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CIT104 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS SUMMARY
___________ is fast becoming the universal machine of the 21st century.

Computer
Computer is fast becoming the __________machine of the 21st century.

Universal
Computer is fast becoming the universal machine of the __________century.

21st
Today, computer is no longer confined to the laboratory.

True
Early computers were large in size and too___________ to be owned by

individuals.
Expensive
Early computers were ___________in size and too expensive to be owned by

individuals.
Large
The combination of computer technology and communications technology

gave birth to what is now widely known as ___________.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
ICT means___________
Information and Communication Technologies
___________ is fast becoming ubiquitous.

Computing
Computing is fast becoming__________.

Ubiquitous
The application of computer transcends science, engineering,

communication, space science, aviation, financial institutions, social
sciences, humanities, the military, transportation, manufacturing, extractive
industries to mention but a few.
A ___________ is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

data to give required information.
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Computer
A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for __________to

give required information.
Processing data
A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

_________ to give required information.
Data
A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

data to give required___________.
Information
A computer is capable of performing the following operations:

a. taking input data through the keyboard (input unit)
b. storing the input data in a diskette, hard disk or other medium
c. processing it at the central processing unit (CPU)
d. giving out the result (output) on the screen or the Visual Display Unit
(VDU)
___________ is referred to facts about a person, object or place (e.g. name,

age, complexion, school, class, height etc)
Data
___________ is referred to as processed data or a meaningful statement (e.g.

Net pay of workers, examination results of students, list of successful
candidates in an examination or interview etc.)
Information
The following are the three major methods that have been widely used for
data processing over the years:
a. Manual method
b. Mechanical method
c. Computer method
The ___________ of data processing involves the use of chalk, wall, pen pencil
and the like.
Manual method
The __________ data processing operations entail considerable manual
efforts.
Manual
The manual method does not allow for the processing of large volume of
data on a regular and timely basis.
True
The __________ of data processing involves the use of machines such as

typewriter, roneo machines, adding machines and the like.
Mechanical method
The computer method of carrying out data processing has the following
major features:
a. Data can be steadily and continuously processed
b. The operations are practically not noisy
c. There is a store where data and instructions can be stored temporarily
and permanently.
d. Errors can be easily and neatly corrected.
e. Output reports are usually very neat, decent and can be produced in
various forms such as adding graphs, diagrams, pictures
f. Accuracy and reliability are highly enhanced.
The following are the characteristics of computer

 Speed
 Accuracy
 Storage
 Automatic
 Reliability
 Flexibility
Memories are built up in K(Kilo) modules where K = _________ memory

locations.
1024
Once a program is in the computer‟s__________ it can run automatically each

time it is opened
Memory
Once a ___________ is in the computer‟s memory it can run automatically

each time it is opened.
Program
Once a program is in the computer‟s memory it can run __________ each

time it is opened.
Automatically
A computer does not suffer human traits of tiredness and lack of
concentration.
True
___________ computers can be used to perform a variety of functions like on-

line processing, multi-programming and real time processing
Modern
The computing system is made up of the computer system, the user and the
environment in which the computer is operated.
The computer system is made up of the __________ and the software.

Hardware
The computer system is made up of the hardware and ___________.

Software
The computer hardware comprises the__________, processing unit and

output unit.
Input unit
The computer hardware comprises the input unit, ___________ and output
unit.
Processing unit
The computer hardware comprises the input unit, processing unit

and__________.
Output unit
The ___________ comprises those media through which data is fed into the
computer.
Input unit
Examples of input unit include the keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball,

scanner etc.
The processing unit is made up of the__________, the control unit and the
main memory.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The processing unit is made up of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), the
__________ and the main memory.
Control unit
The processing unit is made up of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), the
control unit and the__________.
Main memory
The main memory is also known as the __________
Primary memory
ROM stands for_________

Read Only Memory
RAM stands for__________

Random Access Memory
The main memory is made up of the______

Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM)
The output unit is made up of those media through which data, instructions
for processing the data (program), and the result of the processing operation
are displayed for the user to see.
Examples of output unit are the monitor (Visual Display Unit) and the
printer.
VDU stands for___________

Visual Display Unit
____________ are the series of instructions that enable the computer to

perform a task or group of tasks.
Computer software
Computer software are the series of ___________ that enable the computer to
perform a task or group of tasks.
Instructions
A ___________is made up of group of instructions to perform a task.

Program
A program is made up of group of instructions to perform a___________.

Task
Series of programs linked together are called___________

Software
Computer programs could be categorized into__________, utility software,

and application programs.
system software
Computer programs could be categorized into system software, ___________,

and application programs.
utility software
Computer programs could be categorized into system software, utility
software, and___________.
application programs
__________ are the different categories of personnel that operates the

computer.
Computer users
Computer users are the different categories of __________that operates the

computer.
Personnel
Computer users are the different categories of personnel that ___________the

computer.
Operates
The expert users could be further categorized into the following

 computer engineers
 computer programmers
 computer operators
UPS stands for__________

Uninterruptible Power Supply System
The computer is a machine used for a variety of___________.

Purposes
____________ is any electronic device that can accept data, process it and
produce an output.
Computer
A complete history of computing would include a multitude of diverse

devices such as the ancient Chinese abacus, the Jacquard loom (1805) and
Charles Babbage‟s “analytical engine” (1834).
In __________s, analog computers were routinely used to solve systems of

finite difference equations arising in oil reservoir modeling.
1960
The __________of digital computing is often divided into generations.

Evolution
The evolution of digital computing is often divided into___________.

