Chemistry

Standard level
Paper 2

Specimen paper
Candidate session number

1 hour 30 minutes

Instructions to candidates
Write your session number in the boxes above.
Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
Answer all questions.
Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
A calculator is required for this paper.
A clean copy of the chemistry data booklet is required for this paper.
The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks].

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16 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

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Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. A monoprotic acid, HX, is found to have the following composition by mass:

C 39.99 % H 6.73 % O 53.28 %

(a) Determine the empirical formula of the compound HX. [2]

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(b) 25.00 cm3 of a solution, containing 1.51 g of HX is titrated with a 0.750 mol dm 3
solution of NaOH (aq). The HX (aq) solution is exactly neutralized by 22.30 cm3 of the
NaOH (aq) solution. Determine the molar mass (M) of HX. [2]

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(c) State the molecular formula of HX. [1]

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(d) HX reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide according to the equation:

HX (aq) H2O (l)

Identify a functional group present in HX. [1]

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2. Scientific models are used to explain the structure of matter.

(a) An -particle is a helium-4 nucleus. In an experiment, -particles are accelerated

towards a thin sheet of gold and their resulting paths are detected, giving evidence of
the positive charge of the nucleus.

Thin sheet of gold

Accelerated
Path I
-particles Path II

Angle of detection increase from 0° to 180°

The number of -particles detected at different angles of deflection are shown.

Key:
Number of -particles detected

Path I

Path II Path II

180° 90° 0° 90° 180°

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(Question 2 continued)

(i) State the nuclear charges of gold and helium. [1]

Gold: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Helium: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why some -particles follow path II, rebounding from the gold sheet. [1]

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(iii) Most of the -particles follow path I and pass straight through
undeflected ( 0°). Suggest a conclusion that can be made about the structure
of the atom based on this evidence. [1]

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(Question 2 continued)

(b) Helium was first identified by analysing spectra of solar radiation.

(i) Outline the appearance of the emission spectrum of helium. [1]

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Emission spectra of one-electron systems can be explained using a model with

the electron attracted to the nucleus by an electrostatic force.

This model predicts that the electron occupies discrete energy levels. Some energy
levels for the He ion are shown.

0 n
328
582 n 3

1310 n 2
1
Energy / kJ mol

5250 n 1

(ii) Explain how the frequencies observed in emission spectra support the idea of the
electron occupying discrete energy levels. [2]

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(Question 2 continued)

The ionization energy of the He ion is 5250 kJ mol 1 and the ionisation energy of
hydrogen is 1312 kJ mol 1.

(iii) Suggest two reasons why the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom is
significantly smaller than the ionization energy of the He ion. [2]

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(iv) Suggest why the model outlined in (b)(ii) can predict the emission spectrum of
He but not He. [1]

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(c) Outline why models of the atom have evolved over time. [1]

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3. In a simulation, equal masses of potassium and lithium are added to water and the time
taken for the metals to fully react is recorded. Five different increasing masses of each metal
are used, and the reaction is timed.

(a) Sketch the graphs on the axes to show the expected results of this experiment. [2]
Time for metal to react completely

Time for metal to react completely

Mass of potassium / g Mass of lithium / g

(b) Suggest a reason why comparing the time for complete reaction of equal masses is not
a valid measure of reactivity. [1]

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(c) Lithium carbide, Li2C2, is one of many compounds of lithium and carbon. Determine the
percentage covalent character and bonding type in this compound by using sections 9
and 17 of the data booklet. [2]

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(Question 3 continued)

(d) Draw the Lewis formula of the anion in the salt Li2C2. [2]

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4. Heptadecane, C17H36, can be extracted from crude oil or cactus plants.

(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of C17H36. [1]

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(b) The enthalpy of combustion of C17H36 is 11 350 kJ mol 1.

(i) Calculate the maximum energy produced when 2.00 g of C17H36 is combusted. [2]

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(ii) Determine the maximum temperature change when 500.0 cm3 of water is heated
by a 2.00 g sample of C17H36. [2]

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(iii) Outline two assumptions made in the calculation in (b)(ii). [2]

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(Question 4 continued)

(c) Explain why biofuels contribute less to climate change than fossil fuels. [1]

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(d) Heptadecane can be broken down into smaller molecules. Consider the reaction:

C17H36 2 H4 (g) C13H28 (g)

Determine the standard enthalpy change, HÖ, for the reaction stated, using section 12
of the data booklet. [3]

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(e) Ethene can be converted to ethanol in one reaction. State the equation for this reaction. [1]

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(Question 4 continued)

(f) Ethanol reacts with oleic acid to produce ethyl oleate.

C17H33COOH (l) CH3CH2OH (l) C17H33COOCH2CH3 (l) X (l)

(i) Identify the side product X (l). [1]

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(ii) Calculate the atom economy of the reaction. [1]

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(iii) Discuss why the atom economy of a reaction is an important consideration when
evaluating the impact of a reaction in an industrial process. [2]

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5. Halogens are important reactants in the laboratory and in the environment.

(a) (i) Write an equation for the homolytic fission of chlorine under UV light, showing the
movement of electrons. [2]

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(ii) Under different conditions, chlorine molecules can break down by

heterolytic fission. Write an equation showing the movement of electrons. [1]

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(iii) Identify, giving a reason, which one of the three species produced in (a)(i) and
(a)(ii) is an electrophile. [1]

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(Question 5 continued)

(b) The graph shows the boiling points of the first five straight-chain primary alcohols
and fluoroalkanes.

Key:
Primary alcohols
Primary fluoroalkanes

150

100
Boiling point / °C

50

50

100

150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Relative formula mass

(i) Outline why the alcohols have higher boiling points than fluoroalkanes of similar
relative formula mass. [1]

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(ii) Explain the general trend in the boiling points shown for the alcohols. [2]

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(Question 5 continued)

(c) Hydrochloric acid is an important chemical reactant and industrial chemical.

A pH probe is placed in a small volume of 0.10 mol dm 3 solution of hydrochloric acid.

The pH is recorded while a steady stream of distilled water is added to the acid at
constant temperature.

(i) On the axes, sketch the graph of pH against volume of water added. [3]

14

12

10

8
pH

0
Volume of H2O added

(ii) The experiment is repeated using 0.010 mol dm 3 NaOH (aq) at the same
temperature. State the initial pH of the sodium hydroxide solution. [1]

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