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International Journal of Academe and Industry Research

Volume 2 Issue 4 December 2021


DOI: https://doi.org/10.53378/352081

The Role of Leisure Industry in Municipal


Economic Growth
Madelon C. Briz

Abstract

This research deals with the role of the leisure industry and the implemented measures on safety and
security towards the economic growth of the municipalities in the third district of Laguna Province in the
Philippines. This study comprised 100 randomly selected samples from the seven municipalities. The
statistical tools used were mean, standard deviation and t-test. The results of the study showed that the
leisure industry as well as the implemented measures on safety and security contribute to the overall
development of the municipalities which were measured in terms of employment, service and income. I
was clear that the leisure industry generates more income than other industries which essentially helped
improved funds of the municipalities. As the current study generated data from survey, the results are
mere perceptions of the key stakeholders. Further studies are encouraged on the measurement of the
actual income contribution of the industry to the municipalities.

Keywords: leisure industry, revenue, services, quality, income

Received: July 10, 2021 Revised: September 1, 2021 Accepted: December 2, 2021

Suggested Citation: Briz, M.C. (2021). The Role of Leisure Industry in Municipal Economic Growth.
International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4, pp. 15 - 29. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53378/352081

About the author:


Instructor 1, Laguna State Polytechnic University- San Pablo City Campus

© The author (s). Published by Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated.
This is an open-access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license,
which grants anyone to reproduce, redistribute and transform, commercially or non-commercially, with
proper attribution. Read full license details here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
16 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

1. Introduction
In a personal perspective, leisure gives a chance to develop skills, friendship and self-
confidence. It helps enjoy new experiences, adventures and challenges. With staying healthy,
leisure activities are freely chosen and can be done in places that are good and comfortable. For
many people, participation in leisure improves physical and mental health. It also refers to time
spent away from work and all manner of business as relaxation time. Research shows that
increased physical activities can lead to fewer health problems and higher productivity at work,
especially when combined with a balanced diet and a healthy life style. Leisure is important
because everyone needs a little bit of relaxation in their life. Having leisure helps a person
relieve stress, have time for themselves and just to recharge their body and mind. Leisure is very
important for one's mental health. Leisure is important because life should not be all work, no
play. It is important for the mind and body to get the revival it needs after a long week's hard
work.

An industry that provides goods or services for activities that people do for entertainment
and enjoyment is what is called the leisure industry (Novak, 2017). The leisure industry is one of
the largest, most diverse, profitable and constant, and fastest-growing industry. It is the segment
of business focused on entertainment, recreation, and tourism related products and services. It is
constantly changing because of new innovations and economic trends. There are many reasons
why there are so many changes in the leisure industry because the leisure industry in itself is an
open market in which many people can and have developed. These fields include restaurants,
amusement parks, theaters, hotels, gaming places, venues for musical groups or lectures, and
sporting arenas. These also include spas, gyms, and areas where one can conduct sports, like
golfing or boating as part of the leisure industry. Anything that is made to be enjoyed, and is
made to occupy one’s leisure hours is essentially part of the leisure industry.

In the Philippines, the 2019 Philippine Statistics Authority data showed that the leisure
travel and tourism spending in the country was 8%, an increase from 3.7 % in 2000 with an
average annual rate of 4.67%. The 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry: Arts,
Entertainment, and Recreation (Section R) includes “five industry groups covering the activities
to meet varied cultural, entertainment and recreational interests of the general public, including
live performances, operation of museums sites, sports, gambling and recreation activities.
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Establishments engaged in creative, arts and entertainment activities; libraries, archives,


