(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Vol. 14, No. 10, 2023

Implementation of the REST API Model using QR

Codes on Mobile Devices to Order Parking Tickets
Mauluddini Amras1, Erwin Yulianto2, Deshinta Arrova Dewi3, Awan Setiawan4
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Langlangbuana University, Bandung, Indonesia1, 2, 4
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology-INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia1, 3

Abstract—Many parking lots are still operate manually, and Based on the preliminary description above, it can be
delays are commonly caused during the parking process when concluded that several problem points that are the purpose of
unforeseen events occur, such as when the parking ticket paper this activity include providing information and providing easy
runs out or the ticket machines jam. New services are added to parking processes for users who will do parking. In addition, it
the parking system online with the aim of decreasing the amount also anticipates problems in the vehicle parking process such as
of time that people spend waiting in line to park. This is done by the problem of running out of parking tickets, jammed ticket
conducting a parking booking system to obtain a parking ticket machines that can prolong the parking queue. Based on the
in the form of a QR Code as well as parking information, preliminary description, this research aims to address several
payment transactions, and other things that interfere with the
problem points, including:
parking process. In this study, the Forward Chaining Algorithm
will be combined with the survey research method as the 1) Providing accessible information and streamlining the
research methodology. The Rapid Application Development parking process for users.
model is used for analysis and design (RAD). Representational
2) Anticipating and preventing common issues
State Transfer Application Programming Interface (REST API)
is one of the solutions offered to overcome this problem. With the encountered during the vehicle parking process, such as ticket
advent of online parking services, it is envisioned that customers shortages and queue delays.
who intend to park their vehicles in public spaces will be able to
The research problem revolves around the need for a more
reserve a parking space in advance, greatly simplifying the
process and eliminating the problem of the drawn out queue
efficient and convenient parking experience, particularly in
process. regions where parking services frequently face issues like long
queues and technical disruptions. These problems stem from
Keywords—Representational state transfer application traditional, manual parking processes that may not align with
programming interface (REST API); online parking ticket; quick modern expectations and urban development. The research
response code (QR Code); smart city; public transport seeks to answer the following questions:

I. INTRODUCTION 1) How can the parking experience be improved for users?

2) What are the specific challenges associated with
Parking service is one of the services in the field of
services, where parking is almost available in all places, traditional parking processes?
shopping centers, schools, and is also available on the side of 3) How can the implementation of the REST API and QR
the road. Parking is a necessity for vehicle owners and wants Code technology enhance parking services?
their vehicles to be parked in a place, where the place is easy to The research objectives include:
reach [1]. In Indonesia, having a place to store vehicles
(parking lots) when visiting a place for shopping, playing, and 1) To streamline the parking process, making it more user-
other activities is a place that must be available. friendly and efficient.
Often the process of parking the vehicle will cause a queue 2) To identify and address common challenges in the
if unwanted things such as the parking ticket paper run out, the existing parking systems.
ticket machine is jammed and other things will result in a long 3) To demonstrate the advantages of implementing the
queue during the parking process. Determination of location REST API and QR Code technology in the context of parking
and construction of parking facilities for the public is carried services.
out by taking into account the general design of regional spatial
planning, safety and smooth traffic, environmental This research is significant because it presents a solution to
sustainability, and convenience for service users [2]. However, common issues encountered in parking services while aligning
currently there are still many parking places that use manual with the broader Smart City ecosystem. By implementing the
habits, namely after arriving at the parking lot, then pressing REST API and QR Code technology, it seeks to enhance the
the button for a ticket and then entering the parking area and parking experience for users, reduce queue times, and
looking for a place to park. In addition, there are often long contribute to the efficiency and sustainability of urban
queues due to system errors, running out of ticket paper, and transportation. The primary contribution of this research is the
processing queues during the payment process. innovative application of REST API in online ticket ordering
using mobile device QR Codes, offering a solution that

