BSNL Report Tejasreep

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018
An Internship Report on
“ BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY “
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree
Bachelor of Engineering In
Electronics and Communication
Submitted by
Tejasree padmavathi P
USN: 1MJ16EC12O
Internship Carried Out

At
Regional Telecom Training Centre, BSNL, Mysuru
Under the guidanceof

External Guide
Mr. Manjunath D
Sub Divisional Engineer
RTTC BSNL
Kuvempunagar, Mysuru
Basic telecom technology 2019-2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS
1 ABOUT ORGANISATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 VISION AND MISSION OF BSNL
1.2.1 VISION OF BSNL
1.2.2 MISSION OF BSNL
2 ABOUT RTTC
2.1 RTTC PROFILE
2.2 VISION AND MISSION OF RTTC
2.2.1 VISION OF RTTC
2.2.2 MISSION OF RTTC
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF RTTC
3 TASK PERFORMED
3.1 DATA COMMUNICATION
3.1.1 NETWORK COMPONENTS
3.1.2 CABLE PREPARATION
3.1.3 BUILDING OF VLAN
3.1.4 MODES OF OPERATION IN ROUTER
3.1.4.1 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS
3.15 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
4 OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
ABOUT ORGANISATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15 September 2000. It took over
the business of providing of telecom services and network management from the
erstwhile Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom
Operations (DTO), with effect from 1 October 2000 on going concern basis. It is one of
the largest & leading public sector units providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India.
It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband services with more
than 60% market share, and is the fifth largest mobile telephony provider in India.
However, in recent years, the company's revenues and market share have plummeted
resulting in heavy losses as a result of intense competition in the privatizing Indian
telecommunications sector. BSNL is India's oldest communication service provider and
had a customer base of 93.29 million as of June 2015. It has footprints throughout India,
except for Mumbai and New Delhi, where Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL)
manages telecommunications.
BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country & now focusing on
improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT
applications in villages & winning customer's confidence. Today, it has about 36.42
million line basic telephone capacity,7.13 million WLL capacity, 95.96 million GSM
capacity, 34,727 fixed exchanges, 1, 17,090 GSM BTSs, 9,594 CDMA Towers, 102 Satellite
Stations, 7,73,976 R Km. of OFC, 4751 R Km. of microwave network connecting 646
districts, 4519cities/towns & 6.25 lakhs villages .BSNL is the only service provider, making
focused efforts & planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digital divide in ICT sector. In
fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network
giving services in every nook & corner of the country & operates across India except New
1
Delhi and Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier or North-Eastern

regions of the country, BSNL serves its customers with a wide bouquet of telecom
services namely Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier
service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP, IN Services, FTTH, etc. BSNL is one of major service
provider in its license area.
1.2 VISION AND MISSION OF BSNL
1.2.1 VISION OF BSNL
* Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.
* Create a customer-focused organization with excellence in customer care,
sales and marketing.
* Leverage technology to provide affordable and innovative telecom.
* Services/products across customer segments.
1.2.2 MISSION OF BSNL
Becoming the most trusted, preferred and admired telecom brand
* Providing reliable telecom services that are value for money
* Generating value for all stakeholders – employees, shareholders, vendors
& business associates
* Excellence in customer service -friendly, reliable, time bound, convenient

and courteous service
2
* Offering differentiated products/services tailored to different service

segments
* Developing a marketing and sales culture that is responsive to customer