museums, and other cultural activities; gambling and betting activities; sports activities; and
other amusement and recreation activities.” In 2018 a total of 4,087 establishments were
engaged in arts, entertainment and recreation activities, an increase of 34.2 percent from the
3,046 establishments reported in 2012. Among these, 2,037 establishments or 49.8 percent of the
total count were engaged in other amusement and recreation activities. Establishments engaged
in gambling and betting activities with 1,384 establishments (33.9%) ranked second, followed by
establishments engaged in sports activities with 558 establishments (13.7%). Across regions,
CALABARZON recorded the highest number of establishments engaged in arts, entertainment,
and recreation activities with 505 establishments (12.4%). Establishments in arts, entertainment,
and recreation industry employed a total of 75,968 employees, a growth of 22.9 percent from
61,815 employees in 2012. An average of 19 employees per establishment was computed at the
national level.
The economic impact of leisure industry has been commonly viewed as a positive force
which increases total income for the local economy, foreign exchange earnings for the host
country, direct and indirect employment, and tax revenues. It also stimulates secondary
economic growth. As the years passed, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening
diversification to become one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. Leisure industry has
become a big business and has been considered as a fastest growing industry. It opens up a new
window for resources, both investments and generation leading to employment as well as socio-
economic development of the local communities. It also plays an important part to the economy
of the country. The growth of the economy had seen a major change because of its leisure
industry growth. Leisure industry has established itself as an important source of economic
development in different regions in the world. As a result, leisure and tourist spots help to
contribute for generating revenue and also for job creation for the community.
According to the data by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the
total international tourism received in the world in 2018 was 1,643.2 billion dollars in visitor
exports (Mandeep & Nitasha, 2012). This is expected to increase to 2.196 billion by 2029 at an
increase of 3.8% (World Travel & Tourism Council Report, 2019). In the Philippines, the total
revenue generated by establishments engaged in arts, entertainment and recreation in the
Philippines reached PhP 230.7 billion in 2018 while expenses incurred totaled to PhP 181.8
18 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

billion. This is a 75.2 percent increase in total revenue, and 65.0 percent increase in total
expenses from their corresponding values in 2012. The increasing trend in the revenues provides
indication that the industry is contributing much to the economic development of the country.
According to Chung-ki Min, et al. (2016), the leisure tourism contributes to economic
growth at an early stage of economic development, but its contribution becomes weaker as the
economy develops. In this context, this study determines the contribution of the leisure industry
and its implemented measures on safety and security toward the economic growth of
municipalities. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the extent of contribution of leisure
industry to the overall development of municipalities, assess the status of implemented measures
on safety and security of the leisure industry and describe the level of economic growth of
municipalities on employment, service and income. Further, this study aimed to find-out whether
the contribution and the implemented measures on safety and security significantly influence the
way leisure industry targeted to bring-out economic growth of municipalities in third district of
Laguna.

2. Literature review
2.1. The leisure industry

According to Leitner and Leitner (2011), pure leisure refers to those activities freely
engaged in that are totally intrinsically motivated. The activity is engaged for its own sake, with
extrinsic rewards not considered. Edginton and Chen (2014) further stated that leisure provides
opportunities to enhance and enlarge choices and freedom in the daily decision one makes.
Leisure is valued for many reasons, not the least of which is the opportunity to engage in freely
chosen life experience.

The leisure industry provides products and services for activities that people do for
entertainment and enjoyment. The leisure industry encompasses entertainment, recreation and
tourism related goods and services. Areas of the leisure sector include sports, gambling and
health and fitness. This is also claimed by Anser, et al. (2021) that the scope of leisure industry
for the purposes of these criteria includes, sport, play, shopping formal and informal use of
leisure time. According to Mikalauskas and Kaspariene (2016), leisure is a fundamental
component of life which involves freedom and provides opportunities to choose and make
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decision for the proper well-being. As such, it covers wide ranges of areas such as sport,
recreation, health and fitness, playwork and gaming. The leisure experience enhances human
condition (Bopp & Kaczynski, 2010). It is also connected to a range of economic activities such
as cultural industries (Hesmondhalgh 2007) or the creative economy (Howkins, 2001). These
may even include cultural tourism and heritage, museums and libraries and animal shows
(Banhidi & Flack, 2013). Another important segment of the industry is the leisure sport which
refers to “products and services concerning sport activities and the total operational activities
related to these products and services.” (Minwei, 2015).

