Network Protocols

• Network Protocol?

• TCP/IP

• Protocol Hierarchies

• Application Layer Protocols Outlines

• Transport Layer Protocols

• Network Layer Protocols

• References
 • A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications
between computers on a network.

• Functions of protocols:
• Addressing
• Data Packet Format
Network Protocol • Segmentation (Splitting long messages into small pieces)
• Embedding control information
• Detecting Errors
• Controlling data flow
• Controlling connection
 NETWORK PROTOCOL

Keep three points in mind when you think about protocols in a network environment:

1) There are many protocols.

• While each protocol facilitates basic communications, each has different purposes and
accomplishes different tasks.
• Each protocol has its own advantages and restrictions.
• A protocol can be implemented either in hardware or in software.
 NETWORK PROTOCOL

2) Some protocols work only at particular OSI layers.

• The layer at which a protocol works describes its function. For example, a protocol
that works at the physical layer ensures that the data packet passes through the
network interface card (NIC) and out onto the network cable.

3 ) Protocols can also work together in a protocol stack, or suite.

• A protocol stack or protocol suite is a combination of protocols.
• Just as a network incorporates functions at every layer of the OSI reference model,
different protocols also work together at different levels in a single protocol stack.
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
How Protocol Works?
• As learned before, the entire technical operation by which data is transmitted over the
network has to be broken down into discrete, systematic steps.
• At each step, certain actions take place that cannot take place at any other step. Each step
includes its own rules and procedures, or protocol.
• The protocol steps must be carried out in a consistent order that is the same on every
computer in the network.
• In the sending computer, these steps must be executed from the top down. In the receiving
computer, these steps must be carried out from the bottom up.
• Both sending and receiving computers need to perform each step in the same way so that the
data will have the same structure when it is received as it did when it was sent.
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
How Protocol Works?
 TCP/IP

• Is the suite of communications protocols that is used to connect hosts on the Internet and on
most other computer networks as well.
• It is also referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite and the Internet protocol suite.

• Application – client functionality

• Transport - moving data
• Network – tasks for moving data
 TCP/IP

Why is the TCP/IP important?

• TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management and is
designed to make networks reliable with the ability to recover automatically from the failure
of any device on the network.

• TCP/IP is nonproprietary and, as a result, is not controlled by any single company. Therefore,
the IP suite can be modified easily. It is compatible with all operating systems (OSes), so it can
communicate with any other system. The IP suite is also compatible with all types of
computer hardware and networks.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
 Protocol
Hierarchies
 PROTOCOL HIERARCHIES

Protocols Classifications
• By Routing Capabilities:
• Routable Protocols
• Non-routable Protocols
• By Method Orientation:
• Connection oriented
• Connectionless
• By Layer Level Tasks:
• Tasks on the Application Level
• Tasks on the Transport Level
• Tasks on the Network Level
 PROTOCOL HIERARCHIES
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols 14

7th
Application Layer
6th Application Layer
Presentation Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer

Link Layer : Includes device driver and network interface card

Network Layer : Handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : Provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : Handles the details of the particular application
 PROTOCOL HIERARCHIES

Common Protocols
 TCP  SSH
 FTP  POP3
 UDP  NTP
 TCP/IP  IMAP4
 DHCP
 TELNET
 TFTP
 SMTP
 DNS
 SNMP
 HTTP
 ARP  ICMP
 SIP  IGMP
 RTP  TLS
 • Ensure connection between user applications & the
network server & exchange data between them.

• Examples:
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Application • Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
Layer Protocols • Domain Name System (DNS)
• Secure Shell (SSH)
• Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL )
• Real Time Protocol ( RTP )
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Server Message Block (SMB)
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

FTP

 File Transfer Protocol

 Uploading and downloading of files
 Uses TCP as a transport protocol
 Used to transfer files over the LAN
 Popular to distribute files over the internet
 Application layer
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

HTTP

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 Uses TCP
 Allows text, graphics, multimedia and other material to
be downloaded
 Requests sent in clear text
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

DNS

 On the Internet, the DNS associates various sorts of

information with domain names.
 A domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember
"handle" for an Internet address.
 The Domain Name System protocol translates domain
names into IP addresses.
 When a client wants to open a webpage
at www.google.com, a query is sent to a DNS server
(name server) to fetch the corresponding IP address.
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

DNS
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

SSL & SSH

SSL SSH
Stands for “secure socket layer.” Stands for “secure shell.”
SSL is a security protocol. SSH is a network cryptographic network protocol.
Runs on port 443. Runs on port 22.
Used primarily to establish secure connections Typically used for secure communication with a remote
between web servers and clients (web browsers). computer.

Authentication is done by a three-step process: server

Authentication is done by employing an X.509
verification, session key generation, and client
digital certificate (SSL/TLS certificate).
authentication.

SSL works based on SSL/TLS certificates. SSH works based on network tunnels.

Protects against DNS spoofing, IP source routing, data

Primarily used to protect against man-in-the-middle
manipulation, data sniffing during transmission,
(MiTM) attacks and identity theft.
Spoofing of IP addresses, etc.
 APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

RTP

 Delivering audio and video over IP networks.

