(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Exercise - 1
SECTION - A
ORDER/DEGREE
2
dy 3 d3 y
1. The order and degree of the differential equation (1 + 3 dx) = 4 dx3 are
2
(A) 1, 3 (B) 3,1 (C) 1,2 (D) 3,3

3 dy d2 y
2. The order and degree of the differential equation √ −4 − 7x = 0 are a and b, then a + b is
dx dx2

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

2/3
d3 y d2 y dy
3. The degree of the differential equation (dx3 ) + 4 − 3 dx2 + 5 dx = 0 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None

SECTION – B
FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4. The differential equation of the family of curves represented by y = a + bx + c e−x (where a, b, c
are arbitrary constants) is
(A) y ′′′ = y ′ (B) y ′′′ + y ′′ = 0
(C) y ′′′ − y ′′ + y ′ = 0 (D) y ′′′ + y ′′ − y ′ = 0

5. The differential equation whose solution is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2 is (where a is a constant)

3 2 3
dy 2 d2 y dy 2 d2 y
(A) [1 + (dx) ] = a2 (dx2 ) (B) [1 + (dx) ] = a2 dx2

3 2 2 2
dy d2 y dy 3 d2 y
(C) [1 + (dx)] = a2 (dx2 ) (D) [1 + (dx) ] = a2 (dx2 )

6. The differential equation representing all line at a distance p from the origin is-
dy dy 2 dy 2 dy 2
(A) (x 2 + y 2 ) dx = 2y {x − p (dx) } (B) (x dx − y) − p2 {1 + (dx) } = 0
dy dy dy dy dx
(C) (x dx − y) (p dx + x dx) = 0 (D) (x − y) (dx − dy) = 0

d2 y dy
7. If y = e(K+1)x is a solution of differential equation dx2 − 4 dx + 4y = 0, then k equals

(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

SECTION – C
APNI KAKSHA 1
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
8. The solution to the differential equation yℓny + xy ′ = 0, where y(1) = e, is
x2
(A) x(ℓny) = 1 (B) xy(ℓny) = 1 (C) (ℓny)2 = 2 (D) ℓny + ( 2 ) y = 1

xdy y
9. The solution of x2+y2 = (x2 +y2 − 1) dx is

(A) y = xcot(c − x) (B) cos−1 y/x = −x + c

(C) y = xtan(c − x) (D) y 2 /x 2 = xtan(c − x)

10. The solution of the differential equation dy = sec 2 xdx is

(A) y = secx tanx + c (B) y = 2secx + c
1
(C) y = 2 tanx + c (D) None of these

dy
11. The solution of the differential equation dx = (1 + x)(1 + y 2 ) is-

(A) y = tan(x 2 + x + c) (B) y = tan(2x 2 + x + c)

x2
(C) y = tan(x 2 − x + c) (D) y = tan ( 2 + x + c)

12. The general solution of the differential equation, y ′ + yϕ′ (x) − ϕ(x) ⋅ ϕ′ (x) = 0 where ϕ(x) is a
known function is
(A) y = ce−ϕ(x) + ϕ(x) − 1 (B) y = ceϕ(x) + ϕ(x) + K
(C) y = ce−ϕ(x) − ϕ(x) + 1 (D) y = ce−ϕ(x) + ϕ(x) + K
SECTION -D
HOMOGENEOUS
13. The solution of the differential equation (x 2 + y 2 )dx = 2xy dy is
(A) x = c(x 2 + y 2 ) (B) x = c(x 2 − y 2 )
(C) x + c(x 2 + y 2 ) = 0 (D) y = c(x 2 − y 2 )

dy y
14. The solution of the equation x dx = y − xtan (x) is-
x
(A) x sin (y) + c = 0 (B) x siny + c = 0
y x
(C) x sin (x) = c (D) x sin (y) − c = 0

APNI KAKSHA 2
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy
15. The solution of the differential equation x dx = y(logy − logx + 1) is

(A) y = xecx (B) y + xecx = 0

(C) y + ex = 0 (D) None of these

dy
16. The solution of the differential equation x 2 dx = x 2 + xy + y 2 is
y y
(A) tan−1 (x) = logx + c (B) tan−1 (x) = −logx + c
y x
(C) sin−1 (x) = logx + c (D) tan−1 (y) = logx + c

SECTION – E
LINEAR FIRST ORDER
dy
17. The solution of the equation x dx + 3y = x is-
x4 x4
(A) x 3 y + +c=0 (B) x 3 y = +c
4 4
x4 x4
(C) x 3 y + =0 (D) y 3 x = +c
4 4

18. The solution of (1 + y 2 )dx = (tan−1 y − x)dy is -

−1 y −1 y −1 y
(A) xetan = etan (tan−1 y − 1) + c (B) xetan = (tan−1 y + 1) − c
−1 y −1 y −1 y
(C) xetan = (tan−1 y − 1) + c (D) xetan = etan (tan−1 y) + c

dy
19. The solution of the differential equation (2x − 10y 3 ) dx + y = 0 is

(A) x + y = ce2x (B) y 2 = 2x 3 + c (C) xy 2 = 2y 5 + c (D) x(y 2 + xy) = 0

dy
20. The solution of the differential equation + y = cosx is-
dx

(A) y = 1/2(cosx + sinx) + ce−x (B) y = 1/2(cosx − sinx) + ce−x

(C) y = cosx + sinx + ce−x (D) y = cosx + sinx + cex

dy y
21. The solution of the differential equation, dx + x = x 2 is-
1
(A) 4xy = x 4 + c (B) xy = x 4 + c (C) 4 xy = x 4 + c (D) xy = 4x 4 + c