needs
* To explore International markets for Global presence
* Maximizing return on existing assets with sustained focus on profitability
* Changing policies and processes to enable transparent, quick and efficient
decision- making
3
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT RTTC
2.1 RTTC PROFILE
The Regional Telecom Training Centre (RTTC), Mysore is one of the pioneer
Telecom Training Centers in India serving for the training needs on different fields of
Telecommunication, Accounts, Computers, Civil, Electrical, Management and Information
Technology for the officers/Staff of e Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India. Offers training
in telecom technology to reputed IT companies such as Infosys, Cable and Wireless, Nano
Cell and Engineering students. RTTC is also committed to establishing a QMS conforming
to the requirements of ISO 9001:2008 certified Centre of excellence is equipped with state
of the art telecom technology laboratories.
RTTC, Mysore has been recognized as the "Centre for excellence in Computers" by
the Telecom directorate as a result of its excellent infrastructure in the field of Computers.
Engineering colleges, technical institutions are welcome for training in latest Telecom
Technologies.
The center has been identified as “Centre for excellence in computer” by DOT in
the year 1998.RTTC Mysore was identified as one of the favor training Centre in BSNL to
impart specialized training on GSM for newly inducted JTO’s and in service course for
other executives. Faculty members of imparting training in switching. transmission, new
telecom technologies. Marketing and sales promotion to new recruiters and
departmental promotes. RTTC is also organizing many FTP’s in varies SSAs of
Karnataka circle in new technology and value added services by deputing faculty
members to respective SSAs. Any Central Govt/State Govt or private firms who are
interested in getting their staff trained in office automation are welcome.
4
TRAININGS AVAILABLE:-
Data Communications
Optical Communications
Wireless Communications (GSM & CDMA)
Digital Switching
fig 2.0: Switching Lab
fig 2.1: Exam Hall
5
fig 2.2: Hostel Front View
Hostel Block:
There are two hostels in the campus. Both the hostels have computer with internet.
Campus:
The Campus is beautiful with variety of vegetation and rose garden. A cricket ground,
badminton. etc will definetly please sport lovers
Hostel 1:
Has 70 rooms having 3 beds in each room. Around 210 trainees are accommodated in the
hostel. Multigym is an added healthcare feature to the trainees.
Hostel 2:
Has 27 rooms of 3 beds and 24 rooms of 2 two beds with a total accommodation
capacity of 129.
6
m technology 2019-2020
Fig 2.3: Hostel Room
Fig 2.4: Kitchen Equipment
Fig 2.5: Inspection Quarters
7
2.2 VISION AND MISSION OF RTTC
2.2.1 VISION OF RTTC
RTTC aspires to be one of the best telecom training Centre in India by being
responsive and participant Centered Institution dedicated to academic excellence,
enabling participant to think critically. Work creatively. Communicate effectively and
become technological competent so as to make BSNL a vibrant company.
2.2.2MISSION OF RTTC
• RTTC aperies’ to deliver quality training to the best of participants satisfaction.

• To deliver as excellence in performance of BSNL through trained and
knowledgeable manpower.
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF RTTC
Practical hands on exposure on the high and telecom operational equipment system
to enable students for higher order domain industry exposer through face to face
contact sessions.
Personal Development: during your internship make special effort to observe the
personal style of supervisors and colleagues. Be able to identify clear examples of
leadership style that either promote good working relationship or hinder to
productive work environment. Note how to deal with pressure, tension, and praise
in work relationships.
To strengthen professional skills and interpersonal relationship in professional
settings.
To understand how to communicate knowledge to stranger supervisors, and
subordinates. Be aware of the when to speak and when to listen. To gain practical
knowledge about the organization.
8
m technology
CHAPTER 3 2019-2020
TASK PERFORMED
3.1 DATA COMMUNICATION
3.1.1 Network Components
HUB
● Hub is a layer 1 device, multiport repeater,simplest device.
● Possibilities of data collision is high.
SWITCH
9
● Switch is a layer 2 device , data transmision takes place in different port or different
domain.
ROUTER
ROUTER CONNECTION TO COMPUTERS:
ROUTER WITH CONSOLE CABLE:
10
Basic telecom
● There are twotechnology
types of cable2019-2020
● Straight through cable
● Cross over cable
● Cable with RJ-45:
● Straight through cable and cross over cable is connected to RJ-45 cable using
climmper.
11
Fig: Climmper
12
3.1.3 BUILDING VLAN USING CISCO PACKET TRACER
● STEPS FOR BUILDING VLAN
FIG: BUILD A NETWORK IN REAL TIME MODE USING THE TOOLS AVAILABLE
FIG: CHECK THE PHYSICAL VIEW OF THE DEVICE
13
FIG: SELECT DESKSTOP -- IP CONFIGURATION-- ASSIGN PRIVATE IP ADDRESS AND SUBNET

MASK THE DEVICES
FIG: ENTERING INTO THE PRIVILEGE MODE OF THE SWITCH ASSIGN VLAN
14
FIG: ASSIGNING THE VLAN AND DEFINING THE ACCESS PORT
3.1.4 MODES OF OPERATION IN ROUTER
• Router > - User mode

