MIIE2468

Sensors and Actuator

Analog Vs Digital

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Krissanapong Nandhasri
nandhasri.k@mut.ac.th 2
Analog
• Analog information is made up of a continuum
of values

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 Analog Example
• phonograph

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Analog
Obsolete devices

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Analog Voice

Video

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Analog Circuit

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 Digital?
• Digital information can assume only one or two possible
values: 0/1, one/Zero, on/off, high/low, true,false, etc
Digital Example
CD Player

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Digital Circuit

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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
Definition A signal for conveying A signal which is a discrete
information which is a function of time, i.e. non-
continuous function of continuous signal, is
time is known as analog known as digital signal.
signal.
An analog signal is typically The typical representation
represented by a sine wave of a signal is given by a
Typical representation function. There are many square wave function.
more representations for
the analog signals also.
Analog signals use a Digital signals use discrete
continuous range of values values (or discontinuous
Signal values to represent the data and values), i.e. discrete 0 and
information. 1, to represent the data and
information.

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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
The analog signals are more The digital signals are
suitable for transmission of suitable for computing and
Suitability audio, video and other digital electronic operations
information through the such as data storage, etc.
communication channels.
Analog signals get affected The digital signals are more
by the electronic noise stable and less susceptible
Effect of electronic noise
easily. to noise than the analog
signals.
Due to more susceptibility The digital signals have high
Accuracy to the noise, the accuracy accuracy because they are
of analog signals is less. immune from the noise.
Analog signals use more Digital signals use less
power for data power than analog signals
Power consumption
transmission. for conveying the same
amount of information.
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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
Analog signals are Digital circuits are required
processed by analog circuits for processing of digital
Circuit components whose major components signals whose main circuit
are resistors, capacitors, components are transistors,
inductors, etc. logic gates, ICs, etc.
The analog signals give The digital signals do not
Observational errors
observational errors. given observational errors.
The common examples of The common example of
analog signals are digital signal is the data
Examples temperature, current, store in a computer
voltage, voice, pressure, memory.
speed, etc.
The analog signals are used The digital signals are used
in land line phones, in computers, keyboards,
Applications
thermometer, electric fan, digital watches,
volume knob of a radio, etc. smartphones, etc.
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Definition of DSP: Digital filtering
Digital Signal Processing Video compression
Audio compression
Speech processing
Image processing
Radar and Sonar processing

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ADC
Analog to Digital Converter

•CD Audio = 16-bit

•DVD Audio = 24-bit
3-bits Resolution

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Sampling Rate Sampling Rate
•
The sampling rate (SR) is the rate at
whichamplitude values are digitized
from the originalwaveform.
•
CD sampling rate (high-quality):SR =
44,100 samples/second
•
medium-quality sampling rate:SR =
•CD Audio = 44.1 kHz 22,050 samples/second
•DVD Audio = 192 kHz •
phone sampling rate (low-quality):SR =
8,192 samples/second 17
 Nyquist Frequency = SR/2
Nyquist Theorem
Sampling Rate
•Higher sampling rates allow
the waveform to be more
accurately represented
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
•Nyquist Theorem:We can digitally
represent only frequencies up to
half the sampling rate.
•Example:CD: SR=44,100
Hz Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 =
22,050 Hz
•Example:SR=22,050 Hz Nyquist
Frequency = SR/2 = 11,025 Hz 18
ADC Operation

S/H = Sampling and Hold

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 ADC Circuit Basic
1-bits ADC 2-bits ADC

Comparator Circuit parallel or flash A/D

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2-Bits ADC Circuit 22=4 possible outputs

Priority Encoder such as

Where: “X” is a “don’t care”, that is either a
74LS148 logic “0” or a logic “1” condition. 21
3-Bits ADC Circuit 23=8 possible outputs

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Parallel or flash A/D

4-bit resolution requires 15 (24– 1) comparators, an 8-bit

resolution requires 255 (28– 1) comparators, while a 10-
bit analogue-to-digital converter would require 1023
comparators, etc. So for this type of Analogue-to-Digital
Converter circuit, the higher the number of output bits
required, the more complex becomes the circuit.