22. Number of values of m ∈ N for which y = emx is a solution of the differential equation
D3 y − 3D2 y − 4Dy + 12y = 0 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2

APNI KAKSHA 3
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

23. The value of the constant ' m ' and ' c ' for which y = mx + c is a solution of the differential
equation D2 y − 3Dy − 4y = −4x
(A) is m = −1, c = 3/4
(B) is m = 1, c = 3/4
(C) no such real m, c
(D) is m = 1, c = −3/4
dy 1−x
24. The general solution of the differential equation dx = is a family of curves which looks most
y

like which of the following?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

SECTION – F
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
25. Solution of sec 2 x tany dx + sec 2 y tanx dy = 0 is
(A) tanx tany = C (B) tanx/tany = C
(C) secx secy = C (D) tany/tanx = C

26. Solution of y logydx − xdy = 0 is

(A) y = ecx (B) y = e−cx (C) y = logx (D) None

27. Solution of x cosy dy = (x ex logx + ex )dx is

(A) siny = logx + c (B) siny = e−x logx + c
(C) siny = ex logx + c (D) None

SECTION – G
ORTHOGONAL AND ISOGONAL CURVES
28. The differential equation representing the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
xy = k 2 is
(A) xdy − ydx = 0 (B) xdy + ydx = 0 (C) xdx − ydy = 0 (D) xdx + ydy = 0
SECTION - H

APNI KAKSHA 4
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
MIXED PROBLEMS
29. Which one of the following curves represents the solution of the initial value problem
Dy = 100 − y where y(0) = 50

(A) (B) (C)

30. Which of the following transformation reduce the differential equation

dz z z du
+ x logz = x2 (logz)2 into the form dx + P(x)u = Q(x) ?
dx

(A) u = logz (B) u = ez (C) u = (logz)−1 (D) u = (logz)2

APNI KAKSHA 5
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exercise - 2 (Level-I)
ORDER/DEGREE
1. The degree and order of the differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is X -
axis, are respectively-
(A) 2,3 (B) 2,1 (C) 1,2 (D) 3,2

2. The differential equation representing the family of curves y 2 = 2c(x + √c), where c > 0, is a
parameter, is of order and degree as follows -
(A) order 1, degree 2 (B) order 1, degree 1
(C) order 1, degree 3 (D) order 2, degree 2

3. The differential equation whose solution is Ax 2 + By 2 = 1, where A and B are arbitrary

constants is of -
(A) first order and second degree (B) first order and first degree
(C) second order and first degree (D) second order and second degree

4. Which of the following differential equations has the same order and degree?
4
d4 y dy 6 d3 y dy 2
(A) dx4 + 8 (dx) + 5y = ex (B) 5 (dx3 ) + 8 (1 + dx) + 5y = x 8
2/3
dy 3 d3 y dy dy 2
(C) [1 + (dx) ] =4 (D) y = x 2 dx + √1 + (dx)
dx3

FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

5. The differential equation, which represents the family of plane curves y = ecx , is-
(A) y ′ = cy (B) xyy ′ − logy = 0
(C) xlogy = yy ′ (D) ylogy = xy ′

6. The differential equation for the family of curves x 2 + y 2 − 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary
constant is
(A) 2(x 2 − y 2 )y ′ = xy (B) 2(x 2 + y 2 )y ′ = xy
(C) (x 2 − y 2 )y ′ = 2xy (D) (x 2 + y 2 )y ′ = 2xy

APNI KAKSHA 6
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
7. The differential equation 2xy dy = (x 2 + y 2 + 1)dx determines
(A) A family of circles with centre on x-axis
(B) A family of circles with centre on y-axis
(C) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on x-axis
(D) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on y-axis
VARIABLE SEPARABLE
y−1
8. The equation of the curve through the point (1,0), whose slope is x2 +x, is-

(A) (y − 1)(x + 1) + 2x = 0 (B) 2x(y − 1) + x + 1 = 0

(C) x(y − 1)(x + 1) + 2 = 0 (D) x(y + 1) + y(x + 1) = 0

9. The solution of the differential equation ydx + (x + x 2 y)dy = 0 is-

1 1
(A) − xy = C (B) − xy + logy = C
1
(C) xy + logy = C (D) logy = Cx

10. A curve passing through (2,3) and satisfying the differential equation
x
∫ 0
ty(t) dt = x 2 y(x), (x > 0) is
9 x2 y2
(A) x 2 + y 2 = 13 (B) y 2 = 2 x (C) + 18 = 1 (D) xy = 6
8