 Streaming media, such as telephony, video
teleconference.
 RTP typically runs over User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
 used in conjunction with the RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP).
 The protocol provides facilities for jitter compensation
and detection of packet loss and out-of-order delivery.
 • Ensure the security & the continuity of data transfer
without any mistakes & is responsible for maintaining
the quality & the accuracy of the exchanged information
between devices.

• Examples:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Transport Layer
Protocols • User Data Protocol (UDP)
 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS

TCP

 Transmission Control Protocol

 Connection oriented – establishes a manually
acknowledged session between two hosts.
 Full Duplex
 Provides reliability to IP
 Flow control, sequencing, and error detection and
correction.
 Transport layer
 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS

TCP

 Sends SYN to target host

 Target opens connection and sends ACK
 Originated host sends ACK ready to transfer data
 Called three-way handshake

WWW ( HTTP )
WhatsApp Messages
Email
 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS

UDP

 User Datagram Protocol

 Connectionless
 Unreliable protocol ( No guarantee delivery )
 “fire and forget”
 The messages will be discarded if there is an Error
 Uses IP
 Lower overhead – low bandwidth DNS
Voice Call & Video Call
Video Games
 • Ensure the security & the continuity of data transfer
without any mistakes & is responsible for maintaining
the quality & the accuracy of the exchanged information
between devices.

• Examples:
• Internet Protocol version 4 ( IPv4 )
Network Layer
Protocols • Internet Protocol version 6 ( IPv6 )
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP )
• Internet Control Message Protocol ( ICMP )
• Internet Group Message Protocol ( IGMP )
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

Internet Protocol ( IP )

 Logical Address
 A set of requirements for addressing and routing data on
the Internet.
 IP can be used with several transport protocols,
including TCP and UDP.

 Data traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP
information is attached to each packet, and this information helps routers to
send packets to the right place. Every device or domain that connects to the
Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the IP
address attached to them, data arrives where it is needed.
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

Internet Protocol ( IP )
 We can also define an IP address as a numeric address assigned to each
device on a network. An IP address is assigned to each device so that the
device on a network can be identified uniquely. To facilitate the routing of
packets, TCP/IP protocol uses a 32-bit logical address known as
IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4).

 An IP address consists of two parts, i.e., the first one is a network address,
and the other one is a host address.

 There are two types of IP addresses:

 IPv4
 IPv6
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

IPv4
 It is a current version and the most commonly used IP address.
 It is a 32-bit address written in four numbers separated by 'dot', i.e., periods
called „Octet‟.
 This address is unique for each device. For example, 66.94.29.13
 Each number in an octet is in the range from 0-255.
 This address can produce 4,294,967,296 possible unique addresses.
 IPv4 consists of four sets, and these sets represent the octet. The bits in
each octet represent a number.
 Each bit in an octet can be either 1 or 0. If the bit the 1, then the number it
represents will count, and if the bit is 0, then the number it represents does
not count.
 IPv4 has five classes ( A,B,C,D, and E )
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

IPv4
Representation of 8 Bit Octet

The above representation shows the structure of 8- bit octet.

Now, we will see how to obtain the binary representation of the above IP address, i.e.,
66.94.29.13
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

IPv4
= 66

= 94

= 29

= 13
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS
IPv4 Classes
 Class A
 Public IP Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0
 First octet value range from 1 to 127
 Class B
 Public IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
 First octet value range from 128 to 191
 Class C
 Public IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0
 First octet value range from 192 to 223
 Class D
 Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
 First octet value range from 224 to 239
 Class E
 Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
 First octet value range from 240 to 255
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS
Home Work 1:
A- Convert the following binary digits to IPv4 forms.

1- 01000010.01011110.00011101.00001101
2- 11000000.01000000.00000001.00000001
3- 11000000.01000000.11111111.00000000

B- Convert the following IPv4 addresses to Binary digits.

1- 192.168.1.1
2- 192.168.254.1
3- 255.255.100.0

C- Find the Class of the following IPs.

1- 192.168.1.1
2- 240.20.1.100
3- 101.0.0.1
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

IPv6
 IPv6 is the next generation of IP addresses.
 The main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the address size of IP
addresses. The IPv4 is a 32-bit address, whereas IPv6 is a 128-bit
hexadecimal address. IPv6 provides a large address space, and it contains
a simple header as compared to IPv4.

 The above diagram shows the address format of IPv4 and IPv6. An IPv4 is a 32-bit decimal
address. It contains 4 octets or fields separated by 'dot', and each field is 8-bit in size. The number
that each field contains should be in the range of 0-255. Whereas an IPv6 is a 128-bit
hexadecimal address. It contains 8 fields separated by a colon, and each field is 16-bit in size.
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

IPv6
 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS
Home Work 2:

A- Convert the following binary digits to IPv6 forms.

1- 01000010.01011110.00011101.00001101
2- 11000000.01000000.00000001.00000001
3- 11000000.01000000.11111111.00000000

B- Convert the following IPv4 addresses to IPv6 forms.

1- 192.168.1.1
2- 192.168.254.1
3- 255.255.100.0
 [1] Behrouz A. Forouzan, ' Data Communications And Networking', 5th
Edition.

[2] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, ' Computer Networks', 4th Edition.

[3] James F Kurose, Keith W Ross, ' Computer Networking A Top Down
REFERENCES Approach', 6th Edition.
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