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    Thermodynamics Module

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    Thermodynamics Module

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    Thermodynamics Module

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    General Chemistry 2

    Thermodynamics
    Prepared by: Charles Herbert G. Acab

    Learning Objectives:
    At the end of the discussion, the students will
    be able to:
    K: Recognize the first law of Thermodynamics.
    S: Calculate enthalpy change of a reaction.
    A: Acknowledge the role of enthalpy in the
    reaction products.

    Before learning about thermodynamics. Perform this activity at home with caution.
    Materials needed in this activity are simple and can be found at home. Used recycled
    materials, to reduce waste and save money.
    Activity: Heats Up!

    Materials Needed:
    Empty plastic bottle (10 ml)
    Balloon
    Tape
    Container
    Heater/Kettle

    Direction:
    1. Prepare all the materials needed.
    2. Put water into the heater/kettle and boil the water.
    3. While waiting, remove the cap of the empty plastic bottle (10ml)
    4. Attach the balloon on the opening of the empty plastic bottle (10 ml).
    5. Seal it around with a tape (any tape will do as long as it is sealed tightly)
    6. Using the tape, bind the empty plastic bottle (10 ml) with the balloon into a
    container.
    7. Once the water in the heater/kettle is boiling, pour it into the container as well
    as in the empty plastic bottle (10 ml).
    8. Then, observed and answer the following guide questions in a short bond paper.

    Guide Questions:
    1. What happens to the balloon after boiling water was pour onto the container and
    the empty plastic bottle?
    2. What is the reason behind the balloons’ inflation?
    Thermodynamics - A science of relationship between heat, work, temperature,
    and energy. It deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and
    one form to another. It has a system, surroundings and a boundary.

    System – a region containing energy and/or matter that is separated from its
    surroundings.
    Surrounding – everything that interacts with the system
    Boundary – a closed surface surrounding a system through energy and mass
    may enter or leave the system.

    First law of thermodynamics


    - also known as law of conversation
    - states that energy can be converted from one form to another with
    interaction of heat, work, and internal energy, it cannot be created nor
    destroyed under any circumstances.

    In thermodynamics, we have what we call state function. State functions are


    used to specify the state of a thermodynamic system. The state is described by
    measurable macroscopic particles like pressure, temperature, volume, amount,
    internal energy, enthalpy, etc.

    Internal energy
    - Is a state function, meaning it does not depend on the path of the
    process.
    - The value is the same regardless of the pathway and only depends on
    the initial and final state of the system.
    - ΔE = E final – E initial

    Change in internal energy is used to express the first law of thermodynamics


    where in internal energy (ΔE) is the sum of the heat (q) that flows across its
    boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the surroundings.
    - (q) has a positive sign if heat is added on the system; (w) has positive
    sign if the work is done by the surroundings.
    - (q) has a negative sign if heat is released by the system; (w) has a
    negative sign if the work is done on the surroundings.

    Formula: ΔE = q + w

    Sample Problem:
    - How much is ΔE if 100 kJ of heat energy is absorbed by the system and
    30 KJ of work is done on the surroundings?
    - Given:
    q= +100 kJ (absorbed by the system)
    w= -30 kJ (done by the system)
    - Solution:
    ΔE = q + w
    = 100 kJ + (-30 kJ)
    = 70 kJ

    Activity: Problem Solved!


    Now, on the same bond paper you used on the experiment earlier. Solve
    these problems and show your solutions.
    1. How much is ΔE if 30 kJ is released by the system and 20 kJ of work is
    done on the surrounding?
    2. How much is ΔE if 50 kJ of heat energy is absorbed by the system and 50
    kJ of work is done on the system?

    Enthalpy
    - It the measurement of energy stored in (or heat content of) a
    thermodynamic system.
    - It cannot be measured directly, it is only measurable when there is a
    change in the system such as a change in temperature and pressure
    during reactions.
    - ΔH = H final – H initial

    Enthalpy change
    - Is the heat energy exchange with its surroundings at a constant
    pressure
    - The formula for this is ΔH= H product – H reactant, ΔH = q (at constant
    pressure)

    The sign of ΔH determines the direction of heat transfer.


