FEE Notes

Lecture-1
BEL101-Fundamental of Electrical and Electronics
Dr. Ajay Dagar
Indian Institute of Information Technology,

Sonepat, India
Session 2021-22, Sem-I

DC Circuits - Basic Concepts
• An electric circuit is an interconnection
of electrical elements.
• Charge is an electrical property of the

atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
Fig: A simple electric circuit

“The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither
be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic
sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.”
• Electric current is the time rate of change

of charge, measured in amperes (A).
Fig: Electric current due to ow of

electronic charge in a conductor.
fl
Current
• A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current

that varies sinusoidally with time.
Fig: Two common types of current: (a) direct current (dc),
(b) alternating current (ac).
Voltage
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy

required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
Fig: Polarity of voltage

Instantaneous Power
• Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).
Fig: Reference polarities for power using the

passive sign convention (a) absorbing power,
(b) supplying power.
“The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. For this
reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero.”
Circuit Elements
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits:
• Active Elements - generates energy. Example

generator, batteries, op-amps, etc.
• Passive Elements - they don’t. Example-resistor,
capacitor, inductor, etc
Active Elements
• Most Important Active Elements - Voltage Source and Current Source

• Two Kind of Sources - Independent Source and Dependent Source
Independent voltage sources: Independent An example of electric circuit with

(a) used for constant or time- current source independent voltage source
varying voltage, (b) used for
constant voltage (dc).
Dependent Sources
There are four possible types:
• A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

• A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
• A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
• A current-controlled current source (CCCS). Symbols for:
(a) dependent voltage source,
(b) dependent current source.
An example of current-controlled voltage source. An example of current-controlled current source.

Ohm’s Law
“It states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current i owing through the resistor.”
That is,
or,
• The constant of proportionality for a resistor to be the

resistance, R.
• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the
ow of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
Case 1: R = 0, short circuit
Case 2: R = ∞, open circuit

(a) Short circuit (R = 0),
(b) Open circuit (R =∞).
G is known as conductance
measured in mho (℧)
fl
fl
Nodes, Branches and Loops
• A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or

more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

• A loop is said to be independent if it contains a
branch which is not in any other loop
According to fundamental theorem of network topology:

Kirchho ’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s rst law is based on the law of conservation of charge, which requires that
the algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot change.
“Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering
a node (or a closed boundary) is zero”
Fig: Currents at a node Fig: Applying KCL to a closed

illustrating KCL. boundary.
ff
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Kirchho ’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the principle of conservation of energy.
“Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path(or loop) is zero”
Fig: A single-loop circuit illustrating

KVL.
ff
Lecture-2
BEL101-Fundamental of Electrical and Electronics
Dr. Ajay Dagar
Indian Institute of Information Technology,

Sonepat, India
Session 2021-22, Sem-I

Series Resistance and Voltage Division
• Applying Ohm’s law to each of the resistors,

we obtain
• If we apply KVL to the loop (moving in the

clockwise direction), we have
Fig: A single-loop circuit with two
resistors in series.
Fig: Equivalent circuit

Series Resistance and Voltage Division
“The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series

is the sum of the individual resistances”
• In previous example, we have
• In general, we have
Parallel Resistance and Current Division
• From Ohm’s law,
• Applying KCL at node a gives the total current i as

Fig: Two resistors in parallel
Fig: Equivalent circuit

Parallel Resistance and Current Division
“The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product

of their resistances divided by their sum”
• In case of N resistors, we have
• If , then
• In previous example, we have

Series and Parallel Conductance
• In case of N resistors in series, we have
Where,
• In case of N resistors in parallel, we have

DC Circuits - Basic Concepts Assignment Qs: Find Proofs?
Star/Wye - Delta Conversions
Fig: Star/Wye network Fig: Delta network Fig: Superposition of two networks
Star/Wye - Delta Conversions : An Example
Question : Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab in the

circuit and use it to nd current i.
Solution : In this circuit, there are two Y networks

and Δ one network
fi
AC Circuits - Basic Concepts
• Consider the sinusoidal voltage
If,
If,
Phasors
• A complex number z can be written in different
forms as
where
Phasors
Circuit Elements - Capacitor
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an

insulator (or dielectric).
C is the proportionality constant, known as capacitance

Fig: A typical capacitor
• i-v relationship is given by
Fig: A capacitor with applied

voltage v
Fig: Circuit symbols for capacitors: (a) xed capacitor, (b) variable capacitor.
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Circuit Elements - Inductor
• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
Fig. Typical form of an inductor.

L is the proportionality constant, known as inductance
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc.

• The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
Fig. Circuit symbols for inductors:

(a) air-core, (b) iron-core, (c) variable
iron-core.
Phasor Relationship - Resistor
• If the current through a resistor R is
Fig. Voltage-current
relations for a resistor in the:
(a) time domain, (b) frequency domain.
• The voltage-current relation for the resistor in the

phasor domain continues to be Ohm’s law, as in the
time domain.
Fig. Phasor diagram for the resistor.

Phasor Relationship - Inductor
• For the inductor L, assume the current through it is
relations for an inductor in the:
• The voltage and current are 90◦ out of phase.

Speci cally, the current lags the voltage by 90◦.
Fig. Phasor diagram for the inductor; I lags V.

fi
Phasor Relationship - Capacitor
• For the capacitor C, assume the voltage across it is
relations for a capacitor in the:
• The current and voltage are 90◦ out of phase.
To be speci c, the current leads the voltage by
90◦.
Fig. Phasor diagram for the capacitor; I leads V.

fi
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Lecture-1

BEL101-Fundamental of Electrical and Electronics

Dr. Ajay Dagar

Indian Institute of Information Technology,

Session 2021-22, Sem-I

• Charge is an electrical property of the

Fig: A simple electric circuit

• Electric current is the time rate of change

Fig: Electric current due to ow of

• An alternating current (ac) is a current

• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy

Fig: Polarity of voltage

Fig: Reference polarities for power using the

• Active Elements - generates energy. Example

• Most Important Active Elements - Voltage Source and Current Source

Independent voltage sources: Independent An example of electric circuit with

• A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

An example of current-controlled voltage source. An example of current-controlled current source.

“It states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly

• The constant of proportionality for a resistor to be the

Case 1: R = 0, short circuit

Case 2: R = ∞, open circuit

• A branch represents a single element such as a

• A node is the point of connection between two or

• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

According to fundamental theorem of network topology:

Fig: Currents at a node Fig: Applying KCL to a closed

• Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

Fig: A single-loop circuit illustrating

BEL101-Fundamental of Electrical and Electronics

Dr. Ajay Dagar

Indian Institute of Information Technology,

Session 2021-22, Sem-I

• Applying Ohm’s law to each of the resistors,

• If we apply KVL to the loop (moving in the

Fig: Equivalent circuit

“The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series

• In previous example, we have

• From Ohm’s law,

• Applying KCL at node a gives the total current i as

Fig: Equivalent circuit

“The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product

• In case of N resistors, we have

• In previous example, we have

• In case of N resistors in series, we have

• In case of N resistors in parallel, we have

Star/Wye - Delta Conversions

Question : Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab in the

Solution : In this circuit, there are two Y networks

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an

C is the proportionality constant, known as capacitance

Fig: A capacitor with applied

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

Fig. Typical form of an inductor.

• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc.

Fig. Circuit symbols for inductors:

• If the current through a resistor R is

• The voltage-current relation for the resistor in the

Fig. Phasor diagram for the resistor.