Figure 1

Number of establishments in the arts and recreation industry in the Philippines in 2017, by region

Source: Statistica.com

Figure 1 shows the 2017 statistics on the number of establishments in the arts and
recreation industry in the Philippines. The highest number by region is 89 situated in the NCR
followed by 60 in the CALABARZON region. The locale of the current study is the latter which
20 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

justifies the need for the assessment on the contribution of the industry on the economic growth
of the municipalities in the region.

2.2. Growth of leisure industry

Tourists flock to leisure destinations thereby, improving the economic growth of the
location. But for tourists to continually patronize a leisure destination, satisfaction with the
products and services offered is a must. Sherman (2018) states that the choice of business
location affects the business income and expenses. Even in an age where people can buy and sell
through the internet and project teams can collaborate from various states and countries, location
still plays a significant role in the company's success or failure. When the location of business is
near the city proper, it has the possibility to earn more than those businesses which are far from
the city. According to Norjanah et al. (2014), most tourist spots grow rapidly when those
destination places are near major populated and more technologically advanced areas. It
simplifies the attractions of tourist spots to the people who want the area where tourism evolves.
It really means that the tourists who want to take holidays are more attracted to travel
conveniently when the destinations preferred are short distances. It also shows most tourist spots
grow rapidly when those destination places are near major populated and technologically
advanced areas. Hence, it will increase the growth and development of tourism and have a better
revenue generation.
On the other hand, Agbor (2011) explained that the aim of providing quality services is to
satisfy customers because quality is one of the things that consumers look for in an offer and
quality can also be defined as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or services
that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs that is why it is evident that quality is
also related to the value of an offer, which could evoke satisfaction or dissatisfaction on the part
of the consumer. Measuring service quality is a better way to dictate whether the services are
good or bad and whether the customers will or are satisfied with it. Similarly, Mill (2007) cites
that service pleases the customer, which adds to the customer’s enjoyment. It increasingly
becomes method of differentiation; managers will have to become adept to getting feedback
from customers of providing service to an increasingly diverse customer base. Azmat and
Clemes (2021) add that the guest wants common courtesy, which means recognition, respect and
a friendly welcome. A principal reason people dine out is the desire for sociability. Bak (2019)
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explained that the revenue can come from potential new customers as well as from existing
customers. Since it costs fine as much as to attract new customers to maintain existing ones, it is
more cost effective for the company to focus on increasing the loyalty of their existing
customers. The most revenue area and cost savings can be attained in servicing the same
customers repeatedly as compared to servicing new individual’s accounts.
These literatures are classification of good service through tourist interaction in the
leisure industry in Laguna District III. Revenue can then be gotten from patronage of the tourists,
most especially if they are satisfied with the products and services offered.

2.3. Leisure industry and Economic Growth

As every nation moves toward an economy that is globalized and is networked by


computers, the provision of leisure and tourism services change in numerous ways, customizing
services based on increasing levels of information about customers. The characteristics of a
networked economy, as described by Kelly (1998), include numerous implications for the
delivery of leisure and tourism services. According to Romer (1990), investment in human
capital, innovation and knowledge are significant contributors to economic growth.

Bascom (2016) believes that economic growth will be better suited to meet the wants of
individuals and resolve socio-economic problems such as poverty; thereby ensuring the well-
being of the economy and improving standard of living, by raising incomes providing jobs. In
addition, economic growth can possibly even protect the environment by the creation of parks,
reserves, and implementation of key policies. Consequently, some economists have argued that
economic growth will eventually lead to an improvement in the environment and also to an
improvement in the environment and also to the welfare of an individual.