Generations
____________ generation electronic computers were developed between 1937

– 1953
First
First generation electronic computers were developed between____________
1937 – 1953
The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by __________in

1937
J. V. Atanasof
The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by J. V. Atanasof

in ___________
1937
___________ set out to build a machine that would help his graduate
students solve systems of partial differential equations.
Atanasoff
Atanasoff set out to build a machine that would help his graduate students
solve systems of ___________equations.
Partial differential
Atanasoff set out to build a machine that would help his graduate students
solve systems of partial differential___________.
Equations
A second early electronic machine was Colossus designed by Alan Turning

for the British military in 1943
___________ was designed by Alan Turning for the British military in 1943
Colossus
Colossus was designed by ___________for the British military in 1943

Alan Turning
Colossus was designed by Alan Turning for the __________military in 1943

British
Colossus was designed by Alan Turning for the British military in

___________
1943
Which machine played an important role in breaking codes used by the

German army in World War II?
Colossus
The first general purpose programmable electronic computer was the

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper
Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennysylvania.
The first general purpose programmable electronic computer was the
__________
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
ENIAC stands for___________

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was built by___________
J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) wasn‟t completed until

__________
1945
__________ was able to run orders of magnitude faster than ENIAC.

EDVAC
The notion of using numbers to represent functions was a key step used by
Goedel in his incompleteness theorem in__________
1937
The first commercially successful computer the UNIVAC was developed in

___________
1952
The first commercially successful computer the UNIVAC was developed

by___________
Eckert and Mauchly
Second generation of computer was developed between__________

1954 – 1962
___________ generation of computer was developed between 1954 – 1962

Second
__________ operations were performed by libraries of software routines in

early computers
Floating point
During this second generation many high level programming languages were
introduced, including
 FORTRAN (1956)
 ALGOL (1958)
 COBOL (1959)
The __________ generation saw the first two supercomputers designed

specifically for numeric processing in scientific applications.
Second
The term __________ is generally reserved for a machine that is an order of
magnitude more powerful than other machines of its era
Supercomputer
LARC stands for___________

Livermore Atomic Research Computer
The __________ generation was developed between 1963 – 1972

Third
The third generation was developed between ___________

1963 – 1972
The __________ generation brought huge gains in computational power.

Third
The third generation brought huge gains in ___________power

Computational
Semiconductor devices with several transistors built into one physical

component was introduced in the __________ generation
Third
SSI stands for_________

Small-Scale Integration
MSI stands for_________

Medium-Scale Integrated
In__________, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600

1964
In 1964, ___________developed the CDC 6600

Seymour Cray
In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the ___________

CDC 6600
CPL stands for___________

Combined Programming Language
___________ of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called BCPL (Basic

Computer Programming Language, 1967).
Martin Richards
Martin Richards of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called __________

BCPL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967)
BCPL stands for___________
Basic Computer Programming Language
___________ generation computer was developed between 1972 – 1984

Fourth
The fourth generation computer was developed between__________

1972 – 1984
LSI stands for_________

Large Scale Integration
FP stands for_________
Functional Programming
Prolog stands for_________

Programming in Logic
Fifth generation of computer was developed in__________

1984 – 1990
____________ generation of computer was developed in 1984 – 1990

Fifth
WAN stands for_________

Wide Area Network
LAN stands for_________

Local Area Network
There are basically __________ types of electronic computers.

Three
There are basically three types of electronic computers:__________ , Analog

and Hybrid computers.
Digital
There are basically three types of electronic computers: Digital,

___________and Hybrid computers.
Analog
There are basically three types of electronic computers: Digital, Analog and
__________ computers.
Hybrid
____________ computer represents its variable in the form of digits.

Digital
Digital computer represents its __________ in the form of digits.
Variable
Digital computer represents its variable in the form of____________.

Digits
___________ computer measures rather than counts.

Analog
Analog computer __________ rather than counts.

Measures
Analog computer measures rather than___________

Counts
___________ type of computer sets up a model of a system.

Analog
In__________ , analog computers give an exact answer because the answer

has not been approximated to the nearest digit.
Theory
In theory, __________ computers give an exact answer because the answer

has not been approximated to the nearest digit.
Analog
There are two useful properties of analog computer once it is programmed:

 It is simple to change the value of a constant or coefficient and study
the effect of such changes.
 It is possible to link certain variables to a time pulse to study changes
with time as a variable, and chart the result on an X-Y plotter.
Depending on their flexibility in operation computers are classified as either

___________or___________.
special purpose or general purpose
A __________is one that is designed to solve a restricted class of problems

special purpose computer
Most of the computers used for military purposes fall into this class. Other
example of special purpose computers include:
 Computers designed specifically to solve navigational problems.
 Computers designed for tracking airplane or missiles.
 Computers used for process control applications in industries such as
oil refinery, chemical manufacture, steel processing and power
generation.
 Computers used as robots in factories like vehicles assembly plants
and glass industries.
The following are the general attributes of special purpose computers

 Special purpose computer are usually very efficient for the tasks for
which they are specially designed.
 They are very much less complex than the General-Purpose
Computers.
 The simplicity of the circuiting stems from the fact that provision is
made only for limited facilities.
 They are very much cheaper than the General-Purpose type since they
involve less components and are less complex.
____________ computers are computers designed to handle wide range of

problems.
General-Purpose
Examples of areas where the general purpose are employed include the
following:
 Payroll
 Banking
 Billing
 Sales analysis
 Cost accounting
 Manufacturing scheduling
 Inventory control
The following are the general attributes of general-purpose computers

 General-Purpose computers are more flexible than special purpose
computers.
 They can handle a wide spectrum of problems.
They are less efficient than the special-purpose computers due to such
problems as;
 Inadequate storage
 Low operating speed
 Coordination of the various tasks and subsection may take time.
 General Purpose Computers are more complex than the special
purpose ones.
A better measure of __________ today is the volume of work that computer

can handle.
Capacity
A better measure of capacity today is the __________ of work that computer

can handle.
Volume
Here, both memory size and cost shall be used to rank (classify) computer
into three main categories as follows:
(a)Microcomputers
(b)Medium/Mini/Small Computers
(c)Large Computer/Main Frames
Microcomputers are also known as ___________

single board computers
__________ are the cheapest class of computers.
Microcomputers
CPU stands for____________

Central Processing Unit
Examples of Microcomputers are IBM, APPLE, COMPAQ, Hewlett Packard

(HP) and Dell Toshiba
__________ are small size types that are battery-operated.

Laptop Computers
___________ is like laptop computers but smaller in size.

Notebook Computer
__________ computer is far smaller in size.

