mathematics for Economists M1 2021/22: lab session 15 pmaraner@unibz.

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indefinite integration
→ CONTRARIO di DERIVATA
the indefinite integral (or antiderivative)

Exercise 245. Check that

2
F (x) = ex + C,

C 2 R, is an indefinite integral of
2
f (x) = 2xex .

Rewrite the statement in the standard indefinite integral notation.

✓ ◆0 Z
x2 x2 x2 x2
solution: e +C = 2xe , 2xe dx = e + C.

Exercise 246. Check that

F1 (x) = 4x2 12x and F2 (x) = (2x 3)2 & "" -2/2×-31123=8×-12
-

are indefinite integrals of

f' li)=g✗ -12
f (x) = 8x 12.
/ (8×-12) di -4×2-12×11
-

Rewrite the statements in the standard indefinite integral notation and verify that
F1 (x) = F2 (x) + C.
⇣ ⌘0 ⇣ ⌘ Z
2 2 0 2 2
solution: 4x 12x = (2x 3) = 8x 12, (8x 12) dx = 4x 12x + C1 = (2x 3) + C2 with C2 = C1 9.

indefinite integrals of elementary functions

Exercise 247. Verify that
8
Z 1 <
k
xk+1 + C if k =
6 1
x dx = k + 1
:
ln |x| + C if k = 1
✓ ◆0 ⇣ ⌘ ⇢
1 k+1 1 k+1 0 1 k k (ln x)0 if x > 0
solution: for k 6= 1, x +C = x = (k+1)x = x ; for k = 1, (ln |x| + C)0 = =
k+1 k+1 k+1 (ln( x))0 if x < 0
1 1
x
=x .

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 Exercise 248. Find the indefinite integrals of the following elementary functions

1. f (x) = 1 2. f (x) = x2 3. f (x) = x11

|
"
1 di =
✗ + C
1
5×2411=13×3 +C
1
fxmdx =L ✗

1
di
4. f (x) = 5. f (x) = 6. f (x) =
x2 x3 x
5×1<4×-1×-21 ✗ = - × -7C
p
di
-1×7×-1
p;
:c / * di
1
= lnxtc
7. f (x) = x 8. f (x) = 3
x 9. f (x) = p
x
jxkdx-jxki-CSXIdk-3-j-i-cfx-t.de/--xE+C
solution: 1. x + C; 2. 1
3
x3 + C; 1 x12 + C;
3. 12 4. 1
x
+ C; 5. 1
2x2
+ C; 6. ln |x| + C; 7. 2
3
p
x x + C; 8.

3xp
3 x + C; 9. 2
p
x + C.
4

Exercise 249. Verify that

Z
1 bx
abx dx = a +C
b ln a
where a 2 (0, 1) [ (1, +1).
✓ ◆0 ✓ ◆0 ⇣ ⌘
1 bx 1 ln abx 1 bx ln a 0 1 bx ln a bx ln a ln abx bx
solution: a +C = e = e = b ln a e =e =e =a .
b ln a b ln a b ln a b ln a

Exercise 250. Find the indefinite integrals of the following elementary functions

1. f (x) = ex 2. f (x) = e x
3. f (x) = e3x 4. f (x) = 2x
Z Z Z Z
x x x x 3x 1 3x x 1 x
solution: 1. e dx = e + C; 2. e dx = e + C; 3. e dx = e + C; 4. 2 dx = 2 + C.
3 ln 2

'

¥ ✗
Exercise 251. Verify that [ ✗ lnx -

✗+C) = Inx + -
= IHX
Z
ln x dx = x ln x x + C.
0
solution: (x ln x x + C) = ln x.

Exercise 252. Find a function f such that f 0 (x) = x and f (1) = 0.

solution: f (x) = 1
2
x2 1.
2

Exercise 253. Find a function f such that f 00 (x) = 4, f 0 (0) = 1 and f (0) = 1.
2
solution: f (x) = 2x + x 1.

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 constant factor integration rule

Exercise 254. Verify that

Z Z
k f (x) dx = k f (x) dx

for every constant factor k.