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enhances the efficiency and convenience of parking services easily counterfeited. There are audit coupons, agent
within the Smart City ecosystem. This contribution addresses coupons and passenger coupons that are useful as
issues commonly encountered in parking processes and aligns control over the issuance of a ticket.
with modern urban development goals. The novelty that is
unique in this research is the application of the REST API in  Ticket paper printers are those made of valuable
ordering tickets online using a mobile device QR Code, which paper/documents in the form of books issued by
is part of one of the solutions in the Smart City ecosystem. printing using a printer that is operated with a certain
ticketing system. One ticket book consists of four flight
II. LITERATURE REVIEW coupons, audit coupons, agent coupons and passenger
coupons.
A. Representation State Transfer Application Programming
Interface  Electronic ticket is a ticket made electronically, where
all flight and passenger data written in it are stored in an
In 2000, after the Web scalability crisis was averted,
electronic document in the airline database or ticketing
Fielding named and described the Web architectural style with
system Provider Company. Passengers only need to
a Ph. on. Web services are custom built web servers that
bring a printout of the data which can be reprinted
support the needs of other sites or applications. Client
repeatedly.
programs use the Application Programming Interface (API) to
communicate with web services. In general, an API provides a C. Park
set of data and functions to facilitate interaction between Based on the results of studies in Guidelines for Planning
computer programs and allow them to exchange information as and Operation of Parking Facilities, measuring space
shown in Fig. 1[3]: requirements Parking at activity centers is determined
according to the nature and purpose of the parking. In practice
in the field, it must be adjusted to parking demand every type
of vehicle [12].

Fig. 1. Data request process [3].

Every trip using a vehicle begins and ends at the parking
lot, therefore parking spaces are spread out at the origin of the
As it can be seen in Fig. 1 above, there is a web service trip, which can be in the car garage, yard, roadside, and the
system, the web service itself is a software system that is destination of the trip, in the parking lot, parking building or on
intended as a liaison for interaction between machines and the side of the road. Because the concentration of the
other machines in a system [4]. destination of the trip is higher than the place of origin of the
trip, it usually becomes a problem at the destination of the trip.
Web APIs are the face of web services, listening directly to Parking is a temporary state of immobility of a vehicle, while
and responding to client requests. The REST architectural style stopping is a temporary state of immobility of a vehicle with
is generally applied to the design of APIs for modern web the driver not leaving the vehicle [7]:
services. The web API that fits the REST architectural style is
the REST API. Having a REST API makes a web service  Parking tariff policy is determined based on location
“RESTful”. REST APIs consist of a collection of interrelated and time, the closer to the City activities the higher the
resources. This collection of resources is known as the REST tariff, the higher the higher the rate. This policy is
API resource model. A well designed REST API can attract directed at controlling the number of parkers in the city
client developers to use web services. In today's open market center or activity center and encouraging the use of
where competing web services compete for attention, an public transportation.
aesthetically pleasing REST API design is a must have feature  Parking space restriction policy, especially in the
[3], [13]. downtown area or activity center. This policy is usually
B. Ticket carried out on roadside parking whose main purpose is
to smooth traffic flow, as well as restrictions on
The ticket is an important document that must be owned by
offstreet parking spaces which are carried out through
passengers who will make a trip, the document is issued by the
IMB (Building Permits).
company or related body that acts as the owner of the services
offered [5]. By having a ticket, a person will get services on  Strict law enforcement policies against violators of the
land, sea and air transportation, both domestic and provision that parking is prohibited and prohibited from
international. However, if this ticket is not used in whole or stopping and parking outside the designated place for
only part of the routes listed on the ticket, it can be cashed back this purpose, law enforcement can be carried out
according to the agreed agreement. Some of the ticket types through fines or with wheel locks.
used to date is as follows [6]:
D. Quick Response Code
 Ticket Paper Manual is a ticket made of valuable Since its introduction in 1994, the QR Code has gained
paper/document in the form of a book which is issued widespread acceptance in various industries such as
by writing using a pen. This ticket, although it has been manufacturing, warehousing and logistics, retail, healthcare,
used for a long time, is still used by several airlines. The life sciences, transportation, and office automation. Now with
ticket book is printed on special paper so that it is not the tremendous growth of smartphones, QR Codes are also