11. The solution of x 2 dy − y 2 dx + xy 2 (x − y)dy = 0 is

x−y y2 xy x2
(A) ℓn | xy | = +c (B) ℓn |x−y| = +c
2 2

x−y x2 x−y
(C) ℓn | xy | = +c (D) ℓn | xy | = x + c
2

x
12. If ∫ a
t y(t) dt = x 2 + y(x) then y as a function of x is
x2−a2 x2−a2
(A) y = 2 − (2 + a2 )e 2 (B) y = 1 − (2 + a2 )e 2

x2−a2 x2+a2
(C) y = 2 − (1 + a2 )e 2 (D) ) y = 2 + (2 + a2 )e 2

HOMOGENEOUS
dy
13. If x dx = y(logy − logx + 1), then the solution of the equation is -
x y
(A) ylog ( ) = cx (B) xlog ( ) = cy
y x
y x
(C) log (x) = cx (D) log (y) = cy

APNI KAKSHA 7
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
14. The solution of the differential equation (x 2 − y 2 )dx + 2xy dy = 0 is-
(A) x 2 + y 2 = cx (B) x 2 − y 2 + cx = 0
(C) x 2 + 2xy = y 2 + cx (D) x 2 + y 2 = 2xy + cx 2

15. The equation of the curve passing through origin and satisfying the differential equation
dy
= sin(10x + 6y) is
dx
1 5tan4x 5x 1 5tan4x 5x
(A) y = 3 tan−1 (4−3tan4x) − (B) y = 3 tan−1 (4+3tan4x) −
3 3
1 3+tan4x 5x 1 tan4x 5x
(C) y = 3 tan−1 (4−3tan4x) − (D) ) y = 3 tan−1 (4−3tan4x) −
3 3

π y y
16. A curve passes through the point (1, 4 ) & its slope at any point is given by − cos2 (x). Then
x

the curve has the equation

e
(A) y = xtan−1 (ln x) (B) y = xtan−1 (ℓn + 2)
1 e
(C) y = x tan−1 (ln x) (D) none

1
17. A function f(x) satisfying ∫0 f(tx)dt = nf(x), where x > 0, is
1−n n
(A) f(x) = c ⋅ x n (B) f(x) = c ⋅ x n−1
1
(C) f(x) = c ⋅ x n (D) f(x) = c ⋅ x (1−n)

dy 1+cos2y
18. The general solution of the differential equation dx + 1−cos2x = 0, is given by-

(A) tany + cotx = c (B) tany − cotx = c

(C) tanx − coty = c (D) tanx + coty = c

dy xy
19. The solution of the differential equation dx = x2 +y2 is-
2 /y2
(A) ay 2 = ex (B) ay = ex/y (C) ay = e−x/y (D) None

LINEAR FIRST ORDER

−1 y dy
20. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y 2 ) + (x − etan ) dx = 0, is-
−1 y −1 y −1 y
(A) x e2tan = etan +k (B) (x − 2) = k e−tan
−1 y −1 y −1 y
(C) 2x etan = e2tan +k (D) x etan = tan−1 y + k

APNI KAKSHA 8
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
21. The solution of the differential equation, ex (x + 1)dx + (yey − xex )dy = 0 with initial condition
f(0) = 0, is
(A) x ex + 2y 2 ey = 0 (B) 2x ex + y 2 ey = 0
(C) x ex − 2y 2 ey = 0 (D) 2x ex − y 2 ey = 0

dy
22. The solution of y 5 x + y − x dx = 0 is

(A) x 4 /4 + 1/5(x/y)5 = C (B) x 5 /5 + (1/4)(x/y)4 = C

(C) (x/y)5 + x 4 /4 = C (D) (xy)4 + x 5 /5 = C

dy 1 1
23. The solution of the differential equation, x 2 dx ⋅ cos x − ysin x = −1, where y → −1 as x → ∞ is
1 1 x+1
(A) y = sin x − cos x (B) y = 1
xsin
x

1 1 x+1
(C) y = cos x + sin x (D) y = 1
xcos
x

dy
24. The solution of dx + y tanx = secx is-

(A) y secx = tanx + c (B) y tanx = secx + c

(C) tanx = y tanx + c (D) x secx = y tany + c

dy
25. The solution of the equation dx + y tanx = x m cosx is-

(A) (m + 1)y = x m+1 cosx + c(m + 1)cosx

(B) my = (x m + c)cosx
(C) y = (x m+1 + c)cosx
(D) None of these

dy 3x2 sin2 x
26. The solution of the differential equation dx + 1+x3 y = is -
1+x3

(A) y(1 + x 3 ) = x + 1/2sin2x + c (B) y(1 + x 3 ) = cx + 1/2sin2x

x 1
(C) y(1 + x 3 ) = cx − 1/2sin2x (D) y(1 + x 3 ) = 2 − 4 sin2x + c

27. The solution of the equation (1 − x 2 )dy + xydx = xy 2 dx is-

(A) (y − 1)2 (1 − x 2 ) = 0 (B) (y − 1)2 (1 − x 2 ) = c 2 y 2
(C) (y − 1)2 (1 + x 2 ) = c 2 y 2 (D) None of these

APNI KAKSHA 9
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
28. Solve the differential equation (2xy − 3x 2 )dx + (x 2 − 2y)dy = 0
(A) x 2 y − x 3 − y 2 = c (B) x 2 y + x 3 + y 2 = c
(C) x 2 y + x 3 − y 2 = c (D) None of these

