CH 7

Chapter 7 : Energy and
Energy Transfer
7.1 Systems and Environments
small portion of the Universe
 be a single object or particle
 be a collection of objects or particles
 be a region of space (such as the interior of an automobile engine
combustion cylinder)
 vary in size and shape (such as a rubber ball, which deforms upon
striking a wall)
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
Which Force does

more to move the
eraser?
The work W done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force on
the system is the product of the magnitude F of the force, the magnitude
Δr of the displacement of the point of application of the force, and cos θ,
where θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors:
The weightlifter does no work on the weights as he holds them on his
shoulders. (If he could rest the bar on his shoulders and lock his knees, he
would be able to support the weights for quite some time.)
Did he do any work when he raised the weights to this height?

Quick Quiz 7.1 The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth holds
the Earth in an orbit around the Sun. Let us assume that the orbit is perfectly
circular. The work done by this gravitational force during a short time interval
in which the Earth moves through a displacement in its orbital path is (a) zero
(b) positive (c) negative (d) impossible to determine.
(a). The force does no work on the Earth because the force is pointed toward the center of
the circle and is therefore perpendicular to the direction of the displacement.
Quick Quiz 7.2 Figure shows four situations in which a force is applied to an
object. In all four cases, the force has the same magnitude, and the
displacement of the object is to the right and of the same magnitude. Rank the
situations in order of the work done by the force on the object, from most
positive to most negative.
(c) Then (a) Then (d) Then (b)

Example 7.1 Mr. Clean
A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude

F = 50.0 N at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Calculate the work done by
the force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum cleaner is displaced 3 m to the
right.
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
Kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object or a

particle has by reason of its motion
In the case in which work is done on a system and the only change in the
system is in its speed, the work done by the net force equals the change in
kinetic energy of the system.
The work–kinetic energy theorem relates work to a change in

the speed of an object, not a change in its velocity. For example,
if an object is in uniform circular motion, the speed is constant.
Even though the velocity is changing, no work is done by the
force causing the circular motion.
Example 7.7 A Block Pulled on a Frictionless Surface
A 6 kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a

horizontal, frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force of
12 N. Find the speed of the block after it has moved 3 m.
Example 7.8 Does the Ramp Lessen the Work
Required?
A man wishes to load a refrigerator onto a truck using a ramp, as shown in

Figure. He claims that less work would be required to load the truck if the length L
of the ramp were increased. Is his statement valid?
No
The man must do the same amount of work mgh on the refrigerator,
regardless of the length of the ramp. Although less force is required with a
longer ramp, that force must act over a greater distance.
7.8 Power
Suppose that the man is not convinced by our argument that the work is the
same regardless of the length of the ramp and sets up a long ramp with a gentle
rise.
Although he will do the same amount of work as someone using a shorter ramp,
he will take longer to do the work simply because he must move the refrigerator
over a greater distance.
While the work done on both ramps is the same, there is something different
about the tasks—the time interval during which the work is done.
The time rate of energy transfer is called power
The SI unit of power is joules per second ( J/s), also called the watt (W) (after
James Watt):
horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 746 W
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy transferred in 1 h at the constant rate of

1 kW
(e). Because the speed is doubled, the kinetic energy is four times as large. This
kinetic energy was attained for the newer car in the same time interval as the
smaller kinetic energy for the older car, so the power is four times as large.

CH 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7 : Energy and

small portion of the Universe

 be a single object or particle

 be a collection of objects or particles

 be a region of space (such as the interior of an automobile engine

Which Force does

Did he do any work when he raised the weights to this height?

(c) Then (a) Then (d) Then (b)

A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude

Kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object or a

The work–kinetic energy theorem relates work to a change in

A 6 kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a

A man wishes to load a refrigerator onto a truck using a ramp, as shown in

horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 746 W

One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy transferred in 1 h at the constant rate of

You might also like