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Vol. 14, No. 10, 2023

being used in mobile marketing and advertising campaigns as a symbol alignment, error correction, and distortion
fast and effective way to connect with customers and provide compensation. The timing pattern allows the scanning device
end user content, including Web links, mobile coupons, airline to know the symbol size. There is also a required "quiet zone",
boarding passes, etc. Successful implementation of QR Code in a buffer area four modules wide that contains no data, to ensure
any of these fields requires knowledge of certain basic that the text or creation area is not mistaken for QR Code data.
information about the QR Code itself and the technology The function pattern on the QR Code can be seen in Fig. 4
associated with it. Although the QR Code was originally below.
designed to track automotive components and systems through
the manufacturing process and distribution supply chain, it
quickly spread to almost every other area where traditional
barcodes are used, as well as some entirely new ones [8]. The
following is an example of the display of the QR Code which
can be seen in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. QR code function pattern [8].

Conventional 2D matrix codes require a lot of time to

search for symbol codes to determine orientation angle,
position (x and y coordinates), and size. To solve this problem,
the QR Code was designed with a special position detection
pattern located at the three corners of each symbol. The
patterns have a 1:1:3:1:1 symmetric scan line ratio, which
Fig. 2. QR code [8].
allows them to be scanned from any direction in a full 360
A QR Code (Quick Response Code) is a two dimensional degrees. In addition, pattern position relationships allow quick
(2D) matrix code belonging to a larger set of machine readable access to relevant angle, position, and size information
codes, all of which are often referred to as barcodes, regardless contained in the periphery of the code. As a result, QR Codes
of whether they consist of bars, squares or other shaped do not require lengthy code searches, enabling read speeds up
elements. Compared to 1 D code, 2 D can hold a larger amount to 20 times faster than conventional matrix codes. The position
of data in a smaller space, and compared to other 2 D codes, detection pattern search process can be performed by the
QR Code can store more data. In addition, advanced error scanning hardware, further increasing the overall speed by
correction methods and other unique characteristics allow QR allowing image reading and data processing to be performed
Codes to be read more reliably and at a higher speed than other simultaneously [8].
codes. Like written language, barcodes are a visual Developing Android applications for a Parking Information
representation of information. Unlike languages, however, System using Adobe AIR involves creating a mobile app that
which can be read by humans, barcodes are designed to be read provides users with real-time parking information, such as
and understood (decoded) by a computer, using a machine available parking spots, pricing, location details, and
vision system consisting of an optical laser scanner or camera navigation assistance. Adobe AIR is a cross-platform runtime
and barcode interpretation software. The rules used to create that allows developers to build applications using web
barcodes (grammar) and the characters they use (the alphabet) technologies like HTML, JavaScript, and ActionScript. [14]
are called symbology [8].
A comprehensive review of the research entitled
"Implementation of the REST API Model Using QR Codes on
Mobile Devices to Order Parking Tickets" will include an
understanding of the REST API concept, parking ticket
ordering, and the use of QR Codes in the context of mobile
applications. This research focuses on applying the REST API
concept, ordering parking tickets, and using QR codes to create
Fig. 3. QR code vs. barcode [8]. a solution that makes it easier to order parking tickets via
mobile devices. This can improve user experience and
Unlike 1 D barcodes, QR Codes are 2D matrix codes that efficiency in parking management, as well as utilize modern
convey information not based on the size and position of the technology to overcome challenges in urban transportation and
bars as seen in Fig. 3 above and spaced in one dimension parking management.
(horizontal), but by arrangement of dark and light elements,
called "modules"., in columns and rows, i.e. in both horizontal III. RESEARCH METHOD
and vertical directions. Each dark or light module of a QR This section may be divided by subheadings. It should
Code symbol a specific example of a code represents a 0 or 1, provide a concise and precise description of the experimental
thus making it machine understandable [8]. results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental
QR Code modules perform several functions, some contain conclusions that can be drawn.
the actual data itself, while others are grouped into various
function patterns that improve reading performance and allow

