Chapter 7

Work and Kinetic Energy

A sprinter exerts her maximum power to do as much work on herself as possible

ENER
in the short time that her foot is in contact with the ground. This adds to her
kinetic energy, preventing her from slowing down during the race
 Chapter Outline

 Work
 Kinetic energy
 Work Energy Theorem
 Power
 Work

Work – transfers energy by applying a force

and causing a displacement of the point of
application of the force.
 Work
In physics, work is done on an object when energy is
transferred to the object. In other words, work is done
when a force acts on something that undergoes a
displacement from one position to another.
About Work
 Work Example


F

Section 7.2
 Work

The work done by a force is the integral of the force with respect to
displacement along the path of the displacement

Vectors used to define work. The force acting on a particle and its infinitesimal
displacement are shown at one point along the path between A and B. The
infinitesimal work is the dot product of these two vectors; the total work is the
integral of the dot product along the path.
 Work Done by a Constant Force
The simplest work to evaluate is that done by a force that is
constant in magnitude and direction. In this case, we can factor
out the force; the remaining integral is just the total
displacement, which only depends on the end points A and B,
but not on the path between them:
 Work Done by a Constant Force

 The work done by a constant force is defined

as the distance moved multiplied by the
component of the force in the direction of
displacement:
 Work Done by a Constant Force
Example: Work done on a crate.
A person pulls a 50-kg crate 40 m along a horizontal
floor by a constant force FP = 100 N, which acts at a 37°
angle as shown. The floor is rough and exerts friction
force Ffr= 50N.
•Determine (a) the work done by each force acting on the
crate, and (b) the net work done on the crate.

Ffr
 Work Done by a Constant Force

Conceptual Example: Does the Earth do work

on the Moon?
 The Moon revolves around the Earth in a nearly circular
orbit, with approximately constant tangential speed,
kept there by the gravitational force exerted by the
Earth.

• Does gravity do (a) positive

work, (b) negative work, or
(c) no work at all on the
Moon?
Work Done by a Constant Force

 As long as this person does

not lift or lower the bag of
groceries, he is doing no work
on it.
 The force he exerts has no
component in the direction of
motion.
 In the SI system, the units of
work are joules:
Work Done by a Constant Force
 Example 7.1 Calculating the Work You Do to
Push a Lawn Mower
How much work is done on the lawn mower by the person in Figure
7.3(a) if he exerts a constant force of 75.0 N at an angle 35° below the
horizontal and pushes the mower 25.0 m on level ground?
 Example 7.1 Calculating the Work You Do to
Push a Lawn Mower
How much work is done on the lawn mower by the person in Figure
7.3(a) if he exerts a constant force of 75.0 N at an angle 35° below the
horizontal and pushes the mower 25.0 m on level ground?
 Example 7.2 Moving a Couch
You decide to move your couch to a new position on your horizontal
living room floor. The normal force on the couch is 1 k N and the
coefficient of friction is 0.6. (a) You first push the couch 3 m parallel to
a wall and then 1 m perpendicular to the wall (A to B in Figure 7.4). How
much work is done by the frictional force? (b) You don’t like the new
position, so you move the couch straight back to its original position
(B to A in Figure 7.4). What was the total work done against friction
moving the couch away from its original position and back again?
Example 7.2 Moving a Couch
 Work Done by Gravitational Force
 The other force on the lawn mower mentioned above was Earth’s
gravitational force, or the weight of the mower.
 Near the surface of Earth, the gravitational force on an object of mass m has
a constant magnitude, mg, and constant direction, vertically down.
 Therefore, the work done by gravity on an object is the dot product of its
weight and its displacement.
 Gravitational Potential Energy,
cont
Gravitational potential energy is the energy
associated with an object at a given location above
the surface of the Earth.

 
 
Wext  Fapp   r

Wext  (mgˆj)   y f  y i  ˆj

Wext  mgy f  mgy i

Section 7.6
 Conceptual Example Does the Ramp
Lessen the Work Required?