However, the advantage of this type of parallel or flash

A/D converter is that its real-time conversion rate is
relatively fast and can be easily built as part of a project if
only a few binary bits are required 23
Tracking ADC

the binary output would actually ramp up rather than

jump from zero to an accurate count as it did with the
counter and successive approximation ADC circuits.

the greatest drawback to this ADC design is the fact that

the binary output is never stable:
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Digital Ramp ADC

For many ADC applications, this variation in update

frequency (sample time) would not be acceptable.
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Slope (integrating) ADC

The single-slope ADC suffers all the

disadvantages of the digital ramp ADC

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 Delta-Sigma ADC
One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called delta-
sigma, or ΔΣ (using the proper Greek letter notation).

this results in a serial stream of bits

output by the flip-flop

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Delta-Sigma ADC
this results in a serial stream of bits output by the flip-flop

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 Successive approximation ADC

6-bits = 26 =64 possible outputs 29

DAC Binary weighted digital-to-analogue converters

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Binary weighted DAC

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 R-2R DAC

4-bit R-2R Resistive Ladder Network

Generalised R-2R DAC Equation

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 R-2R DAC

4-bit R-2R Resistive Ladder Network

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R-2R DAC example

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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits
Resolution is the number of binary bits output by the converter.

This step value of 0.039101 feet (0.46921 inches) represents the smallest amount
of tank level change detectable by the instrument. Admittedly, this is a small
amount, less than 0.1% of the overall measurement span of 40 feet.
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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits
sample frequency, or conversion rate.
This is simply the speed at which the converter outputs a new binary number.

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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits
the highest-frequency waveform that an ADC can theoretically capture is the so-
called Nyquist frequency, equal to one-half of the ADC’s sample frequency.
Therefore, if an ADC circuit has a sample frequency of 5000 Hz, the highest-
frequency waveform it can successfully resolve will be the Nyquist frequency of
2500 Hz.

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Comparisons and Applications of Different ADC
ADC Type Resolution Speed Complexity Power Consumption

Flash ADCs Low to Medium Very High High High

Successive Medium to High Medium Medium Medium to Low

Approximation
Register (SAR) ADC

Pipeline ADC High High High Medium to High

Delta-Sigma ADC Very High Low to Medium Very High Medium

Integrating ADC Medium to High Low Medium Low

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Comparisons and Applications of Different ADC
MAIN
ADC TYPE PROS CONS MAX RESOLUTION MAX SAMPLE RATE
APPLICATIONS

Successive Good
No inherent anti-
Approximation speed/resolution 18 bits 10 MHz Data Acquisition
aliasing protection
(SAR) ratio

High dynamic
Data Acquisition,
performance, Hysteresis on
Delta-sigma (ΔΣ) 32 bits 1 MHz Noise & Vibration,
inherent anti- unnatural signals
Audio
aliasing protection

Accurate,
Dual Slope Low speed 20 bits 100 Hz Voltmeters
inexpensive
Pipelined Very fast Limited resolution 16 bits 1 GHz Oscilloscopes

Flash Fastest Low bit resolution 12 bits 10 GHz Oscilloscopes

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ADC

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Ads1115

ADS1115 is an analog-to-digital converter module with a 16-bit resolution. It is a

low-power device and operates at a voltage range of 2.0-5.5V. The ADS1115 IC
oscillator and communicated to a microcontroller using the I2C communication
protocol. It also includes a programmable gain amplifier up to x16, which helps to
scale up small/differential signals to the full range.
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DAC

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DAC

MCP4725. This IC provides 12 bit resolution and on board Board Non-Volatile

Memory (EEPROM). It can be addressed by external A0 address pin, and
operates in Normal or Power-Down Mode. It takes wide range of input supply
voltage as 2.7V to 5.5V from single supply source. This IC provides eight
address through I2C and have Extended Temperature Range: -40°C to +125°C.

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