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A. Data Collection Stage 4) Cutover: The transition phase resembles the final tasks
The data collection stage was carried out with the Literature in the SDLC implementation phase, including data conversion,
Study stage, carried out by searching for information from testing, switching to the new system, and user training.
books, e-books, websites, modules, journals, internet browsing Compared with traditional methods, the whole process is
and various other literature related to making the Forward compressed. As a result, new systems are built, shipped, and
Chaining algorithm application. Next is the observation put into operation more quickly.
method or observation is direct observation, which is an
activity that aims to obtain the necessary information by The Software Development Method using the RAD (Rapid
observing and recording and reviewing. Application Development) model has several advantages
compared to other software development methods, especially
B. System Development Stage in the context of project-based software development which
The stages of system development used in this application requires flexibility, speed and high response to changing needs.
are the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, with Here are some of the advantages of RAD:
black box testing. The stages of the Rapid Application
Development (RAD) method can be seen in Fig. 5 below: 1) Rapid development: As the name suggests, RAD
emphasizes on rapid development. In this model, the main
focus is to produce a usable prototype or application quickly.
2) High customer engagement: RAD promotes active
customer or stakeholder engagement.
3) Flexibility: The RAD model is very flexible and can
handle changing requirements well.
4) Better quality: Through repeated iterations, RAD allows
teams to identify and address problems earlier in the
development cycle.
5) Emphasis on reusability: RAD encourages reusable
component-based development that can save time and effort in
subsequent project development.
6) Cost efficiency: While there are initial costs associated
with developing a prototype, long-term savings can be
achieved due to the reduction in changes that must be made in
Fig. 5. RAD phases [9].
later stages of the project.
7) Suitability for small-medium projects: The RAD
The explanation of these stages can be seen in the method is generally better suited for small to medium sized
following points: [10]. projects that require quick updates or upgrades.
8) Concentrate on key functionality: RAD focuses on the
1) Requirements planning: The requirements planning
key functionality required by customers, avoiding features that
phase combines elements of the systems planning and systems
may be unnecessary or annoying.
analysis phases of the SDLC. Users, managers, and IT staff
9) Risk reduction: By having prototypes that can be tested
members discuss and agree on business requirements, project
and evaluated, project risks can be reduced as problems can be
scope, constraints, and system requirements. The requirements
identified early.
planning phase ends key issues and obtains management's
10) Improved team collaboration: RAD encourages active
permission to continue.
collaboration among development team members and
2) User design: During the user design phase, the user
stakeholders. This can result in a better understanding of needs
interacts with the systems analyst and develops models and
and desired solutions.
prototypes that represent all system processes, outputs, and
inputs. RAD groups or subgroups typically use a combination In addition to the system development method using the
of JAD techniques and CASE tools to translate user Rapid Application Development (RAD) method, this study
requirements into a working model. User design is an also uses Unified Modeling Language (UML) Diagrams as a
interactive and continuous process that allows users to tool in the analysis process and also in system design.
understand, modify, and ultimately agree on a system working IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
model that meets their needs.
3) Construction: The construction phase focuses on the A. Business Process Analysis
tasks of developing programs and applications that are similar Based on the results of the data collection stages, the
to the SDLC. However, in RAD, users continue to participate business processes in this research activity can be seen in the
and can still suggest changes or improvements as the actual flowmap in Fig. 6 to Fig. 9 below:
screen or report is developed.

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In general, the differences between current and proposed

