Q1.

This question is about ammonia, NH3

(a)  Complete the dot and cross diagram for the ammonia molecule shown in Figure 1.

Show only the electrons in the outer shell of each atom.

Figure 1

 
(2)

(b)  Give one limitation of using a dot and cross diagram to represent an ammonia
molecule.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)  Explain why ammonia has a low boiling point.

You should refer to structure and bonding in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Ammonia reacts with oxygen in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst to produce nitrogen
and water.

(d)  Which metal oxide is most likely to be a catalyst for this reaction?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Page 1 of 27
 CaO

Cr2O3

MgO

Na2O

(1)

Figure 2 shows the displayed formula equation for the reaction.

Figure 2

The table shows some bond energies.

 
Bond

Bond energy in
391 498 945 464
kJ/mol

(e)  Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

Use Figure 2 and the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Overall energy change = ________________________ kJ/mol

(3)

(f)   Explain why the reaction between ammonia and oxygen is exothermic.

Use values from your calculation in part (e).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g)  Figure 3 shows the reaction profile for the reaction between ammonia and oxygen.

Complete Figure 3 by labelling the:

•   activation energy
•   overall energy change.

Figure 3

 
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q2.
This question is about structure and bonding.

(a)     Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the covalent bonding in a nitrogen
molecule, N2

Show only the electrons in the outer shell.

 
(2)

(b)     Explain why nitrogen is a gas at room temperature.

Page 3 of 27
 Answer in terms of nitrogen’s structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     Graphite and fullerenes are forms of carbon.

Graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.

Explain why graphite has these properties.

Answer in terms of structure and bonding.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d)     Figure 1 shows a model of a Buckminsterfullerene molecule.

Page 4 of 27
  

A lubricant is a substance that allows materials to move over each other easily.

Suggest why Buckminsterfullerene is a good lubricant.

Use Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Silver can form cubic nanocrystals.

Figure 2 represents a silver nanocrystal.

(e)     A silver nanocrystal is a cube of side 20 nm

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the nanocrystal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Surface area to volume ratio = ____________________

(3)

(f)      Silver nanoparticles are sometimes used in socks to prevent foot odour.

Suggest why it is cheaper to use nanoparticles of silver rather than coarse particles
of silver.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

Q3.
The picture shows a copper kettle being heated on a camping stove.

Copper is a good material for making a kettle because:

•        it has a high melting point

•        it is a very good conductor of heat.

(a)     Explain why copper, like many other metals, has a high melting point.

Your answer should describe the structure and bonding of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b)     Aeroplanes contain many miles of electrical wiring made from copper. This adds to
the mass of the aeroplane.

It has been suggested that the electrical wiring made from copper could be replaced
by carbon nanotubes which are less dense than copper.

The diagram shows the structure of a carbon nanotube.

(i)      What does the term ‘nano’ tell you about the carbon nanotubes?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Like graphite, each carbon atom in the carbon nanotube is joined to three
other carbon atoms.

Explain why the carbon nanotube can conduct electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 27
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q4.
This question is about some compounds made from iodine.

(a)     Lead iodide can be made by mixing a solution containing lead ions with a solution
containing iodide ions. Lead iodide is formed as a precipitate.
 

Pb2+(aq) + 2I─(aq)   PbI2 (s)

The table below gives information about the solubility of some compounds.
 
Soluble compounds Insoluble compounds

All sodium and potassium salts  

All nitrates  

Silver and lead chlorides, bromides

Most chlorides, bromides and iodides
and iodides

Use the table to help you to name:

(i)      A soluble compound which contains lead ions_________________________

(1)

(ii)     A soluble compound which contains iodide ions

_________________________
(1)

(b)     Magnesium iodide can be made by reacting magnesium with iodine.

 

Mg + I2   MgI2

Magnesium iodide is an ionic compound. It contains magnesium ions (Mg2+ ) and

iodide ions (I─).

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c)     The diagram shows the structure of potassium iodide.

Explain why a high temperature is needed to melt potassium iodide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q5.
Glass is made from silicon dioxide.

Page 9 of 27
  
                                                  © Velirina/iStock/Thinkstock

(a)     Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point.

Other substances are added to silicon dioxide to make glass. Glass melts at a lower
temperature than silicon dioxide.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Sodium oxide is one of the substances added to silicon dioxide to make glass.

