THE ORIGIN OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT There is a more fundamental conclusion to be drawn An organization’s mission is its current purpose and

from the foregoing analysis: the strategy of a firm scope of operation, while its vision is a forward -
The increasing importance of strategic management may cannot be predicted, nor is it predestined; the looking statement of what it wants to be in the
be a result of several trends. Increasing competition strategic decisions made by managers cannot be future. Unlike shorter - term goals and strategies,
in most industries has made it difficult for some assumed to be the product of deterministic forces in mission and vision statements are an enduring part of
companies to compete. Modern and cheaper their environments. On the contrary, the very nature planning processes within the company.
transportation and communication have led to of the concept of strategy assumes a human agent who
increasing global trade and awareness. Technological can take actions that attempt to distinguish one ’ s For example, the philosophy, vision,
development has led to accelerated changes in the firm from the competitors. mission and guiding principles of Shangri - La Hotels
global economy. Regardless of the reasons, the past and Resorts are:
two decades have seen a surge in interest in THE PRINCIPLE OF ENACTMENT
strategic management Our Philosophy: Shangri - La hospitality
The principle of enactment assumes that organizations from caring people
THREE PERSPECTIVE ON STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT do not have to submit to existing forces in the Our Vision: The first choice for
environment; they can, in part, create their customers, employees, shareholders, and business
TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE environments through strategic alliances with partners
stakeholders, investments in leading technologies, Our Mission: Delighting customers each
ORIGIN: Economics, other business disciplines, and advertising, political lobbying and a variety of time
consulting firms other activities. Our Guiding Principles (Core Values):
VIEW OF FIRM: An economic entity We will ensure leadership drives for
APPROACH TO STRATEGY FORMULATION: Situation analysis For example, a small restaurant firm may have a results
of internal and external environments leading to difficult time influencing national government We will make customer loyalty a key
formulation of mission and strategies agencies and administrators. However, smaller driver of our business
SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: Best adapting the organizations often band together into trade groups, We will enable decision making at
organization to its environment by taking advantage such as the National Restaurant Association, to customer contact point
of strengths and opportunities and overcoming influence government policy on pressing issues like We will demonstrate honesty, care, and
weaknesses and threats minimum wage, immigration policy, and health - care integrity in all our relationships. (SAMPLE ONLY)
costs. Also they may form alliances with other
RESOURCE-BASED VIEW entities. CHARACTERISTICS OF STRATEGIC THINKING

ORIGIN: Economics, distinctive competencies, and DELIBERATE STRATEGY VERSUS EMERGENT STRATEGY
general management capability INTENT FOCUSED Built on a managerial vision
of where the firm is going
VIEW OF FIRM: A collection of resources, skills and The traditional school of thought concerning strategy
and what is trying to become.
abilities formulation also supported the view that managers
This is called strategic
APPROACH TO STRATEGY FORMULATION: Analysis of respond to the forces discussed thus far by making intent
organizational resources, skills and abilities. decisions that are consistent with a preconceived
Acquisition of superior resources skills and strategy. In other words, strategy is deliberate.
COMPREHENSIVE A “systems” perspective.
abilities
Envision the firm as part of
SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: Possession of Deliberate strategy implies that managers plan to
a larger system of value
resources skills and abilities that are valuable, pursue an intended strategic course. In some cases, creation. Understands the
rare and difficult to imitate by competitors however, strategy simply emerges from a stream of linkages between the firm and
decisions. Managers learn as they go. An emergent the other parts of the
STAKEHOLDER VIEW strategy is one that was not planned or intended. system.
According to this perspective, managers learn what
ORIGIN: Business ethics and social responsibility will work through a process of trial and error. OPPORTUNISTIC Seizes unanticipated
VIEW OF FIRM: A network of relationships among the opportunities presented to
firm and its stakeholders EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC PLANNING the firm.