business processes based on Fig. 6 to Fig. 9 above are:
1) Manual parking business processes:
a) Ticket Issuance: In manual parking processes, when a
vehicle arrives at the parking lot, a physical parking ticket is
issued.
b) Finding a Parking Spot: The driver must manually
find an available parking spot within the parking facility,
which can sometimes be a time-consuming process, especially
in crowded parking areas.
c) Payment: When leaving the parking area, the driver
Fig. 6. Business process runs from manual parking entry process. approaches a payment booth where they must provide the
physical parking ticket and make the payment in cash or by
card.
d) Ticket Validation: The parking ticket is manually
validated by an attendant, and the gate is opened to allow the
vehicle to exit the parking area.
e) Manual parking processes can face challenges such
as ticket paper shortages, malfunctioning ticket machines, and
extended waiting times, resulting in a less efficient and user-
friendly experience.
2) Application of REST API in Ordering Tickets Online
Using a Mobile Device QR Code:
a) Ticket Ordering via Mobile App: With the application
Fig. 7. Business process running from manual parking exit process.
of the REST API, users can order parking tickets online
through a mobile app.
b) QR Code Generation: Upon ordering a parking
ticket, a QR code is generated, typically displayed on the
user's mobile device. This QR code serves as a digital ticket
for entry and exit.
c) Efficient Entry: To enter the parking area, users
simply need to display the QR code on their mobile device,
which is then scanned by a QR code reader at the entrance
gate.
d) Online Payment: Payment for parking can also be
made online through the mobile app, reducing the need for
Fig. 8. Business process proposed from manual parking entry process.
cash payments and further expediting the process.
e) QR Code Validation: At the exit gate, the QR code is
scanned again for validation, and the gate is opened for the
user to exit.
f) Implementing REST API and QR Code technology
offers several advantages, including faster entry and exit,
reduced queues, reduced reliance on paper, and improved user
convenience.
B. Gap Analysis
Below is a GAP Analysis table that describes the current
and expected business processes. GAP analysis can be seen in
Table I below:

Fig. 9. Business process proposed from manual parking exit process.

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TABLE I. GAP ANALYSIS

Business
No Currently Expected
Process
Manual parking process,
Automatic process where
to do parking, the user
Parking the previous parking process
1 must be in the parking lot
Process can make a booking to get a
to press the ticket button
parking ticket.
and then park.
The expected parking ticket
Parking Parking tickets currently at this time is in addition to
2
Ticket still use paper a lot. reducing paper in the form
of a QR Code.

In summary, manual parking business processes involve

physical ticket issuance, manual search for parking spots, and
payment at the booth, while the application of REST API with
QR Codes allows for a more streamlined and efficient online
ticket ordering process using mobile devices, reducing the
reliance on physical tickets and facilitating quicker entry and
exit from the parking facility.
C. Functional Modelling Analysis
This functional modeling analysis will use the Unified
Modeling Language (UML) as follows:
1) Use case diagram: Use Case Diagrams are used to find
out what functions are in an information system and who has
the right to use those functions [11]. Use Case Diagram can be Fig. 11. Class diagram.
seen in Fig. 10.
D. Menu Structure Design
The design of this menu structure is a tool that is expected
to make it easier for users to get to know this system better.
The design of the menu structure of this system can be seen in
Fig. 12.

Fig. 10. Use case diagram. Fig. 12. Menu structure design.

2) Class diagram: The use of this class diagram will E. Interface Implementation
describe the structure in terms of defining the classes that will Implementation of the interface of this system can be seen
be created to build the system. Classes have what are called from the description of the following points:
attributes and methods or operations [11]. Class Diagram can
be seen in Fig. 11. 1) Maps page: Maps page that is displayed when the
application is accessed, and the user has logged in. The display
of this map page can be seen in Fig. 13.

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4) Booking confirmation page: The booking confirmation

page is a confirmation page that is displayed when the user has
pressed the booking location button. The display of this
booking confirmation page can be seen in Fig. 16.

Fig. 13. Menu structure design.

2) Choose a parking location page: The parking location

page is the page that is displayed when the user presses the Fig. 16. Booking confirmation page preview.
“choose location” button to select a location around them. The
view of the page for choosing a parking location can be seen in 5) QR code booking information page: The QR Code
the following Fig. 14. booking information page is the page after making a booking
and the QR Code will be displayed when the user presses the
QR Code button. The display of this QR code booking
information can be seen in Fig. 17.

Fig. 14. Page view select parking location.

3) Parking information page: The parking information Fig. 17. Booking information page preview.
page is the page after we select a location for parking which is
displayed when the application is accessed. The display of this 6) QR code page: The QR Code Page is intended to get
main page can be seen in Fig. 15. parking access as a substitute for parking tickets. The display
of this main page can be seen in Fig. 18.