29. Find the particular solution of (cosx − xsinx + y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0

that satisfies the initial condition y = 1 when x = π
(A) xy 2 + x cosx = 0 (B) xy 2 − x cosx = 0
(C) xy 2 + x sinx = 0 (D) x 2 y + x sinx = 0
ORTHOGONAL AND ISOGONAL CURVES
30. Orthogonal trajectories of family of the curve x 2/3 +y 2/3 = a2/3 , where a is any arbitrary
constant, is
(A) x 2/3 − y 2/3 = c (B) x 4/3 − y 4/3 = c (C) x 4/3 + y 4/3 = c (D) x1/3 − y1/3 = c

31. The curve for which the normal at any point (x, y) and the line joining origin to that point form
an isosceles triangle with the x-axis as base is
(A) an ellipse (B) a rectangular hyperbola
(C) a circle (D) pair of lines
MIXED PROBLEMS
32. A curve C passes through origin and has the property that at each point (x, y) on it the normal
line at that point passes through (1,0). The equation of a common tangent to the curve C and
the parabola y 2 = 4x is
(A) x = 0 (B) y = 0 (C) y = x + 1 (D) x + y + 1 = 0

33. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is
known that the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to the square root of water
depth y, where the constant of proportionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration due to gravity
and the geometry of the hole. If t is measured in minutes and k = 1/15 then the time to drain
the tank if the water is 4 meter deep to start with is
(A) 30 min (B) 45 min (C) 60 min (D) 80 min

APNI KAKSHA 10
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
x
34. If y = ℓn|cx| (where c is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution of the differential equation
dy y x x
= x + ϕ (y) then the function ϕ (y) is
dx

x2 x2 y2 y2
(A) y2 (B) − y2 (C) x2 (D) − x2

dy dy 2
35. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential equation dx + x (dx) − y = 0 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

36. If f ′′ (x) + f ′ (x) + f 2 (x) = x 2 be the differential equation of a curve and let P be the point of
maxima then number of tangents which can be drawn from point P to x 2 − y 2 = a2 is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) either 1 or 2

d2 y dy
37. If y = e(K+1)x is a solution of differential equation dx2 − 4 dx + 4y = 0, then k equals

(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

APNI KAKSHA 11
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exercise - 2 (Level-II)
ORDER/DEGREE
d2 y dy
1. The differential equation dx2 + dx + siny + x 2 = 0 is of the following type

(A) linear (B) homogeneous (C) order two (D) degree one
FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
d2 y dy
2. Let y = (A + Bx)e3x be a solution of the differential equation dx2 + m dx + ny = 0, m, n ∈ I, then

(A) m + n = 3 (B) n2 − m2 = 64 (C) m = −6 (D) n = 9

VARIABLE SEPARABLE
dy y
3. y = ae−1/x + b is a solution of dx = x2 then

(A) a ∈ R (B) b = 0
(C) b = 1 (D) a takes finite number of values
HOMOGENEOUS
4. Which one of the following is homogeneous function?
x−y
(A) f(x, y) = x2 +y2
1 2
x
(B) f(x, y) = x 3 ⋅ y −3 tan−1 y

(C) f(x, y) = x(ℓn√x 2 + y 2 − ℓny) + yex/y

2x2 +y2 x+2y
(D) f(x, y) = x [ln − ln(x + y)] + y 2 tan (3x−y)
x

LINEAR FIRST ORDER

5. The graph of the function y = f(x) passing through the point (0,1) and satisfying the
dy
differential equation dx + y cosx = cosx is such that

(A) it is a constant function

(B) it is periodic
(C) it is neither an even nor an odd function
(D) it is continuous & differentiable for all x.
dy
6. The solution of (dx) (x 2 y 3 + xy) = 1 is
2 /2
(A) 1/x = 2 − y 2 + C e−y
(B) the solution of an equation which is reducible to linear equation.
(C) 2/x = 1 − y 2 + e−y/2
1−2x 2 /2
(D) = −y 2 + Ce−y
x

APNI KAKSHA 12
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy 2
7. The equation of the curve passing through (3,4)& satisfying the differential equation, y (dx) +
dy
(x − y) dx − x = 0 can be

(A) x − y + 1 = 0 (B) x 2 + y 2 = 25
(C) x 2 + y 2 − 5x − 10 = 0 (D) x + y − 7 = 0

dy 2 4
8. The orthogonal trajectories of the system of curves (dx) = x are
−x3/2
(A) 9(y + c)2 = x 3 (B) y + c = 3
x3/2
(C) y + c = (D) all of these
3

MIXED PROBLEMS
9. The solution of the differential equation
dy 2 dy x
( ) − (e + e−x ) + 1 = 0 is
dx dx
(A) y + e−x = c (B) y − e−x = c (C) y + ex = c (D) y − ex = c

10. The function f(x) satisfying the equation, f 2 (x) + 4f ′ (x) ⋅ f(x) + [f ′ (x)]2 = 0 is
(A) f(x) = c ⋅ e(2−√3)x (B) f(x) = c ⋅ e(2+√3)x
(C) f(x) = c ⋅ e(√3−2)x (D) f(x) = c ⋅ e−(2+√3)x

11. Let C be a curve such that the normal at any point P on it meets x-axis and y-axis at A and B
respectively. If BP: PA = 1: 2 (internally) and the curve passes through the point (0,4), then
which of the following alternative(s) is/are correct?
(A) The curve passes through (√10, −6)
(B) The equation of tangent at (4,4√3) is 2x + √3y = 20
(C) The differential equation for the curve is yy ′ + 2x = 0
(D) The curve represent a hyperbola.

