2010 – 11

C

No. of students 850 900 1100 1150 1200

Solution : (i) We draw two lines perpendicular to each other. The horizontal line, we mark as x-axis and
vertical line as y-axis.
(ii) Along the horizontal line we mark ‘year’ and along vertical line we mark ‘number of
students.
(iii) We choose an appropriate scale. Here, 1 sq. cm = 50 students
(iv) We draw the bar as shown on graph paper.

328 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Y Scale : 1 sq. cm = 50 students
1200

1150

1100

t. du
1050
No. of Students
1000

950

Pv s E

d.
900

850

Lt
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11
800

ns id
K 0
Year
X

EXERCISE 16.5
tio e
1. The marks scored by a student in five subjects are given :
lu iv

Subjects : Hindi English Maths Gen.Sc S.Science

Marks : 75 56 80 65 50
t

Draw a bar graph for above information.

So ea

2. Given below is the expenditure of a family spent under various heads :

Various heads : Food House Rent Education Health Clothing Miscellaneous

Expenditure (in %) 15 30 20 10 20 5
r

Represent the above data in the form of a bar graph.

C

3. The following data shows the life expectancy in various countries in a particular year.

Country : India Japan Britain USA France

Life expectancy (in year) : 65 85 70 75 70

Represent this information by bar graph.

4. The following data gives the marks obtained out of 500 by six students of a particular class.
Represent the data on the bar graph.

Students : Suhail Varun Ravi Upen Rajiv Sonu

Marks obtained : 300 350 400 375 425 350

Data Handling 329

 5. The result of pass percentage of class X and XII in CBSE examination for 5 years are given in the
following table :
Year : 2005 – 06 2006 – 07 2007 – 08 2008 – 09 2009 – 10
X 75 95 90 85 96
XII 80 85 90 95 98

t. du
Draw the double bar graph to represent the data.
6. The number of children in a school in six different classes are given below. Represent the data on bar
graph.
Classes : V VI VII VIII IX X

Pv s E

d.
Number of children : 120 125 80 100 90 95
7. The sale of cars by a company is as follows :

Lt
Years : 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Sale : 2500 2000 2200 3500 3000 4000

ns id
Represent the information in a bar graph.

PROBABILITY
K
In our daily life, when we are not sure of happening an event, we use the word ‘probably’.
Examples : (i) Probably, today will be a hot day.
(ii) Probably, India may win the Cricket match.
tio e
(iii) Chances of his getting distinction are bright.
The word probably, possible, chances etc. convey uncertainty about the occurrence of some particular event.
lu iv

In statistics, we have methods for calculating the degree of certainty of events in numerical values, under
some given conditions.

Some Definitions:
t

Experiment : An activity which has some well defined results is called an experiment.
So ea

Outcome : The result obtained from an experiment is called an outcome.

Trial : A trial is an action, which results in one or several outcomes.
If we toss a coin then its outcome is head or tail.
r

If we throw a dice, there are six possible outcomes : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6

C

Random Experiment
An experiment in which the result of a trial cannot be predicted in advance is called a random experiment.
The tossing of a coin or throwing a dice are random experiments, since, the outcomes cannot be predicted.
Event : An event is a collection of some outcomes of the experiment. In other words, the possible outcomes
of a trial are known as events.
Sample Space : The collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment, forms its sample space. When a dice
is thrown, then sample space denoted by S is
S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Similarly, when a coin is tossed, its sample space,
S = (H, T)

330 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 Definition of Probability :
The probability of an event is the ratio of number of favourable outcomes to the number of total outcomes.

Number of favourable outcomes

Probability of an event =
Number of total outcomes
Possible outcome of an experiment :

t. du
(i) Tossing a coin : If we toss a coin and let it fall freely on the ground, it will rest on the ground with one
of its faces upward. It will show either head or tail.
Thus, the possible outcomes are Head or Tail i.e., (H, T)
(ii) Tossing two coins : In case of throwing two coins there are four possible outcomes :
Two heads, two tails, head on first throw and tail on second, tail on first throw and

Pv s E

d.
head on second.
i.e., (HH, HT, TH, TT)
(iii) Throwing of a dice : A dice is a solid cube having 6 faces and each face is a square.

Lt
The six faces are marked as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. If we throw a dice there are
six possible outcomes on the top face.

ns id
Note : Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1. Probability of an impossible event is 0 and probability of an
event which is certain is 1.
Example 1 : What is the probability of
K
(i) a dice coming up with a number 7 in single throw of a dice.
(ii) a number less than 7 in single throw of a dice.
(iii) getting a number 2 in single throw of a dice.
(iv) Draw a card from a pack of 52 cards.
tio e
Solution : (i) Since, no face of dice is marked 7, there is no outcome favourable to 7. This is an impossible
event.
lu iv

0
P (getting a number 7 in a single throw of a dice) = =0
6
t

The probability of an impossible event is zero.