Palmtop
Personal computers can perform the following functions:

 Can be used to produce documents like memos, reports, letters and
briefs.
 Can be used to calculate budget and accounting tasks
 It can analyze numeric function It can create illustrations
 Can be used for electronic mails
 Can help in making schedule and plan projects.
 It can assist in schedules and plan projects.
 It can assist in searching for specific information from lists or from
reports.
The following are the advantages of personal computers

 Computer is versatile
 It can be used in any establishment.
 Has faster speed for processing data.
 Can deal with several data at a time
 Can attend to several users at the same time thereby able to process
several jobs at a time.
 Capable of storing several data.
 Operating of Computer is less fatigue
 Network possible, that is linking of two or more computers together.
The following are the disadvantages of personal computers
 Computer is costly to maintain.
 It is very fragile and complex to handle
 It requires special skill to operate with the invention and innovation
everyday, computer suffers from being obsolete.
 It can lead to unemployment when used mostly in less developed
Countries.
 Some computers cannot function properly without the aid of cooling
system e.g. air-condition or fan in some locations.
The Mini Computers have memory capacity in the range ___________

128K bytes to 256 Kbytes
DEC stands for______

Digital Equipment Corporation
The Mini Computers was first introduced in __________

1965
The Main Frame Computers often called number crunches have memory
capacity of the order of 4 Kbytes and they are very expensive.
The Main Frame Computers are often called ___________

Number crunches
Main Frame Computers can execute up to 100MIPS (Meanwhile Instructions

Per Second
MIPS stand for__________

Meanwhile Instructions Per Second
The __________ is the main unit of a PC.

System unit
The system unit is the main unit of a__________.

PC
Turning the __________ key prevents the key board from working.
Key Lock
A ___________ switch is usually left so the computer runs at its fastest speed.
Turbo
All PCs have main power switch on the system unit.

True
The electronic components in your PC generate a lot of__________.
Heat
The ___________ is your computer‟s main permanent storage unit holding

large amount of data and programs.
hard disk
All the electronic components in a PC are mounted on a piece of fiberglass

called the__________.
Motherboard
Fiberglass cannot conduct electricity

True
The __________ is certainly the most important PC component.

CPU
The speed of a CPU is measured in ____________

megahertz (MHz)
Computers use __________ to store information.

Disk
Computers use disk to ___________ information.

Store
Computers use disk to store___________.

Information
Floppy disks come in two sizes either 5¼ or 3½ inches in diameter.
Floppy disks come in __________ sizes

Two
The computer ___________ are those devices which are attached to the
system unit.
peripheral devices
OCR stands for___________

Optical character reader
MICR OCR stands for___________

Magnetic Ink Character Reader
A Computer keyboard is identical to the conventional __________keyboard.

Typewriter
The intelligent computer keyboard has four major divisions namely:
Function keys, Alphanumeric keys, Numeric keys and Control keys.
The function key __________ is used to run the HELP program.

F1
The function key F1 is used to run the __________ program.

HELP
The ___________ keys can be likened with the conventional typewriter keys.
Alphanumeric
__________ keys can be programmed to carry out the functions desired by a

programmer.
Function
Function keys can be programmed to carry out the functions desired by

a__________.
Programmer
The Alphanumeric keys can be likened with the conventional

___________keys.
Typewriter
The ___________ key is used to switch on or off the lower and upper
characters by the programmer.
SHIFT
The ___________ marks the active or current spot on the screen.

Cursor
___________ is an indicator that tells the user where in the midst of a

document the system is pointing to.
Cursor
The ____________ keypad contains a set of keys required for typing or

entering number digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 into the computer
store.
Numeric
A numeric key is often activated by pressing the __________ Key.

Numlock
When the ___________is pressed the capital letters on the alphanumeric keys
are activated.
Shift key
When the Shift key is pressed the ___________on the alphanumeric keys are
activated.
capital letters
The Shift key has no effects on itself

True
The ___________ Shifts all alphabetic characters into upper case (capital
letters).
CapLock
The ___________ key activates the numeric keypad

Numlock
The Numlock key activates the ___________keypad

Numeric
The ___________ key cancels an operation in progress.

Escape
The ___________key is used to inform the computer the end of an input or

command.
Return
Pressing the __________ key puts ones keyboard in insert mode and pressing
it again returns to overstrike (typeover) mode.
Insert
The __________ key deletes the character at the cursor position when pressed
and the remaining text moves to the left while the cursor remains at the
same position.
Delete
The __________ Key deletes the characters to the left of the cursor when
pressed and all other characters to the right of the cursor are shifted one
space to the left.
Back Space
The ___________ is the longest key found on most keyboards.

Spacebar
The ___________ key erases characters at the cursor position or gives blank
space when pressed.
Spacebar
The _________ Key moves the cursor by five spaces to the right when
pressed.
Tab
The Tab Key moves the cursor by _________spaces to the right when pressed.
Five
The Tab Key moves the ___________by five spaces to the right when pressed.
Cursor
The Tab is normally pressed to insert __________ during typing.

Paragraphs
A _________ looks like the electrical clipper in a barbing saloon.

Mouse
A mouse looks like the ___________in a barbing saloon.

electrical clipper
A mouse consists of a pointing device very _________ to movements.

Sensitive
A mouse consists of a pointing device very sensitive to___________.

Movements
A mouse can be used to draw diagrams on computer screen more effectively

and efficiently than the computer keyboard.
True
A __________is the primary input device for modern computers

Mouse
A __________ is simply an input device built to help the user control this on-
screen pointer in as natural and efficient a manner as possible.
Mouse
The mouse controls the on-screen pointer and lets you select program icons,
manipulate property sheets, and access data
A __________is the computer component that lets you create copies of the
information stored in your computer on paper.
Printer
The printed material is often called ___________

hard copy
There are _________basic types of printers available for use with personal
computers:
Three
There are three basic types of printers available for use with personal
computers:
 Laser printers
 Inkjet printers
 Dot-matrix printers
___________ are peripheral devices used to digitize (convert to electronic

format) artwork, photographs, text, or other items from hard copy.
Scanners
A ___________ captures images and converts them to digital data that travel
to and are interpreted by the computer.
Scanner
The following are the types of scanners

 Flatbed Scanners
 Sheetfed Scanners
 Hand Scanners
A Computer is an __________machine.
Electronic
A ___________is a device meant to step up or step down a voltage as the case
may be.
voltage transformer
UPS stands for__________

Uninterruptible Power Supply System
An Un-interruptible Power System (UPS) is an auxiliary hardware that is

capable of:
(a) Converting the public electricity raw line into fine line, that is,
conditioning the voltage that is fed into the computer.
(b) Storing electrical energy when the public electricity line is life
(c) Releasing the stored electrical energy to the computer when the public
electricity line is dead.
The computer __________ are driven by the software.

hardware
The computer hardware are driven by the____________.

software
Computer software come in different forms:

 operating system
 utility software
 language translators
 application software
The physical components of the computer are called the _________
hardware
All the other resources or parts of the computer that are not hardware are
referred to as the__________.
Software
___________ are the set of programs that makes the computer system active.
Software
____________ are the programs that run on the computer.