APNI KAKSHA 13
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exercise – 3
Subjective
1. State the order & degree of the following differential equations:
3 3/2
d2 x dx 4 d2 y dy 2
(i) [ dt2 ] + [ dt ] − xt = 0 (ii) dx2 = [1 + (dx) ]

ln(secx+tanx) ln(secy+tany)
2. dx = dy
cosx cosy

dy √(x2 −1)(y2 −1)

3. + =0
dx xy

dy
4. = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
dx

5. e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0, y = 3

6. (x − y 2 )dx + 2xy dy = 0

dy tany
7. − = (1 + x)ex secy
dx 1+x

dy ey 1
8. = x2 − x
dx

dy y2 −x
9. = 2y(x+1)
dx

dy
10. = ex−y (ex − ey )
dx

xdy−ydx
11. xdy + ydx + =0
x2 +y2

dy x2 +xy
12. (a) dx = x2 +y2 (b) (x 3 − 3xy 2 )dx = (y 3 − 3x 2 y)dy

dy
13. Use the substitution y 2 = a − x to reduce the equation y 3 ⋅ dx + x + y 2 = 0 to homogeneous

form and hence solve it.

APNI KAKSHA 14
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
y y y y dy
14. [xcos x + ysin x] y = [ysin x − xcos x] x dx

15. (x − y)dy = (x + y + 1)dx

dy x+y+1
16. = 2x+2y+3
dx

17. Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary
point is equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point.
y
−1
√x 2 + y 2 = ce±tan x

18. Let f(x, y, c1 ) = 0 and f(x, y, c2 ) = 0 define two integral curves of homogeneous first order
differential equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with
an arbitrary line, y = mx then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.

y
19. Let y = y(t) be a solution to the differential equation y ′ + 2ty = t 2 , then find Limt→∞ t .

dy
20. (1 − x 2 ) + 2xy = x(1 − x 2 )1/2
dx

21. (1 + y 2 )dx = (tan−1 y − x)dy

dy
22. − yln2 = 2sinx ⋅ (cosx − 1)ln2, y being bounded when x → +∞.
dx

dy
23. Consider the differential equation, dx + P(x)y = Q(x)
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general
solution of the same equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If α and β are constants such that the linear combinations α ⋅ u(x) + β ⋅ v(x) is a solution of
the given equation, find the relation between α and β.
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio

v(x) − u(x)
.
w(x) − u(x)

24. (1 − x 2 )2 dy + (y√1 − x 2 − x − √1 − x 2 )dx = 0.

APNI KAKSHA 15
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy
25. Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x (1-x ℓ ny). dx + y = 0 which passes
1
through (1, e)

26. A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two litres of brine each litre containing 5 gm of
dissolved salt are run into tank per minute; the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and runs
out at the rate of one litre per minute. If ' m ' grams of salt are present in the tank after t minute,
express ' m ' in terms of t and find the amount of salt present after 10 minutes.

27. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant
dy
length k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y dx = ±√k 2 − y 2 .

Find the equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).

28. Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point
is proportional to the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality
factor is equal to k.

29. Find the curve y = f(x) where f(x) ≥ 0, f(0) = 0, bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the
base [0, x ] whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f(x). It is known that f(1) = 1.

30. Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to
its abscissa.

31. The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror
of a search light are reflected as beam parallel to the x-axis. Show that the surface is parabolic,
by first forming the differential equation and then solving it.

32. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa
of the point of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which
passes through (1,1).

33. Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the y-axis at the point equidistant from the
point of tangency and the origin.
APNI KAKSHA 16
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

34. Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the co-ordinate axes, ordinate of
an arbitrary point and the tangent at this point equals half the square of its abscissa.

35. Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin if the middle point of the segment of
its normal from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the parabola 2y 2 = x.

36. A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the curve on the x-axis meets the x-axis at A. Length
of the perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is equal to ' a '. If this curve cuts the y-axis
orthogonally, find the equation to all possible curves, expressing the answer explicitly.

37. Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies
as cube of the abscissa of the point of contact.

38. Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when ' a ' is the parameter.
(i) y = a x 2
(ii) cosy = a e−x
(iii) x k + y k = ak
(iv) Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of rectangular hyperbolas x 2 − y 2 = a2 which
makes with it an angle of 45∘ .

39. The population P of a town decreases at a rate proportional to the number by which the
population exceeds 1000 , proportionality constant being k > 0. Find
(a) Population at any time t, given initial population of the town being 2500 .
(b) If 10 years later the population has fallen to 1900 , find the time when the population will
be 1500 .
(c) Predict about the population of the town in the long run.

40. It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given
instant. Find the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0, the mass
of the radius was m0 and during time t 0 α% of the original mass of radium decay.

APNI KAKSHA 17
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
41. Let the function lnf(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x ≥ 2 and k is fixed positive real number,
d
prove that if dx (x. f(x)) ≤ −kf(x) then f(x) ≤ Ax − 1−k where A is independent of x.

42. Find the differentiable function which satisfies the equation

x x
f(x) = − ∫ f(t)tant dt + ∫ tan(t − x)dt where x ∈ (−π/2, π/2)
0 0

π π
43. Find all functions f(x) defined on (− 2 , 2 ) with real values and has primitive F(x) such that
sin2x
f(x) + cosx F(x) = , Find f(x).
(1+sinx)2

44. A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1gm/ litre of soluble lawn
fertilizer runs into the tank at the rate of 1lit/min and the mixture is pumped out of the tank of
3 litres /min. Find the time when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.