(ii) There are six numbers on a dice which are less than 7 and are 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. Therefore,
So ea

there are six favourable outcomes.

Number of favourable outcomes 6
P (getting a number less than 7) = = =1
Total outcomes 6
The probability of a sure event is 1.
r

(iii) If we toss a dice, the probability of getting a number 2,

C

1
P(2) = [ Total number of outcomes is 6, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6)]
6
(iv) If we draw a card from a pack of 52 cards, then
1
P (a card) = .
52
Example 2 : A dice is thrown once. What is the probability of getting
(i) a number 3 (ii) an even number (iii) an even number and a multiple of 3
Number of favourable outcomes 1
Solution : (i) Required probability, P(3) = =
Total possible outcomes 6

Data Handling 331

 (ii) Total possible outcomes = 6
Even numbers : 2, 4, 6
Number of favourable outcomes 3 1
Probability (Even number) = = =
Total possible outcomes 6 2
(iii) An even number and multiple of 3 i.e., 6

t. du
1
P(an even number and multiple of 3) =
6
Example 3 : A dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a number divisible by 2 (ii) a prime number (iii) a number greater than 4

Pv s E

d.
Solution : A die is thrown once, and the total outcomes are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 i.e., 6 in number.
(i) Favourable outcomes are 2, 4, 6 which are 3 in number.
Number of favourable outcomes 3 1
Thus, P (a number divisible by 2) = = =

Lt
Total possible outcomes 6 2
(ii) A prime number i.e., 2, 3 and 5 which are 3 in number

ns id
K  No. of favourable outcomes = 3
Total possible outcomes = 6

Thus, P(a prime number) =

Number of favourable outcomes
Total possible outcomes
=
3
6
=
1
2
(iii) A number greater than 4 i.e., 5, 6 which are 2 in number
 Number of favourable outcomes = 2
Total possible outcomes = 6
tio e

Number of favourable outcomes 2 1

Thus, P(a number greater than 4) = = =
lu iv

Total possible outcomes 6 3

Example 4 : One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
(i) drawing an ace? (ii) a face card?
t

(Hint : King, Queen and Jack are called face cards.)

So ea

Solution : Total number of possible outcomes = 52, because any one out of 52 cards can be drawn.
(i) Since, no. of aces in the deck are 4, so the possible outcomes are = 4
Favourable cases 4 1
P(drawing an ace) = = =
Total outcomes 52 13
r

(ii) Total number of possible outcomes = 52

C

Total number of face cards = 4K + 4Q + 4J = 12

Favourable outcomes
P(a face card) =
Total possible outcomes
12 3
P(a face card) = =
52 13
Example 5 : Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) two heads (ii) no head.
Solution : Let H denote Head and T denote tail.
On tossing two coins simultaneously, all possible outcomes are : HH, HT, TH, TT.

332 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 (i) Probability of getting 2 Heads

Number of favourable cases 1

P(HH) = =
Total possible outcomes 4
(ii) Probability of getting no heads
1

t. du
P (TT) =
4
Example 6 : If probability of winning a game is 0.4, what is the probability of losing it?
Solution : Probability of winning a game (p) = 0.4
Probability of losing it = q (let)

Pv s E

d.
Probability of losing a game + probability of winning a game = 1
i.e., p+q=1
0.4 + q = 1

Lt
 q = 1 – 0.4
 q = 0.6

ns id
K Thus, probability of losing the game is 0.6.

EXERCISE 16.6

1. A coin is tossed twice. Write its sample space.

tio e
2. A coin is tossed 100 times in which head is obtained 52 times. On tossing coin at random, find the
probability of getting
lu iv

(i) a head (ii) a tail.

3. A dice is thrown. What is the probability of getting
(i) number 5 (ii) an odd number.
t
So ea

4. Find the probability that a number selected at random from 1 to 10 is a prime number.
5. 100 tickets of a lottery were sold and there are 5 prizes on these tickets. If, Asha has purchased one
lottery ticket, what is the probability of her winning a prize?
6. In a class of 13 students, 6 are boys and the rest are girls. Find the probability that a student selected is
r

a girl.
7. A dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
C

(i) an even number (ii) an odd number. (iii) a number greater than 3.
8. A bag contains 6 red and 5 black balls. Find the probability of getting a black ball.
9. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) two tails (ii) no tail.
10. From a set of 12 cards numbered 1, 2, ....., 12, one is drawn. What is the probability that its number is
a multiple of 3?
11. Varun throws a die, find the probability of getting
(i) a number  4 (ii) a number  3 (iii) number 5.

