Michael Marshall Chemical Structures Alkane Hydrocarbon with single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms.
The carbon atoms form a chain, surrounded by hydrogen atoms or substituent
which take their place. Single bond
Example chemical structure: ethane Alkene Unsaturated hydrocarbon, with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen or substituents that replace it. Double bond
Example chemical structure:
ethene Alkyne Unsaturated hydrocarbon, with one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen or substituents that replace it
Alkyne Triple Bond
Example chemical structure: prop-1-yne Benzene Ring (Type of Aromatic Hydrocarbon) Unsaturated ring structure with a stable bonding arrangement.
Example chemical structure: Example chemical structure:
propan-1-ol Example chemical structure: propan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol Primary Alcohol Secondary Alcohol Tertiary Alcohol Ethers Organic compound that contains a functional group in which an oxygen atom s bonded between two carbon atoms in a chain.
R O R’
Example chemical structure:
General chemical structure Ethoxyethane Thiol (Sulfhydryl Functional Group)
Organic compound with Sulfhydryl functional group.
General chemical structure
Example chemical structure: Cyclohexane-1,2-dithiol Aldehyde and Ketones (Carbonyl Group) Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group.
Carbonyl Carbonyl
Carbonyl general chemical structure
Example chemical structure: Example chemical structure: Pentanal Heptan-3-one Aldehyde - Carbonyl at terminal Ketone - Carbonyl inbetween. end. Carboxylic Acids (Carboxyl Functional Group) Organic compound that contains a carboxyl group.
Carboxyl Example chemical structure: Example chemical structure:
general chemical structure 2-methylbutanoic acid 2-hydroxybenzoic acid Ester Similar to carboxyl, but an alkyl group replaces the H in OH
Ester Example chemical structure:
general chemical structure Butyl ethanoate Amines Derivatives of ammonia where Hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
Example chemical structure: Example chemical structure:
N-ethylbutan-1-amine Propan-1-amine Amide Organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom.
Example chemical structure:
General chemical structure N-propylbutanamide Naming Location of substituent + substituent name + alkane prefix + type of bonds + functional group location + functional group Alkane Saturated hydrocarbons - Only carbon and hydrogen with single bonds between them
Follow the format: Location of substituent + substituent name + alkane prefix + type of bonds + functional group location + functional group
1. Functional Group - only hydrogen is attached - e
2. Functional Group Location - Do not include 3. Type of bonds - single - ane 4. Alkane Prefix a. Identify the parent chain - the longest chain of carbons b. Name according to alkane prefixes (geometric prefixes after 4) # of carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Alkane prefix Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non
5. Identify substituents a. Alkyl group naming i. Alkane prefix + single bond name (an) + location of bond + yl 1. Do not include location or bond type if it is on the first or last carbon of the substituent.
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Alkane 1. Substituent location - Number the parent chain so that the closest substituent has the lowest number a) If two substituents are equal distance away from the Common substituent names terminal carbons (carbons at the start and end of the chain), give the one with the lowest alphabetical name Structure Name the lower number. CH3 Methyl Example:
CH2CH3 Ethyl
CH2CH2CH3 Butyl
| Butan-2-yl CH3CHCH3
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Butyl
| Butan-2-yl CH2 CH CH2 CH3 1-Butan-2-ylcyclohexane Alkene Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 2. Functional Group Location: Include the location of the double bond on the parent chain
3. Type of bonds - double - en
4. Alkane Prefix - Number the parent chain so that the multi-bond comes first, if the multibond has the same number both ways, follow the steps describes in the alkanes section. Alkyne Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 2. Functional Group Location: Include the location of the triple bond on the parent chain
3. Type of bonds - triple - yn
4. Alkane Prefix - Number the parent chain so that the multi-bond comes first, if the multibond has the same number both ways, follow the steps describes in the alkanes section. Benzene Rings Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 1. Functional Group 2. Functional Group Location Replace with: Benzene 3. Type of bonds 4. Alkane Prefix
Benzene may be names as a side chain: if it is connected to a chain with multiple bonds, another functional group, or more carbon atoms than in benzene (6).
● In these cases, name as a substituent: phenyl.
Substituent appearing with benzene: NO2 - name as Niro and follow usual substituent rules
*Note: Benzene + Carboxylic acid = Benzoic acid
Alcohols Follow the steps for alkanes Group: OH - Hydroxyl Except: 1. Functional Group: ol | if different functional groups take precedence (Carboxylic Acids, Aldehydes, Ketones), name as a substituent using hydroxy.
2. Functional Group Location: Include the location of the alcohol(s) if there are many, add geometrical prefixes to indicate (i.e di - 2, trl - 3)
4. Alkane Prefix - Number the parent chain so that the OH group comes first.
*note: Identify alcohols by the amount on carbons attached to the carbon with the OH group.
