plants

Article
The Ecological Design of Marine Urban Green Space Plant
Landscaping Based on the Concept of Sustainability
Jingwen Yuan 1 and Chul Soo Kim 2, *

1 Department of Marine Design Convergence Engineering, Pukyong National University,

Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
2 Department of Industrial Design, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
* Correspondence: yinghua@pukyong.ac.kr

Abstract: With global climate change and accelerating urbanization, marine cities face unique
environmental challenges. Ecological landscape creation is a form of design planning guided by
the disciplines of landscape ecology and ecological aesthetics in the process of urban planning and
construction. It seeks a design that can maintain the virtuous cycle of the ecosystem and at the same
time maintain the spatial equilibrium of the dynamic development of urban landscapes, so as to
make them have good ecological functions and corridor functions. The aim of this study is to explore
the ecological design methods of plant landscaping in marine urban green spaces under the concept
of sustainability. We first reviewed the concept of sustainable development and its application to
urban green space design, especially the special requirements in the marine urban environment. This
research focuses on how to select plant species that are adapted to the marine climate and how to
promote biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services, and improve the quality of life of urban residents
through eco-design approaches. Through the analysis of a number of domestic and international
cases of green spaces in marine cities, we found that effective eco-design is not only about choosing
the right plant species but also includes the rational management of water resources, soil protection,
and ecosystem restoration, among other aspects. This study also points out that public participation
and interdisciplinary cooperation play a crucial role in the ecological design process. Finally, this
paper carries out a specific analysis of the landscape model landscape evaluation system for the
ecological design of plant landscaping in marine urban green spaces and experimentally verifies
that, compared with other styles, the experience of the European-style landscape is good overall.
Citation: Yuan, J.; Kim, C.S. The However, the view openness rating of the European style landscape is only about 0.42, and the best
Ecological Design of Marine Urban plant landscaping is the mixed mode of alkali poncho and salt poncho. This study aims to provide a
Green Space Plant Landscaping Based practical reference and guidance for urban planners, landscape architects, and environmentalists.
on the Concept of Sustainability.
Plants 2024, 13, 923. https://doi.org/ Keywords: ocean city; ecological design; sustainable concept; green space; plant landscaping
10.3390/plants13070923

Academic Editor: László Orlóci

Received: 2 February 2024

Revised: 3 March 2024
1. Introduction
Accepted: 10 March 2024 In the current context of global climate change and environmental degradation, sus-
Published: 22 March 2024 tainable development has become a core concept in urban planning and design. Sustainable
development is one of the themes of today’s social development, and the construction and
protection of the ecological environment of marine cities, as important places for human
habitation, are particularly important. Green space plant landscaping is an important
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
part of urban ecological design, which is of great significance for improving the urban
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
environment and enhancing the quality of life of residents. This study is dedicated to
This article is an open access article
exploring how to effectively realize the ecological design of green space planting in marine
distributed under the terms and
cities under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, aiming to provide
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
theoretical and practical support for the green transformation of cities.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
In Section 2, this paper investigates and analyzes the literature prior research on the
4.0/). research topic and lists the findings of urban green space landscaping in some marine cities.

Plants 2024, 13, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070923 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants

Plants 2024, 13, 923 2 of 20

This provides a necessary value reference for the subsequent research. Section 3 introduces
the ecological approach to landscape design, introduces the concept of sustainability and
the related concepts of planted landscaping in marine cities, and utilizes the SBE (scenic
beauty estimation) method of evaluating the aesthetic quality of forest stands. This is
a new assessment tool for measuring the performance of planted landscapes under the
dual criteria of aesthetics and ecology. Section 4 presents a case study of ecological design
practices to synthesize the results and discussion of this study. Section 5 then launches an
exploration of future research directions.
This study adopts a multi-methodological research strategy with the aim of compre-
hensively exploring and evaluating the ecological design of planted landscapes in marine
urban green spaces under the concept of sustainable development. First, Section 3.1, “Eco-
logical Landscape Design Approaches under the Concept of Sustainable Development”,
adopts a literature review approach. By reviewing and analyzing the existing literature,
we constructed a theoretical framework for ecological landscape design, with special em-
phasis on the application of sustainable development concepts in planted landscapes in
marine urban green spaces. In Section 3.2, the comparative research method is used to
analyze the “ocean city”. By comparing the planting strategies of green spaces in different
seaside climates, we explore the influence of various environmental factors on ecological
design and propose adaptive design principles. In the analysis of “plant landscaping”,
the elements of ecological design are analyzed from scientific and artistic perspectives.
In Section 3.3, we summarize the need to integrate sustainability and phytoscape design
in marine urban green spaces. In Section 3.4, we present the SBE stand aesthetic quality
assessment methodology, a comprehensive assessment tool that combines quantitative
and qualitative evaluation metrics to measure the ecological and aesthetic effectiveness of
planted landscapes. In this study, this method was used to analyze and evaluate selected
cases in depth. In Section 4, “Case Study”, five representative ecological designs of marine
urban green spaces are compared and discussed. In Section 5, “Evaluation Analysis”, this
study adopts a comprehensive analysis method, combining the findings and theoretical
analyses of the previous chapters and drawing feasibility analyses from domestic and
international eco-design cases. Finally, in Section 6, the significance and limitations of the
findings are discussed, as well as the implications for future research.
Through this study, we hope to provide a comprehensive and in-depth theoretical
framework for the ecological design of planted landscapes in marine cities’ green spaces
and to demonstrate the possibility and effectiveness of sustainable landscape design in
practical applications through empirical research. This is not only important for enhancing
the quality of urban ecological environment but also contributes new perspectives and
strategies for the sustainable development of marine cities.

2. Related Works
The ecological design of green space planting has long been studied by some experts,
with Novriyanti, N. et al. taking Shanghai city as an example. They explored the mechanism
of the influence of different green space characteristics on the physical activity behavior of
the residents. They used the total amount of field physical activity as the dependent variable
and urban greening attributes as the independent variables, and through logistic regression
analyses, they found that there was a significant negative correlation between forest cover,
scrub diversity, and plant diversity. This correlation applies to a wide range of fields,
including ecological conservation, climate change response, and sustainable development.
It also reveals the complex interdependencies and competitive mechanisms of plant growth,
emphasizing the importance of the need to balance different vegetation levels in ecosystem
management and conservation. Understanding and addressing this negative correlation
is key to achieving biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health. In addition, there is
a significant negative correlation between the road morphology index, green landscape
visibility, and vegetation diversity [1]. In order to evaluate the effects of planting southern
oak trees in unsuitable urban spaces, Kangwana, L. A. et al. proposed a sustainable and
Plants 2024, 13, 923 3 of 20

environmentally friendly approach for urban communities. They studied the effects of
using these trees in urban spaces on their growth and general health. They used ArcGIS
(Arc geographic information system) to obtain the GPS (geographic positioning system)
coordinates of the trees and ArcMap to create a topographic map of the study area. The
ArcMap 10.8 software has been used to determine the geographic location of the southern
oak trees in the four study areas. This software was used to create a graphic profile of the
four study areas and the East Baton Rouge area in which they are located. Eventually, the
authors found that most of the southern oak trees had various problems because they were
planted in the wrong urban space [2].
Zabihi, A. et al. used spatial syntactic techniques as a tool to explore the impact of dif-
ferent plant configurations on patient pathfinding. Their research focused on how implant
design affects path selection by hospital users. In this process, the authors employed library
research, Depthmap v.20 software from the University of London for computer simulation
and analysis, and comparisons, among other methods. Their study demonstrated that
different plant pairings have an effect on individual pathfinding behavior in healthcare
environments. In addition to integrating the planted areas with the hospital architecture,
a uniform and regular green design provides convenience and offers the possibility of
pathfinding [3]. Belousova, O. et al. devised a landscape plan for the Eden Arboretum
in Cornwall, England. In this analysis, the authors combined environmental, movement,
historical, and cultural approaches, making it possible to identify various facilities within
the arboretum that had universal cultural meanings. Through this plan, they were able
to create a new, multi-purpose arboretum to transform the damaged land [4]. In order to
solve the problem of large discrepancy in multidimensional urban landscape design, Liu,
C. et al. proposed a multidimensional urban landscape design method based on nonlinear
theory. Their simulation results showed that the mean value of the regression standard
deviation was 0.567, the standard value was 0.753, and the F-test value was 0.655. Therefore,
the visual characteristics of the multidimensional nonlinear landscape design using the
proposed method were more expressive, and the landscape design effect was better [5].
There are two primary shortcomings of the existing green space plant landscaping.
The first is focusing on aesthetics and ignoring the ecological adaptability and ecological
function of plants, which leads to the likely death or loss of ecological function of plants
and affects the ecological sustainability of the green space. The second is a lack of plasticity,
in which the landscape cannot be adjusted and improved according to the actual situation
of the green space, resulting in the ecological design of the green space lacking sufficient
flexibility and efficacy.