Data Handling 333

 FACTS TO REMEMBER

• Statistics is the branch of mathematics dealing with collection, organising, presenting and analysing

t. du
the data.
• The number of times an observation occurs in the given data is called the frequency of the observation.
Sum of all observations
• Arithmetic mean =
Number of observations

Pv s E

d.
• The difference between the highest and lowest observation is called the range of given data.
• For frequency distribution,
f . x
Arithmetic mean = , where x is the value of observation and f its corresponding frequency..

Lt
f
• Median is the middle value, after the observations are arranged in ascending or descending order of
magnitude. When number of terms n is odd, therefore,
ns id
K
When number of terms n is even, therefore,
 n  1
Median = value of 
 2 
th

term

1   n  th n 
th 
Median = value of    term +   1 term 
2  2  2  
tio e
• Mode is the value of the observation which has maximum frequency.
• A bar graph is a representation of numbers using bars of uniform widths.
lu iv

• Double bar graph help to compare two collections of data at a glance.

• The probability of an event is the ratio of number of favourable outcomes to the number of total possible
outcomes.
t
So ea

Number of favourable outcomes

Probability of an event =
Number of total possible outcomes
• Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1.
• Probability of an impossible event is 0 and probability of an event which is certain is 1.
r
C

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct alternatives in each of the following :

1. The following number of goals were scored by a team in a series of 10 matches.
2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3
The median of these score is :
(a) 3.5 (b) 3 (c) 2.8 (d) 3.8

334 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 2. The following number of goals were scored by team A in a series of 10 matches
2, 1, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 3
The mode of these score is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5
3. The following number of goals were scored by a team B in a series of 10 matches :
3, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, then the mean score is

t. du
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3.5 (d) 4.2
4. The range of the data
17, 65, 78, 90, 12, 18, 15, 10, 40 is
(a) 80 (b) 78 (c) 90 (d) 75

Pv s E

d.
5. The mean of first five prime number is
(a) 5.4 (b) 5.2 (c) 5.6 (d) 5.0
6. The mean of 5, 10, x, 15, 15, 15 is 15, then value of x is

Lt
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 45
7. The probability of an event cannot be more than

ns id
8.
K (a) 0
A common dice has
(a) one face
(b) 1

(b) four faces

(c) 2

(c) six faces

(d) –1

(d) eight faces

9. The sum of probabilities of all possible outcomes is always equal to
(a) 0 (b) 100 (c) 2 (d) 1
1
10. The probability of the occurrence of an event is , what is the probability of the non-occurrence
tio e
2
of that event?
1 1 3
lu iv

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)

4 2 4
t
So ea

MENTAL MATHS CORNER

r

Fill in the blanks :

C

1. In a bar graph width of all the drawn rectangles are ..................................... .

2. The data 9, 8, 12, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13 has mean ..................................... .
3. Median refers to the value which lies ..................................... of the data, when arranged in a
ascending or descending order.
4. The mode is the observation that occurs ..................................... .
5. A coin is tossed 100 times and 57 times head was got. The probability of getting a head is
..................................... .
6. There are 6 marbles in a box with numbers from 1 to 6 marked on each of them. The probability
of drawing a marble with number 5 is ..................................... .

Data Handling 335

 REVIEW EXERCISE

1. The marks obtained by 17 students in a mathematics test (out of 100) are given below :

t. du
45, 65, 63, 46, 87, 72, 64, 79,90, 79, 76, 82, 56, 69, 100, 82, 100
Find the range of the data.
2. The median of the following numbers arranged in ascending order is 25. Find the value of x.

Pv s E

d.
4, 7, 10, 17, 2x + 1, 2x + 10,37, 39, 48
3. Find the mean of :
9, 89, 19, 79, 29 and 69

Lt
4. Find the mean of the first six multiples of 6.
5. If the mean of 2, 5, 8, x, 5, 6 is 6, then find the value of x.
ns id
6. The mean of 72 items was found to be 63. If two of the items were misread as 27 and 9 instead of 72
and 90 respectively, find the correct mean.
K
7. Find the median of :
23, 55, 77, 35, 54, 69, 38, 83 and 54
8. From a group of 3 boys and 4 girls, we select a child. Find the probability of this child being a girl.
tio e
9. A coin is tossed 200 times and is found that a tail comes up for 125 times. Find the probability of getting
a tail.
lu iv

10. The marks of 40 students of a class are given in the following table. Find the mean marks obtained.

Marks obtained : 30 25 27 40 30 35
t
So ea

Frequency : 10 2 5 4 11 8

HOTS QUESTIONS
r
C

1. The mean of 82 numbers is 38. If each number is multiplied by 4, find the new mean.
2. Find the median of the following data:
78, 52, 57, 51, 45, 76, 53, 42
3. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is black and a
queen.

