CHAPTER 1

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DEFINITION OF
TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another through a shared
magnetic field. A changing current in the first circuit
(the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in
turn, this magnetic field induces a voltage in the
second circuit (the secondary).

 It can raise (step-up) or lower (step-down) the

voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding
decrease or increase in current
INTRODUCTION
 Electric power in one circuit is transformed into
electric power of the same frequency in another
circuit

 Static electromagnetic device, consisting 2 magnetic

fields.

 One of the transformer winding is connected to a

source of AC electrical power and the second
transformer winding supply electrical power to the
loads.
CONSTRUCTION
FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S
LAW
FARADAY’S LAW → states that if a flux passes through a turn of
a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in
the turn of wire that is directly proportional
to the rate of change in the flux with respect
to time
d
eind   N
dt
where : eind : voltage induced in the coil
N : number of turns of wire in coil

 : flux passing through coil

LENZ’S LAW → states that the direction of the voltage build up

in the coil is such that if the coil ends were
short circuited, it would produce current that
would cause a flux opposing the original flux change.
 EMF EQUATION
Let → N1 = No. of turns in primary

N2 = No. of turns in secondary

m = Maximum flux in core in Webers

= Bm * A
f = Frequency of AC input in Hz

The flux increases from it’s zero value to maximum m

value from in one quarter of the cycle
i.e. in 1/4 f second
1
f
4
m
Rate of change of flux =
1/ 4 f
Unit = wb/s or volt
EMF EQUATION
Average e.m.f / turns = 4 fm
If flux m varies sinusoidally, then

R.M.S value / turns = 1.11* average value

= 1.11* 4 fm

= 4.44 fm volts

E.M.F induced in primary = (r.m.s / turn)*(No. of primary turns)

=
4.44 fm * N1
=
4.44 fBm AN 1 (1)
EMF EQUATION
E.M.F induced in secondary = (r.m.s / turn)*(No. of secondary turns)

=
4.44 fm * N 2
=
4.44 fBm AN 2 (2)

From (1) and (2)

E1
 4.44 Fm
N1

E2
 4.44 Fm
N2
E.M.F per turns is same in both windings
EMF EQUATION
From the equation (1) and (2), we get

E1 N 1
 a where a = voltage transformation ratio
E2 N 2

If a <1, then the transformer is called step- up transformer

If a >1, then the transformer is called step- down transformer
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 The transformer is based on two principles:
• First, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field
(electromagnetism) and,
• Second, that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a
voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).

 Transformer is only converting from AC signal into AC signal.

 The primary is connected to source of alternating (AC) voltage
 By changing the current in the primary coil, one changes the
strength of its magnetic field; since the secondary coil is
wrapped around the same magnetic field, which it produces
mutually-induced e.m.f (electromotive force)
 If the secondary coil is closed, a current flows in it and so a
voltage is induced across the secondary terminal. Therefore,
electrical energy is transferred from primary to the secondary
terminal.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When the switch is closed:
 Current in primary coil increases
 Creates increasing magnetic field in primary coil
 Induces current in secondary coil
 Lamp lights up

When current in primary coil becomes steady:

 No more changes in the magnetic field in primary coil
 No more current induced in secondary coil
 Lamp goes off

When switch is opened:

 Current in primary coil decreases to zero
 Creates decreasing magnetic field in primary coil
 Induces current in opposite direction in secondary coil
 Lamp lights up again
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

 Lossless device.
 No leakage fluxes are present.
 Core losses are assumed to be negligible.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible
impedance with two windings of zero losses.

 Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no

associated voltage drop, and so the voltages V1 and V2 measured at
the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding
EMFs.

Vp  E p
Vs  Es
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
General transformer relationship
V1 N 1 I 2
  a
V2 N 2 I 1

Power in ideal transformer

P1  V1 I 1 cos  1
P2  V2 I 2 cos  2 where : 1   2  
Q1  Q1 I 1 sin  1
Q2  V2 I 2 sin  2
S i  V1 I 1  V2 I 2  S o
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

Vp = Primary terminal voltage (input)

Vs = Secondary terminal voltage (output)

R p , Rs = Leakage resistance on the primary and secondary respectively

X p ,Xs = Leakage reactance on the primary and secondary respectively

Rc = Core resistance

Xm = Magnetizing reactance

Np = Primary winding turns

Ip = Primary current

Is = Secondary current
Ns = Secondary winding turns
IMPEDANCE TRANSFER
Impedance transfer in transformer is important as to eliminate
the couple circuit and simplify the solution