3. Methods
3.1. Ecological Landscape Design Methods under the Concept of Sustainable Development
Sustainability is one of the core concepts of today’s social development. Especially
in the field of urban and landscape design, the importance of this concept is becoming
increasingly prominent. Ecological landscape design, under the concept of sustainable
development, not only focuses on environmental protection and ecological balance but also
emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of human activities and the natural environment.
As shown in Figure 1, the following are a few key sustainability concepts:
Plants
Plants 2024,
2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
13, 923 5 of 20
4 of 20

Figure 1.
Figure Concept of
1. Concept of sustainable
sustainable ecological
ecological development.
development.

Maintenance
3.2. Scope of Ocean of ecological
Cities balance:
and Planted Ecological landscape design emphasizes the main-
Landscapes
tenance and enhancement of the health and diversity of local ecosystems. This includes
3.2.1. Ocean Cities
the use of native plants, the restoration of the natural environment, and the promotion of
Cities and of
the flourishing towns
wildare defined
plants. Theas “non-agricultural,
selection animal
of plant species alsohusbandry”
requires antowns with a
appropriate
population
configuration based on local elements such as climate, topography, soil, and rainfallset
mainly in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Cities and towns in China are to
up according
establish to the administrative
a sustainable vegetation divisions
system. In of the
the outdoor
country. landscape
A marine city is a city
design consist-
of different
ing of a certain
regions, numbertoofplan
it is necessary buildings on the sea arrangement
for a reasonable that are capable of sustaining
of elements suchmore than
as terrain,
the standard
water, number
vegetation, andof local residents.
paving The
at the initial goal of
stages. marine construction
Additionally, combining and marinesuch
elements city
construction
as temperature is to maintainwind
variation, a comfortable livingsunshine,
speed, rainfall, environment for people
and other and
factors in to
thebring
regioneco-
is
nomic and social benefits to them, protecting and improving the ecological
crucial to reduce their negative impacts on the outdoor landscape and to improve people’s environment
of the seainand
comfort the the coast landscape.
outdoor to promote the development of society [11].
As shown in and
Adaptability Tableresilience:
1, plant landscaping
Considering in marine
climate cities and
change generally involves pressures,
environmental the selec-
ecological
tion plantslandscape design needs
that are suitable for theto climate
be adaptable
of theand able tosuch
seaside, copeaswith future
beach uncertainty
plants, coastal
and change.
plants, seasideThistrees,includes the use
and marine of plants
herbs. Thesethat caninfuse
plants adapttheto landscape
different environmental
of the marine
conditions
city with the and flexible spatial
characteristics planning.
of the sea whileMinimal interventions
also adapting to the are taken
special in theand
climate planning
envi-
and design stage to maximize the
ronmental conditions of the seaside [12,13]. fit with the current characteristics of the site and to reflect
the human characteristics of different areas [6,7]. On this basis, according to different uses,
the landscape
Table design for
1. Plants suitable should beclimates.
seaside divided into several functional areas to meet the needs of
different groups.
Botanical
Growing Environment EfficientPlant
use ofName
resources and recycling:Photograph
This concept encourages the use of sustainable
Classification materials and technologies, such as rainwater harvesting systems and solar lighting. It
also advocates for the consideration of material recycling in the design stage to reduce
waste and pollution. For hard materials such as concrete, stone, and wood, low-carbon and
Adapted to sandy soils Sea vegetables,
environmentally sand grapes,
friendly materials are chosen to reduce energy consumption. Through
Beach plant
and sea breezes sand onions, etc.
the techniques of “infiltration, retention, storage, purification, and drainage”, the reuse
of rainwater can be realized through the installation of permeable paving, sunken green
space, and ecological grass-planting ditches, preventing waterlogging and forming a benign
water-cycle system to achieve sustainable development [8].
Social participation and education:
Some salt-tolerant plants, Sustainable landscape design involves both the
Seawater-soaked and of a physical space and a social practice. Through public participation, educa-
creation
Shoreline plant such as alkali pongo, alkali
saline environments [14]
tional activities, and awareness
pongo grass, and saltraising,
pongo people can better understand and cherish the
natural environment.
Combination of aesthetics and functionality: Sustainable landscapes should not only
Suitable for growing
be eco-friendly but also aesthetically pleasing and functional. Designs should incorporate
environmentsnatural
on theaesthetics to create spaces that are both comfortable and thought-provoking.
Sea mulberry, sea tongue, Sea
Beach trees seashore, resistantTheto sea
concept of sustainability
mulberry elm, etc. can be understood in three ways.
wind erosion and salt
1. In order to continue to survive, people require necessities such as food, water, shelter,
erosion [15] and so on. To achieve endless sustainable development, “We must commit ourselves
Plants 2024, 13, 923 5 of 20

to understanding the world, to understanding what is good for it, and to working
with it and subjecting ourselves to it as it develops” [9].
2. A sustainable ecosystem is an earth-friendly, ever-improving state of the environ-
ment, that does not cause damage to the environment, as is the case with many
human activities.
3. Solutions should be “people-centered” to achieve economical and environmentally
friendly ecological development. Environmental problems do not exist in isolation,
and most construction activities consume significant resources and land while at the
same time bringing negative impacts to the surrounding environment and people’s
lives. Therefore, the key to the design of planted landscapes is to be clear about what
impact such changes will have on the local population [10].

3.2. Scope of Ocean Cities and Planted Landscapes

3.2.1. Ocean Cities
Cities and towns are defined as “non-agricultural, animal husbandry” towns with a
population mainly in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Cities and towns in China are
set up according to the administrative divisions of the country. A marine city is a city
consisting of a certain number of buildings on the sea that are capable of sustaining more
than the standard number of local residents. The goal of marine construction and marine
city construction is to maintain a comfortable living environment for people and to bring
economic and social benefits to them, protecting and improving the ecological environment
of the sea and the coast to promote the development of society [11].
As shown in Table 1, plant landscaping in marine cities generally involves the selection
plants that are suitable for the climate of the seaside, such as beach plants, coastal plants,
seaside trees, and marine herbs. These plants infuse the landscape of the marine city with
the characteristics of the sea while also adapting to the special climate and environmental
conditions of the seaside [12,13].

3.2.2. Botanical Landscaping

Plant landscaping involves the use of trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, and other plants
for landscape creation, which is inspired by nature’s plant communities and the imagery
expressed. The plant community configuration in plant landscapes should be carried out
in accordance with the laws of the development of plant communities in nature. If the
selected plant species are not compatible with the environment and ecological conditions
in which they are located, it is difficult for them to survive or grow, and they cannot meet
the needs of the landscape creation. If a planting community structure is contrary to the
natural community, it will not grow and develop the desired artistic effects [17]. Therefore,
understanding the formation and development of natural plant communities, species
compositions, structures, hierarchies and appearances is the basis for good plant landscape
design [18]. A perfect plant landscape should achieve a high degree of consistency on both
scientific and artistic levels, as shown in Table 2. This not only satisfies the consistency
between plants and the environment in terms of ecological adaptability but also uses the
principles of artistic composition to express the aesthetics of individual and groups of
plants and the beauty of the context that is created by human beings in the process of
viewing [19].
Plant landscaping should not only achieve the purpose of beautification but also
improve the ecological environment of the city. The environment should be both scientific
and artistic to create an ecological atmosphere that is integrated with nature. Ecological
design is the most important method to create a plant landscape with spatial stability. By
comprehensively analyzing the limiting factors that affect all kinds of ecological elements
of the garden plant landscape, one can construct a layout model that maximizes its multiple
functional effects [20].
 nomic
nomic and social
andand
social benefits to them,
them, protecting and
and improving the ecological
ecological environment
of the sea thebenefits
coast to to
promote protecting
the development improving
of societythe
[11]. environment
of the sea
of theAs
sea and the
and the coast to
coast to promote
promote the development
the development of society
of cities
society [11].
[11].
shown in Table 1, plant landscaping in marine generally involves the selec-
As
As shown
shown in
in Table
Table 1,
1, plant
plant landscaping
landscaping in
in marine
marine cities
cities generally
generally involves
involves the selec-
thecoastal
selec-
tion plants that are suitable for the climate of the seaside, such as beach plants,
tion
tion plants
plants that
that are
are suitable
suitable for
for the
the climate
climate of
of the
the seaside,
seaside, such
such as
as beach
beach plants,
plants, coastal
coastal
plants, seaside trees, and marine herbs. These plants infuse the landscape of the marine
Plants 2024, 13, 923 plants,
plants, seaside
seaside trees,
trees, and
and marine
marine herbs. These plants infuse the landscape of
of the marine
city with the characteristics of the herbs. These
sea while alsoplants infuse
adapting the special
to the landscape
climatethe marine
and6 of 20
envi-
city
city with
with the
the characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the sea
sea while
while also
also adapting
adapting to
to the
the special
special climate
climate and
and envi-
envi-
ronmental conditions of the seaside [12,13].
ronmental
ronmental conditions
conditions ofof the
the seaside
seaside [12,13].
[12,13].
Table1.1.Plants
Table Plantssuitable
suitablefor
forseaside
seasideclimates.
climates.
Table
Table 1. Plants suitable for seaside climates.
1. Plants suitable for seaside climates.
Botanical
Botanical
Botanical
Botanical Growing Environment
Growing Environment Plant Name
Plant Name Photograph
Photograph
Classification
Classification Growing
Growing Environment
Environment Plant
Plant Name
Name Photograph
Photograph
Classification
Classification

Adapted to
to sandy
Adapted to soils
sandy soils Sea vegetables,sand
Sea vegetables,
vegetables, sand grapes,
Beachplant
Beach plant Adapted
Adapted to sandy
sandy soils
soils Sea
Sea sandgrapes,
grapes,
Beach
Beach plant
plant andsea
and sea breezes
breezes sandvegetables,
sand onions, etc.sand grapes,
onions,etc.
and
and sea
sea breezes
breezes sand onions, etc.
sand onions, etc.