• Router# - Privilegedmode
• Router(config)# -configurationmode
15
3.1.4.1 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS:
● IP address can be assigned using software called cisco packet tracer .
Fig:Assigning IP configuration
Fig: console terminal
16
Fig:Terminal
● Steps for assigning IP address (commands)

1. Router>
2. Router>enable
3. Router#
4. Router# conf t
5. int fa 0/0
6. ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
7. no shut
17
● How to go for static and dynamic:

In configuration mode
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.168.10.2
● Command used for showing all the values: Router# show run
18
3.1.5 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
19
4. OPTICAL FIBRECABLE
Introduction
What is Fiber Optic Cable?
Cabling is the process of packaging optical fibers in a cable structure for handling and
protection. In some applications bare fibers work just fine, such as fiber optic sensors
and laboratory use. However for most communication applications fibers must be
packaged in a cable for practical use. The major benefits of fiber optic cabling are:
• Easy Handling
Some communication systems require tens or even hundreds of fibers (such
as a metro backbone system). Put fibers in a cable make it very easy to
install and maintain.
• Protection from damaging forces

Fiber optic cables have to be pulled into place through ducts (outdoor) or
conduits (indoor). Pulling eyes are attached to the strength members or cable
outer jackets. This is critical for isolating the fibers from the applied pulling
forces. Glass fibers cannot endure more than 0.1% to 0.2% elongation during
installation.
• Protection from harsh environment factors

Cable structures protect fibers from moisture (outdoor cables), extreme
temperature (aerial cables) and influx of hydrogen into the fiber (which causes light
absorption peak at 1380nm which in turn impair fibers’ transmission properties).
20
Fiber Optic Cable Based on Fiber Types
Based upon fiber types in a cable, fiber optic cables can be categorized as
three types.
• Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable

All fibers in the cable are single mode fibers.
• Multimode Fiber Optic Cable - Multi Mode Fiber Optic Cable All fibers in the cable
are multimode cables.
• Hybrid/Composite Cable
Both single mode and multimode fibers are packaged in one cable, such as 4
multimode fibers and 4 single mode fibers in a single cable.
Elements in a Fiber Optic Cables
The construction design and choices of materials are vital in determining

characteristics of a cable. The design factors for some types of fiber optic cables are
listed below.
• Indoor cables
Fire safety is the number one factor in selecting indoor cables, particularly those
that run through plenum spaces. Indoor cables must pass the flame-retardant and smoke-
inhibitor ratings specified by NEC.
• Outdoor cables
Moisture resistance and temperature tolerance are the major factors when
choosing materials for outdoor environment cables. They also need to be ultraviolet
(UV) resistant.
21
• Cable Jacket Materials
• Polyethylene (PE)
PE (black color) is the standard jacket material for outdoor fiber optic cables. PE has
excellent moisture – and weather-resistance properties. It has very stable dielectric
properties over a wide temperature range. It is also abrasion-resistant.
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC is the most common material for indoor cables; however it can
also be used for outdoor cables. It is flexible and fire-retardant. PVC is more expensive
than PE.
• Polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF)
PVDF is used for plenum cables because it has better fire-retardant

