Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    Multi Variable Calculus

    Uploaded by

    subhadip1work
    The document discusses various topics in multi-variable calculus including properties of the beta function, area between curves, continuity, differentiation, homogenous functions, Euler's theorem, total derivative, and finding maxima and minima in two variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Multi Variable Calculus

    Uploaded by

    subhadip1work
    19 views2 pages
    The document discusses various topics in multi-variable calculus including properties of the beta function, area between curves, continuity, differentiation, homogenous functions, Euler's theorem, total derivative, and finding maxima and minima in two variables.

    Original Title

    MultiVariableCalculus

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses various topics in multi-variable calculus including properties of the beta function, area between curves, continuity, differentiation, homogenous functions, Euler's theorem, total derivative, and finding maxima and minima in two variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views2 pages

    Multi Variable Calculus

    Uploaded by

    subhadip1work
    The document discusses various topics in multi-variable calculus including properties of the beta function, area between curves, continuity, differentiation, homogenous functions, Euler's theorem, total derivative, and finding maxima and minima in two variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 2

    Engineering Mathematics

    1.14.1 Properties of  function


    Γ𝑚.Γ𝑛
    (i) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
    Γ(m+𝑛)
    (ii) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚)
    ∞ 𝑥 𝑚−1
    (iii) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
    (1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛
    ∞ 𝑥 𝑛−1
    𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚) = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
    (1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛
    1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
    (iv) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽 ( , ) , (𝑝, 𝑞 > −1)
    2 2 2

    1.15 Area between the curves


    If the function f(x) > g(x) for all values of x between x=a and x=b then
    𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
    𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴 = ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥

    Fig. 1.11. Area under curve


    1  2
    2 
    Note : Area bounded by curve r = f () between  =  and  is r d

    1.16. Multi Variable Calculus

    (a) Continuity of a function

    A function f(x, y) is said to be continuous at (a, b), if 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)


    𝑥→𝑎
    𝑦→𝑏

    (b) Differentiation of a two-variable function

    If f(x, y) is a continuous function, then the derivative of f(x, y) with respect to x treating y as constant is given by
    𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ,𝑦)−𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
    p= = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
    𝜕𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

    The derivative of f(x, y) with respect to y treating x as constant is given by


    𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
    𝑞= = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
    𝜕𝑦 𝑘→0 𝑘
    (c) Homogenous Function

    A function f (x, y) is said to be homogenous function of degree ‘n’ if 𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 𝑛 . 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

    GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 1.13


    Engineering Mathematics

    Example: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3


     𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = (𝑘𝑥)3 − 3(𝑘𝑥)2 (𝑘𝑦) + 3(𝑘𝑥). (𝑘𝑦)2 + (𝑘𝑦)3
    = 𝑘 3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
    = 𝑘 3 . 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)  𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogenous function of degree ‘3’.

    (d) Euler’s Theorem


    If f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree ‘n’ then
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    (i) 𝑥. + 𝑦. = 𝑛𝑓
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
    (ii) 𝑥 2 . + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑓
    𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

    If f(x, y) = g(x, y) + h(x, y) + (x, y) where g (x, y), h (x, y) and (x, y) are homogenous functions of degrees m, n and
    p respectively, then
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    𝑥. + 𝑦. = 𝑚. 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑛. ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑝. 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦)
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
    𝑥2. + 2𝑥𝑦. + 𝑦2. = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1). 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1). ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑝(𝑝 − 1). 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦)
    𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

    (e) Total derivative:


    du u dx u dy
    (i) If u = f(x, y) and if x = (t), y = v(t) then = . + .
    dt x dt y dt
    du u u dy
    (ii) If u be a function of x and y, where y is a function of x, then = + .
    dx x y dx
    (iii) If u = f(x, y) and x = f1 (t1, t2 ) and y = f 2 (t1 , t2 ), then
    u u x u y u u x u y
    = . + . and = . + .
    t1 x t1 y t1 t2 x t2 y t2
    dy f / x
    (iv) If x and y are connected by an equation of the form f(x, y) = 0, then =−
    dx f / y

    (f) Concept of Maxima and Minima in Two Variables


    If f(x, y) is a two-variable differentiable function, then to find the maxima (or) minima.
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    Step-1: Calculate 𝑝 = and 𝑞 = and equate p = 0, q = 0
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    Let (x0, y0) be a stationary point.


    𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
    Step-2: Calculate r, s, t where 𝑟 = | ; 𝑠= | ;𝑡= |
    𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ) 𝜕𝑥.𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 ,𝑦 ) 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑥 ,𝑦 )
    0 0 0 0

    Case (i): If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and r > 0, then the function f (x, y) has minimum at (x0, y0) and the minimum value is f(x0, y0).

    Case (ii): If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and r < 0, then the function f (x, y) has maximum at (x0, y0) and the maximum value is

    GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 1.14

    You might also like