Science Reviewer Exam

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Circulatory System

Why do we need the circulatory system?

The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away
wastes.

What is an open circulatory system?

Open circulatory systems are systems where blood, rather than being sealed tight in arteries
and veins, suffuses the body and may be directly open to the environment at places such as the
digestive tract.

What is a closed circulatory system?

In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels and


circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory route,
then returns to the heart again.

Similarities:

Open and Close Circulatory System: Both open circulatory system and closed
circulatory system transport oxygen and nutrients to the organs and removes
waste products. Also, they both have a heart and vessels.

Differences:

Open and Close Circulatory System: In closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood
through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body. ... In an open
circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels, but is pumped into a cavity called
a hemocoel.

What are the functions of each part of the heart?

Superior Vena Cava - a major vein in your upper body. It carries blood from your head, neck, upper chest,
and

arms to the heart.

Inferior Vena Cava - carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

Left Atrium - acts as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport

blood to other areas of the heart.


Right Atrium - receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right
ventricle.

Left Ventricle - thickest of the heart's chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues

all over the body.

Aorta - the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body.

Blood

What are the functions of each part of the blood?

White Blood Cells - they help the body fight infection and other diseases.

Red Blood Cells - Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells. It carries oxygen around the body. It also

removes carbon dioxide from your body, bringing it to the lungs for you to exhale.

Platelets - are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.

Plasma - is the largest part of your blood. It takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body

that need it.

Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. The plasma then helps remove this waste from the body.

Blood plasma also carries all parts of the blood through your circulatory system.

Blood Vessels

Arteries - the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

Capillaries - it is the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels. It forms the connection between the

vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins).
Veins - type of blood vessel that return deoxygenated blood from your organs back to your heart.

Respiratory System

What are the functions of each part of the respiratory system?

Nose- the part of the face that bears the nostrils and covers the anterior

part of the nasal cavity.

Pharynx- The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes

down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus.

Larynx- The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for

breathing, swallowing, and talking.

Trachea- The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch
in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the
breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi: one bronchus for each
lung.

Bronchus/Bronchi- The left bronchus carries air to your left lung.The right bronchus carries air to your right
lung.

Bronchioles- Inside your lungs, tubes split again and again, like the branches of a tree. The smallest of those
branches are called bronchioles, and they end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

How is the respiratory system connected to the circulatory system?

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen
throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary
arteries and veins that connect to the heart.

Why do we need the respiratory system?

Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This
system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It
also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood. Common problems
include allergies, diseases or infections.

What are the definitions of each of the stated respiratory disease?

Asthma- Your airways are constantly inflamed and may spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath.
Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma symptoms.

Bronchitis- Bronchitis is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become
irritated and inflamed.
Emphysema- Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung.

Lung Cancer- Lung cancer is cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells that line the air
passages.

Pneumonia- Pneumonia is an infection that inflames your lungs' air sacs (alveoli).

How does the lung model represent the actual lungs?

The constructed lung model makes use of plastic bottles, straws and balloons to
represent the respiratory system. ... -The parts of the straw just above the small
balloons represent the bronchi. -The straws inside the balloon represents the
bronchioles. -The two small balloons represent the lungs.

Digestive System

What are the functions of each part of the digestive system?

MOUTH- The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull. The two main functions of the mouth are
eating and speaking.

SALIVARY GLANDS- Salivary glands make saliva, which aids in digestion, keeps your mouth moist and
supports healthy teeth.

ESOPHAGUS- The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to the
stomach.

LIVER- Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and
remove poisons.

STOMACH- The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach
receives food from the esophagus. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.

Enzymes - are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions.

Gallbladder- The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced in the
liver. Bile aids in the digestion of fat and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine in
response to food (especially fats).

Pancreas- The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food
we eat into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in
digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

Large Intestine- The large intestine is the portion of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of
water from the indigestible residue of food.

Small Intestine- Small intestine, a long, narrow, folded or coiled tube extending from the stomach to the large
intestine; it is the region where most digestion and absorption of food takes place.

Appendix- The appendix is a narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon. It is designed to
protect good bacteria in the gut. It is filled with good bacteria.
Rectum- The rectum is the concluding part of the large intestine that terminates in the anus. The average
length of the human rectum may range between 10 and 15 cm.

Anus- The anus is the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body.

Why do we need the digestive system?

Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses
for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink must be changed into smaller
molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells
throughout the body.

How is digestive system connected to the two previous systems?

Your heart pumps blood through a complex network of blood vessels. When your blood circulates
through your digestive system, for example, it picks up nutrients your body absorbed from your
last meal. Your blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs.

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