properties than PE and produces little smoke.
• Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) plastics
LSZH plastics are used for a special kind of cable called LSZH cables. They produce
little smoke and no toxic halogen compounds. But they are the most expensive jacket
material.
• Aramid Yarn
Aramid yarn is a yellow color, fiber looking material. It is strong and is used to bundle
and protect the loose tubes or fibers in the cable. It is the strength member to provide
tensile strength along the length of the cable during and after installation. When a cable
is pulled into a duct, the tension is applied to the aramid yarn instead of the fibers.
22
Central Strength Member
Many fiber optic cables has a central strength member, made of steel, fiberglass or
aramid yarn. Central strength members are needed to provide the rigidity to keep the
cable from buckling. Central strength members are common in outdoor cables and
some high fiber counts indoor cables.
• Gel Compound
Gel compound fills buffer tubes and cable interiors, making the cable impervious to
water. It needs to be completely cleaned off when the cable end is stripped for
termination.
• Ripcord
Ripcord is a thin but very strong thread embedded just below the cable jacket. Its
role is to split the cable easily without harming cable interiors.
Two Basic Fiber Structures
Fiber optic cable are available in a wide variety of physical constructions. Fiber cables
can be anything from simple simplex or duplex (zipcord) cables used for jumpers to 144-
fiber cable for intercity transmission.
However most of the fibers used in these cables come down to two basic configurations
–900µm tight buffered fibers or 250 µm coated fibers (also called bare fibers). Actually
tight buffered fibers cover a coated fiber(the coating is soft plastic) with a thick layer of
harder plastic, making it easier to handle and providing physical protection.
23
• Figure1.1: Difference between Tight Buffered Fiber and Coated Fiber
• The structure of a 250µm coated fiber (bare fiber)
1 Core (9µm for standard single mode fibers, 50µm or 62.5µm for multimode fibers)
2 Cladding (125µm)
3 Coating (soft plastic, 250µm is the most popular, sometimes 400µm is also used)
• The structure of a 900µm tight buffered fiber
0 Core (9µm for standard single mode fibers, 50µm or 62.5µm for multimode fibers)
0 Cladding (125µm)
0 Coating (soft plastic, 250µm)
0 Tight buffer (hard plastic, 900µm)
24
Figure 1.2: 250µm and 900µm tight buffered fiber
Fiber Optic Cable Construction - Two Basic Types
Based on 900µm tight buffered fiber and 250µm coated fiber there are two basic types
of fiber optic cable constructions – Tight Buffered Cable and Loose Tube Cable.
Tight Buffered Cable
Multiple color coded 900um tight buffered fibers can be packed tightly together in a
compact cable structure, an approach widely used indoors, these cables are called tight
buffered cables. Tight buffered cables are used to connect outside plant cables to
terminal equipment, and also for linking various devices in a premises network.
Multi-fiber, tight buffered cables often are used for intra-building, risers, general
building and plenum applications. Tight buffered cables
25
are mostly built for indoor applications, although some tight buffered cables have been
built for outdoor applications too.
Figure 1.3: Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable Sample
Structure of a Tight Buffered Cable Elements in a tight
buffered fiber optic cable
1. Multiple 900µm tight buffered fibers (stranded around the central strength
member)
2. Central strength member (in the center of the cable)
3. Aramid Yarn (wrapped around the fibers, for physical
protection and cable pulling)
4. Ripcord (for easy removal of outer jacket)
5. Outer jacket (also called sheath, PVC is most common for indoor cables
because of its flexible, fire-retardant and easy extrusion characteristics. )
26
Figure 1.4:Cross Section of a Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable
Loose Tube Cable
On the other hand multiple (up to 12) 250µm coated fibers (bare fibers) can be put
inside a color coded, flexible plastic tube, which usually is filled with a gel
compound that prevents moisture from seeping through the hollow tube. Buffer tubes are
stranded around a dielectric or steel central member.
Aramid yarn are used as primary strength member. Then an outer polyethylene jacket
is extruded over the core. These cables are called loose tube cables.
Loose tube structure isolates the fibers from the cable structure. This is a big
advantage in handling thermal and other stresses encountered outdoors, which is why
most loose tube fiber optic cables are built for outdoor applications.
Loose-tube cables typically are used for outside-plant installation in aerial, duct and
direct-buried applications.
27
Figure 1.5: Fiber Optic Loose Tube Cable Samples
Structure of a Loose Tube Cable Elements in a loose

tube fiber optic cable:
• Multiple 250 µm coated bare fibers (in loose tube)

• One or more loose tubes holding 250 µm bare fibers. Loose tubes strand
around the central strength member.
• Moisture blocking gel in each loose tube for water blocking and protection of
250 µm fibers
• Central strength member (in the center of the cable and is stranded around
by loose tubes)
• Aramid Yarn as strength member