One of the basic measures of growth in business is its income. It is also one of
contributory factors in economic growth and development. Income is the earnings of the business
from the sales of goods or service rendered (Ballada, 2014). As suggested by Mankiw (2007),
when judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the income
that everyone in the economy is earning. As stated by Ukabuilu et al. (2015), the common terms
for the added value created in transforming resources into more desirable states includes profit,
income or earnings. Accountants measure the added value as the difference between cost of a
product or service and the selling price of that product or service.
22 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

There are several studies linking leisure and tourism to economic growth. For example,
Kim et al. (2006) conducted a study in Taiwan which tested the relationship between tourism
sector and economic growth for Taiwan. The results showed a bidirectional causal relationship
between tourism and economic growth. This is similar to the findings of Lee and Chang (2008)
that there is a unidirectional relationship between tourism and growth for OECD countries. In
Pakistan, Khalil and Kakar (2007), determined the effects of the short and long-term causality
between economic expansion and tourism receipts which showed a long-term association
between the development of tourism sector and the economic growth. This long-term associated
was also proven by Salleh et al. (2011) on the relationship between tourism sector, trade and
growth in ASEAN countries which showed a long-term correlation among foreign tourist arrival,
economic growth and trade. In Jordan, tourism has an important role in its economic growth as
tested by Orieqat and Saymeh (2015). This role was seen with job creation, earnings,
infrastructure and increase in GDP in India. In the study of Dayananda and Leelavathi (2016),
there was sustained and inclusive economic growth due to extension of tourism sector. However,
Ozturk and Acaravci (2009) showed no unique long-term or equilibrium relationship between the
real GDP and international tourism for Turkey.

3. Methodology

The descriptive method of research was used in this study in order to assess the
contribution of leisure industries and implemented measures on safety and security toward

economic growth of municipalities in the third district of Laguna Province in the Philippines. It

is the design that gathers information about the problem, collates the data to test a hypothesis and
answer the questions concerning to the status of the subject of the study.

The study employed self-administered questionnaire, a set of orderly arranged questions,


carefully prepared to generate answers to the specific problem of the study. The questionnaire
contains four parts: Part I determined the extent of contribution of leisure industry to the overall
development of Municipalities; Part II assessed the status of the implemented measures on safety
and security of the leisure industry in the municipalities; Part III identified the level of economic
growth in municipalities with regard to employment, service and income; and Part IV calculated
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the significant relationship of the contribution and implemented measures on safety and security
to the economic growth of municipalities.

The respondents of the study include 100 key stakeholders of leisure industry businesses
such as tourist spot visitors, recreation facilities, restaurants, hotel and spa distributed as per
municipality as follows: 20 from Alaminos; 40 from San Pablo City; 5 from Rizal; 5 from
Victoria; 10 from Calauan; and 20 from Liliw.

The statistical tools used were average mean, standard deviation and t-test. Weighted
mean and standard deviation was used to determine the extent of contribution of leisure industry
to the overall development of municipalities, the status of implemented measures on safety and
security of the leisure industry in the municipalities, and the level of economic growth in
municipalities with regard to employment, service and income. The t-test was used to determine
the significant relationship of the contribution and implemented measures on safety and security
to the economic growth of municipalities.

4. Findings and Discussion


The major findings of the study are arranged according to the specific research
objectives: (1) the extent of contribution of leisure industry to the overall development of
municipalities; (2) the status of implemented measures on safety and security of the leisure
industry in the municipalities; (3) the level of economic growth in municipalities with regard to
employment, service and income; and (4) the significant relationship of the contribution and
implemented measures on safety and security to the economic growth of municipalities.

It can be gleaned from Table 1 that the leisure industry has a great extent of contribution
to the overall development of the selected municipalities in the 3rd district of Laguna. The level
of the respondents’ agreement on the indicators was manifested by an overall mean of 4.20. The
highest of the indicators is the encouragement of tourism and the promotion of culture and
history awareness. This is followed by the targeting of part-time and flexible workers which
were given either self-employment as entrepreneur or permanent employment opportunity.
However, the lowest mean was given to the ability of the leisure industry to protect the
environment.
24 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

Table 1
Extent of Contribution of Leisure Industry to the Overall Development of Municipalities