 A man wishes to load a refrigerator onto a truck using a

ramp at angle θ as shown in Figure 7.14.
• He claims that less
work would be
required to load the
truck if the length L
of the ramp were
increased. Is his
claim valid?

Section 7.5
Conceptual Example Does the Ramp Lessen the
Work Required?

Section 7.5
 Example 7.3 Shelving a Book
You lift an oversized library book, weighing 20 N, 1 m vertically down from a
shelf, and carry it 3 m horizontally to a table (Figure 7.5). How much work does
gravity do on the book? (b) When you’re finished, you move the book in a
straight line back to its original place on the shelf. What was the total work done
against gravity, moving the book away from its original position on the shelf
and back again?
Example 7.3 Shelving a Book
 Work Done by Forces that Vary
In general, forces may vary in magnitude and direction at points in space, and
paths between two points may be curved. The infinitesimal work done by a
variable force can be expressed in terms of the components of the force and
the displacement along the path,
 Work Done by a Varying Force
 Examples of Varying Forces?
 Summation or Integration?

Section 7.4
 Work Done by a Varying Force
 To use W = F Δ r cos θ, the force must be constant, so
the equation cannot be used to calculate the work done
by a varying force.

Assume that during a very small

displacement, Dx, F is constant.
For that displacement, W ~ F Dx
For all of the intervals,

xf
W   Fx x
xi

Section 7.4
 Summation and Integration: the
Difference
 Integration is basically the area bounded by the curve
of the function, the axis and upper and lower limits.

xf
This area can be given as xf
the sum of much smaller
lim
x 0  F x  
xi
x xi
Fx dx
areas included in the bounded
area. 

 Summation involves the discrete values with the upper

and lower bounds, whereas the integration involves
continuous values
 Work Done by a Varying Force, cont.

 Let the size of the small displacements approach zero .

xf

 F x  
xf
 Since lim
x 0 x xi
Fx dx
xi

xf
 Therefore, W   Fx dx
xi

 The work done is equal to the area under the curve

between xi and xf.
Section 7.4
 Work Done by Multiple Forces
 A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in
Figure.
• Calculate the work done by the force on the particle
as it moves from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m.

Section 7.4
Example 7.4
Example 7.4
 Work Done on a Spring
How the energy is changing?
 Work Done by a Spring
A model of a common physical system for which
the force varies with position.

Section 7.4
 Spring Force: Hooke’s Law

 The force exerted by the spring is

Fs = - kx This is called Hooke’s Law.
• x is the position of the block with respect to the
equilibrium position (x = 0).
• k is called the spring constant or force constant and
measures the stiffness of the spring.
Section 7.4
 Hooke’s Law, cont.

 The vector form of Hooke’s Law is


Fs  Fx ˆi  kx ˆi
• When x is positive (spring is stretched), F is negative
• When x is 0 (at the equilibrium position), F is 0
• When x is negative (spring is compressed), F is
positive
Section 7.4
 Work Done by a Spring, cont.

 Assume the block undergoes an arbitrary

displacement from x = xi to x = xf.
 The work done by the spring on the block is
xf 1 2 1 2
Ws    kx  dx  kx i  kx f
xi 2 2
If the motion ends where it begins, W = 0

Section 7.4
Example Measuring k for a Spring

If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object

having a mass of 0.55 kg, what is the force constant of the
spring?

 How much work is done by

the spring on the object as it
stretches through this
distance?

2.7 102 N/m

-5.4 10-2 J
 Example 7.5 Work Done bya Spring
A perfectly elastic spring requires 0.54 J of work to
stretch 6 cm from its equilibrium position, as in Figure
7.7(b). (a) What is its spring constant k? (b) How much
work is required to stretch it an additional 6 cm?
Example 7.5 Work Done bya Spring
 Kinetic Energy
 One possible result of work acting as an influence on a
system is that the system changes its speed.
 The system could possess kinetic energy.
 Kinetic Energy is the energy of a particle due to its
motion.
• K = ½ mv2

 A change in kinetic energy is one possible result of

doing work to transfer energy into a system.

