MY3 Bonding

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2.3.

BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS


Lesson objectives

At the end of this lesson students will be able to


1. Define bonding and list the 3 types of bonding
2. Find oxidation number and valence electrons of given elements
3. Use bonding and the octet rule to write chemical compounds
4. Write and balance chemical equations

spdf electronic configuration

What do s, p, d, and f mean?

These refer to the sublevels within the principal quantum level (n).
So, for n = 1, there is only one sublevel, s.
n = 2, there are 2 sublevels: s & p
n = 3, there are 3 sublevels: s, p, & d
So, within each level, there are n sublevels.

This shows the different blocks in the Periodic Table.


It also shows in what order to write electron configurations (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p)
Chemical Bonds & Reactions

Chemical Bond

• A force of attraction that holds two atoms together


• Involves the valence electrons (they determine the chemical characteristics of the atom!)
 Valence Electrons – the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
-

This Lithium Atom has one valence electron


+ -
- + +

Counting
Valence Electrons

Carbon Oxygen Beryllium


4 valence electrons 6 valence electrons 2 valence electrons

Determining the Number of Valence Electrons by Using the Periodic Table

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*Atoms of elements in Groups 1 and 2 have the same number of valence electrons as their group
number.
*Atoms of elements in Group 3-12 do not have a general rule relating their valence electrons to their
group number. However, they typically have between 1 or 2 valence electrons.
*Atoms of elements in Groups 13-18 have 10 fewer valence electrons than their group number.
(Exception-helium atoms have only 2 valence electrons, even though they are in group 18)

EXO: Use the periodic table to find How Many Valence Electrons?
• Hydrogen
• Lead
• Xenon
• Sulfur
• Rubidium
The Octet Rule

• Atoms will combine to form compounds in order to reach eight electrons in their outer energy level.
– Atoms with less than 4 electrons tend to lose electrons.
– Atoms with more than 4 electrons tend to gain electrons.
• Be aware that there are some exceptions!
CONSIDER EIGHT A HAPPY NUMBER FOR ATOMS!

The Octet Rule In Action

Where do you think Chlorine finds that one electron that it needs?

Lewis Structure (Electron Dot Diagram)


• A way of drawing the outer energy level electrons (valence) of an atom
• The symbol for the element surrounded by as many dots as there are valence electrons.
Examples: :N: Mg:
Nitrogen Magnesium
How many valence electrons do each of these atoms have?

Making an Electron Dot Diagram


 If this were an atom of an element from group 1, you would just place the one dot on any side of the
element.
 Place the rest of the dots in either a clockwise or counter clockwise manner around the symbol, with
no side receiving two dots until each side gets one.
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Practice: What Would the Electron Dot Diagram Look Like?
1 Valence Electron 6 Valence Electrons
H O
Practice: How many valence electrons does each atom have?
Ne Sr

Oxidation Number
• The charge that an atom would have if it lost or gained electrons; ion charge.
• Can be helpful in determining which atoms will interact or bond with each other

Example: Mg:
According to electron dot diagram for Magnesium, it has two valence electrons. Because Magnesium is
“unhappy” with two, it will typically lose them. If this happens it will turn into a Magnesium ion. At this
point it will have an oxidation number of +2.
Magnesium: Mg2+

Example 2: What Could the Oxidation Number Be?


H: +1 or -1 because it can gain or lose one electron
O: -2 because it will gain two electrons

Practice: What Could the Oxidation Number Be?


Ne Sr
Typical Oxidation Numbers

3 Types of Chemical Bonds


•Ionic
•Covalent
•Metallic

What can you describe about each of these bonds just by looking at the name?

IONIC BONDS

• The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.


• Occurs after a loss or gain of electrons
• Usually form between atoms of metals and atoms of nonmetals
• Resulting compounds have a name that usually ends in –ide
Cl1- Na1+

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Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Their opposite charges attract each other!

Writing Ionic Compounds

 Write the symbol for the positive ion first.


 Write the symbol for the negative ion next.
 Assign subscripts to make the compound neutral.