Software
A ___________ is a series of coded instructions showing the logical steps the

computer follows to solve a given problem.
Program
The computer software could be divided into two major groups namely
System Software (Programs) and Application Software (Programs).
___________ is refers to the suits of programs that facilitates the optimal use
of the hardware systems and/or provide a suitable environment for the
writing, editing, debugging, testing and running of User Programs.
System Software
An ___________ is a program that acts as an interface between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware.
operating system
The purpose of an operating system is___________

To provide an environment in which a user may execute programs
___________ are programs written for direct execution on computer hardware

in order to make the power of the computer fully and efficiently accessible to
applications programmers and other computer users.
Systems programs
In a computer system the __________ provides the basic computing resources

Hardware
The __________ controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various systems programs and application programs for the various users.
operating system
The basic resources of a computer system are provided by its__________,

software and data.
hardware
The basic resources of a computer system are provided by its hardware,
___________and data.
software

software and___________.
data
We can view an operating system as a ___________.

resource allocator
The ______ acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to
specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks.
operating system
The primary goal of an operating system is ___________

A convenience for the user
A computer‟s operating system (OS ) is a group of programs designed to

serve two basic purposes:
1. To control the allocation and use of the computing system‟s resources
among the various users and tasks
2. To provide an interface between the computer hardware and the
programmer that simplifies and makes feasible the creation, coding,
debugging, and maintenance of application programs.
Types of operating system

 Batch processing operating system
 Time sharing operating system
 Real time operating system
 Multiprogramming operating system
A ___________ is a system that allows more than one active user program (or
part of user program) to be stored in main memory simultaneously.
multiprogramming operating system
A __________ is a computer hardware configuration that includes more than

one independent processing unit.
multiprocessing system
The term __________ is generally used to refer to large computer hardware

complexes found in major scientific or commercial applications.
Multiprocessing
A ____________ is a collection of physical interconnected computers.

networked computing system
A ___________ is one that appears to its users as a traditional uniprocessor
system, even though it is actually composed of multiple processors.
distributed operating system
An ___________ provides the environment within which programs are

executed.
operating system
A ______ is the unit of work in a system.

process
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection

with processes managed.
 The creation and deletion of both user and system processes
 The suspensions are resumption of processes.
 The provision of mechanisms for process synchronization
 The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling.
___________ is central to the operation of a modern computer system.

Memory
___________ is a large array of words or bytes each with its own address.
Memory

with memory management.
 Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by
whom.
 Decide which processes are to be loaded into memory when memory
space becomes available.
 Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
The main purpose of a computer system is to____________.

execute programs

with disk management
 Free space management
 Storage allocation
 Disk scheduling
The I/O system consists of:

 A buffer caching system
 A general device driver code
 Drivers for specific hardware devices
A ___________ is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

File
with file management:
 The creation and deletion of files
 The creation and deletion of directory
 The support of primitives for manipulating files and directories
 The mapping of files onto disk storage.
 Backup of files on stable (non volatile) storage.
___________ refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs,

processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer controls to be
imposed, together with some means of enforcement.
Protection
A ___________ is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a

clock.
distributed system
A ___________ provides the user with access to the various resources the
system maintains.
distributed system
The ___________ is the primary interface between the user and the rest of the
system.
command interpreter
A ___________ is a set of notations in which were express our instructions to

the computer.
programming language
The suites of languages that translate other languages to machine language

are called___________.
Language Translator
The initial program written in a language different from machine language is

called the ___________
source program
Its equivalent in machine language is called___________.

object program
Three examples of classes of language translators are ______

Assemblers, Interpreters and Compilers
An ___________ is a computer program that accepts a source program in

assembly language program reads and translates the entire program into an
equivalent program in machine language called the object program or object
code.
Assembler
An ___________ is a program that accepts program fin a source language,

reads, translates and
executes it, line by lone into machine language.
Interpreter
A ___________ is a computer program that accepts a source program in one

high-level language, reads and translates the entire user‟s program into an
equivalent program in machine language, called the object program or object
code.
Compiler
The stages in compilation include:

 Lexical analysis
 Syntax analysis
 Semantic analysis
 Code generation
____________ is a set of commonly used programs in data processing

departments also called service or general-purpose programs.
Utility Software
_____________ covers data transfer from any medium to another, making an

exact copy or simultaneously editing and validating.
File Conversion
___________ makes an exact copy of a file from one medium to another or

from an area of a medium to another area of the same medium.
File Copy
___________ include programs to clear areas of storage, writing file labels and
updating common data.
Housekeeping Operations
____________ is a set of programs designed to solve problems of a specific

nature.
Application software
The users produce their own application program called___________.

USER PROGRAMS
An application software could be subdivided into two classes, namely;

Generalized and Userdefined Software.
A ___________ is used to create, edit, save and print reports.

Word Processor
Word processors are mainly used to produce: Letters, Mailing lists, Label,
Greeting Cards, Business Cards, Reports, Manual, Newsletter. Examples
are: WordPerfect, WordStar, Display Writer, Professional Writer, LOTUS
Manuscript, Ms-Word, LOCO Script, MM Advantage II etc.
___________ an application mainly designed for numerical figures and

reports.
Spreadsheet
___________ contain columns and rows in which numbers can be entered.

Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets contain ___________ and __________ in which numbers can be

entered.
Columns and rows
Spreadsheet is used for Budget, Tables, Cost analysis, Financial reports.