• Ripcord (for easy removal of outer jacket)
• Outer jacket (Polyethylene is most common for outdoor cables
because of its moisture resistant, abrasion resistant and stable over wide
temperature range characteristics.
28
Figure 1.6: Cross Section of a Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cable
Codes
Fiber-optics cables, coding according to DIN VDE 0888
29
Color Coding
It would seems that the color coding, the color of the jackets and buffers
means the characteristics (Fire retardant, Mechanical, Single or Multi mode, Dielectric
properties of the sheath…) of the cable. But not all manufacturers adhere to the same
standards. The color coding, the difference of the color is used to identify the cables, to
visual recognize each of them to connect in right order. Table: 1.1 shows the difference
of used colors for cables 1-12 fiber strands. In case of more fibers they are indicated
with same colors, but with lines or dotted lines.
30
CONCUSION
In conclusion, a network is two or more computers connected together using a

telecommunication system for the purpose of communicating and sharing
resources. Without having a network, companies would not be able to share resources
and increase productivity more effectively. The WAN network allowed companies to use
the Internet over large areas. This provided the company to have meetings overseas by
video conferencing andsharing data over the network. As you can see, Networks have
many benefits to the end user. Weather your Network is Wired or Wireless, Networksare
an important part of technology.
And as of 2014, there are 285 communications cables at the bottom of the ocean, and 22
of them are not yet in use. These are called ―dark cables.‖ Submarine cables have a
life expectancy of 25 years, during which time they are considered economically
viable from a capacity standpoint. Over the last decade, however, global data
consumption has exploded. In 2013, Internet traffic was 5 gigabytes per capita; this
number is expected to reach 14 gigabytes per capita by 2018. Such an increase would
obviously pose a capacity problem and require more frequent cable upgrades.
However, new techniques in phase modulation and improvements in submarine line
terminal equipment (SLTE) have boosted capacity in some places by as much as 8000%.
The wires we have are more than ready for the traffic to come.
31
REFERENCES
• https://www.google.com/
https://www.rttcmysore.bsnl.co.in/
BSNL referral report.
32

BSNL Report Tejasreep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BSNL Report Tejasreep

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BSNL Report Tejasreep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“ BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY “

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

Internship Carried Out

Under the guidanceof

4 OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Delhi and Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier or North-Eastern

1.2 VISION AND MISSION OF BSNL

1.2.1 VISION OF BSNL

* Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.

* Create a customer-focused organization with excellence in customer care,

sales and marketing.

* Leverage technology to provide affordable and innovative telecom.

* Services/products across customer segments.

1.2.2 MISSION OF BSNL

Becoming the most trusted, preferred and admired telecom brand

* Providing reliable telecom services that are value for money

* Generating value for all stakeholders – employees, shareholders, vendors

& business associates

* Excellence in customer service -friendly, reliable, time bound, convenient

* Offering differentiated products/services tailored to different service

* Developing a marketing and sales culture that is responsive to customer

* To explore International markets for Global presence

* Maximizing return on existing assets with sustained focus on profitability

* Changing policies and processes to enable transparent, quick and efficient

2.1 RTTC PROFILE

fig 2.0: Switching Lab

fig 2.1: Exam Hall

fig 2.2: Hostel Front View

Fig 2.3: Hostel Room

Fig 2.4: Kitchen Equipment

Fig 2.5: Inspection Quarters

• RTTC aperies’ to deliver quality training to the best of participants satisfaction.

2.3 OBJECTIVES OF RTTC

3.1 DATA COMMUNICATION

3.1.1 Network Components

● Hub is a layer 1 device, multiport repeater,simplest device.

● Possibilities of data collision is high.

ROUTER CONNECTION TO COMPUTERS:

ROUTER WITH CONSOLE CABLE:

● Cross over cable

● Cable with RJ-45:

3.1.3 BUILDING VLAN USING CISCO PACKET TRACER

● STEPS FOR BUILDING VLAN

FIG: CHECK THE PHYSICAL VIEW OF THE DEVICE

FIG: SELECT DESKSTOP -- IP CONFIGURATION-- ASSIGN PRIVATE IP ADDRESS AND SUBNET

FIG: ASSIGNING THE VLAN AND DEFINING THE ACCESS PORT

3.1.4 MODES OF OPERATION IN ROUTER

• Router > - User mode

3.1.4.1 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS:

● IP address can be assigned using software called cisco packet tracer .

Fig: console terminal

● Steps for assigning IP address (commands)

● How to go for static and dynamic:

3.1.5 ROUTING PROTOCOLS

What is Fiber Optic Cable?

• Protection from damaging forces

• Protection from harsh environment factors

Fiber Optic Cable Based on Fiber Types