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An Easy Trick…

Practice Ionic Compounds


 Zinc chloride
 Beryllium oxide
 Potassium chloride
 Barium oxide
Practice Ionic Compounds

• Magnesium hydroxide • NaCl

• Sodium hydroxide
• MgO



Tin (II) fluoride
NH4F
• Iron (II) sulfate • K2CO3

COVALENT BOND

• Two atoms are bonded together by a sharing of electrons

• Each pair of shared electrons creates a bond

• Usually occurs between atoms of non-metals

• See how the electron shells overlap…

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H O H
- -
- -
++ + -
+ + + + +
- + + -
- - -
Example – Water (H2O)
Naming Covalent Compounds
 Each element is named using a prefix to indicate the number of atoms of that element.
 The second element ends with the suffix “ide”.
 Example: CO2 = Carbon dioxide

Practice Naming Covalent Compounds


 Dinitrogen monoxide
 H2O2
 Carbon tetrachloride
 CH4
 Sulfur trioxide
 O3
 Carbon monoxide
 CF4

Metallic Bond

• A force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the electrons in a metal.

• Many metal ions pass along many electrons.

• Many properties of metals, such as conductivity, ductility, and malleability, result from the
freely moving electrons in the metal.

• Usually occurs between atoms of metals.

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Notice how the electrons do not just stay with one ion

Results of Bonding
1. Molecule
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Example: Diatomic - molecules consisting of two atoms of the same element bonded together
Examples: H2, F2, O2, N2

2. Compound
Composed of two or more DIFFERENT atoms that are chemically bonded.
Example:
CO, NO2, NaCl
Chemical Reaction
 The process by which a chemical change occurs.
 Atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and reformed.
 One or more substances change & produce one or more different substances.

Example: H2O + CO2 + solar energy C6H12O6 + O2

Chemical Equation
 Represents a chemical reaction.
 Reactants on the left side.
 Products on the right side.
 Arrow indicates the direction of the reaction.
 Examples:

2H2 + O2 2H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Components of a Chemical Equation

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Energy and Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction in which energy is A chemical reaction in which energy is


released. absorbed.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 6CO2 + 6H2O+ energy C6H12O6 +


energy 6O2

Respiration Photosynthesis
Rates of Chemical Reactions

The rates at which chemical reactions can take place are based on the interaction (collisions) between
the different particles. These rates can be impacted by the following:

• Temperature –a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter

– Ex. Increasing the temperature when cooking

• Surface area – amount of material that comes into contact with the reactants

– Ex. Cutting a potato into smaller pieces when cooking

• Concentration – amount of substance per volume

– Ex. Adding extra potatoes will slow down how fast they will cook.

• Catalysts (enzymes) – organic substances that help speed up chemical reactions, but are not
consumed in the reaction
– Ex. Digestive enzymes speed up the breakdown of potatoes in your gut.

Law of Conservation of Mass


 In a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
 All atoms present in the reactants are also present in the products
 Chemical equations must account for the conservation of mass - balancing equations!

In its present form, does this chemical equation show a conservation of mass?
2H2 + O2 2H2O

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Hints For Balancing Equations

• Count the atoms

– List the number of atoms of each element to see which elements must be balanced

• Use a coefficient to add atoms to one side of the equation

– Start with the reactant or product that has the greatest number of different elements

• Add a coefficient to another reactant or product


Make sure that the coefficients in your balanced equation are the smallest whole numbers possible

Types of Chemical Reactions


1) Synthesis Reaction:

– When two or more substances combine to form a single compound


X+Y XY
2) Decomposition Reaction:

– Compound broken down into elements, simpler compounds or both


(Opposite of combination) XY X+Y
3) Single Replacement Reaction:

– Atom or polyatomic ion is replaced by a different atom or polyatomic ion


XY + Z XZ + Y
4) Double Replacement Reaction:
– Atoms of one compound trade places with another. AX + BY AY + BX

Practice Identifying Reactions


1. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
2. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
3. NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
4. C + ZnO Zn + CO

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