Tax and Statistical analysis. Examples are: LOTUS 123, Supercalc, MS
Multiplan, MS-excel, VP Planner etc.
____________ are programs or packages that perform a variety of different

processing operations using data that is compatible with whatever operation
is being carried out.
Integrated Packages
Data-base Management and Spread sheeting. Examples are: Office writer,

Logistic Symphony, Framework, Enable, Ability, Smart ware II, Microsoft
Work V2.
___________ are packages that enable you to bring out images, diagrams and
pictures. Examples are PM, PM Plus, Graphic Writer, Photoshop.
Graphic Packages
___________ is software for designing, setting up and subsequently managing

a database.
Database Packages
A ___________ is an organized collection of data that allows for modification

taking care of different users view).
database
Examples are Dbase II, III, IV, FoxBASE, Rbase Data Perfect, Paradox III,
Revelation Advanced and MS-Access.
____________ packages that can be used to solve statistical problems, e.g.

Stat graphical, SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Scientists).
Statistical Packages
____________ are packages that can be used to produce books and
documents in standard form.
Desktop Publishing
Examples are PageMaker, Ventura, Publishers, Paints Brush, Xerox Form

Base, News Master II, Dbase Publisher.
_____________ are packages that contain a lot of games for children and
adults.
Game Packages
Examples are Chess, Scrabble, Monopoly, Tune Trivia, Star Trek 2,

California Game, Soccer Game, War Game, Spy Catcher Dracula in London.
Examples of Communication Packages are Carbon Plus, Data talk V3.3,

Cross talk, SAGE Chit Chat, Data Soft.
____________ is a suit of programs written by programmers for computer

users.
User Programs
Example is a payroll package developed for salary operation of a particular

company.
There are__________ basic types of instructions

Four
There are four basic types of instructions namely:

(a) input-output instructions
(b) arithmetic instructions
(c) branching instructions
(d) logic instructions
An __________ instruction directs the computer to accept data from a specific

input device and store it in a specific location in the store.
input
An __________ instruction tells the computer to move a piece of data from a

computer storage location and record it on the output medium.
output
All of the basic arithmetic operations can be performed by the computer.

True
___________ instructions cause the computer to alter the sequence of

execution of instruction within the program.
Branch
There are __________basic types of branch instructions
Two
An __________ branch instruction or statement will cause the computer to

branch to a statement regardless of the existing conditions.
unconditional
There are two basic types of branch instructions: _______

unconditional branch instruction and conditional branch instruction
A __________ branch statement will cause the computer to branch to a

statement only when certain conditions exist.
Conditional
___________ directs the internal operations of the computer and applications

software allows the programmer to use the computer to solve user made
problems.
System software
Computer programming languages can be classified into the following

categories:
(a) Machine language
(b) Assembly language
(c) High level symbolic language
(d) Very high level symbolic language
A ____________ allows the programmer to take advantage of all the features

and capabilities of the computer system for which it was designed.
machine language program
A __________language is computer dependent.

machine
A machine language is ___________dependent.

computer
In assembly language, the operation code is expressed as a combination of

letters rather than binary numbers called___________.
Mnemonics
A machine language is the ___________

First Generation (computer) Language (IGL)
__________ are means by which programmers manipulate the computer.

Computer programming languages
Computer programming is both an art and a science.

True
___________ is the act of writing a program which a computer can execute to
produce the desired result.
Computer programming
A ___________ is a series of instructions assembled to enable the computer to

carry out a specified procedure.
program
A __________ is the sequence of simple instructions into which a given

problem is reduced and which is in a form the computer can understand
either directly or after interpretation.
computer program
A ___________ is a graphical representation of the major steps of work in

process.
Flowchart
A ___________can be said to be a graphical representation of an algorithm

Flowchart
Flowcharts are drawn with the help of_____.

symbols
A finite sequence of instructions which gives an unambiguous method of

solving a problem is known as_________
Algorithm
The ______ acts as an aid to the Programmer who follows the flowchart
design to write his programs.
flowchart
An ___________ is a set of rules for carrying out calculation either by hand or

a machine
Algorithm
An ___________ is a finite step-by-step procedure to achieve a required result.

Algorithm
An __________is a sequence of computational steps that transform the input

into the output.
algorithm
An __________is a sequence of operations performed on data that have to be

organized in data structures.
algorithm
An ___________is an abstraction of a program to be executed on a physical
machine (model of computation)
Algorithm
____________ is a program design aid that serves the function of a flowchart

in expressing the detailed logic of a program.
Pseudocode
___________are used to analyze a problem.

Decision tables
Decision tables are used to analyze a___________.

problem
___________section contains a list of all possible conditions which could

apply in a particular problem.
Conditions Stub
____________ section contains the different combination of the conditions

each combination being given a number termed a „Rule‟
Condition Entry
___________ section contains a list of the possible actions which could apply
for any given combinations of conditions.
Action Stub
___________ section shows the actions to be taken for each combination of

conditions.
Action Entry
___________ is the process of translating the planned solution to the

problems, depicted in a flowchart, pseudocode or decision table into
statements of the program.
Program coding
___________ is an event driven language which has some features of Object
Oriented Programming (OOP).
Visual
A __________ is a collection of files that make up your application.

Project
___________ toolbar appears when you use the interactive debugging tools to
trace and correct problems.
Debug
___________ toolbar aids your editing of Visual Basic code.

Edit
___________toolbar helps you adjust objects on forms.
Form Editor
___________ toolbar is the default toolbar that appears beneath the menu
bar.
Standard
The ___________ is a collection of tools that act as a repository of controls

you can place on a form.
Toolbox
The ___________enables the user or programmer to navigate the items

created in a project such as the forms and modules
Project window
GUI stand for__________

Graphical User Interface
__________enables user to select the operations to be performed through

menus with the aid of the mouse
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Microsoft offers a special menu tool called the __________

Menu Editor
___________is a work schedule which demands speed, accuracy, carefulness

and honesty.
Payroll preparation
MIS means__________
Management Information System
A ______ involves a computerized system of data processing procedures

which are integrated in an organisation to provide accurate, complete,
concise, timely and effective data which management can use at various
level of decision making for planning, organizing, directing, controlling and
monitoring procedures.
Management Information System
CAD acronym BIOS represents____________

Computer Aided Designs
CNN acronym BIOS represents ___________

Cabled Network News
Computers can assist government business in the following ways:

(a) Planning
(b) Decision marking
(c) Policy formulating
(d) Monitoring and control of operations
The acronym BIOS represents ________