APPROACH TO STRATEGY FORMULATION: Analysis of the
economic power, political influence, rights, and In summary, scholars have determined that noth LONG-TERM Goes beyond the here and now.
demands of various stakeholders adaptation and enactment are important to ORIENTED Looks several years into the
SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: Superior linkages organizations. They should adapt to environmental future at what the firm will
with stakeholders leading to trust, goodwill, reduced forces when the costs of enacting (influencing) the become, based on its
uncertainty, improved business dealings, and environment exceed the benefits. strategic intent.
ultimately higher firm performance
However, they should be proactive in creating their BUILT ON PAST Does not ignore the past or
As the field of strategic management began to emerge own opportunities. In addition, organizations should AND PRESENT present. Instead, learns from
in the latter part of the 20th century, scholars engage in deliberate strategic planning processes, the past and build on a
borrowed heavily from the field of economics. For but they should also be willing to make mistakes and foundation of the realities
of the present.
some time, economists had been actively studying learn from them as they chart a strategic course.
topics associated with the competitiveness of
industries. In other words, strategy should be both deliberate HYPOTHESIS A sequential process in which
and emergent, and firms should both adapt to and DRIVEN creative ideas are then
These topics included industry concentration, enact their environments, with the situation critically evaluated. Is
willing to take a risk. Learn
diversification, product differentiation, and market determining which option to choose.
from mistakes.
power. However, much of the economics research at
that time focused on industries, and some of it even THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS
assumed that individual firm differences did not THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
matter.
The staffing challenges faced by the hospitality
The traditional process for developing strategy industry in Khartoum illustrate the complex
consists of analyzing the internal and external connection between political, religious, and cultural
environments of the company to arrive at factors. Successful organizations stay abreast of
organizational strengths, weaknesses, opportunities changes in their external environments to anticipate
and threats (SWOT). The results from this “situation concerns, predict trends, and generate ideas.
analysis,” as this process is sometimes called, are
the basis for developing missions, goals, and The external environment can be divided into the
strategies. SWOT ANALYSIS [‘swät]
broad and operating environments. The operating
environment is different for each firm, although
THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS A framework used to evaluate a company’s competitive
similarities may exist among firms in the same
position and to develop strategic planning
industries.

STRATEGIC DIRECTION
The operating environment is different for each firm,
although similarities may exist among firms in the
Strategic direction pertains to the longer - term
same industries. The broad environment is not firm
goals and objectives of the organization. At a more
specifi c or industry specifi c. In other words, the
fundamental level p, strategic direction defines the
major trends and influences that occur in the broad
purposes for which a company exists and operates.
environment impact many firms and industries,
This direction is often contained in mission and
although the type and level of influence may be
vision statements.
different from one industry to the next.
THE ORGANIZATION, ITS PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS, AND THE
BROAD ENVIRONMENT Culture is defined as an evolving set of shared Berlin Wall, and
single-parent families
beliefs, values, and attitudes that help shape how
a social group thinks, sees, acts, and reacts to
various events and situations. Key characteristics:
Quest for emotional
A generation may shape its identity or distinctive security,
entrepreneurial, and
beliefs and views as a result of social, political,
informal
and economic events that occur during the pre adult
years.
GENERAL Y COHORT, ALSO Memorable events: Rise
CALLED ‘N’ GENERATION of the internet,
GENERATIONAL COHORT IN AMERICA (BORN FROM 1984 TO September 11th attacks,
PRESENT) cultural diversity, and
two wars in Iraq
ASSESSMENT OF THE BROAD ENVIRONMENT DEPRESSION COHORT Memorable events: The
(BORN FROM 1912 TO Great Depression, high
1921) unemployment, poverty SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
IMPORTANT FORCES IN THE BROAD ENVIRONMENT
and financial
AND HOW SOME ORGANIZATIONS RESPOND TO THEM uncertainty
● Correct assessment of social trends can
help businesses avoid restrictive
● Scanning: general indicators — looking for
Key characteristic: legislation, which can be a threat to
early warning signals from many trends
Risk averse, desire for organizational success.
● Monitoring: following specific indicators
financial security, and ● Legislative activity is often generated
— an ongoing observation of key important strive for comfort
in response to a public outcry against
trends
the actions of firms or industries.