45. A tank with a capacity of 1000 litres originally contains 100 gms of salt dissolved in 400 litres
of water. Beginning at time t = 0 and ending at time t = 100 minutes, water containing 1 gm of
salt per litre enters the tank at the rate of 4 litre/minute and the wheel mixed solution is
drained from the tank at a rate of 2 litre/minute. Find the differential equation for the amount
of salt y in the tank at time t.

dy 1
46. = y + ∫0 ydx given y = 1, where x = 0
dx

x x
47. Find the continuous function which satisfies the relation, ∫0 tf(x − t)dt = ∫0 f(t)dt + sinx +
cosx − x − 1, for all real number x.

48. A curve passing through (1,0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any
tangent off the y-axis to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the co-ordinates of
the point of tangency to the product of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at
the same point. Determine all such possible curves.

APNI KAKSHA 18
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
COMPREHENSION
Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be the pair of curves such that
(i) the tangents at point with equal abcissae intersect on y-axis
(ii) the normals drawn at points with equal abscissae intersect on x-axis and
(iii) curve f(x) passes through (1,1) and g(x) passes through (2,3) then
49. The curve f(x) is given by -
2 1 2
(A) x − x (B) 2x 2 − x (C) x2 − x (D) none of these

50. The curve g(x) is given by -

1 2 1
(A) x − x (B) x + x (C) x 2 − x2 (D) none of these

2
51. The value of ∫1 (g(x) − f(x))dx is -
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 4ℓn2

MATCH THE COLUMN

52. Column-I Column-II
(A) A curve passing through (2,3) having the (P) Straight line
property that length of the radius vector of any
of its point P is equal to the length of the tangent
drawn at this point, can be
(B) A curve passing through (1,1) having the (Q) Circle
property that any tangent intersects the y-axis
at the point which is equidistant from the point
of tangency and the origin, can be
(C) A curve passing through (1,0) for which the (R) Parabola
length of normal is equal to the radius vector, can be
(D) A curve passes through the point (2,1) and (S) Hyperbola
having the property that the segment of any of
its tangent between the point of tangency and
the x-axis is bisected by the y-axis, can be

APNI KAKSHA 19
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exercise – 4 (Level-I)
1. The differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their centres on
the x-axis is- [AIEEE 2007]
dy dy
(A) x 2 = y 2 + xy dx (B) x 2 = y 2 + 3xy dx
dy dy
(C) y 2 = x 2 + 2xy dx (D) y 2 = x 2 − 2xy dx

2. The differential equation of the family of circles with fixed radius 5 units and centre on the line
y = 2 is - [AIEEE 2008]
(A) (y − 2)y ′2 = 25 − (y − 2)2 (B) (y − 2)2 y ′2 = 25 − (y − 2)2
(C) (x − 2)2 y ′2 = 25 − (y − 2)2 (D) (x − 2)y ′2 = 25 − (y − 2)2

dy x+y
3. The solution of the differential equation dx = satisfying the condition y(1) = 1 is-
x

[AIEEE 2008]
(A) y = xℓnx + x 2 (B) y = xe(x−1) (C) y = xlnx + x (D) y = lnx + x

4. The differential equation which represents the family of curves y = c1 ec2x where c1 and c2 are
arbitrary constants, is - [AIEEE 2009]
(A) y ′ = y 2 (B) y ′′ = y ′ y (C) yy ′′ = y ′ (D) yy ′′ = (y ′ )2

π
5. Solution of the differential equation cosxdy = y (sinx − y)dx, 0 < x < 2 is -

[AIEEE 2010]
(A) secx = (tanx + c)y (B) y secx = tanx + c
(C) y tanx = secx + c (D) tanx = (secx + c)y

6. Let I be the purchase value of an equipment and V(t) be the value after it has been used for t
dV(t)
years. The value V(t) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation = −k(T − t),
dt

where k > 0 is a constant and T is the total life in years of the equipment. Then the scrap value
V(T) of the equipment is : [AIEEE 2011]
1 KT2 k(T−t)2
(A) T 2 − k (B) I − (C) I − (D) e-kT
2 2

dy
7. If dx = y + 3 > 0 and (0) = 2, then y(ln2) is equal to : [AIEEE 2011]

(A) 7 (B) 5 (C) 13 (D) -2

APNI KAKSHA 20
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
8. The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species satisfies the differential equation
dp(t)
= 0.5 p(t) − 450. If p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes zero is:
dt

[AIEEE 2012]
1
(A) 2 ln18 (B) ln18 (C) 2ln18 (D) ln9

9. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that rate of change of production
dP
P w.r.t additional number of workers x is given by dx = 100 − 12√x. If the firm employs 25

more workers, then the new level of production of items is : [JEE Main 2013]
(A) 3500 (B) 4500 (C) 2500 (D) 3000

10. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation
dp(t) 1
= 2 p(t) − 200. If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals : [JEE Main 2014]
dt

(A) 400 − 300et/2 (B) 300 − 200e−t/2

(C) 600 − 500et/2 (D) 400 − 300e−t/2

dy
11. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation (xlogx) dx + y = 2xlogx, (x ≥ 1). Then y(e)

is equal to : [JEE Main 2015]