Indicators Mean SD Interpretation


1. Leisure industries contribute in the protection of the
environment. 4.18 0.66 Agree
2. Encourage tourism and promotes awareness of culture and
history. 4.25 0.57 Agree
3. Leisure industry helps communities to increase job
opportunities. 4.15 0.60 Agree
4. Provides a wide range of leisure activities for customers in a
safe, secure and responsible environment 4.20 0.59 Agree

5. Attracts a large proportion of part- time and flexible workers


4.22 0.61 Agree
Overall 4.20 0.61 Agree
Legend: 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree; 3.50-4.49 Agree; 2.50-3.49 Moderately Agree; 1.50-2.49 Disagree; 1.00-1.49 Strongly
Disagree

It can be observed that there are several actions taken by the tourism office to ensure that
they encourage tourism and promote awareness of culture and history. There are festivities
conducted in each municipality that ensure to protect the identity and local beliefs of the people
to capture known and historic principles. When tourists were the target audience in festivities
that they are attracted and eager to know the history based from the local tradition of a certain
municipality the more potential linkage and growth identities can be observed (Aguda et al,
2013).
Other indicators that make the leisure industry to contribute to a great extent in the
overall development of the municipality are the programs that attract a large proportion of part-
time and flexible workers. Similar to Bascom (2016), the economic growth of the municipalities
in the locale support the wants of individuals and resolve socio-economic problems such as
poverty as it provides employment and self-employment.
In table 2, the status of the implemented measures on safety and security of the leisure
industry in the municipalities is summarized. It indicates that “advised customers of safety
procedures in high risk areas to ensure minimal disruption” acquired a mean score of 4.24 and
standard deviation of 0.60 and has remarks of “agree.” The indicator “employees follow safety
precautions for the tourist” acquired a mean score of 4.29, standard deviation of 0.60, equivalent
to ‘agree’. The next indicator, “the safety and security procedure is well implemented by the
management” got 4.18 with standard deviation of 0.63 interpreted as agree. “Employees follow
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standard sanitation process to maintain cleanliness” obtained a mean score of 4.26, standard
deviation of 0.60, and remarks of ‘agree.’ Lastly, the indicator “Management is responsive to
customers’ needs” acquired a mean score of 4.26 with an standard deviation of 0.68, interpreted
as agree.

Table 2
Status of Implemented Measures on Safety and Security of the Leisure Industry

Indicators Mean SD Interpretation


1. Advised customers of safety procedures in high-risk areas to
ensure minimal disruption. 4.24 0.60 Agree
2. Employees follow safety precautions for the tourist. 4.29 0.60 Agree
3. The safety and security procedure are well implemented by the
4.18 0.63 Agree
management.
4. Employees follow standard sanitation process to maintain
4.26 0.60 Agree
cleanliness.
5. Management is responsive to customers’ needs. 4.26 0.68 Agree
Overall 4.25 0.62 Agree
Legend: 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree; 3.50-4.49 Agree; 2.50-3.49 Moderately Agree; 1.50-2.49 Disagree; 1.00-1.49 Strongly
Disagree

The results clearly indicated that the leisure industry ensure the safety and security of the
tourists and other visitors. The municipalities assessed in the study provide measures for the
sustainability of the businesses within the area. These measures are necessary for the continuous
development of the industry. As suggested by Bointon et al. (2016), the safety and security
procedures need to be identified.

Table 3 shows the level of economic growth in municipalities with regards to


employment, service, and income. It indicates that leisure industry generates more income from
services (X=4.09;  = 0.65) and even higher than other industries (X=4.01;  = 0.71), and
provide employment to both contractual and part-time (X=4.05;  = 0.66) and can still hire
additional employees (X=3.99;  = 0.59) with substantial salary (X=3.91;  = 0.67). The leisure
industry also involves government projects (X=3.53;  = 0.72) which the municipalities
recognize as major source of income (X=3.49;  = 0.71).
26 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

Table 3
Level of Economic Growth in Municipalities in terms of Employment, Service and Income