● Projecting: forecasting the impact of key
WORLD WAR II COHORT Memorable events: Men ● A socially responsible firm not only
trends in the organization based on
(BORN FROM 1922 TO going to war and many refrains from acting unethically, but
monitored specific changes over time
1927) not returning, the also voluntarily seeks to improve
● Adapting: determining what requires change personal experience of
society.
in the organization based on an the war, women working
assessment of the timing, influence, and in factories, and a
focus on defeating a THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT
importance of specific trends. The key
question is how the trend will affect common enemy.
firm strategy
FORCE POTENTIAL INFLUENCES
Key characteristics:
THE BROAD ENVIRONMENT FORMS THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THE The nobility of
FIRM AND ITS OPERATING ENVIRONMENT EXIST. THE KEY sacrifice for the ECONOMIC GROWTH consumer demand, cost
common good, of factors of
ELEMENTS IN THE BROAD ENVIRONMENT, AS IT RELATES TO A
patriotism, and team production,
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION AND ITS OPERATING ENVIRONMENT,
players availability of factors
ARE: of production
(especially labor and
1. Sociocultural Influences POST-WAR COHORT Memorable events: scarce resources)
(BORN FROM 1928 TO Sustained economic
2. Global economic influences
1945) growth, social
3. Political influences
tranquility, The Cold INTEREST RATES cost of capital for new
4. Technological influences War, and McCarthyism projects, cost of
refinancing existing
THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT debt, consumer demand
Key characteristics: (due to customer
Conformity, ability to finance
Society is composed of the individuals who make up a
conservatism, and purchases)
particular geographic region. Some sociocultural traditional family
trends are applicable to the citizens of an entire values
country. INFLATION interest rates, cost of
factors of production,
BABY BOOMER COHORT I Memorable events: optimism or pessimism
For example, a few of the major social (BORN FROM 1946 TO Assassinations of John of stakeholders
issues currently facing the United States are: 1954) F, Kennedy and Martin
Luther King Jr.,
● Role of government in health care and political unrest, EXCHANGE RATES ability to
elder care putting a man on the profitability remove
moon, Vietnam War, profits from foreign
● Terrorism and levels of violent crime
antiwar protests, ventures, government
● Security of travel and public places
social experimentation, policies toward
● Global warming sexual freedom, civil business
● War and role of the military rights movement,
● Declining quality of education environmental movement,
women’s movement, TRADE DEFICITS government policies
● Financial market failures
protests and riots, and incentives, trade
● Quality and health levels of various
experimentation with barriers
imported and manufactured food products
various intoxicating
● Pollution and disposal of toxic and
drugs
nontoxic waste THE POLITICAL CONTEXT

ANALYSIS OF SOCIETAL TRENDS Key characteristics: ● Political forces, both at home and
Experimentation,
abroad, are among the most significant
individualism,
● The value of watching social trends is free-spirited, and determinants of organizational success.
that it helps firms to understand social cause oriented Governments provide and enforce the rules
preferences, strengthen ties with by which organizations operate. These
existing customers, and create innovative rules include laws, regulations, and
BABY BOOMER COHORT II Memorable events:
products. policies.
(BORN FROM 1955 TO Watergate, Nixon
1964) resigns, The Cold War, ● Some countries have established
● Rising popularity of green hotels and the oil embargo, independent entities to counsel them on
restaurant menus with organic foods. inflation, and gasoline government policy. For example, the
shortages Australian government uses task forces to
● Hospitality firms that pay attention to help devise policy. They are independent
social trends are able to: Key characteristics: of both business and government.
○ Recognize opportunities Distrust of government, ● Some organizations find themselves in a
○ Identify unique generational pessimism, and general situation in which they are almost
and cultural differences cynicism entirely dependent on government
○ Enhance corporate reputation regulators for their health and survival.
○ Avoid unwanted legislation GENERATION X COHORT Memorable events: In many countries, tight regulatory
(BORN FROM 1965 TO Challenger explosion, controls are found in a wide variety of
1983) Iran-Contra, social industries. In countries such as China or
malaise, Reaganomics, Cuba, the government has significant
AIDS, safe sex, fall of
GENERATIONAL AND CULTURAL AWARENESS control over the actions of firms. In the
 United States, utilities are a good For example, if entry barriers are low, companies may products or services the business plans
example of a highly regulated work to erect new entry barriers that prevent other to sell, target markets, and any
environment; however, hospitality firms firms from entering, thus preserving or stabilizing anticipated expenses.
tend to be less regulated than firms in industry profitability.
other businesses are.