(i)      Sodium oxide contains Na+ ions and O2– ions.

Give the formula of sodium oxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Sodium oxide is made by heating sodium metal in oxygen gas.

Complete the diagram to show the outer electrons in an oxygen molecule (O2).

 
(2)

(c)     Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.

Page 10 of 27
 Describe the structure of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.
This question is about Group 7 elements.

Chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

(a)  Name the products formed when chlorine solution reacts with potassium iodide
solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)  Explain why chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)  Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

Explain why hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature.

Answer in terms of structure and bonding.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d)  Bromine reacts with methane in sunlight.

The diagram below shows the displayed formulae for the reaction of bromine with
methane.

The table below shows the bond energies and the overall energy change in the
reaction.
 
Overall
  C—H Br—Br C—Br H—Br energy
change

Energy in
412 193 X 366 −51
kJ/mol

Calculate the bond energy X for the C—Br bond.

Use the diagram and the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Bond energy X = _______________ kJ/mol

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q7.

Page 12 of 27
 Carbon atoms are used to make nanotubes.

 
© Denis Nikolenko/Hemera/Thinkstock

Carbon atoms in a nanotube are bonded like a single layer of graphite.

The figure below shows the structure of a single layer of graphite.

 
© Evgeny Sergeev/iStock/Thinkstock

(a)     Suggest why carbon nanotubes are used as lubricants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Explain why graphite can conduct electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q8.

Page 13 of 27
 This question is about the properties and uses of materials.

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to answer the questions.

(a)     Explain how copper conducts electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Explain why diamond is hard.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Explain why thermosetting polymers are better than thermosoftening polymers for
saucepan handles.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
This question is about sodium chloride and iodine.

(a)     Describe the structure and bonding in sodium chloride.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b)     When sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, one product is chlorine.

Name the two other products from the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Many people do not have enough iodine in their diet.

Sodium chloride is added to many types of food. Some scientists recommend that
sodium chloride should have a compound of iodine added.

Give one ethical reason why a compound of iodine should not be added to sodium
chloride used in food.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     The bonding in iodine is similar to the bonding in chlorine.

(i)      Complete the diagram below to show the bonding in iodine.

Show the outer electrons only.

 
(2)

(ii)     Explain why iodine has a low melting point.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 27
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii)    Explain, in terms of particles, why liquid iodine does not conduct electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 16 of 27
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)

 
scores 2 marks
allow dots, crosses, circles or e(-) for electrons

1 bonding pair of electrons in each overlap

1

2 non-bonding electrons on nitrogen

do not accept non-bonding electrons on
hydrogen
ignore inner shell electrons drawn on nitrogen
1

(b)  does not show the shape

or
only two-dimensional
allow is not three-dimensional
1

(c)  (ammonia has) small molecules

allow (ammonia has) a simple molecular
(structure)
1

(ammonia has) weak intermolecular forces

allow (ammonia has) weak intermolecular bonds
do not accept weak covalent bonds
1

(so) little energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces

allow (so) little energy is needed to break the
intermolecular bonds
allow (so) little energy is needed to separate the
molecules
do not accept references to breaking covalent
bonds
1

(d)  Cr2O3
1

Page 17 of 27
(e)
an answer of (-)1272 (kJ) scores 3 marks

(for bonds broken)

((12 x 391) + (3 x 498) = ) 6186
1

(for bonds made)

((2 x 945) + (12 x 464) = ) 7458
1

(overall energy change = 6186-7458 = ) (-)1272 (kJ)

allow correct calculation using incorrectly
calculated values from step 1 and/or step 2
1

(f)
allow ecf from part (e)

7458 (kJ) (released in making bonds) is greater than 6186

(kJ) (used in breaking bonds)
or
the products have 1272 (kJ) less energy than the reactants
allow the (overall) energy change is -1272 (kJ)
1

(so) energy is released (to the surroundings)

dependent on MP1 being awarded
allow (so) heat is released (to the surroundings)
if no values given, allow 1 mark for more energy
released in making bonds than used in breaking
bonds
1

(g)

 
scores 2 marks
allow discontinuous lines
ignore arrow heads

activation energy labelled

Page 18 of 27
 1

(overall) energy change labelled

1
[14]