Some salt-tolerant plants,

Seawater-soaked and Some
Some salt-tolerant
Some salt-tolerant
salt-tolerant plants,
plants, such
plants,
Shoreline plant Seawater-soaked and
Seawater-soaked and
Seawater-soaked and[14] such as alkali pongo, alkali
Shoreline
Shoreline plant
plant saline
Shoreline plant saline environments such
as
such as
alkali alkali
pongo,
asgrass, pongo,
alkali
alkaliand
pongo, alkali
pongo
salineenvironments
environments [14]
saline environments [14]
[14] pongo
grass, and salt alkali
salt pongo pongo
pongo
pongo grass,
grass, and
and salt
salt pongo
pongo

Suitable for growing

Suitable
Suitable for
for growing
growing
environments on the
Suitable for growing
environments
environments on the
onthe
the Sea mulberry, sea tongue, Sea
Beach trees environments
seashore, on
resistant to sea Sea
Sea mulberry, sea tongue, Sea
Beach trees seashore, resistant to sea Sea mulberry,
mulberry,
mulberry sea
elm,sea
etc. tongue,
tongue, SeaSea
Beach
Beach trees
trees
Plants 2024, 13, x FORseashore,
seashore,
PEER REVIEWresistant
resistant
wind erosion and salt to
to sea
sea mulberry elm, etc. 6 of 20
wind erosion and salt mulberry elm,
mulberry elm,etc.
etc.
wind
wind erosion
erosion and
and salt
salt
erosion [15]
erosion
erosion[15]
erosion [15]
[15]

InInhumid
humid environments,
environments,
Marineherbs
Marine herbs providing
providing important
important Seaweeds, seaonions,
Seaweeds, sea onions, etc.
etc.
ecological functions
ecological functions [16]
[16]

3.2.2. Botanical Landscaping

Table 2. Analysis of plant layout elements.
Plant landscaping involves the use of trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, and other plants
for landscape creation,Key which is inspired by nature’s plant communities and the imagery
Level Realm Characterization Element
Constituent configuration in plant landscapes should be carried out
expressed. The plant community
in accordance with the laws of the development
Plants adaptof to plant
specificcommunities
temperature rangesin nature.
by If the
selected plant species Temperature
are not compatible regulating
with thephysiological
environment processes such as conditions
and ecological
in which they are located, it is difficult for photosynthesis and respiration,
them to survive or grow, and allowing
theydifferent
cannot meet
species of plants to thrive in specific climate zones.
Vegetative the needs of the landscape creation. If a planting community structure is contrary to the
natural community, it will not grow and Plants are adapted
develop to the water
the desired conditions
artistic of their
effects [17]. There-
fore, understanding the (fig.) environment, responding
formation and development to drycommunities,
of natural plant or wet conditionsspecies
overstatement through mechanisms such as root uptake, leaf
compositions, structures, hierarchies and appearances is the basis for good plant land-
transpiration, and intracellular water regulation.
scape design [18]. A perfect plant landscape should achieve a high degree of consistency
The scientific on both scientific and artistic levels, as Plants
Ecological shown adjust their photosynthetic efficiency and
in Table 2. This not only satisfies the con-
growth habits according to the intensity and quality
dimension sistency between
consistency Sunlight
plants and the environment in terms of ecological adaptability but also
of available light, thus surviving and reproducing in
uses the principles of artistic composition to light
different express the aesthetics of individual and
environments.
groups of plants and the beauty of the context that is created by human beings in the
Plants regulate gas exchange through the opening
process of viewing [19]. and closing of stomata, adapting to different air
Environment
Plant landscapingAtmosphere
should not onlyqualities
achieveandthe carbon
purpose of beautification
dioxide concentrations butto also im-
prove the ecological environment of the city. The
optimize environment
photosynthesis andshould be both scientific
water use.
and artistic to create an ecological atmosphere thattheir
Plants adapt is integrated
root structurewith
andnature.
nutrientEcological
uptake
design is the most important method tostrategies
create a to
plant landscape
different with spatial
soil environments stability.
based on soil By
Ground
comprehensively analyzing the limitingtexture, factorspH,
thatnutrient
affect all kindsand
content, of ecological elements
microbial communities.
of the garden plant landscape, one can construct a layout model that maximizes its multi-
ple functional effects [20].

Table 2. Analysis of plant layout elements.

Level Realm Characterization Key Constituent Element

Plants adapt to specific temperature ranges by
regulating physiological processes such as
Temperature
photosynthesis and respiration, allowing different
Plants 2024, 13, 923 7 of 20

Table 2. Cont.

Key
Level Realm Characterization Element
Constituent
The arrangement of plants, such as symmetrical or
asymmetrical and natural or elaborate, can create
Permutation
visual fluidity and rhythm, bringing harmony and
dynamic beauty to the environment.
Vegetative
The color diversity of plants, from bright flowers to
deep green leaves, provides rich layers of color and
Coloration
emotional expression to the environment, adding
vividness and energy.
The artistic Aesthetic
consistency The structural forms of plants, such as slender blades
dimension
of grass, meandering vines, and hard trunks, provide
Framework
a wealth of textures and shapes that inspire artistry
and design.
Environment
The overall appearance of the plants, including their
shape, size, and attitude, can influence their visual
Appearances impact on the environment, creating a sense of
natural beauty and elegance that harmonizes or
contrasts with their surroundings.

3.3. The Need for Integration of Sustainability and Plant Landscape Design for Green Spaces in
Marine Cities
The integration of sustainability in the design of planted landscapes for green spaces
in marine cities is not only a trend but also a necessity. With the increasingly significant
impacts of global climate change and rising sea levels, marine cities face unique challenges
such as coastal erosion, salt water intrusion, and ecosystem destruction. Against this
backdrop, integrating sustainability concepts into planted landscape design is essential
to protect and enhance the ecosystems of marine cities and improve their resilience to
climate change.
First, sustainable plant landscaping helps to enhance ecosystem services in marine
cities. By selecting native plant species that are salt- and wind-resistant, the natural
resilience of ecosystems can be enhanced, providing habitats for wildlife and maintaining
biodiversity. In addition, these plants improve the microclimate of the city by providing
necessary shade and cooling effects, thereby improving the quality of life for city residents.
Second, sustainable design supports the efficient management of water resources.
Marine cities often face a shortage of freshwater resources. Measures such as rainwater
harvesting and utilization and the creation of natural wetlands can not only reduce de-
pendence on freshwater resources but also effectively control flooding and reduce urban
runoff. These measures help to maintain the balance of the water cycle and improve the
self-sufficiency of cities.
Furthermore, sustainable plant landscaping helps enhance community cohesion and
environmental awareness. Through public participation, residents can be directly involved
in the planning and maintenance of planted landscapes, thereby increasing their awareness
of and participation in environmental protection. This sense of participation and identity is
crucial to the establishment of a sustainable community culture.
In addition, sustainable plant landscaping is an important contribution to urban
aesthetics. By creating diverse and attractive green spaces, it not only enhances the visual
aesthetics of cities but also provides places for recreation and entertainment, improving
mental health and quality of life.
Finally, sustainable plant landscaping is also an important means of addressing future
challenges. As the uncertainty of climate change increases, flexible and adaptable planting
can better cope with possible future environmental changes such as extreme weather events
and rising sea levels.
Plants 2024, 13, 923 8 of 20

In summary, integrating sustainability concepts into the design of green space planting
in marine cities not only enhances the ecological quality of the city and the quality of life of
its residents but also improves the city’s resilience in the face of environmental challenges,
making it a key strategy for the sustainable development of marine cities.