(A) 2 (B) 2e (C) e (D) 0

12. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, −1) and satisfies the differential equation, y(1 +
1
xy)dx = x dy, then f (− 2) is equal to: [JEE Main 2016]
4 2 4 2
(A) − (B) (C) (D) −
5 5 5 5

dy π
13. If (2 + sinx) dx + (y + 1)cosx = 0 and y(0) = 1, then y ( 2 ) is equal to : [JEE Main 2017]
1 2 1 4
(A) 3 (B) − 3 (C) − 3 (D) 3

dy
14. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation sinx dx + ycosx = 4x, x ∈ (0, π).
π π
If y (2 ) = 0, then y ( 6 ) is equal to : [JEE-Main 2018]
4 4 −8 8
(A) − 9 π2 (B) 9√3 π2 (C) 9√3 π2 (D) − 9 π2

APNI KAKSHA 21
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exercise – 4 (Level-II)
1. (a) Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such that f(1) = 1 and
t2 f(x)−x2 f(t)
Limt→x = 1 for each x > 0. Then f(x) is [JEE 2007]
t−x
1 2x2
(A) 3x + 3
−1 4x2
(B) 3x + 3
−1 2
(C) + x2
x
1
(D)
x

dy √1−y2
(b) The differential equation dx = determines a family of circles with
y

(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0,1)

(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, −1)
(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis.
(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y axis

2. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation, x√x 2 − 1dy = y√y 2 − 1dx = 0 satisfy
2
y(2) = .
√3

π
STATEMENT-1: y(x) = sec (sec −1 x − 6 ) and

1 2√3 1
STATEMENT-2 : y(x) is given by y = − √1 − x2 [JEE 2008]
x

(A) Statement- 1 is true, Statement- 2 is true ; Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(B) Statement- 1 is true, Statement- 2 is true ; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement- 1 is true, Statement- 2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement- 2 is true.

df(x)
3. Let y ′ (x) + y(x)g ′ (x) = g(x)g ′ (x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R, where f ′ (x) denotes and g(x) is a given
dx

non-constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is
[JEE 2011]

APNI KAKSHA 22
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4. If. y(x) satisfies the differential equation y ′ − ytanx = 2x secx and y(0) = 0, then
[JEE 2012]
π π2 π π2 π π2 π 4π 2π2
(A) y (4 ) = 8√2 (B) y ′ ( 4 ) = 18 (C) y ( 3 ) = (D) y ′ ( 3 ) = + 3√3
9 3
π y
5. A curve passes through the point (1, 6 ). Let the solpe of the curve at each point (x, y) be x +
y
sec (x) , x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is [JEE 2013]
y 1 y
(A) sin (x) = logx + 2 (B) cosec (x) = logx + 2
2y 2y 1
(C) sec ( x ) = logx + 2 (D) cos ( x ) = logx + 2
dy xy x4 +2x
6. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation dx + x2−1 = √1−x2 in (− 1, 1)
√3
satisfying f(0) = 0. Then ∫ 2
√3
f(x)dx is [JEE 2014]
−
2

π √3 π √3 π √3 π √3
(A) 3 − (B) 3 − (C) 6 − (D) 6 −
2 4 4 2

7. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential eqution (1 +ex )y ′ + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of
the following statements is (are) true? [JEE 2015]
(A) y(−4) = 0
(B) y(−2) = 0
(C) y(x) has a critical point in the interval (−1,0)
(D) y(x) has no critical point in the interval (−1,0)

8. consider the family of all circles whose centers lie on the straight line y = x. If this family of
circles is represented by the differential equation Py" + Qy' +1 = 0, where P, Q are fucntions of
dy d2 y
x, y and y ′ (here y ′ = dx , y ′′ = dx2 ), then which of the following statement is (are) true?

[JEE 2015]
(A) P = y + x
(B) P = y − x
(C) P + Q = 1 − x + y + y ′ + (y ′ )2
(D) P − Q = x + y − y ′ − (y ′ )2

APNI KAKSHA 23
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy
9. A solution curve of the differential equation (x 2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) dx − y 2 =, x > 0 passes

through the point (1,3). Then the solution curve [JEE 2016]
(A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
(B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
(C) intersects y = (x + 2)2
(D) does NOT intersects y = (x + 3)2
−1

10. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation 8√x(√9 + √x)dy = (√4 + √9 + √x) dx, x >

0 and y(0) = √7, then y = (256) = [JEE 2017]

(A) 3 (B) 16 (C) 9 (D) 80

x
11. Let f: [0, ∞) → R be a continuous function such that f(x) = 1 − 2x + ∫0 ex−t f(t)dt
for all x ∈ [0, ∞). Then which of the following statement (s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE Adv. 2018]
(A) The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1,2)
(B) The curve y = f(x) passes throgh the point (2, −1)
π−2
(C) The area of the region {(x, y) ∈ [0,1] × R: f(x) ≤ y ≤ √1 − x 2 } is 4
π−1
(D) The area of the region {(x, y) ∈ [0,1] × R: f(x) ≤ y ≤ √1 − x 2 } is 4