Basic Input Output system
The acronym DOS stands for _____

Disk Operating System
The power supply unit of computer converts high voltage to __________

voltage.
Low
To prevent the loss of data during power failures, use _______

Uninterruptible Power Supply
Junk e-mail is also called _________

Spam
Computer viruses are written programs

True
The characteristic of a computer which enables it to manipulate large data

at an incredible pace and response time is referred to as _______.
Speed
A computer program that accepts a source program in assembly language

reads and translates the entire program into an equivalent program in
machine language is called ______.
Assembler
A program design aid that serves the function of a flowchart in expressing

the detailed logic of a program is called ________
Pseudocode
In a flowchart, the boxes are linked by means of ______ which show the
sequence of operations.
Arrows
In assembly language the storage address or location of the operands is

expressed as a _____rather than the actual numeric address.
Symbol
A visual picture which gives the steps of an algorithm and also the flow of
control between the various steps is called a ______
Flowchart
Storage ____ is a testing whereby the contents of the computers storage
locations is printed out and the tester examines the contents of the various
locations to determine the instruction at which the program is halted.
Dump
In computer programming, the type of instructions which cause the

computer to alter the sequence of execution of instruction within the
program is called _____ instructions
Branch
A computer program that accepts a source program in one high-level

language, reads and translates the entire user‟s program into executable
form is called ________
Compiler
A program that accepts program in a source language, reads, translates into

machine language and executes it, line by line is called _______.
Interpreter
In a decision table, the section which contains a list of all possible

conditions which could apply in a particular problem is called conditions
_______
Stub

software and _______
Data
In Visual basic Environment, the title screen that appears when your
application first begins is called ______ screen
Splash
______refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs,

processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer controls to be
imposed, together with some means of enforcement.
Protection
A series of _______ linked together make up a software

Programs
Mainframe computers are often called _____ crunches

Number
_______printers combine a magnetic roller with powdered ink called toner to

transfer high-quality characters or images onto a page.
Laser
______printers have small nozzle that actually spray fast-drying ink onto the
page to form characters or images. Inkjet printers spray a fine, quick-drying
ink through small nozzles to produce characters and images on paper.
Inkjet
A ______ purpose computer is one that is designed to solve a restricted class

of problems.
Special
In a _____ computer the conversion element which accepts analog inputs,

and output digital values is called digitizer
Hybrid
The volume of work that a given computer handles is closely tied to the cost
and the size of the _____ of the computer
Memory
Microcomputers are also known as ________ board computers

Single
The central processing unit is also referred to as a ____ unit.

System
The intelligent computer keyboard has ____ major divisions.

4
The speed of a CPU is measured in _____

Megahertz
The CPU does all the PC‟s thinking and runs the _______.
Programs
RAM stands for _____ Access Memory

Random
A ______ is simply a tool or machine used for processing data to give

required information.
Computer
______ is referred to as facts about a person, object or place

Data
______is referred to as processed facts or a meaningful statement

Information
The method of data processing that involves the use of chalk, wall, pen,
pencil and the likes is _______ method
Manual
The _______system is made up of the computer system, the user and the
environment in which the computer is operated.
Computing
The computer ______ comprises the Input unit, the processing unit and the
output unit.
Hardware
A _______is made up of group of instructions given to a computer to perform

a task.
Program
________computing devices proved to have the power, economics and

scalability necessary to deal with large scale computations
Digital
In visual Basic Environment , ____ appear in the Project window

Class properties
_______ is NOT a toolbar in Visual basic Environment.

Edit
Early computers were rarely owned by individuals but rather confined to the
laboratories and few research institutes because_______.
They were large in size and too expensive
A computer is NOT capable of _____.

taking input data through the printer
The _____ of data processing involves the use of machines such as

typewriter.
Electronic method
_____ method of data processing does NOT allow for the processing of large
volume of data continuously in a timely manner.
Electronic
The computer method of carrying out data processing has the following
major features EXCEPT ____
Data cannot be steadily and continuously processed
The computer system is broadly made up of _________.

Keyboard and mouse
The processing unit is made up of the _________

Input Unit, control unit and Display Unit Only
The second generation also saw the first two supercomputers designed
specifically for _________processing in scientific applications.
Numeric
A hybrid machine is usually ______

a special-purpose device which is built for a general task
Which of the following Statements is untrue?

Special purpose computer are usually very efficient for the tasks for
which they are specially designed
Which of the following statements about personal computers is false?

Can be used to produce documents like memos, reports, letters and
briefs
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Personal Computers?

Computer is versatile; it can be used in any establishment
DEC stands for ______

Digital Equipment Component
Which of the following CANNOT be found at the back of the system unit?
Fan Housing
If your PC runs at 333MHz, the central clock ticks ______

666 million times every second
Which of the following is NOT true about a write-protected disk?

A computer can run a program from it
When the Shift key is pressed, the ________on the alphanumeric keys are
activated
power control
The _______controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various systems programs and application programs for the various users.
Random Access Memory
In order for a program to be executed, it must be _____

mapped to absolute addresses and loaded into memory
Which of the following activities in connection with memory management is

the operating system NOT responsible for ?
Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by
whom
In a distributed system _____

all resources are central
Computers can run programs written only in ________
machine language
Which of the following is NOT a stage in program compilation?

Lexical analysis
Which of the following is NOT a basic type of instruction in computer

programming?
arithmetic instructions
There are two basic types of branch instructions; namely_______

unconditional branch instruction and conditional branch instruction
The type of branch statement that causes the computer to branch to a

statement only when certain conditions exist is called _____
Conditional
Computer programming languages can be classified into the following

categories EXCEPT ______
Machine language
Each instruction in a machine language program consists of _____

operation code and operands
In High level assembly which of the following is correct?

Only a specific set of numbers, letters, and special characters may be
used to write a high level program and special rules must be observed
for punctuation
Generally, the ______ memory is also known as the primary memory

Forte
An example of a programming tool is _______

Task manager
A Fourth Generation (computer) Language (4GL) is a ________

procedural language
The first step in developing a computer program is ______.

Problem definition
SMPS stands for_____

Switched mode Power Supply
_____ translates and executes program at run time line by line

Interpreter
A computer program that translates one program instructions at a time into
machine language is called _____
Interpreter
A dedicated computer is _______

assigned one and only one task
Personal computers use a number of chips mounted on a main circuit

board. What is the common name for such boards?
Motherboard
Who designed the first electronics computer – ENIAC?