Indicators Mean SD Interpretation


Employment
1. Employee receives substantial salary from the income
3.91 .67 High
generated from the leisure industry
2. Management can still hire additional employees. 3.99 .59 High
3. Contractual or part time employees are hired during peak
4.05 .66 High
seasons.
Service
1. A large portion of income of the leisure industries comes
4.09 .65 High
from services.
2. Leisure industries are involved in government projects. 3.53 .72 High
Income
1. Leisure industry generates more income than other industries 4.01 .71 High
2. The municipality recognizes the leisure industry as a major
3.49 .71 Average
source of income
Overall 3.84 .68 High
Legend: 4.50-5.00 Very High; 3.50-4.49 High; 2.50-3.49 Average; 1.50-2.49 Low; 1.00-1.49 Poor

These findings are similar to Plog (2004) on the development of the destination places.
As the findings clearly identified the big development of the leisure industry in the province of
Laguna, it also contributed much to the revenue of the different municipalities. In addition, the
growth of the industry helped developed the community and its people by providing
entrepreneurship and employment. Relative to this is the observation of Bak (2019) that the
revenue can come from potential new customers as well as from existing customers. By
expanding the market, the industry can also improve its income.

Table 4
Relationship between Contribution and the Implemented Measures on Safety and Security

Variable Sig. Interpretation


Contribution of Leisure Industry .416* Moderate Relationship
Implemented Measures on Safety and Security .421* Moderate Relationship
*Significant **Not Significant

As illustrated in table 4, the results confirm the significant moderate relationship of the
contribution of leisure industry to the economic growth of municipalities with 0.416 and the
implemented measures on safety and security to the economic growth of the municipalities with
0.421.

The results confirm the findings of Anser et al. (2021) on the growth effects of leisure
industry to the level of economic development, Kim et al. (2006) on the bidirectional causal
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relationship between tourism and economic growth, Lee and Chang (2008) on the unidirectional
relationship between tourism and growth, Salleh et al. (2011) on the relationship between
tourism sector, trade and growth, and Orieqat and Saymeh (2015) on the effects on job creation,
earnings, infrastructure and increase in GDP. While the cited studies showed strong relationship,
the results of the current study suggest a moderate relationship.

5. Conclusion

This study determined the contribution of the leisure industry and its implemented
measures on safety and security toward the economic growth of municipalities in the Laguna
Province. It specifically measured the contribution of leisure industry to the overall development
of municipalities, assessed the status of implemented measures on safety and security of the
leisure industry and described the level of economic growth of municipalities on employment,
service and income. This descriptive research employed self-administered questionnaire in four
parts to gather data from 100 key stakeholders of leisure industry businesses in the 6
municipalities in district III of Laguna Province. The data were analyzed through average mean,
standard deviation and t-test.
The results of the study showed that the leisure industry contributes to the overall
development of Municipalities as reflected by the agreement of the respondents on the various
indicators assessed. Furthermore, it also disclosed that the status of implemented measures on
safety and security of the leisure industry in the municipalities had been significant to the growth
and development of the industry. Moreover, the level of economic growth in municipalities with
regard to employment, service and income was also positively assessed as the key stakeholders
agreed on the various indicators. The respondents identified that the leisure industries contribute
in the protection of the environment, encourages tourism and promotes awareness of culture and
history, and provides a wide range of activities for customers in a safe, secure and responsible
environment.
The study provided a background data on the ability of the leisure industry in boosting
the municipality income. As it was clearly assessed that the leisure industry generates more
income than other industries, it recognizes its capability as a major source of income for the
municipalities. It is essential because it can help the municipalities provide more funds for
government projects, increase the income and job opportunities for its residents and provide
28 | International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, Volume 2 Issue 4

sufficient supply of quality products and services. It should be prioritized to maintain quality,
sanitation and safety of the products and services.
The study can help business operators to evaluate their own facilities, products, services,
and activities so that they can improve their businesses. This will consequently lead to their
increased contribution to their respective community and barangays. As the current study
generated data from survey, the results are mere perceptions of the key stakeholders. Further
studies are encouraged on the measurement of the actual income contribution of the industry to
the municipalities.

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