Primary impedance transferred to secondary

Z1
Z 1'  2
a
Secondary impedance transferred to primary

Z 2'  a 2 Z 2
EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The model of the real transformer

Referred to primary side Referred to secondary side

APPROXIMATE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Referred to primary side Referred to secondary side

PROBLEM
A 20-kVA, 8000/277-V distribution transformer has the following
resistances and reactances:

Rp = 32Ω RS = 0.05Ω
Xp = 45Ω XS = 0.06Ω
Rc = 250kΩ XM = 30kΩ

The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-

voltage side of the transformer
1) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the
high-voltage side.
2) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277V
and 0.8PF lagging. What is the transformer’s input voltage? What
is its voltage regulation?
3) What is the transformer’s efficiency under the condition of part (2)?
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
Vp
 Vs 0  Req I s     jX eq I s   
a
Lagging power factor

Vp
 Vs 0  Req I s 0  jX eq I s 0
a
Unity power factor

Vp
 Vs 0  Req I s     jX eq I s   
a
Leading power factor
TRANSFORMER TEST
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
 Must be conducted at the rated terminal voltage
 The values of and can be determined by opening the output line at
the secondary side of transformer as in figure below
 The determined values of Rc (core resistance)and Xm (magnetising
reactance)

 Data taken from open circuit

test:
POC, VOC, IOC

VOC VOC
Poc Rc  XM 
 OC  cos 1 IC IM
Voc I oc
I C  I OC cos  I M  I OC sin 
TRANSFORMER TEST
CHECK →

If V p  Voc → Therefore Rc and X m (Primary side)

Else →

If Vs  Voc → Therefore Rc and X m(Secondary side)

TRANSFORMER TEST
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
 Always conducted at the rated winding current
 Current flowing in excitation branch is neglect since the input voltage
is so low during the short-circuit test
 The determined values of Req (leakage resistance)and Xeq (leakage
reactance)
 Data taken from open circuit
test:
PSC, VSC, ISC

Vsc0
Z eq 
I sc   sc
(Note: minus sign → inductance only)
PSC
 SC  cos1

Vsc I sc Zeq  Req  jX eq

TRANSFORMER TEST
 CHECK →

If I p  I sc

Therefore Z eq  Z p  R p  jX p (Primary side)

Else →

If I s  I sc

Therefore Z eq  Z s  Rs  jX s (Secondary side)

S rated S rated
Ip  Is 
Vp Vs
TYPES OF LOSSES
 Copper Losses: resistive heating losses in the
secondary and primary windings
 Eddy current losses: resistive heating losses in
the core of the transformer
 Hysteresis losses
 Leakage flux
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
Defined as the difference between the voltage magnitude at the load
terminals of the transformer at full load and at no load in percent of full
load voltage.

A) Equivalent circuit referred to primary side:

 Vs Vs  Vs
VR   100%
Vs
VR  NL FL
 100% NL FL
Vs FL
Vs FL

Since at no load, = Vs  NL   Vp' the

voltage regulation can also be expressed as

V p  Vs  FL 
VR   100%
Vs  FL 
VOLTAGE REGULATION
B) Equivalent circuit referred to secondary side:

Vs  Vs
VR  NL FL
 100%
Vs FL

Since at no load, Vs  NL   Vp / a , the voltage regulation can also be expressed

as

V p / a  Vs  FL 
VR   100%
Vs  FL 
EFFICIENCY AND
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
To measure the efficient of the transformer

A) Equivalent circuit referred to primary side:

2
Vp
Pcu  I p Req1
2
Pcore 
Rc
Pout Pout
  x100%
Pin Pout  Ploss
Vs I s cos 
 x100%
Vs I s cos   PCu  Pcore
nVs I s cos 
 x100%
nVs I s cos   n PCu  Pcore
2
EFFICIENCY AND
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
B) Equivalent circuit referred to secondary side:

Pcore 
V p / a
2

Pcu  I s Req2
2

Rc

Pout

Pin
nVs I s cos 
 x100%
nVs I s cos   n PCu  Pcore
2

When maximum efficiency occurs:

Pcore
n and cos   1
Pcu
PROBLEM
A 15-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is to be tested to determine its excitation branch
components, its series impedances, and its voltage regulation. The following test
data have been taken from the primary side of the transformer.

Open circuit test Short circuit test

VOC = 2300 V VSC = 47 V
IOC = 0.21 A ISC = 6.0 A
POC = 50W PSC = 160W

1) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the high-voltage side.
2) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side.
3) Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging power factor, 1.0 power
factor, and at 0.8 leading power factor.
4) What is the efficiency of the transformer at full load with a power factor of 0.8
lagging?