Q2.
(a)     six electrons in the overlap
allow dots, crosses or e(-) for electrons
1

2 non-bonding electrons on each nitrogen atom

2 marks for an answer of:

 
1

(b)     weak forces
1

between molecules
or
intermolecular
do not allow references to covalent bonding between
molecules
1

(which) need little energy to overcome

1

(c)     each (carbon) atom forms three covalent bonds

1

forming layers (of hexagonal rings)

1
(soft)
(because) layers can slide over each other
1

(conducts electricity)
(because of) delocalised electrons
1

(d)     molecules are spherical

1

(so molecules) will roll

Page 19 of 27
 1

(e)     surface area (= 20 × 20 × 6) = 2400 (nm 2)

1

volume (= 203) = 8000 (nm 3)

1

ratio = 0.3 (nm 3): 1 (nm 3)

ratio = 0.3 (nm 3): 1 (nm 3)
or
1 (nm 3): 3.33 (nm 3)
1

(f)      (nanoparticles) have a larger surface area to volume ratio

1

so less can be used for the same effect

1
[16]

Q3.
(a)                        reference to incorrect bonding or incorrect structure
                   or incorrect particles = max 3

giant structure / lattice

ignore many bonds
1

made up of positive ions surrounded by delocalized / free electrons

allow positive ions surrounded by a sea of electons
1

with strong bonds / attractions

allow hard to break for strong
1

so a lot of energy is needed to break these bonds / attractions / forces

ignore high temperature
ignore heat
1

(b)     (i)      that they are very small

or

1-100 nanometres or a few(hundred) atoms

accept tiny / really small / a lot smaller / any indication of
very small eg. microscopic, smaller than the eye can see
ignore incorrect numerical values if very small is given
1

(ii)     delocalised / free electrons

Page 20 of 27
 allow sea of electrons
1

one non-bonded electron from each atom

accept electron(s) moving through the structure / nanotube
allow electron(s) carry / form / pass current / charge
1
[7]

Q4.
(a)     (i)      lead nitrate
accept Pb(NO3)2
do not accept nitride
ignore (all) nitrate(s)
1

(ii)     sodium iodide / potassium iodide

accept Nal / Kl
accept other correct soluble iodides eg HI, MgI2
do not accept sodium iodine / potassium iodine
1

(b)                        metallic / sharing / covalent or molecule = max 3

magnesium loses 2 electrons

all three underlined ideas must be present
two underlined ideas = 1 mark eg magnesium loses
electrons
or
magnesium gains 2 electrons
or
magnesium loses 2 ions
nb magnesium ion loses 2 electrons = 1 mark
2 errors = 0 marks eg magnesium gains electrons
2

iodine gains 1 / an electron

all four underlined ideas must be present
three underlined ideas = 1 mark eg iodine gains electron(s)
or
iodine loses 1 / an electron
or
iodide gains 1 / an ion
or
iodide (ion) gains 1 / an electron
2 errors = 0 marks
2

(c)     attractions / forces (of attraction) / bonds are strong or lot of energy needed to
break bonds / forces / attractions

Page 21 of 27
 max 2 if reference to incorrect bonding or incorrect structure
or incorrect particles
1

because oppositely charged ions attract or electrostatic attraction between

ions
1

in giant structure or lattice

ignore many bonds
ignore ionic bonding unqualified
1
[9]

Q5.
(a)     weaker bonds
allow (other substances) react with the silicon dioxide

or

fewer bonds
ignore weaker / fewer forces

or

disruption to lattice
do not accept reference to intermolecular forces / bonds
1

(b)     (i)      Na2O
do not accept brackets or charges in the formula
1

(ii)     

 
electrons can be shown as dots, crosses, e or any
combination

2 bonding pairs
accept 4 electrons within the overlap
1

2 lone pairs on each oxygen

accept 4 non-bonding electrons on each oxygen
1

(c)     lattice / regular pattern / layers / giant structure / close-packed arrangement

1

Page 22 of 27
 (of) positive ions or (of) atoms
1

(with) delocalised / free electrons

reference to incorrect particles or incorrect bonding or
incorrect structure = max 2
1
[7]

Q6.
(a)  potassium chloride and iodine
either order
allow KCl for potassium chloride and I2 for iodine
1