3.4. Evaluation Methodology

3.4.1. SBE Method
The SBE method is a method of evaluating the aesthetic quality of a forest stand. Color
photographs are used to represent the landscape of a forest stand, and a slide show is used
as the evaluation medium to ascertain the public’s preference for the forest stand in 3 steps.
Shooting and preparing color photos: First, representative forest stand landscapes
are selected and high-quality color photos are taken. These photos should show the
characteristics of the forest stand in a comprehensive way, including the types, sizes, and
forms of the trees, as well as elements such as understory vegetation and forest open spaces.
The photographs should be selected with consideration of the landscapes during different
seasons and times of day (e.g., morning, evening) to show the aesthetic characteristics of
the forest stand under different conditions.
Assembling a slide show and designing an evaluation questionnaire: The selected
color photographs should be made into a slide show format that is ready to be used in a
subsequent evaluation meeting or survey. At the same time, an evaluation questionnaire
containing criteria should be designed for evaluating the aesthetic quality of each slide,
including a survey of preferences which may include questions on the sense of naturalness,
harmony, diversity, etc., of the landscape.
Organize evaluation activities and collect data: One or more evaluation sessions should
be organized, and participants should be invited from different backgrounds (e.g., forestry
experts, local residents, tourists, etc.) to view the slides and fill out the questionnaire. In
this way, direct feedback from the general public on the aesthetic quality of the forest stand
is collected. The collected data are then analyzed to understand which forest stand features
are the most popular and which may need improvement.
Through these three steps, the SBE method enables an effective evaluation the aes-
thetic quality of forest stands, obtaining direct feedback from the public on their landscape
preferences for forest stands and providing a scientific basis for forest stand management
and planning. This approach places a special emphasis on public participation and multi-
faceted perspectives, helping to improve the overall aesthetic and ecological value of forest
stand landscapes.

3.4.2. Multi-Task Joint Design Process Modeling Study Using the SBE Method and Image
Descriptions
A multi-task joint design process modeling study employing the SBE method (scene-
based estimation) along with image descriptions involves the simultaneous generation
of scene understanding and image descriptions using deep learning techniques. The
basic principle of this approach is to combine the tasks of recognizing and describing
image contents and process them through a unified framework to improve the overall
performance and efficiency of the system. The components are multi-task learning, scene
understanding, image description generation, joint optimization, and cooperation between
attention mechanism and feature fusion. In the SBE method, scene understanding and
image description generation are considered related tasks, and both tasks are learned
simultaneously by sharing certain layers in a deep neural network. The scene elements in
the image are recognized and understood, and in the multi-task joint design, the generation
of image descriptions will utilize the deep semantic information provided by the scene
understanding task. The two tasks promote each other and jointly improve the performance
of the model, ensuring that the generated descriptions not only accurately reflect the image
content but are also rich and detailed.
 Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 20

Plants 2024, 13, 923 9 of 20

understanding task. The two tasks promote each other and jointly improve the perfor-
mance of the model, ensuring that the generated descriptions not only accurately reflect
the image
Shashacontent butintroduced
Lv [18] are also richthe
andresidual
detailed.network idea on the basis of the VGG-19 model
Shasha Lv [18] introduced the residual
and introduced the spatial attention mechanism network
andidea on the basis
the channel of themechanism.
attention VGG-19 They
model and introduced the spatial attention mechanism and the channel
also proposed the deep image aesthetic reviewer (DIAReviewer) model, which attention mecha-
realizes the
nism. They also proposed the deep image aesthetic reviewer (DIAReviewer) model, which
combination of the two tasks of the evaluation of the aesthetic quality and the description of
realizes the combination of the two tasks of the evaluation of the aesthetic quality and the
the image. The network structure of the DIAReviewer is shown in Figure 2. The image goes
description of the image. The network structure of the DIAReviewer is shown in Figure 2.
through an aesthetic feature extraction layer to extract information, attach it to a description
The image goes through an aesthetic feature extraction layer to extract information, attach
layer
it to a of aestheticlayer
description semantics, andsemantics,
of aesthetic output aanddescription result regarding
output a description the aesthetics of
result regarding
the image. of the image.
the aesthetics

Figure 2.
Figure 2.Diagram
Diagramofof
DIAReviewer network
DIAReviewer structure.
network structure.

4. A
4. A Case
CaseStudy
StudyofofEcological
EcologicalDesign for Planted
Design Landscapes
for Planted in Marine
Landscapes Urban Green
in Marine Urban
Green
Spaces Spaces
4.1. CaseSelection
4.1. Case SelectionCriteria
Criteriaandand Analysis
Analysis Methods
Methods
For the
For thestudy
studyofofthethe ecological
ecological design
design of plant
of plant landscaping
landscaping in marinein marine urban green
urban green
spaces, wanting
spaces, wanting to to realize
realizeits
itsapplication
applicationwith
withsustainable
sustainable concepts,
concepts, firstly, green
firstly, space
green space parks
parkstypical
with with typical characteristics
characteristics at home
at home and abroad
and abroad werewere
chosenchosen to analyze
to analyze and and re- These
research.
search. These were chosen to understand the ecosystems of plant types, water
were chosen to understand the ecosystems of plant types, water resources environments, resources
environments,
soil protection,soil protection,
ecosystem ecosystem and
restoration, restoration, and other dimensions,
other dimensions, and to provide and toa pro-
clear picture
vide a clear picture of the ecological design. This chapter will study, summarize, and draw
of the ecological design. This chapter will study, summarize, and draw conclusions based
conclusions based on the design process and technical realization of the application of
on the design process and technical realization of the application of plant landscaping
plant landscaping ecological design in the green spaces of marine cities.
ecological
The casedesign
studyin of the
this green spaces
research of marine
involves cities.
the design of the planted landscapes in urban
The case study of this research involves the design of
green spaces in marine cities. The case locations are selected thea planted
from landscapes
total of five domestic in urban
green spaces in marine cities. The case locations are selected from a total
and international seaside cities, shown in Table 3, including Republic of Korea, Singapore, of five domestic
and internationalDenmark,
the Netherlands, seaside cities, shown
and Spain. Theinabove
Tablesources
3, including Republic
of ecological of Korea, Singa-
information
pore, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Spain. The above sources of ecological information
regarding urban green spaces in marine cities include a literature survey and seaside
landscape survey.
 Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 20

Plants 2024, 13, 923 10 of 20

regarding urban green spaces in marine cities include a literature survey and seaside land-
scape survey.
Table 3. Ecological park cases.
Table 3. Ecological park cases.
No Park Name Nations
No Park Name Nations
A Seoul Han River Park Republic of Korea
A Seoul Han River Park Republic of Korea
B B GardensGardens
by theby the Bay
Bay Singaporean
Singaporean
C C Amsterdam
Amsterdam Park Park The Netherlands
The Netherlands
D D HabrerHabrer
Park Park Denmark
Denmark
E E Barcelona Riviera
Barcelona Green
Riviera Green Spanish
Spanish

4.2. Ecological
4.2. Ecological Case of
Case Studies Studies of Planted
Planted Landscapes
Landscapes in Marine in Urban
MarineGreen
UrbanSpaces
Green Spaces
Five representative
Five representative cases ofcases
marineof marine
urban greenurbanspaces
green were
spaces were ecologically
ecologically analyzedanalyzed
based on based on water
plants, plants,resources,
water resources,
soil, andsoil, and ecosystems
ecosystems to be interpreted
to be interpreted separately.separately.
Table 4 Table
shows the4 shows the ecological
ecological analysis
analysis of of the
the urban urban
green green
space forspace
Han for Han
River River
Park Park inThe
in Seoul. Seoul. The
vegetation type in the Hanjiang River Basin is a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. forest.
vegetation type in the Hanjiang River Basin is a subtropical evergreen broadleaf
ThroughThrough the influence
the influence of climatic
of climatic factors, subtropical
factors, subtropical evergreen evergreen
broadleafbroadleaf forests
forests are ever- are ev-
ergreen year-round and generally dark green. The forest phase is neat,
green year-round and generally dark green. The forest phase is neat, and the forest canopy and the forest can-
opy is microwave-like
is microwave-like undulation.undulation.
The height Theof theheight of the community
community is generallyisabout
generally about
15–20 m, 15–20
m, rarely
rarely more than 30more than
m, and the30 m, degree
total and the of total degreeisof
depression depression
0.7–0.9. is 0.7–0.9.
The following The following
summary
is drawn summary
from theisinvestigation
drawn fromof the
theinvestigation of the current
current ecological ecological
data of the park. data of the park.

Table 4. Table 4. Seoul

Seoul Han Han
River River Park.
Park.