✓ Z ◆0 ✓Z ◆0
solution: k f (x) dx =k f (x) dx = k f (x).

Exercise 255. Rewrite the following functions as the product of a constant and
an elementarily function and find their integrals.

fxjdx.gg/2dx=j.jxs=g-xs+e/-&d+--%fFdX--ln-f2tC
x2 2
1. f (x) = 3x 2. f (x) = 3. f (x) =
2 x
/3×1--31×111=3--2×211

itfrxdx-XI.li/=2js-xZtCfLpdx=jffitx--jfx-2dx--
1 p p
4. f (x) = 5. f (x) = 4 x 6. f (x) = 3x
3x2
3×7=-1×-1-1 lirxdxufx r / :&# 8-3×5×+0
3 x2 1
7. f (x) = 8. f (x) = ex+1 9. f (x) =

%f3t2dx-efedx-ee-ii-cflfdx-ffx-idx-f.im/tC
3 2x
p p p p
39 p
3
solution: 1. 3
2
x2 + C; 2. 1
6
x3 + C 4 3. ln 12 + C; 4. 1
3x
+ C; 5. 8
3
x x + C; 6. 2 2 3 x x + C; 7. 5
x x2 + C;
x

↳
x+1 1
8. e + C; 9. 2
ln |x| + C.

%3dx-igx-i-c-if-F.to
sum and difference integration rules

Exercise 256. Verify that

Z Z Z
(f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx
✓Z Z ◆0 ✓Z ◆0 ✓Z ◆0
solution: f (x) dx + g(x) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx = f (x) + g(x).

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 Exercise 257. Rewrite the following functions sums or di↵erences of elementary
functions, possibly multiplied by constant factors, and find their integrals.
1- ✗2+1×+1
2
1. f (x) = x + x + 1 2. f (x) = (x + 2)2 - ✗ 2+4×+4

13×3+12×21
'
-
Xtc 1- ✗ +2×2+4×11
5 1 33
3. f (x) = x2 x+ 4. f (x) = 2x3 4x2 + 6x 5
2 3 4
✗ 3-
-5×3+3×2
"

G- ¥ :{
✗ Sxtc
3x2 + 5x + 1 {
✗ +C
-
-

5. f (x) = 6. f (x) =
x2 3x + 2
p ÌÉ # +2¥ restare, - ✗

⑤
x x
+5+11,411=3-2×2+5 ✗ + lnlxltc SXTX -3*-2*111=5
p ✗È
-3-2×3+211
?

7. f (x) = x + e x
8. f (x) = ln x -2

fxtei-fxi-ettcflnxEdx-o.dz/HnX-x)tC
solution: 1. 1
3
x3 + 1
2
x2 + x + C;
⇣
2. 1
3
x3 + 2x2 + 4x + C;
⌘
3. 5
6
x3 1 x2 3 x + C;
6 4
4. 1
2
x4 4 x3
3
+ 3x2 5x + C; 5.
2
3 x + 5x + ln |x| + C; p 2 2 x
2
6. 2
5
x x 5x + 10 + C; 7. 1
2
x + e + C; 8. 12
(x ln x x) + C.

integration by parts
Exercise 258. Verify that
Z Z
0
f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x)dx + C
✓ Z ◆0
0 0 0 0 0
solution: f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x)dx + C = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x) f (x)g(x) = f (x)g (x).

Exercise 259. Evaluate the following integrals

Z Z Z
x 4x
1. xe dx 2. 32xe dx 3. (x + 1)e2x dx

What do you need to do to check if your result is correct? Perform the test.
✓ ◆
x 4x 1 1 2x
solution: 1. (x 1)e + C; 2. 2(4x 1)e + C; 3. x+ e + C. In all cases I have to di↵erentiate the result and
2 4
check if I get the integrand.

Exercise 260. Evaluate the following integrals

Z Z Z
2
1. ln x dx 2. 2x ln x dx 3. (9x2 + 4x) ln x dx

2 2
solution: 1. x ln x x + C; 2. x (ln x 1) + C; 3. (3x3 + 2x2 ) ln x x3 x2 + C.

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