    ➢ A positive ΔH means an absorption of heat from the surroundings, known
    as endothermic reaction.
    ➢ A negative value of ΔH indicates an exothermic reaction, a heat releasing
    process.

    Sample Problem # 3:
    Given the standard enthalpies of formation for the following:
    Compounds ΔH
    C6H12 (-151.9 kJ/mol)
    CO2 (-393.5 kJ/mol)
    H2O (-285 kJ/mol)

    Calculate ΔH for the combustion of hexane as shown in the following equation.


    C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

    Solution: NOTE: The chemical equation must be


    ΔH = H products + H reactants balanced first before the calculation.
    = (6ΔH CO2 + 6ΔH H2O) – (ΔH C6H12) But the given example is balanced
    = (6(-393.5) + 6(-285.8) – (-151.9) already.
    = -3923 kJ

    Hess Law
    - States that the overall enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of
    the route the reaction takes.
    - Is an indirect method of determining heat of reaction.
    - Reverse reaction – reverse sign (reverse the reaction equivalent to
    reversing the sign in an enthalphy change.

    - Enthalpy of the reaction is equal to the of the parts.

    ROUTE 1
    (one step)

    Reactants, X & Y Products, X & Y

    Intermediates
    ROUTE 2 (2 or more step)

    In applying Hess’s Law, equations can be arranged so the desired reactants and
    products will appear in the overall reaction. Hence to calculate the standard
    enthalpy of the given reaction do the following steps:
    a. Write equation (1) as is.
    b. Multiply reaction (2) by two including the value of ΔH
    c. Rewrite reaction (3) in reverse direction and change the sign of ΔH from – to +.
    d. Add the equations algebraically. Substances that appear on the opposite sides
    of the equation may be cancelled.

    Activity: Give it a try!


    Direction: On the same bondpaper solve the following proble. Write on the same
    NOTE: The set of reactions
    bond paper used in the previous solving. must be balanced first
    before the calculation.
    Problem:
    Calculate the standard enthalpy formation, ΔH for methane gas, CH4, produced
    from graphite and hydrogen gas according to the following reaction:

    C(graphite) + 2H2 CH4

    These are the following set of reactions of ΔH methane gas in Hess’s Law.
    1. C (graphite) + O2 CO2 = -393.5 kJ
    2. H2 + ½ O2 H2O = -285.8 kJ
    3. CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O = - 890.4 kJ

    Assessment:
    Test I. Multiple Choice
    Direction: On the same bond paper used earlier, write directly the answer in
    each number.

    1. Which of the following properties cannot be used to describe the state of a


    system?
    a) pressure
    b) volume
    c) temperature
    d) universal gas constant

    Explanation: State functions are used to specify the state of a thermodynamic


    system. The state is described by measurable macroscopic particles like
    pressure, temperature, volume, amount, etc and the is P, V and T are called
    state variables.

    2. When work is done on system or by a system there is a change in _________


    a) external energy
    b) internal energy
    c) adiabatic energy
    d) isothermal energy

    Explanation: When a work is done or by the system, heat passes into out of the
    system and matter enters or leaves the system, there is a change in internal
    energy of the system. It is represented by the symbol “U”.

    3. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy CANNOT be _____.


    I. Created
    II. Destroyed.
    III. Transferred

    a) I
    b) I and II
    c) II
    d) II and III

    Explanation: The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be


    created nor be destroyed but can only be transferred.

    Test II. Problem Solving.


    Direction: In the given problems, solve the following with solutions. Write on
    the same bond paper used earlier.

    1. How much is ΔE if 20 kJ of heat energy is absorbed by the system and 15 KJ


    of work is done on the surroundings?
    Given:
    q= +20 kJ (absorbed by the system, + )
    w= -15 kJ (done by the system, - )
    Solution:
    ΔE = q + w
    = 20 kJ +

    ___________________________GOD BLESS YOU ALL____________________________

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