Although a difficult task, the erection of entry BUSINESS MODELS EMPLOYED BY SOME COMPANIES AS
THE TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT barriers can be accomplished through actions such as FOLLOWS:
increasing advertising to create product
● Technology refers to human knowledge differentiation or by constructing larger facilities ● Customer solutions model
about products and services and the way to achieve economies of scale. ● Profit pyramid model
they are made and delivered. This is a ● Advertising model
broad definition of technology. COMPETITIVE TACTICS ● Switchboard model
Typically, technology is defined in terms ● Time model
of such things as machinery, computers, Industry rivals apply a variety of competitive ● Profit muktiplier model
and information systems. However, tactics in order to win market share, increase ● De facto industry standard model
technologies don ’ t have to be revenues, and increase profits at the expense of
technically sophisticated. rivals. CUSTOMER SOLUTIONS MODEL
● Technological change creates new
products, processes, and services, and, Competitive tactics include advertising, new - A dyadic relationship where the Organisation engages
in some cases, entire new industries. It product launches, cost - reduction efforts, new with a Customer about a problem that the Customer
also can change the way society behaves service methods, and quality improvements, to name a faces, and provides an integrated solution to that
and what society expects. few. problem.
● Notebook computers, compact discs and MP3
players, direct satellite systems, and Typically, a particular industry can be characterized Customer modeling is the process of predicting and
cellular telephones are technological by the dominance of one or more of these tools. For forecasting behavioral aspects of customers' future
innovations that have experienced example, the chain restaurant industry is perspectives. The process includes identification of
extraordinary growth in the last decade, characterized by high levels of advertising as a marketing and campaigning targets and optimizing
leaving formerly well - established competitive weapon. predictive analysis.
industries stunned, creating whole
industries, and influencing the way many The entrance of international competitors into PROFIT PYRAMID MODEL
people approach work and leisure national and regional hospitality markets has placed
an increasing emphasis on product differentiation A profit model refers to a company's plan that aims
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IS DIFFICULT, BUT NOT through high levels of quality. Other common to make the business profitable and viable. It lays
IMPOSSIBLE, TO PREDICT. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE THREE competitive tactics include providing high levels of out what the company plans to manufacture or provide,
CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATION CAN HELP AN customer service and achieving economies of scale how sales will be generated, and all the expenses
ORGANIZATION DEVELOP A PLAN FOR MONITORING (which can lead to lower costs, thus allowing lower that the business will incur in a bid to make the
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE THEY ARE: prices to customers). model viable.

1. Innovations often emerge from existing Competitive benchmarking is a popular technique for It caters to the variations in customer preferences,
technologies. keeping up with competitors. Benchmarking is a tool and helps companies develop a range of products &
2. A dominant design will eventually be for assessing the best practices of direct services, which help, build a firewall against
widely adopted. competitors and firms in similar industries, then competition and maintain good margins.
3. Radical innovations often come from using the resulting stretch objectives as design
outside of the industry group. criteria for attempting to change organizational ADVERTISING MODEL
performance.
DEALING WITH TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE The strategic use of advertising mediums is known as
While benchmarking may help a company improve an advertising model. The goal behind using such a
● Monitor trends by surfing the Web, elements of its operations, it will not help a firm model is to reach a specific audience. These act as
studying journals, and staying current gain competitive advantage. Benchmarking is a little blueprints to help advertisers create persuasive ads,
with the latest reports. like shooting at a moving target. While a firm is be it Print, Digital, or TV.
● Solicit the opinion of experts outside of shooting, the target is moving. If an organization
the organization. This is a more formal benchmarks against an industry leader, that leader SWITCHBOARD MODEL
method of technological forecasting, and will probably have moved on by the time the benchmark
these experts may be interviewed directly is achieved. This model involves a firm who acts as an
or contacted as part of a formal survey, intermediary to connect multiple sellers and buyers.
such as a Delphi study. POLITICAL STRATEGIES Financial planners juggle a wide range of products
● Develop scenarios of alternative for sale to multiple customers with different needs
technological futures, which capture Political strategies include all organizational
different rates of innovation and activities that have as one of their objectives the TIME MODEL
different emerging technologies. creation of a friendlier political climate for the
Scenarios allow an organization to organization. A time series model, also called a signal model, is a
conduct “ what - if ”analyses and to dynamic system that is identified to fit a given
develop alternative plans for responding Many large organizations hire lobbyists to represent signal or time series data. The time series can be
to new innovations. their views to political leaders. While lobbying can multivariate, which leads to multivariate models.