336 Mathematics In Real Life–7

 ANSWERS

Exercise 16.1 4. Marks Tally marks No. of students

t. du
1. Ages Tally marks Frequency 39 2
44 2
10 1
48 2
11 5
55 4

Pv s E

d.
12 7
58 6
13 8
60 6
14 4
62 4

Lt
78 5
2. Marks Tally marks Frequency
90 3

ns id
K 0
1
2
3
2
1
4
5
98

(i) 39 (ii) 98 (iii) 4

2

(iv) 16
5. 10, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5,
5, 5, 5, 4, 4
4 4
5 3 Numbers Tally marks Frequency
4 2
6 3
tio e
5 4
7 3
6 6
8 2
lu iv

7 6
9 3 8 2
9 4
(i) 18 students, (ii) 12 students
t

10 1
(iii) 3 students (iv) 3 students
So ea

6. Marks Tally marks No. of students

3. Marks Tally marks Frequency
8 1
11 1
9 3
12 2
r

10 2
16 3 12 2
C

20 2 13 2
22 5 16 1
27 3 17 2
29 4 18 2
31 3 19 6
35 3 20 2
40 3 25 2
47 1
(i) 8 (ii) 25 (iii) 19

Data Handling 337

 Exercise 16.2 1 1 2 7
3. (i) (ii) 4. 5. 0.05 6.
1. (i) 5.6 (ii) 10.5 (iii) 2 2. 37 6 2 5 13
3. (i) 128 cm (ii) 151 cm (iii) 23 cm (iv) 140 cm (v) 6 1 1 1 5
4. 35.9 5. 95 6. 251 7. 4.66 7. (i) (ii) (iii) 8.
2 2 2 11
8. 90 9. 12 10. 35 11. 75
1 1 1 1 1 1
12. 42°C 13. (i) 11 (ii) 25 9. (i) (ii) 10. 11. (i) (ii) (iii)
4 4 3 2 2 6

t. du
Exercise 16.3
1. 63 kg 2. 16 3. 11 Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
4. Score Tally marks Frequency 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
1 5

Pv s E
Mental Maths Corner

d.
2 5 1. equal 2. 8 3. in the middle
3 4 1
4 3 4. most often 5. 0.57 6.
6

Lt
5 4
Review Exercise
6 4
1. 55 2. 12 3. 49 4. 21
ns id
Mean = 3.32
5. 13.6 years
Exercise 16.4
K 6. 20.5 7. 9.75 5. 10

9.
5
6. 64.75

10. 31.375
7. 54 8.
4
7

1. Median = 39, Mode = 39 2. 38 3. 43

8
4. `9760 5. 12 6. 47.5 7. 13 8. 59.5
HOTS Questions
Exercise 16.6
1
tio e
1. HH, TT, HT, TH 2. (i) 0.52 (ii) 0.48 1. 152 2. 52.5 3.
26

NCERT Exemplar Problems

lu iv

Example : Study the double bar graphs given below and

answer the following questions: 22
t

(a) Which sport is liked the most by Class VIII students? 20 Class VII
So ea

(b) How many students of Class VII like Hockey and 18 Class VIII
Number of students

Tennis in all? 16

(c) How many students are there in Class VII? 14

(d) For which sport is the number of students of Class VII 12

less than that of class VIII? 10

r

(e) For how many sports students of Class VIII are less 8
C

than class VII? 6

(f) Find the ratio of students who like Badminton in Class 4

VII to students who like Tennis in Class VIII. 2
Solution: (a) Cricket is liked the most by Class VIII
Hockey Football Cricket Tennis Badminton
students.
Sports
(b) 7 students like Hockey and 10 students like Tennis.
Thus, 17 students in all like Hockey and Tennis.
(c) Total number of students = 7 + 16 + 18 + 10 + 14 = 65 (d) Cricket
(e) 4 sports : hockey, football, tennis and badminton.
(f) Number of students who like badminton in class VII is 14
14
Number of students who like tennis in class VIII is 7 Ratio = =2:1
7

338 Mathematics In Real Life–7