12. Let Γ denotes a curve y = y(x) which is in the first quadrant and let the point (1,0) lie on it. Let
the tangent to Γ at a point P intersect the y - axis at Yp . If PYp has length 1 for each point P on Γ,
then Which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE Adv. 2019]
1+√1−x2
(A) xy ′ − √1 − x 2 = 0 (B) y = −log e ( ) + √1 − x 2
x

1+√1−x2
(C) xy ′ + √1 − x 2 = 0 (D) y = log e ( ) − √1 − x 2
x

13. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation xdy − (y 2 − 4y)dx = 0 for x > 0, y(1) = 2, and
the slope of the curve y = y(x) is never zero. then the value of 10 y(√2).
[JEE Adv. 2022]

APNI KAKSHA 24
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
14. For x ∈ R, let the function y(x) be the solution of the differential equation [JEE Adv. 2022]

dy π
+ 12y = cos ( x) , y(0) = 0
dx 12

Then, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

(A) y(x) is an increasing function
(B) y(x) is a decreasing function
(C) There exists a real number β such that the line y = β intersects the curve y = y(x) at
infinitely many points
(D) y(x) is a periodic function

APNI KAKSHA 25
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
ANSWER KEY
Exercise-1
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C
8. A 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C
15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. A
22. C 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. C
29. B 30. C
Exercise-2
Single correct Option - type Questions
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. C
8. A 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. A
15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. B
22. B 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. A
29. A 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. B
36. C 37. C
Multiple correct Option - type Questions
1. C, D 2. A, C, D 3. A, B 4. A, B, C
5. A, B, D 6. A, B, D 7. A, B 8. A, B, C, D
9. A, D 10. C, D 11. A, D
Exercise-3
Subjective - type Questions
1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2
2. ℓ𝑛2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) − ℓ𝑛2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦) = 𝑐
𝑥+𝑦
3. √𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 1 = 𝑐 4. 𝑙𝑛 [1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 ] = 𝑥 + 𝑐
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 + 3 6. 𝑦 2 + 𝑥ℓ𝑛𝑎𝑥 = 0
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)(1 + 𝑥) 8. 𝑐𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 = 1
𝑐 𝑐
9. 𝑦 2 = −1 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑙𝑛 𝑥+1 or 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑙𝑛 𝑥+1
𝑦
10. 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 11. 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐
1 𝑥+2𝑦
12. (a) 𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑦)2/3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )1/6 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ] where 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑥 ≡ 𝑒 𝑥 ,
√3 𝑥√3
(b) 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑐(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )2
1 𝑎
13. 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑐, where 𝑎 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
2 𝑥
𝑦 2𝑦+1 1
14. 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑐 15. 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥+1 = 𝑙𝑛𝑐√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2
4 1
16. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 𝑐𝑒 3(𝑥−2𝑦) 19. 20. 𝑦 = 𝑐(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + √1 − 𝑥 2
2
21. 𝑥 = 𝑐 −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 1 22. 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
23. (i) 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝐾(𝑢(𝑥) − 𝑣(𝑥)) where 𝐾 is any constant ; (ii) 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1;
(iii) constant
𝑥
𝑥 −
24. 𝑦 = √1−𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑒 √1−𝑥2 25. 𝑥(𝑒𝑦 + ℓ𝑛𝑦 + 1) = 1
50 2
26. 𝑦 = 5𝑡 (1 + 50+𝑡) 𝑔𝑚𝑠; 91 3 𝑔𝑚𝑠 27. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑘2
1
28. 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑙𝑛|𝑐(𝑘 2 𝑥 2 − 1)| 29. 𝑦 = 𝑥1/𝑛
𝑦 2 ±𝑦√𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑐2
30. = 𝑙𝑛 |(𝑦 ± √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ 𝑥 3 |, where same sign has to be taken
𝑥2
32. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 33. 𝑥 2 + y 2 = cx 34. y = cx 2 ± x
ex/a +e−x/a
35. y 2 = 2x + 1 − e2x 36. y = ±a &y = ±a 37. 2y + Kx 3 = cx
2
1 1 1
38. (i) x 2 + 2y 2 = c, (ii) siny = ce−x , (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and xk−2 − yk−2 = ck−2 if k ≠ 2

APNI KAKSHA 26
(Mathematics) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
(iv) x 2 − y 2 + 2xy = c; x 2 − y 2 − 2xy = c
1 5
39. (a) P = 1000 + 1500e−kt where k = 10 ln (3);
(b) T = 10log 5/3 (3); ( c) P = 1000 as t → ∞
1 α
40. m = m0 e−kt where k = − t ln (1 − 100) 42. cosx − 1
0
2cosx 7
43. f(x) = − (1+sinx)2 − Ce−sinx ⋅ cosx 44. 27 9 minutes
dy y 1
45. = 4 − 200+t 46. y = 3−e (2ex − e + 1) 47. f(x) = ex − cosx
dt
48. x = e2√y/x ; x = e−2√y/x
Comprehension - based Questions
49. A 50. B 51. B
Matrix Match - Type Questions
52. (A) → (P, S); (B) → (Q); (C) → (Q, S); (D) → (R)
Exercise-4
JEE Main
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A
8. C 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. A
15. D
JEE Advanced
1. (a) A, (b) C 2. C 3. 0 4. A, D 5. A 6. B
7. A, C 8. B, C 9. A, D 10. A 11. B, C 12. C, D 13. 8
14. C

APNI KAKSHA 27