be part of a political strategy, it is only a small
MANAGING THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT part of the bigger political picture. Companies may Example: A time series is a group of observations on
donate to political causes or parties, special - a single entity over time —the daily closing prices
● The operating environment may seem interest groups, or charities. over one year for a single financial security, or a
overwhelming to many managers. Powerful single patient's heart rate measured every minute
customers or suppliers can limit Organizations may partner for political reasons; over a one-hour procedure
organizational success and profitability. however, many other types of partnerships exist.
Powerful competitors can make it Often firms partner to obtain complementary PROFIT MULTIPLIER MODEL
difficult to remain competitive. technologies or knowledge.
Substitute products put pressure on The profit multiplier is a business valuation method
prices and other product features. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE that looks at the profits that a company makes over a
● When entry barriers are low, new period of time.
competitors enter the industry on a BUSINESS MODELS
regular basis. Finally, external First, you determine the company's profit or their
stakeholders can be powerful and ● A business model is a company’s method of gross income minus expenses. Once you arrive at an
difficult to deal with, based not only on making money relevant to its business annual profit, you multiply that amount by a
When entry barriers are low, new environment. multiplier that you determine
competitors enter the industry on a ● A business model is the conceptual
regular basis. Finally, external structure supporting the viability of a DE FACTO INDUSTRY - STANDARD MODEL
stakeholders can be powerful and business, including its purpose, its
difficult to deal with, based not only goals and its ongoing plans for achieving Standards that are widely adopted by an industry and
on. them. At its simplest, a business model its consumers. Such standards are also referred to as
ECONOMIC ACTIONS is a specification describing how an market-driven standards. They are established when a
organization fulfills its purpose. significant portion of an industry likes them enough
Firms may take a variety of economic actions to ● A business model is a company's core to use them collectively.
offset forces in the operating environment. strategy for profitably doing business.
Models generally include information like
A de facto standard is a custom or convention that Activities such as research and development, IT
has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance management and cybersecurity that build and maintain
or market forces (for example, by early entrance to an organization's use of technology.
the market)
COMPANY INFRASTRUCTURE CSR as a strategic business tool

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS - VCA Necessary company activities such as legal, general It is an integral element of a firm's business and
management, administrative, accounting, finance, corporate- level differentiation strategy. Even when
The value chain framework is made up of five primary public relations and quality assurance. not directly tied to a product feature or production
activities -- inbound operations, operations, process, CSR can be viewed as a form of reputation
outbound logistics, marketing and sales, service -- BENEFITS OF VALUE CHAIN building or maintenance.
and four secondary activities -- procurement and
purchasing, human resource management, technological The value chain framework helps organizations The Millennium Development Goals – CSR INTERNATIONAL
development and company infrastructure. understand and evaluate sources of positive and
negative cost efficiency. Conducting a value chain 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and huger
analysis can help businesses in the following ways: 2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
● Support decisions for various business 4. Reduce child mortality
activities 5. Improve maternal health
● Diagnose points of ineffectiveness for 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
corrective action diseases
● Understand linkages and dependencies 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
between different activities and areas in 8. Develop a global partnership for
the business. For example, issues in development
human resources management and technology
can permeate nearly all business
activities
● Optimize activities to maximize output
and minimize organizational expenses
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES ● Potentially create a advantage over
competitors
INBOUND OPERATIONS ● Understand core competencies and areas of
improvement
The internal handling and management of resources
coming from outside sources - - such as external CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
vendors and other supply chain sources. These outside
resources flowing in are called "inputs" and may There is no more powerful institution in COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
include raw materials. society than business... The business of business
should not be about money, it should be about What is community involvement in CSR
OPERATIONS responsibility. It should be about public good, not
private greed. - Anita Roddick, Business as usual Community involvement is the power to bring positive,
Activities and processes that transform inputs into measurable change to both the communities in which
"outputs" -- the product or service being sold by the Corporate social responsibility is a form of you operate and to your business. Community
business that flow out to customers. These "outputs" international private business self-regulation which involvement examples include in-kind and financial
are the core products that can be sold for a higher aims to contribute to societal goals of a donations, employee volunteer days, enduring
price than the cost of materials and production to philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by nonprofit partnerships, and more.
create a profit. engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically
oriented practices. Engagement with the local community and authorities.