J. Presper Eckert and John W Mauchly
In latest generation computers, the instructions are executed

Both sequentially and in parallel
Microprocessors as switching devices are for _____ generation computers

Fourth Generation
Chief component of first generation computer was ____

Vacuum Tubes and Valves
Which of the following is a first generation computer?

EDSAC
Early computers were rarely owned by individuals but rather confined to the
laboratories and few research institutes because_______.
They were large in size and too expensive
Which of the following Statements is untrue?

Special purpose computer are very much Expensive than the General-
Purpose type
Which of the following is the main function of the command interpreter?

To get and execute the next user-specified command
Which of the following cannot be considered a peripheral device?

Computer
Which of the following is NOT true about a write-protected disc?

A computer can erase the data on it
Which of the following is not an input device?

Speaker
_______ does not support more than one program at a time.

DOS
Which of the following Operating systems is better for implementing a
Client-Server network
Windows 2000
Any data that the computer collects from people and from other devices is
known as _______.
Input
A Computer is capable of all BUT one of the following ____

Data pressing
Computer model IBM401 is a ____ Generation Computer

Second
The first computers were programmed using _____.

Machine language
_______ represents raw facts.

Data
A _________is a microprocessor -based computing device.

Personal Computer
______ is data made meaningful.

Information
The primary function of the ______ is to set up the hardware and load and
start an operating system
BIOS
Which of the following is the smallest storage?

Kilobyte
The full meaning of the acronym NOS is ____

Network Operating system
The back of the system unit does not contain one of the following _____.
Joy stick port
Which of the following is not true about RAM chips?

They are also known as ROM
The material used for the construction of the motherboard is _____.

Fiber glass
In data storage systems, one of the following stores the highest data _____.
High Density media
The printer that combine a magnetic roller with powdered ink called toner to
transfer high-quality characters or images onto a page is _____.
Laser Printer
The Printer that create text and images on the page by hammering several
small pins against an inked ribbon is known as_____
Dot matrix Printer
Scanner that is a good choice for large volumes of text, but not for handling
delicate original photographs or binded books is ____.
Sheetfed
MIDI is an acronym for ____.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Computer processing in which the user has no interaction with the job
during its processing is _______ processing.
Batch
______ can be used to store electrical energy to be used when the public
electricity line is dead.
Uninterruptible Power Supply System (UPS)
______ is a computer program that accepts a source program in one high-

level language, and translates the entire user‟s program into an equivalent
object code.
Compiler
In ____ language, the operands of an instruction must tell the computer the
storage address of the data to be processed.
Machine language
In principles of good programming the characteristic that emphasize the

Optimal utilization of resources is ____.
Efficiency
The methods of testing a program for correctness does not include ____
Program implementation
Which of the following is not true about program documentation?

None of the options
Which of the following is NOT a basic types of instructions in computer

programming?
Mathematical instructions
An algorithm is defined as______
A logical sequence of steps that solve a problem.
The member “clear” of the Array class that sets a range of array elements to
zero, false or null reference is a ____ method.
Shared
System ______ provide the interface to access the services of operating

system.
calls
Files and directories of graphical user interface of operating system

programs are known as _________
Folders
The main purpose of a computer system is to _______ programs.

execute
A ______is a collection of related information defined by its creator

file
Second generation computers are made of ________

Transistors
Personal computers use a number of chips mounted on a main circuit

board. What is the common name for such boards?
Motherboard
A computer program that translates one program instructions at a time into

machine language is called ________
Interpreter
________ translates and executes program at run time line by line at run
time
Interpreter
_______ is the most common tool used to restrict access to a computer

system.
Passwords
Computers which combine both measuring and counting are referred to as

_______ computers.
Hybrid
The material used for the construction of the motherboard is ________

Fiberglass
________ keys of the computer keyboard can be programmed to carry out the
functions desired by a programmer.
Function
_____ is the general term for how many dots (or pixels) in each direction that
the monitor can display.
Resolution
A computer that provides services to other computers (known as clients) on

a network is called ________
server
On the computer keyboard, the ____ key is used to switch on or off the lower
and upper characters by the user.
Shift
The scanner that can only accommodate one page at a time is called
________
flatbed
Sound ____ processes all of the instructions that have to do with sound, and
then sends the sounds to the speakers to be played
card
LOTUS Manuscript is an example of _______ package

spreadsheet
Syntax analysis is a component of a _____.

Compiler
____ language is capable of producing the most efficient program as far as

storage requirements and operating speeds are concerned.
Machine
In principles of good programming, the characteristic that emphasize the

ease of use and documentation is ________
Usability
______software refers to the suits of programs that facilitates the optimal use
of the hardware systems and/or provide a suitable environment for the
running of User Programs.
System
The device that comes with a speaker which improves the bass (low notes)
sound is _____
Subwoofer
The code in an application can be broken down into logical components by

____ process.
Partitioning
_____ Array size can be changed at run-time.
Dynamic
The ____ variable is declared inside a procedure.

Local
Code window consist of ____ box and a procedure list box.

object
_____ system is responsible for the creation and deletion of both user and
system processes
Operating
The ______ collector, collects fragmented areas of memory

garbage
______ are computer programs that are designed by attackers to gain root or
administrative access to your computer.
Rootkits
The attack that focuses on capturing small packets from the network
transmitted by other computers and reading the data content in search of
any type of information is called ____.
Eavesdropping
An individual computer connected to a central computer and to other

computers on a network is called _______
Workstation
The process of finding and removing errors is called ________.

debugging
_______ card determines what resolution the monitor displays at any time
Video
Supercomputers came about during the ____ generation of computers

Second
Early computer were large in size and too ______ to be owned by individual
Expensive
The computer system is made up of hardware and ________

Software
MS Multiplan is an example of _____ packages

Spreadsheet
Integrated circuits is the main innovation of the ____ generation of
computers
Third
_______ Generation computers were developed during 1954 - 1962

Second
The computer software is classified into _____ major groups

Two
The switching device for the _____ generation computers is Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuit.
Fifth
Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is

referred to as _______
Processing
The co-processor used to assist some CPUs in number-crunching activities

is known as _____
Math
_______ emits the computer‟s sound output

Speaker
When a Computer is switched off, anything held in _____ Memory is lost

Random access
The first stage of program debugging is______

Desk checking
All the electronic components in a personal computer are mounted on a

piece of fiberglass called ________
Motherboard
The ______ does all computer system's thinking and runs the programs as
requested
Processor
________ is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors
Formatting
When errors are detected in a program, a series of diagnostics referred to as

an error ____ list is generated by the language translator
Message
_______Store data or information temporarily and passes it on as directed by

the control unit
Register
Simplification of program maintenance is an advantage of program ______

Documentation
Insert key is denoted by______ on the keyboard

INS
In a ____ processing operating system environment, users submit jobs to a

central place for processing.
Batch
Computer viruses are written programs.