(b)  (chlorine’s) outer electrons / shell closer to the nucleus

allow chlorine has fewer shells
allow chlorine atom is smaller than iodine atom
ignore chlorine has fewer outer shells
1

(so) the chlorine nucleus has greater attraction for outer electrons / shell
allow chlorine has less shielding
do not accept incorrect types of attraction
1

(so) chlorine gains an electron more easily

1
max 2 marks can be awarded if the answer
refers to chloride / iodide instead of chlorine /
iodine
allow converse statements
allow energy levels for shells throughout

(c)  hydrogen chloride is made of small molecules

allow hydrogen chloride is simple molecular
1

(so hydrogen chloride) has weak intermolecular forces*

1

(intermolecular forces) require little energy to overcome*

1
*do not accept reference to bonds breaking
unless applied to intermolecular bonds

(d)  (bonds broken = 4(412) + 193 =)1841

1

(bonds formed = 3(412) + 366 + X =) 1602 + X

1

Page 23 of 27
 −51 = 1841 − (1602 + X)
allow use of incorrectly calculated values of
bonds broken and / or bonds formed from steps 1
and 2 for steps 3 and 4
1

(X =) 290 (kJ/mol)
allow a correctly calculated answer from use of
−51 = bonds formed − bonds broken
1

OR

alternative method ignoring the 3 unchanged C−H bonds

(412 + 193 =) 605 (1)

366 + X (1)

−51 = 605 − (366 + X) (1)

(X =) 290 (kJ/mol) (1)

an answer of 290 (kJ/mol) scores 4 marks
an answer of 188 (kJ/mol) scores 3 marks
an incorrect answer for one step does not
prevent allocation of marks for subsequent steps
[11]

Q7.
(a)     nanotubes can slide (over each other)
allow nanotubes can roll (over each other)
1

because no (covalent) bonds between the nanotubes

accept weak forces between the nanotubes or weak
intermolecular forces
allow layers for nanotubes throughout
1

(b)     delocalised electrons

accept free electrons
1

so (delocalised) electrons can move through the graphite

accept so (delocalised) electrons can carry charge through
the graphite
1
[4]

Q8.

Page 24 of 27
 (a)     has delocalised electrons
accept free (moving) electrons
1

(so electrons) can move through the structure/metal

accept (so electrons) can carry charge through the
structure/metal
accept (so electrons) can form a current
1
reference to incorrect particles or incorrect bonding or
incorrect structure = max 1

(b)     giant structure
accept lattice
accept each atom forms four bonds (with other carbon
atoms)
ignore macromolecular
1

strong bonds
accept covalent
do not accept ionic
1
reference to intermolecular forces/bonds or incorrect
particles = max 1

(c)     thermosetting polymers do not melt (when heated)

accept thermosetting polymers do not change shape (when
heated)
accept thermosetting polymers have high(er) melting points
ignore thermosetting polymers do not soften (when heated)
1

due to cross-links (between chains)

accept due to bonds between chains
1
reference to smart polymers = max 1
accept converse argument
[6]

Q9.
(a)     lattice / giant structure
max 3 if incorrect structure or bonding or particles
1

ionic or (contains) ions

1

Na+ and Cl-

accept in words or dot and cross diagram: must include type

Page 25 of 27
 and magnitude of charge for each ion
1

electrostatic attraction
allow attraction between opposite charges
1

(b)     hydrogen
allow H2
1

sodium hydroxide
allow NaOH
1

(c)     any one from, eg:

•        people should have the right to choose
•        insufficient evidence of effect on individuals
•        individuals may need different amounts.
allow too much could be harmful
ignore religious reasons
ignore cost
ignore reference to allergies
1

(d)     (i)      one bonding pair of electrons

accept dot, cross or e or − or any combination, eg

 
1

6 unbonded electrons on each atom

1

(ii)     simple molecules
max 2 if incorrect structure or bonding or particles
accept small molecules
accept simple / small molecular structure
1

with intermolecular forces

accept forces between molecules
must be no contradictory particles
1

which are weak or which require little energy to overcome − must be

linked to second marking point
reference to weak covalent bonds negates second and third
marking points
1

Page 26 of 27
(iii)    iodine has no delocalised / free / mobile electrons or ions
1

so cannot carry charge

if no mark awarded iodine molecules have no charge gains 1
mark
1
[14]

Page 27 of 27