OUTBOUND LOGISTICS
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) describes how a Good reputation of business, as many consumers are
The delivery of outputs to customers. Processes company manages its industry and takes responsibility now environmentally conscious.
involve systems for storage, collection and for its social impact. Corporate social
distribution to customers. This includes managing a responsibility encompasses various characteristics Examples of Community Engagement
company's internal systems and external systems from like economic dependence, legal conformity, ethical
customer organizations. requirement, and societal influences ● Volunteering at a local food bank, animal
shelter or homeless shelter
MARKETING AND SALES Corporate Social Responsibility is a management ● Maintaining a community garden
concept whereby companies integrate social and ● Participating in a local farmers market
Activities such as advertising and brand-building, environmental concerns in their business operations ● Advocating for others
which seek to increase visibility, reach a marketing and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is ● Creating support groups in your community
audience and communicate why a consumer should generally understood as being the way through which a ● Attending and participating in town hall
purchase a product or service. company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and city council meetings
and social imperatives , while at the same time ● Attending and participating in school
SERVICE addressing the expectations of shareholders and board meetings
stakeholders. ● Voting in local elections
Activities such as customer service and product
support, which reinforce a long-term relationship CSR as per World Business Council STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOCUSES ON:
with the customers who have purchased a product or
service. According to Bowen, CSR was “the obligations of Strategic management focuses on firms and
businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those the different strategies that they use to become and
SECONDARY ACTIVITIES decisions, or to follow those lines of action which remain successful. Firms develop strategies, or
are desirable in terms of the objectives and values longer range goals, to achieve success in the
PROCUREMENT AND PURCHASING of our society.” competitive marketplace. In the dynamic environment
in which firms exist, firms may alter their
Finding new external vendors, maintaining vendor What Are the Benefits of Corporate Social strategies as conditions change.
relationships, and negotiating prices and other Responsibility?
activities related to bringing in the necessary TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
materials and resources used to build a product or Embracing CSR increases customer retention and
service. loyalty, increases employee engagement, improves TQM is considered a customer-focused
brand imaging, attracts investment opportunities and process that focuses on consistently improving
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT top talent, and makes a difference for bottom- line business operations management. It strives to ensure
financials. all associated employees work toward the common goals
The management of human capital. This includes of improving product or service quality, as well as
functions such as hiring, training, building and Is CSR part of strategic management? improving the procedures that are in place for
maintaining an organizational culture; and production.
maintaining positive employee relationships. In order to ensure that the welfare of society is
always safeguarded, the government places a greater BUSINESS IMPLEMENTATION
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT emphasis on corporate social responsibility within
the business sector. Good corporate social It focuses on the entire organization.
responsibility is only possible in conjunction with Implementation occurs after environmental scans, SWOT
strategic management. analysis, and identifying strategic issues and goals.
Implementation involves assigning individuals to for marketing and campaigning are identified, and Both statements are correct / true
tasks and timelines that will help an organization predictive analysis is optimized.
reach its goals. The activities such as research and development, IT
A. Business model management, and cybersecurity that construct and
STRATEGIC POLICIES B. Customer solutions model sustain an organization's usage of technology are not
C. Profit pyramid model part of technological development. Company
A policy strategy focuses the work of D. Advertising model Infrastructure part of secondary activities includes
your organization by aligning it with the policy legal, general management, administrative,
objectives that you are pursuing. This can help drive It is a company’s strategy for achieving accounting, financial, public relations, and quality
the type of work your organization undertakes, direct profitability and sustainability. It describes what assurance functions.