True
In a decision table the section which contains a list of all possible conditions
which could apply in a particular problem is called Conditions _______
Stub
Junk e-mail is also called _______

Spam
A _____ branch statement will cause the computer to branch to a statement

only when certain conditions exist
Conditional
A ________ is a software program used to view Web pages

Browser
_______ operating system will be best suited for systems controlling aircrafts.
Real time
______ is a default file extension for all word documents.

DOC
In Visual basic Environment, the title screen that appears when your
application first begins is called ________ screen.
Splash
An email account includes a storage area often called _____

Mailbox
COBOL is an example of ________ -level language

High
_______ Software are specific to users‟ needs

Application
_______ are computers that provide resources to other computers connected
to a network
Servers
_______ is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

File
A finite sequence of instructions which gives an unambiguous method of

solving a problem is known as ______
Algorithm
The following are characteristics of a computer EXCEPT _______

Cyclic
Computer users can be classified as expert users and ________

Casual users
The Acronym for the first general purpose programmable electronic

computer was______
ENIAC
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of mechanical method of data

processing?
Ease of correcting errors
Magnetic core-based memory technology is accessed in_____ order

Random
The following are peripheral devices of the computer system EXCEPT______

Cache memory
Which of the following is NOT part of the computer processing unit?

Hard disk unit
In which computer generation do we have computers that were very large in

size?
First Generation Computer
Which of the following methods of data processing involves the use of

typewriter?
Mechanical method
Which of the following computer resources is most likely to be a shared

common resource in a networking environment?
Printers
Physical structure of computer is called _____
Hardware
Computer system that attempts to gain the advantage of both the digital and
the analog elements is known as _______
Hybrid
Transistor technology belongs to the _____

Second generation computers
Which is not a basic function of a computer?

Copy text
The computing system is made up of the following EXCEPT______

The computer analyst
Semi-conductor memories came about in the_____

Third generation of computers
Based on signal type, the types of electronic computers are basically

Three
The power supply unit of computer converts high voltage to ______ voltage.
Low
To prevent the loss of data during power failures, use _______

Uninterruptible Power Supply
______ unit of the CPU directs and coordinates all activities within it and
determines the sequence in which instructions are executed, sending
instructions sequence to other smaller unit.
Control
Classifying computers based on signal type, the class of computers that

measures is_____ computers.
Analog
Which of the following Statements is NOT true about Special purpose

computers?
Very much expensive than the General-Purpose type
Which of the following memory is both static and non-volatile?

ROM
The acronym BIOS represents ________

Basic Input Output system
The acronym DOS stands for _____

Disk Operating System
Sound card is an expansion card that plugs into one of the slots on ________
Motherboard
A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language

is called ______
Compiler
The following are examples of database packages EXCEPT_____

SPSS
Which of the following statements about personal computers is FALSE?

Cannot be used to create illustrations
One of these is a classification of Computer Software.

Application software
____ key is used in combination with another key to perform a specific task
Control
A system that allows more than one active user program to be stored in
main memory simultaneously is known as ________
Multiprogramming
In program development stages, devising of solution method comes _____

second
Which of the following refers to a small, single-site network?

LAN

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CIT104 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS SUMMARY

___________ is fast becoming the universal machine of the 21st century.

Computer is fast becoming the __________machine of the 21st century.

Computer is fast becoming the universal machine of the __________century.

Today, computer is no longer confined to the laboratory.

Early computers were large in size and too___________ to be owned by

Early computers were ___________in size and too expensive to be owned by

The combination of computer technology and communications technology

___________ is fast becoming ubiquitous.

Computing is fast becoming__________.

The application of computer transcends science, engineering,

A ___________ is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for __________to

A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing

A computer is capable of performing the following operations:

___________ is referred to facts about a person, object or place (e.g. name,

___________ is referred to as processed data or a meaningful statement (e.g.

The __________ of data processing involves the use of machines such as

The following are the characteristics of computer

Memories are built up in K(Kilo) modules where K = _________ memory

Once a program is in the computer‟s__________ it can run automatically each

Once a ___________ is in the computer‟s memory it can run automatically

Once a program is in the computer‟s memory it can run __________ each

___________ computers can be used to perform a variety of functions like on-

The computer system is made up of the __________ and the software.

The computer system is made up of the hardware and ___________.

The computer hardware comprises the__________, processing unit and

The computer hardware comprises the input unit, processing unit

Examples of input unit include the keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball,

ROM stands for_________

RAM stands for__________

The main memory is made up of the______

VDU stands for___________

____________ are the series of instructions that enable the computer to

A ___________is made up of group of instructions to perform a task.

A program is made up of group of instructions to perform a___________.

Series of programs linked together are called___________

Computer programs could be categorized into__________, utility software,

Computer programs could be categorized into system software, ___________,

__________ are the different categories of personnel that operates the

Computer users are the different categories of __________that operates the

Computer users are the different categories of personnel that ___________the

The expert users could be further categorized into the following

UPS stands for__________

The computer is a machine used for a variety of___________.

A complete history of computing would include a multitude of diverse

In __________s, analog computers were routinely used to solve systems of

The __________of digital computing is often divided into generations.

The evolution of digital computing is often divided into___________.

____________ generation electronic computers were developed between 1937

The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by __________in

The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by J. V. Atanasof

A second early electronic machine was Colossus designed by Alan Turning

Colossus was designed by ___________for the British military in 1943

Colossus was designed by Alan Turning for the __________military in 1943

Colossus was designed by Alan Turning for the British military in