**note 2: Aromatic alcohols: 1 OH = phenol (i.e phenol); 2+ OH = benzene - location - polyalcohol name (i.e. benzene-1,2-diol) Ethers Organic compound that contains a functional group which an oxygen atom is bonded between two carbon atoms in a chain. 1. Identify the alkyl groups by the number of carbons 2. Name the shorter one with prefix only 3. Name the long one as an alkane 4. Number the parent chain (the longest carbon chain.) Start at the Oxygen bond. a. Identify the location of the oxygen bond. 5. Write: Number of oxygen bond + Shorter alkyl prefix + oxy + longer alkane name. i.e: 1-methoxypropane Thiols Group: SH - sulfhydryl
Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 2. Functional Group: -thiol
I.e CH3 CH2 CH2 SH = methanethiol
Aldehydes Organic molecule with carbonyl bonded to the end of a carbon chain.
Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 1. Functional Group - Carbonyl attached to the end of the chain - al
*note: don’t include functional group location
Ketone Organic molecule with carbonyl bonded to the middle of a carbon chain.
Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 1. Functional Group - Carbonyl attached to the middle of the chain - one 2. Functional Group Location: Include the location of the carbonyl group on the parent chain. Carboxylic Acids Organic compound that contains a carboxyl group.
Follow the steps for alkanes
Except: 1. Functional Group - -oic acid 2. Functional Group Location: Do not include the location of the carboxyl group on the parent chain.
Note: Carboxyl is always terminal.
Esters 1. Identify alkyl groups 2. Determine Carboxyl and alcohol origins of both sides 3. Name alkyl group with alcohol origin as an alkane substituent and acid as alkane with the functional group -oate instead of -e. Amines Derivative of ammonia where hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups ● Primary ○ Follow the steps for alkanes ○ Except: 1. Functional Group - contains derivative of ammonia- amine 2. Functional Group Location - use numbers to indicate location of the functional group on the main chain. ● Secondary ○ Follow primary amine rules ○ Give the main name to the alkyl group ○ Use N to indicate the attachment of additional chans to the nitrogen atom. Note: The root name for an amine attached to a benzene ring is aniline. Amides Organic compound containing the amide functional group - consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom.
1. The parent name of the amine - i.e methyl
2. Carboxylic acid root name - i.e butan 3. Location of the amine (N on the parent chain of the carboxylic acid) 4. Suffix -amide
N-methylbutanamide Chemical Reactions Alkane Reactions
Alkene / Alkyne Reactions Addition reactions ● Hydrogen always goes to the carbon with the most hydrogens attached to is when breaking a double / triple bond. ● Hydrogenation --> Alkenes / alkynes --> alkane Alkene / Alkyne Reactions ● Halogenation --> Add halogen to two sides of a alkene / alkyne bond, breaks a bond. Alkene / Alkyne Reactions Hydrohalogenation Alkene / Alkyne + hydrogen halide = Hydrogen and Halogen breaks a double or triple bond and goes on both sides of it
● Hydration: Same as hydrohalogenation, but water splits into H and OH which go on both sides of bond. Benzene Reactions Substitution - Halogenation (like alkanes)
Combustion Alcohol Reactions Dehydration reaction a reaction that involves the removal of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from the reactant, producing a slightly smaller molecule and water
Catalyst: Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Alcohol Reactions Dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols with more than 5 carbons. (Don’t need to know which product is major or minor.)
Catalyst: Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Ether Reactions Condensation reaction a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a small molecule, such as water.
Catalyst: Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Thiol Reactions No reactions specified in chapter 1. Aldehyde / Ketone Reactions Secondary Alcohol → Ketone + Water
Hydrogen Notes: Needs heat, pressure and a catalyst to occur.
Hydrogen is bonded to the oxygen and on
the carbon that oxygen is attached to. Carboxylic Acid Reactions Carboxylic acids = aldehyde + oxygen Ester Reactions Esterification (condensation reaction) the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester and water. General Reaction:
Example ether product
Ester Reactions Hydrolysis: Addition of water elements (H and O) that splits an ester into carboxylic acid and alcohol. (Ester + acid or base → Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol)
General Formula
Note: Sodium Hydroxide is a base (split into ions) used in
the example reaction Reactions of Amines Synthesis of amines = alkyl halide + ammonia → amine
Reacting the new molecule with a Alkyl halide repeats the process on another Hydrogen until a tertiary amine is reached Reactions of Amides Carboxylic acid + amine or ammonia = amide
Note: OH from carboxylic acid and H from amine form water, and create a bond be between the former acid and amide