Theplanting
The planting of of diverse
diverse native
native plants
plants andcreation
and the the creation of ecological
of ecological wetlandswetlands strengthens
strengthens the city’s the
city’s ecological network and enhances biodiversity. It provides its residents with
ecological network and enhances biodiversity. It provides its residents with a recreational space a recreational
OutlineOutline
space
that that to
is close is nature
close to and nature and demonstrates
demonstrates a model of
a model of ecological ecological
restoration andrestoration
sustainable and sustainable
development
development in in
thethe
city.city.

Photograph
Photograph

Diversenative
Diverse native plants,
plants, including
including perennial
perennial herbsherbs and native
and native tree species,
tree species, and vegetation
and vegetation unique to unique
Plant species
Plant species
to riparian ecosystems.
riparian ecosystems.
Naturalrainwater
Natural rainwater harvesting
harvesting and and filtration
filtration systems
systems areasused,
are used, as natural
well as well aspurification
natural purification
from
Water management
Water management
from riparian
riparian vegetation.
vegetation.
Useofofeco-engineering
Use eco-engineering methods
methods suchsuch as vegetative
as vegetative cover
cover and and natural
natural erosion
erosion control control to
measures measures
Soil protection
Soil protection
minimize soil erosion.
to minimize soil erosion.
Rebuildthe
Rebuild the natural
natural landscape
landscape ofriverbanks,
of the the riverbanks, enhance
enhance biodiversity,
biodiversity, and strengthen
and strengthen the functionthe
Ecosystem
Ecosystem restorationof the ecological corridor.
restoration
function of the ecological corridor.

Table 5 Table
shows5 the shows the ecological
ecological analysisanalysis of thegreen
of the urban urbanspace
greenfor
space for the Marina
the Marina Bay Bay
Gardens. The highlighted area within the Gardens by the
Gardens. The highlighted area within the Gardens by the Bay is the Supertree Grove.Bay is the Supertree Grove. The
Supertree
The Supertree Grove
Grove is ais forest
a forest
of of
1818 tree-like
tree-like structuresranging
structures rangingininheight
heightfrom
from2020toto 50 m.
50 m. Each tree is covered with a variety of climbing plants, epiphytes, and ferns,ferns,
Each tree is covered with a variety of climbing plants, epiphytes, and formingforming a
a vertical garden. The tops of the giant trees are equipped with photovoltaic cells thatthat ab-
vertical garden. The tops of the giant trees are equipped with photovoltaic cells
absorb sorb
solar solar
energy energy
duringduring the and
the day day and illuminate
illuminate themthem at night,
at night, whilewhile
the the crowns
crowns of of the
the treestrees actexhaust
act as as exhaustventsvents
thatthat
are are connected
connected to the
to the plant
plant greenhouses,
greenhouses, mimicking
mimicking thethe pho-
tosynthesis
photosynthesis and and respiration
respiration of trees.
of trees. At night,
At night, the Giant
the Giant Tree Forest
Tree Forest holds regular
holds regular light light
show performances that are colorful and spectacular. The following summary is derived
from a survey of the park’s current ecological data.
 Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20
Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20

show performances that are colorful and spectacular. The following summary is derived
Plants 2024, 13, 923 showaperformances
from survey of the that arecurrent
park’s colorfulecological
and spectacular.
data. The following summary
11 ofis
20derived
from a survey of the park’s current ecological data.
Table 5. Gardens by the Bay.
Table 5. Table 5. Gardens
Gardens by the Bay.
by the Bay.
Through the integration of an innovative eco-design and sustainable technologies, such as
Through
mega
Through
the integration
artificial
the integration
of an innovative
trees toofpromote eco-design
air purification
an innovative
and
as well
eco-design and as sustainable
water
sustainable
technologies,
recycling
technologies, systems sucheco-
and
such as mega
as
Outline
mega
wetlands,artificial
artificial trees
thetocity’s
trees to promote
ecological
promote air purification
infrastructure
air purification as well ashasas well
been
water as water recycling
strengthened,
recycling systems
biodiversity
systems and and
has the
eco-wetlands, eco-
been
OutlineOutline
wetlands,
city’s
enhanced, the
andcity’s
ecological ecological
infrastructure
the garden has infrastructure
has hasgreen
been strengthened,
become a unique been strengthened,
biodiversity has been
eco-artistic biodiversity
enhanced,
landscape thehas
inand the been
city.
garden
enhanced,has become
and thea garden
unique green eco-artistic
has become landscape
a unique in the
green city.
eco-artistic landscape in the city.

Photograph
Photograph
Photograph

Tropical plants and sustainable ecological landscapes that combine native and exotic plants to
Plant species
Tropical
create
Tropical plants
diverse
plants and sustainable
ecological
and ecological
environments.
sustainable ecological landscapes
landscapes that combine
that combine native
native and exoticand exotic
plants to plants to
Plant species
Plant species
create
create diverse
diverse ecological
ecological environments.
environments.
Efficient water recycling systems, including rainwater harvesting and recycling and water
Water management
Water management Efficientwater
features.
Efficient water recycling
recycling systems,
systems, including
including rainwater
rainwater harvesting
harvesting and and
and recycling recycling and water
water features.
Water management
features.
Utilize
Utilize ecological
ecological engineering
engineering andand
plantplant
covercover techniques
techniques to improve
to improve soiland
soil quality quality and reduce
Soil protection
Soil protection Utilize
erosion.
reduce ecological
erosion. engineering and plant cover techniques to improve soil quality and reduce
Soil protection
Ecosystem
Ecosystem restoration erosion.
restoration Create
Create multi-layered
multi-layered ecological
ecological spaces
spaces that promote
that promote biodiversity
biodiversity and aprovide
and provide wildlifeahabitat.
wildlife habitat.
Ecosystem restoration Create multi-layered ecological spaces that promote biodiversity and provide a wildlife habitat.
As shown in Table 6, an ecological analysis of urban green spaces was conducted for
As shown in Tablein6,Table
As Park.
shown an ecological analysisanalysis
6, ana ecological of urbanofgreen
urbanspaces
green was conducted for
Amstel The park has true tri-climate greenhouse that isspaces
dividedwas conducted
into for
three zones
Amstel Amstel
Park. The
Park.park has
The a true tri-climate
park has a true greenhouse
tri-climate that
greenhouse is divided into
thatVisitors three
is divided zones
with their own temperature, humidity, and air circulation. can into
walkthree zones
through a
with their own
with temperature,
their ownbush, humidity,
temperature, and air and
humidity, circulation.
air Visitors can walk
circulation. canthrough a
South African dry desert, and tropical jungle. LocatedVisitors walk
in the tropics, it isthrough
home toa
South African bush, dry desert, and tropical jungle. Located in the tropics, it is home to
South African
ancient palms andbush,thuja
dry trees.
desert, and tropical
Along with 23 jungle.
ancientLocated in thethere
or rare trees, tropics,
is a itcollection
is home of
to
ancient palms and thuja trees. Along with 23 ancient or rare trees, there is a collection of
ancient palms
carnivorous andand thuja trees.
medicinal Along
plants. Thewith 23 ancient
following or rare is
summary trees, therefrom
derived is a collection
a survey of
carnivorous and medicinal plants. The following summary is derived from a survey of
carnivorous
ecological and medicinal
information on theplants. The
current following
state summary is derived from a survey of
of the park.
ecological information on the current state of the park.
ecological information on the current state of the park.
Table 6. Amstel Park.
Table 6. Amstel Park.
Table 6. Amstel Park.
Amstel Park’s urban green space showcases ecological diversity through its unique tri-climate
Amstel
AmstelPark’s
Park’s
greenhouse, urban
urban green
providing aspace
green showcases
space ecological
showcases
cross-climatic travel diversity
ecological
experience through
diversity
from its unique
thethrough
South itstri-climate
unique
African tri-climate
bush and
greenhouse, providing a cross-climatic travel experience from the South African bush and desert to
desert to the tropical jungle. This design not only increases the richness of plant speciesand
greenhouse, providing a cross-climatic travel experience from the South African
the tropical jungle. This design not only increases the richness of plant species but also provides
bush but also
OutlineOutline
Outline visitors with opportunities to educate and explore different ecosystems. By maintaining ancient but also
desert
provides to the tropical
visitors with jungle. This
opportunitiesdesign
to not only
educate andincreases
explore the richness
different of plant
ecosystems. species
By
provides
maintaining
trees visitors
and rare with
ancient
plants, the opportunities
trees
parkand tothe
educate
rare plants,
emphasizes andemphasizes
the park
importance explore
of different
ecological the ecosystems.
importance
conservation By
andof ecological
sustainability.
maintaining ancient trees
conservation and sustainability. and rare plants, the park emphasizes the importance of ecological
conservation and sustainability.