Fig. 15. Parking information page display. Fig. 18. QR code page preivew.

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7) QR code page: QR Code Scan Result is the result when b) Scalability: The REST API allows the system to
the QR Code is scanned to get parking access. The display of easily scale to changing demands. It can handle traffic spikes
these results can be seen in Fig. 19. that occur during peak hours or during special events.
c) Interoperability: REST APIs typically use common
data formats such as JSON, which can be easily understood by
various devices and platforms. This allows various third-party
applications to integrate with the ticket booking system.
d) Security: REST APIs can be configured to implement
security measures such as authentication, authorization, and
data encryption to protect user information and payment
transactions.
e) R codes: Using QR codes simplifies the check-in
process on public transportation. Users simply display their
QR code on their phone screen, and officers can quickly scan
Fig. 19. QR code scan result.
it to validate the ticket.
When discussing API transfer for QR-Code reading mode 2) Weakness:
and measuring delay (response time in milliseconds), keep in a) Dependency on Internet Connection: REST API
mind that this delay can be influenced by various factors, requires a stable internet connection. If users are in an area
including the quality of the hardware and software used,
with a weak signal or no internet connection, they may not be
environmental conditions, and the quality of the QR code itself.
able to book tickets or display their QR code.
Below is Table II that includes several situations that may
affect QR-Code reading delay: b) Technical Errors: In the event of technical glitches or
server failure, users may experience difficulty booking tickets
TABLE II. FACTORS THAT HINDER THE TRANSFER OF QR CODE DATA or using QR codes. This can disrupt the user experience.
USING THE REST API
c) Data Security: Although REST APIs can be
No Factor / Issue
Estimated
Description regulated with security measures, the risk of data leakage
Delay (ms) remains. Users' personal data and payment information must
Environmental Low light, glare, or shadows can
1
Conditions
10-100
slow down QR code reading. be guarded very strictly.
QR Code
Damaged or non-standard QR d) Development Cost: Developing and maintaining a
2 5-50 codes may require extra time for robust and reliable REST API can require a large investment
Quality
decryption.
The quality of the camera on
in terms of human and financial resources.
Camera
3
Hardware
20-100 mobile devices or QR code e) Need for Continuous Maintenance: APIs need to be
readers can affect response time. maintained and updated regularly to maintain their reliability.
The performance of QR code
Software reader software may vary based
This requires additional effort and costs.
4 10-50 f) Regulatory Compliance: Online ticket booking
Application on the implementation and
updates. systems must comply with various regulations, including data
Faster mobile device or QR code privacy and financial regulations, which can add complexity
5 Processor Speed 5-20 reader processors will read QR
codes more quickly. and operational costs.
If QR codes need to be fetched
Network from a server over a network,
Implementing REST APIs in online ticket ordering using
6 20-100 QR codes on mobile devices can provide many benefits, but
Overhead network overhead can impact
delay. also has several challenges that must be overcome to achieve
success in managing public transportation in a smart city
The values in this table are general estimates and may vary ecosystem.
depending on the actual circumstances. Some cases may
experience higher or lower delays depending on the V. CONCLUSION
combination of these factors. Additionally, more advanced
The conclusions obtained from the activities that have been
hardware and software may experience lower delays.
carried out include the existence of an online process that can
Implementing REST APIs for online ticket booking using QR
facilitate the process of getting information about the place
codes on mobile devices can have various advantages and
without having to look directly at the parking lot, making it
disadvantages. Here are some of them:
easier for users to book a parking space. This activity can also
1) Excess: anticipate problems in the vehicle parking process such as
running out of parking tickets, jammed ticket machines that
a) Ease of Access and Use: The REST API allows users create long queues. With QR Code media as a substitute for
to easily access the ticket booking system using their mobile parking tickets, it will save paper usage which is usually
devices. This provides convenience for users in ordering always thrown away after use, so this QR Code is one of the
public transportation tickets. media used can replace paper tickets. Implementing the REST
API in online ticket ordering using a QR code on a mobile

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