how resources are used, and how you work with your the firm intends to produce or offer, how revenues
partners. Who is the policy strategy for? will be produced, and all the costs the business will Both statements are incorrect / false
expend to make the business model sustainable
A business model is a company's method of making
A. Business model money relevant to its business environment. A
EXAM SAMPLE: B. Customer sokutions model business model is, at its core, a description of how
C. Profit pyramid model a company achieves its mission.
MULTIPLE CHOICE D. Advertising model
The first statement is correct / true and
It is the process of establishing policies, It facilitates the development of variety of products the second statement is incorrect / false
procedures, and goals to boost an organization’s and services that enable businesses to create a
competitiveness. barrier against competition and maintain healthy A business model is the conceptual framework that
profits underpins the viability of a firm, including its
A. Strategic Management purpose, objectives, and continuing sirategies for
B. Total Quality Management A. Business model accomplishing them. A business model is, at its most
C. Business Implementation B. Customer solution model fundamental level, a description of how a company
D. Strategic Policies C. Profit pyramid model achieves its mission.
D. Advertising model
It usually focuses on efficiently allocating Both statements are incorrect / false
personnel and resources to meet these organizational The purpose of such a model is to reach a certain
objectives. audience. They serve as blueprints to assist Which of the following is not part of Millennium
advertisers develop comincing point digital, or Development Goals - SR INTERNATIONAL?
A. Strategic Management television advertisements
B. Total Quality Management Eradication of poor society
C. Business Implementation A. Business model
D. Strategic Policies B. Customer solutions model Which of the following is not part of Millennium
C. Profit pyramid model Development Goals - CSR INTERNATIONAL
It is predicted on the idea that corporations may, in D. Advertising model
part, shape their environments through partnerships Eradication of land
with key stakeholders. Investments in cutting-edge This approach entails a company that operates as a
technology. Marketing, political lobbying, and a middleman between several suppliers and purchases. Which of the following is not part of community
range of other activities Financial advisors sell a variety of goods to involvement in CSR?
numerous clients with varying demands.
A. Strategic Management Energy saving
B. Total Quality Management A. Switchboard model
C. Business Implementation B. Time model Which of the following is not part of CSR benefits in
D. Strategic Policies C. Profit multiplier model terms of Environment Aspect?
D. De facto industry standard model
The conventional line of thinking on strategy None of the above
formation also backed the idea that managers react to TRUE OR FALSE
the forces already covered by making choices that are Which of the following is not part of CSR benefits in
in line with predetermined strategy. To put it Value chain framework is made up of five primary terms of Hotel Industry?
another way and strategy is intentional. activities and four secondary activities. Example of
primary activities is inbound operations Key factor in reducing customer
A. Deliberate Strategy satisfaction
B. Strategic Management Formulation Both statements are correct / true
C. Emergent Strategy Which of the following is not part of CSR as
D. Principle of Enactment Outbound logistics is a process that involve systems essential part of running a successful business?
for storage, collection, and distribution to
It suggest that administrators eant to follow a customers. This includes managing of a company’s None of the above
predetermined strategicroute. Managers pick up skills internal systems only for customer organizations.
as they go. Unplanned or unintended strategies are Which of the following is not part of the group: CSR
known as developing strategies and at this viewpoint The first statement is correct / true, disadvantages?
claims that managers discover what will work through and the second statement is incorrect / false
a process of trial and error. Decrease of water use
Activities such as adverising and brand-building,
A. Deliberate strategy which seek to increase visibility, reach a marketing Which of the following is not part of the group: CSR
B. Strategic Management Formulation audience and communicate why a consumer should disadvantages?
C. Emergent strategy purchase a profuct or service is part of SERVICE.
D. Principle of enactment Activities such as customer service and product Potential reputational damage if theCSR
support reinforce a long-term relationship with the efforts are not seen as genuine or effective.
It is the way a film generates revert that is customers whi have purchased a product or service is
appropriate to its commercial setting part of MARKETING AND SALES. Which of the following is not part of the group CSR
advantages?
A. Business model Both statements are incorrect / false
B. Customer solutions mode None of the above
C. Profit pyramid model Procurement and sales are example of secondary
D. Advertising model activity. Human resources management is part of
Primary Activity.
It is the conceptual framework that underpins the
viability of a firm. Including its purpose, goals and The first statement is correct / true,
continuing efforts to achieve them and the second statement is incorrect / false

A. Business model Technology development consists of activities such as

B. Customer solutions model research and development, IT management, and
C. Profit pyramid model cybersecurity that construct and maintain an
D. Advertising model organization’s technological infrastructure. Company
infrastructure is the activities such as legal,
It entails anticipating and forecasting behavioral general managements, administrative, accounting,
characteristics of future consumer opinions. Targets finance, public relations, and quality assurance.