Photograph
Photograph
Photograph

Focuson
Focus onplanting
planting native
native native
native plants,
plants, as as
as well well as wetland
wetland plants
plants that are that are to
adapted adapted
the to the
Plant species
Plant species Focus on planting native
watersideenvironment.
waterside environment. native plants, as well as wetland plants that are adapted to the
Plant species
waterside
The
The parkhas
park environment.
has a network
a network of water
of water systems,
systems, asas
as well well as a system
a system for the collection
for the natural natural collection
and and
Water management
Water management The park has a network
filtrationofofrainwater.
filtration rainwater. of water systems, as well as a system for the natural collection and
Water management
filtration
Use
Use natural
natural ofvegetation
rainwater.
vegetation cover
cover andand ecological
ecological engineering
engineering techniques
techniques to maintain
to maintain soil healthsoil health and
Soil protection
Soil protection
Use
and natural
stability.
stability. vegetation cover and ecological engineering techniques to maintain soil health and
Soil protection
Ecosystem restoration stability.
Restore the original wetland ecosystem and enhance biodiversity and ecological connectivity.
 Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 20

Ecosystem
Plants 2024, 13, 923 restoration Restore the original wetland ecosystem and enhance biodiversity and ecological connectivity.
12 of 20

Table 7 shows an ecological analysis of urban green spaces for Habler Park. Denmark
has a temperate
Table 7 shows oceanic climate
an ecological analysis with abundant
of urban rainfallfor
green spaces and hot and
Habler Park.humid conditions,
Denmark
resulting in a continuous, green, lush, multi-layered, dense jungle
has a temperate oceanic climate with abundant rainfall and hot and humid conditions, of herbs, vines, and
epiphytes.
resulting Many plants
in a continuous, try lush,
green, to grow upwards in order
multi-layered, densetojungle
obtainofmore sunlight.
herbs, vines, The
and follow-
ing summary
epiphytes. Many plantsis derived
try tofrom
growa survey
upwardsof the park’stocurrent
in order obtainecological data. The
more sunlight.
following summary is derived from a survey of the park’s current ecological data.
Table 7. Habrer Park.
Table 7. Habrer Park.
By extensively planting native plants and utilizing eco-friendly design principles, this park
restores the natural ecology at the edge of the city’s watershed and enhances the biodiversity of
By extensively planting native plants and utilizing eco-friendly design principles, this park restores
Outline thenatural
the area. At the same
ecology at thetime,
edge it
ofprovides citizens with
the city’s watershed a green space
and enhances that integrates
the biodiversity natural
of the area. At beauty
Outline
andsame
the recreational activities,
time, it provides demonstrating
citizens a successful
with a green space practice
that integrates of sustainable
natural ecological
beauty and recreational
activities,
development demonstrating
in the city.a successful practice of sustainable ecological development in the city.

Photograph
Photograph

Plant species
Plant species Emphasisisisplaced
Emphasis placedonon Nordic
Nordic native
native plants,
plants, including
including diversediverse herbs
herbs and and
hardy hardy trees.
trees.
Effective management of rainwater and surface water using sponge city principles, i.e., the use
Effective management of rainwater and surface water using sponge city principles, i.e., the use of
Water management
Water management of urban
urban structures
structures to absorb,
to absorb, store, infiltrate,
store, infiltrate, andrainwater
and purify purify rainwater
in order to in order
cope withtourban
cope with urban
floodingand
flooding andimprove
improve thethe water
water environment.
environment.
Organicfarming
Organic farming and
and natural
natural soil management
soil management practices
practices are usedare used to maintain
to maintain thebalance
the ecological ecological
Soil protection
Soil protection
balance
of the soil.of the soil.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem restoration Focus
restoration Focuson
onrestoring
restoring seaside
seaside ecosystems
ecosystems and upgrading
and upgrading urbaninfrastructure.
urban green green infrastructure.

Table 8 provides an ecological analysis of urban green spaces in Barcelona. Barcelona

Table 8 provides an ecological analysis of urban green spaces in Barcelona. Barcelona
has a Mediterranean climate with four distinct seasons that are hot and dry in the summer
has a Mediterranean climate with four distinct seasons that are hot and dry in the summer
and mild and rainy in the winter. The design of the park is dedicated to the vegetative
and mild and rainy in the winter. The design of the park is dedicated to the vegetative
characteristics of the Mediterranean region, taking into account the topography of the site
characteristics of the Mediterranean region, taking into account the topography of the site
and the local climatic influences. The Barcelona Botanical Garden combines Mediterra-
and the local climatic influences. The Barcelona Botanical Garden combines Mediterranean
nean landscapes, fractal geometric compositions, and materials with carefully chosen col-
landscapes, fractal geometric compositions, and materials with carefully chosen colors, all
ors, all of which make it a microcosm of the Mediterranean landscape that is reminis-
Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEERof which make it a microcosm of the Mediterranean landscape that is reminiscencent of the 13 of 20
REVIEWcencent of the Mediterranean agrarian landscape. The following summary is derived from
Mediterranean agrarian landscape. The following summary is derived from a survey of the
a survey of the current ecological data of the park.
current ecological data of the park.

Table 8. Table 8. Barcelona

Barcelona Waterfront
Waterfront Green Space.
Green Space.
By restoring and expanding native plant populations and creating multi-functional green
By restoring and expanding native plant populations and creating multi-functional green spaces
spaces and ecological corridors, the city not only enhances its biodiversity and green coverage
and ecological corridors, the city not only enhances its biodiversity and green coverage but also
OutlineOutline but also improves
improves the urban microclimate
the urban microclimate and
and provides its provides
residents itsaresidents
with with a pleasant
pleasant environment for
environment
recreation for recreation
and interaction, and interaction,
reflecting reflecting
the close integration the close
of urban integration
ecosystem of urban
management andecosystem
sustainable
management development.
and sustainable development.

Photograph
Photograph

Combination of Mediterranean plants and salt-tolerant plants for seaside

Plant species
environments.
Water management Adoption of water-saving irrigation systems and rainwater recycling techniques.
Soil protection Emphasize organic soil amendments and natural erosion control measures.
Restoration of riparian vegetation, enhancement of biodiversity, and utilization of
Ecosystem restoration native and adapted plant species have strengthened ecosystem stability and
Plants 2024, 13, 923 13 of 20

Table 8. Cont.

Combination of Mediterranean plants and salt-tolerant plants for

Plant species
seaside environments.
Water management Adoption of water-saving irrigation systems and rainwater recycling techniques.
Soil protection Emphasize organic soil amendments and natural erosion control measures.
Restoration of riparian vegetation, enhancement of biodiversity, and utilization of
Ecosystem restoration native and adapted plant species have strengthened ecosystem stability
and resilience.

4.3. Analytical Summary

As shown in Table 9, based on the results of the characterization of the five main cases,
a comparative analysis was carried out in which plant species, water management, soil
protection, and ecosystem restoration were all summarized separately.

Table 9. Comparative analysis of green space ecological design cases in marine cities.

Water Ecosystem
No Case Plant Species Soil Protection
Management Restoration
Seoul Han River Herbaceous and Collection and Promoting
A Resist corrosion
Park native species filtration systems biodiversity
Gardens by the Water circulation Promoting
B Tropical plants Resist corrosion
Bay system biodiversity
Collection and Promoting
C Amstel Park Wetland plants Organic food
filtration biodiversity
Upgrading urban
Herbaceous plants Irrigation and
D Habrer Park Organic food green
and hardy trees recycling
infrastructure
Enhancing
Barcelona Riviera Mediterranean and Irrigation and
E Resist corrosion ecosystem stability
Green salt-tolerant plants recycling
and resilience

Seoul’s Han River Park, Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay, Amstel Park in Amster-
dam, Copenhagen’s Habule Park, and Barcelona’s Seaside Green demonstrate diverse
strategies and practices for the ecological design of green spaces in different marine cities.
Seoul’s Han River Park focuses on the diversity of native plants and the use of natural
rainwater, emphasizing eco-engineering techniques to facilitate the restoration of riverbank
ecosystems. In contrast, Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay capitalizes on its tropical setting,
combining native and exotic plants to create ecological diversity and enhance ecosystem
services through efficient water recycling systems and eco-engineering techniques. Amstel
Park in Amsterdam and Habule Park in Copenhagen also emphasize native plant species
and natural water management, but while Amstel Park focuses more on wetland ecosystem
restoration and ecological connectivity, Habule Park enhances soil health and ecological
balance through sponge city principles and organic farming methods.
Barcelona’s waterfront green spaces, on the other hand, show how water management
and soil conservation can be optimized through plant species adapted to Mediterranean
environments and water-saving techniques. It also emphasizes organic soil amendments
and natural erosion control measures. Overall, these cases reflect a preference for native
and adapted plant species in the ecological design of urban green spaces. They also pro-
vide as a common focus on stormwater management and soil conservation techniques.
They each employ strategies that are appropriate for their particular climatic, cultural, and
environmental needs, demonstrating the important role of ecological design in enhanc-
Plants 2024, 13, 923 14 of 20