Section 7.5
 Kinetic Energy, cont

Calculating the work:

xf xf
Wext  
xi
 F dx  
xi
ma dx
vf
Wext   mv dv
xf xf
Wext    F dx   ma dx
vi
xi xi
1vf 1
W  mv 2
 mv 2
ext 
Wext 2vi mvf dv 2 i
Wext  1K f  K i 1  K
Wext  mv f2  mv i2
2 2
Wext  K f  K i  K
Section 7.5
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

 The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem states

Wext = Kf – Ki = ΔK

• The speed of the system increases if the work done

on it is positive.
• The speed of the system decreases if the net work
is negative.

Section 7.5
 7.2 Kinetic Energy
The idea behind this quantity was related to the forces acting
on a body and was referred to as “the energy of motion.” Later
on, during the eighteenth century, the name kinetic energy was
given to energy of motion
Example 7.6 Kinetic Energy of an Object
Example 7.6 Kinetic Energy of an Object
 Example 7.3 Work-Energy Theorem

For gravity
Problem Solving
Example 7.9 Loop-the-Loop
Example 7.9 Loop-the-Loop
 Example 7.10 Determining a Stopping Force
A bullet from a 0.22LR-caliber cartridge has a mass of 40 grains (2.60 g)
and a muzzle velocity of 1100 ft./s (335 m/s). It can penetrate eight 1-
inch pine boards, each with thickness 0.75 inches (1 inch=2.54 cm).
What is the average stopping force exerted by the wood, as shown in
Figure 7.13?
 Example 7.10 Determining a Stopping Force
A bullet from a 0.22LR-caliber cartridge has a mass of 40 grains (2.60 g)
and a muzzle velocity of 1100 ft./s (335 m/s). It can penetrate eight 1-
inch pine boards, each with thickness 0.75 inches (1 inch=2.54 cm).
What is the average stopping force exerted by the wood, as shown in
Figure 7.13?
Power

SI unit?
 Example 7.11 Pull-up Power
An 80-kg army trainee does 10 pull-ups in 10 s (Figure 7.14). How much
average power do the trainee’s muscles supply moving his body? (Hint:
Make reasonable estimates for any quantities needed.)
 Example 7.12 Automotive Power Driving Uphill
How much power must an automobile engine expend to move a 1200-kg
car up a 15% grade at 90 km/h (Figure 7.15)? Assume that 25% of this
power is dissipated overcoming air resistance and friction.
 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

 The scalar product of

two vectors
  is written
as A .B
 It is also called the dot
product.
 
A  B  A B cos 

 
• Applied to work, this means W  F r cos   F   r

Section 7.3
Dot Products of Unit Vectors

ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1
ˆi  ˆj  ˆi  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ  0

Using component form with vectors:


A  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj  Azkˆ

B  Bx ˆi  By ˆj  Bzkˆ
 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
 
A  B;
 
A  A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2  A2
Section 7.3
Dot Products of Unit Vectors

(B) Find the angle angle between

A and B

Section 7.3
Dot Products of Unit Vectors

Section 7.3
Dot Products of Unit Vectors

Section 7.3
 Conservative Forces
 The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving between any two points is
independent of the path taken by the particle.

 The work done by a conservative force on a

particle moving through any closed path is zero.

Examples of conservative forces?

Examples of conservative forces:

Gravity
Spring force
 Non-conservative Forces

The work done depends on the path

friction is a non-conservative force.

The work done against friction

is greater along the brown path
than along the blue path.

Section 7.7
 Non-conservative Forces

A non-conservative force does not satisfy the

conditions of conservative forces.
Non-conservative forces acting in a system cause
a change in the mechanical energy of the system.
Emech = K + U
• K includes the kinetic energy of all moving
members of the system.
• U includes all types of potential energy in the
system.

Section 7.7
 Conservative Forces and
Potential Energy
 The conservative force is related to the potential
energy function through.
dU
Fx  
dx

 The x component of a conservative force acting on an

object within a system equals the negative of the
potential energy of the system with respect to x.
• Can be extended to three dimensions

Section 7.8