ing urban biodiversity, improving environmental quality, and increasing the well-being
of residents.
In marine urban green spaces, ecological design is important for promoting sustainable
urban development and ecological restoration, especially in special environments such
as marine cities, where biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecological balance and
improving ecosystem resilience. By studying successful cases, it is possible to learn how
to effectively integrate green spaces and urban environments to realize eco-services such
as rainwater management, air quality improvement, temperature regulation, etc. This
knowledge provides the necessary background to guide future sustainable urban planning
and design. In addressing climate change, the role of green space eco-design in mitigating
and adapting to climate change was emphasized, such as reducing the urban heat island
effect by increasing the urban green cover and using waterfront green spaces as a natural
barrier to mitigate the impacts of rising sea levels and extreme weather events. In terms of
improving the well-being of residents, it demonstrated how the creation of an environment
that is conducive to the physical and mental health of residents, including the reduction
of noise pollution, the provision of space for recreation and sports, and the enhancement
of community connectivity, can directly improve the quality of life of residents. In terms
of promoting technological and methodological innovations, the analysis emphasizes
the role of green space eco-design in mitigating and adapting to climate change. It also
stimulates innovations in new technologies and methods, such as smart irrigation systems,
eco-restoration techniques, and the integrated application of green infrastructure. In terms
of strengthening social and cultural values, it reveals how green space eco-design can
reinforce local characteristics and cultural identity, deepening residents’ sense of identity
and belonging to their living environment through the protection and display of native
plant species and historical landscapes.

5. Evaluation and Analysis of the Ecological Design of Plant Landscaping in Urban

Green Spaces
Six coastal towns within domestic and international marine cities such as Busan,
Qingdao, and Singapore were selected as case studies and were evaluated in conjunction
with aquatic plant landscaping patterns. Referring to the previous research results, the
landscape beauty level is divided into the following four levels: extremely unattractive,
unattractive, average, and beautiful. The corresponding scores are 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively,
and the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

5.1. SBE Evaluation System

The SBE evaluation system was modified to establish a suitable landscape quality
evaluation system, and the evaluation criteria and scoring basis are shown in Table 10.
The different modes of plant landscaping include the natural landscape mode, modern
landscape mode, Japanese landscape mode, and European landscape mode. Each of these
patterns has its own characteristics and is suitable for different scenarios and design needs.
The characteristic scores of four planted landscaping style patterns in six coastal towns
within domestic and international marine cities, including Busan, Qingdao, and Singapore,
were derived from 100 questionnaires and ranked and compared from 0.0 to 1.0. Eight
indicators including environmental safety; environmental accessibility; environmental
cleanliness; environmental order; plant species, colors, and seasonal variations; vegetation
ratio; vegetation growth status; and vegetation morphology were determined.
As can be seen from Figure 3, the score of the modern landscape based on the eight
indicators of environmental safety; environmental accessibility; environmental cleanliness;
environmental order; plant types, colors, and seasonal changes; vegetation proportions;
vegetation growth conditions; and vegetation form was poor. The indicator with the
lower score was environmental accessibility, with a score of approximately 0.242 points.
The highest evaluation index of the modern landscape was the proportion of vegetation,
with a score of approximately 0.92. The European-style, Japanese-style, and natural-style
Plants 2024, 13, 923 15 of 20

landscapes had relatively low scores based on the eight landscape characteristics evaluation
indicators. The scores for the eight evaluation indicators of the Japanese-style landscapes
were lower than 0.6, failing to reach a passing score. Therefore, the sample data regarding
the landscapes of ocean cities need to be improved.

Table 10. Measured landscape characteristics.

Landscape Score
Characteristic 0 1 2 3
Environmental order Messy General Neat
Environmental
Dirty Average Clean
cleanliness
Mix of plants for
Mostly artificial Most or all of the plants
Vegetation pattern All artificial vegetation artificial and seaside
vegetation for a seaside climate
climates
Vegetation growth Poor Average Better Very good
Proportion of
Unsuitable More suitable Suitable Very well suited
vegetation
Plant species, colors, Seasonal plants of 2–5 Seasonal, color-diverse
Single species 2–5 species of plants
and seasonal changes species plants of 2–5 species
Environmental
Inaccessible Harder to reach Average Easily accessible
accessibility
Environmental safety Dangerous Average Safe Very safe
Color richness
1 type 2 species 3 species 4 or more species
(excluding sky)
Visual openness Enclosed Average Open
Conformity of the
design concept to the Does not meet Average Conforming Perfect for needs
needs of an ocean city
Durability and
environmental Not durable or Durable but not Environmentally Durable and
friendliness of material environmentally environmentally friendly but not environmentally
quality and friendly friendly durable friendly
construction process
Comfort of use Not comfortable General Comfortable Very comfortable

The experiential characteristics were divided into five parts under the four plant
landscaping style patterns: comfort of use, durability and environmental friendliness of
the material quality and construction process, fit of design concepts with the needs of
the ocean city, openness of view, and richness of color. The results of the questionnaire
survey were analyzed. As can be seen from Figure 4, compared with the other styles,
the European-style landscape experience was generally good. However, the field of view
score of the European-style landscape was only about 0.42. The comfort of Japanese-style
landscaping as well as the durability and environmental friendliness of the material quality
and construction technology were poor, with scores of only about 0.12. However, this
landscape received a score of 0.72 in terms of its color richness. The overall rating of the
natural landscape was acceptable, but some of the landscape design concepts were not in
line with the needs of the ocean city. The maximum score was 3 points. Based on the data
reported in Figures 3 and 4, the existing ocean city landscape needs to be improved.
 and construction
and construction technology
technology werewere poor,
poor, with
with scores
scores of
of only
only about
about 0.12.
0.12. However,
However, this
this
landscape received
landscape received aa score
score of
of 0.72
0.72 in
in terms
terms of
of its
its color
color richness.
richness. The
The overall
overall rating
rating of
of the
the
natural landscape was acceptable, but some of the landscape design concepts
natural landscape was acceptable, but some of the landscape design concepts were not in were not in
Plants 2024, 13, 923 16 of 20
line with the needs of the ocean city. The maximum score was 3 points. Based
line with the needs of the ocean city. The maximum score was 3 points. Based on the dataon the data
reported in
reported in Figures
Figures 33 and
and 4,
4, the
the existing
existing ocean
ocean city
city landscape
landscape needs
needs to
to be
be improved.
improved.

European style
Japanese style
Environmental safety
Environmental safety Modern
Natural
Environmental accessibility
Environmental accessibility

Environmental cleanliness
Environmental cleanliness

Environmental order
Environmental order

tt species,
species, colors
colors and
and seasonal
seasonal variations
variations

Percentage of
Percentage of vegetation
vegetation

Vegetation growth
Vegetation growth

Vegetation pattern
Vegetation pattern

0.0
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1.0
1.0
Score
Figure
Figure 3.
Figure3. Landscape
3.Landscape scores
Landscapescores for
scoresfor environment
forenvironment and
environmentand vegetation.
andvegetation.
vegetation.

Comfort of
Comfort of use
use European style
style
European
Japanese style
Japanese style
Modern
Modern
Durability and
Durability and environmental
environmental friendliness
friendliness of
of Natural
Natural
characteristics
Landscape characteristics

material quality
material quality and
and construction
construction process
process

Degree of
Degree of compliance
compliance of
of the
the design
design concept
concept with
with
the needs
the needs of
of the
the ocean
ocean city
city
Landscape

Openness of
Openness of view
view

Color richness
Color richness (excluding
(excluding sky)
sky)

0.0
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1.0
1.0
Score
Score

Figure4.
Figure
Figure 4. Ratingsof
4.Ratings
Ratings ofthe
of theexperiential
the experientialaspects
experiential aspectsof
aspects ofthe
of thelandscape.
the landscape.
landscape.
5.2. Beauty Value of Different Configuration Modes
The results of the evaluation of the beauty of the three seasons of spring, summer, and
autumn in nine configuration modes and their rankings according to the average value of
the beauty of the three seasons are shown in Figure 3.
 Plants 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 20

5.2. Beauty Value of Different Configuration Modes

Plants 2024, 13, 923 The results of the evaluation of the beauty of the three seasons of spring, summer, 17 of 20
and autumn in nine configuration modes and their rankings according to the average
value of the beauty of the three seasons are shown in Figure 3.
Calculation method
Calculation method to to determine
determinethe thescenery’s
scenery’sbeauty
beautyvalue:
value: The
Theresearch results
research results
showthat
show thatthe
theweighted
weightedsummation
summationmethod
methodhas hascertain
certainrationality
rationality for
for the
the evaluation
evaluation of
of the
the scenery’s
scenery’s beauty.
beauty. Therefore,
Therefore, the weighted
the weighted summation
summation method
method is used
is used forfor
thethe calcula- of
calculation
tion
the of the scenery’s
scenery’s beauty beauty in this article.
in this article. The calculation
The calculation formula
formula is as follows:
is as follows:

10 n
10
S = 10
i 10 ×
Si = × 
∑
j =1 N
ij
(( nij ××jj)) (1) (1)
j =1
N
In the formula, Si is the beauty value of photo i, N is the total number of people
In the formula, Si is the beauty value of photo i, N is the total number of people who
who evaluated
evaluated it, andit,nand
ij is n
the
ij is the number
number of people
of people who gave
who gave a j-score
a j-score to photo
to photo i. i.
In order to improve the design of plant landscaping in ocean
In order to improve the design of plant landscaping in ocean cities, this cities, this article explores
article ex-
different plant configuration
plores different plant configuration modes that are
modes thatconsistent
are consistentwith thethe
with environmental
environmentalsurvival
sur-
ofvival
ocean citiescities
of ocean withwith the theaimaimof of
optimizing
optimizingthethecurrent ecologicaldesign
current ecological designof of ocean
ocean citycity
landscapes.
landscapes.Figure
Figure55shows
showsthe theaesthetic
aesthetic scores
scores of
of the
the seasonality
seasonality among the 9 configuration
configura-
tion patterns.
patterns. The aesthetics
The aesthetics of theofdifferent
the different landscaping
landscaping designs
designs shown shown in Figure
in Figure 5 sorted
5 are are
sorted according
according to their to their average
average score.
score. The The landscaping
landscaping of pureof pittosporum
pure pittosporum forestforest
cannotcan-
meet
notlandscaping
the meet the landscaping
principlesprinciples of seasonal
of seasonal changeschanges and diversified
and diversified tones, so tones,
thisso this con-
configuration
figuration
model model
has the has the
lowest score.lowest
The score. The best
best plant plant landscaping
landscaping is a mixtureis a of
mixture
Suaeda ofand
Suaeda
Salsa.
and Salsa.
Average Winter Fall Summer Spring
Pittosporum pure forest

Mixture between Suaeda and Ornithogalum thyrsoides

Sonneratia caseolaris pure forest

Configuration mode

Mixture between pittosporum and allium mongolicum regel

Mixture between sonneratia caseolaris and Seaweed

Mixture between allium mongolicum regel and sonneratia caseolaris

Mixture between sonneratia caseolaris and suaeda

Mixture between grapevine and pittosporum

Mixture between Suaeda and Salsa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Spring

Figure5.5. Evaluation
Figure values of
Evaluation values oflandscape
landscapebeauty
beautyininspring,
spring, summer,
summer, autumn,
autumn, andand winter
winter for for
ninenine
configurationmodes.
configuration modes.

6.6.Discussion
Discussion
6.1.
6.1.Research
Research Innovations and Significance
Innovations and Significance
First,
First, through an in-depth
through an in-depthanalysis
analysisofof
thethe existing
existing literature,
literature, this this
studystudy constructs
constructs a
atheoretical
theoreticalframework
framework on ecological landscape design. This framework
on ecological landscape design. This framework particularly em- particularly
emphasizes
phasizes thethe application
application of of
thethe concept
concept of of sustainable
sustainable development
development in plant
in plant landscaping
landscaping
ininmarine
marine urban
urban green spaces and
green spaces and provides
providesnew newtheoretical
theoretical guidance
guidance forfor
thethe design
design of of
marine urban green spaces. Second, this study adopts a comparative research methodology
to explore the influence of environmental factors on ecological design by analyzing the
plant landscaping strategies of green spaces in different seaside climates. It also proposes
adaptive design principles that provide specific operational guidelines for the ecological
design of marine urban green spaces. In addition, this study introduces the SBE stand
aesthetic quality assessment method, a new assessment tool for comprehensively measuring
the performance of planted landscapes under the dual criteria of aesthetics and ecology.
Plants 2024, 13, 923 18 of 20

The application of this method not only enriches the assessment toolbox for green space
design in marine cities but also provides a new evaluation perspective in the field of
landscape design.
In addition, this study’s exploration of an ecological approach to landscape design
under the concept of sustainable development is of great significance in promoting the
innovation and development of planted landscapes in marine urban green spaces. It not
only promotes the enhancement of ecological protection and biodiversity but also raises
people’s awareness of the importance of a sustainable living environment. It provides a
comprehensive assessment framework for the ecological design of marine urban green
spaces, combining quantitative and qualitative evaluation indicators and enabling design-
ers to better understand and assess the ecological and aesthetic effects of planted landscapes.
Through the comparative discussion in the case study section, this study not only reveals
the strengths and limitations of different design strategies but also provides an empirical
basis for future marine urban green space design. Finally, the findings and theoretical anal-
yses are summarized through a comprehensive analytical approach. This study provides
new ideas and strategies for the ecological design and sustainable development of marine
urban green spaces, and it is instructive for future research directions in related fields.

6.2. Research Limitations and Prospects

The feasibility of this study is mainly attributed to its adoption of a multi-methodological
research strategy. This not only permits an in-depth discussion of the ecological design
of planted landscapes in marine urban green spaces from different perspectives but also
enhances the comprehensiveness and depth of the study through the integrated use of
a literature review, comparative research methods, SBE forest stand aesthetic quality as-
sessment methods, and case studies. In particular, by introducing the SBE stand aesthetic
quality evaluation method, this study was able to comprehensively evaluate the ecological
and aesthetic effects of planted landscaping on both quantitative and qualitative bases,
which provided new assessment tools and perspectives for the design of green spaces
in marine cities. In addition, through case studies, this study not only demonstrates the
practical application of different design strategies but also compares and analyzes the
strengths and limitations of each case, thus providing an empirical basis and reference for
future ecological design practice.
However, this study also has certain limitations. First, although a multi-methodological
strategy was adopted, the number of cases studied is limited and may not be able to fully
represent the diversity of green space design in marine cities around the world. Secondly,
although the SBE forest stand aesthetic quality evaluation method provides a new tool for
the assessment of planted landscapes, the application of this method may be limited by the
subjective judgment of the evaluator, which affects the objectivity of the evaluation results.
In addition, this study mainly focuses on theoretical construction and case study analyses,
with less exploration of the specific problems and challenges that may be encountered
during practical operation and implementation.
To address the above limitations, future research directions can be developed based
on the following aspects. First, the scope of the case study can be expanded to include
more cases of marine urban green space designs in more countries and regions to improve
the universality and representativeness of the study. Secondly, future research can further
improve and optimize the SBE forest score aesthetic quality evaluation method, increase
the objective evaluation indexes, and reduce the influence of subjective judgment. In
addition, future research can also pay more attention to the implementation process and
effect assessment of ecological design, exploring how to overcome the challenges of design
and implementation in practice and how to effectively monitor and assess the long-term
effects of ecological design after implementation. Finally, in view of global challenges such
as climate change and accelerated urbanization, future research should also explore how
the design of green spaces in marine cities can be integrated with the overall sustainable
development strategy of the city to achieve wider ecological, social, and economic benefits.
Plants 2024, 13, 923 19 of 20

7. Conclusions
With the changes in social structures and conditions in China, the continuous im-
provements in people’s living standards, the continuous acceleration of urbanization, the
continuous expansion of urban areas into the suburbs and even to the countryside, the
diversion of rivers, the re-planning of lakes and green areas, etc., the present designs of
marine cities sometimes fail to satisfy the problems of marine environmental protection
and coastline planning. The design of urban landscapes is related to the work, life, leisure,
and entertainment of urban residents. Therefore, it is important to consider people’s liveli-
hoods when designing these projects. Applying urban concepts to urban landscape designs
ensures that the city meets the needs of its citizens in their daily lives. This is achieved by
alleviating the water cycle problems brought about by urbanization, providing an indis-
pensable transformation and implementation plan in the sustainable development of urban
planning. This paper analyzes the different landscapes in various cities, summarizes the
specific schemes of landscape transformation based on the design concepts of sponge cities,
and coordinates the balance between water cycle protection and landscape aesthetics based
on the specific design scheme of the urban landscape. This provides a complete perspective
on the diversification of landscape design based on the goal of not destroying the ecological
balance. In general, at the same time, economic development cannot ignore the structure of
the biological chain. To comply with the core idea of sponge city theory, the design of the
urban landscapes should be in line with the working life of the public while not destroying
the water system cycle.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization: J.Y.; methodology: J.Y.; formal analysis: J.Y.; investigation:
J.Y. and C.S.K.; writing—original draft preparation: J.Y.; writing—review and editing: J.Y. and
C.S.K.; supervision: J.Y. and C.S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading
Universities and Students (BK21 FOUR) MADEC Marine Designeering Education Research Group.
Data Availability Statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made
available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are
solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or
those of the publisher, the editors, or the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article,
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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