BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Science
Thermodynamics
ENTHALPY
Prepared By: De Leon, Joan Marie B.

First Let’s Remember this!

 Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat.

 Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations.
 Thermochemistry is the study of chemical reactions and the energy changes
that involve heat.

Work

Energy used to cause an object that has mass to move. w = F  d

Heat

Energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase.

 SYSTEMS AND SURROUNDINGS

The system includes the molecules of interest.

• The surroundings are everything else.

• In thermochemistry we study the exchange of energy between the system and surroundings.

• Open system – matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings

• Closed system - exchange energy--but not matter--with the surroundings.

• Isolated system - neither matter nor energy may be exchanged with surroundings.

INTERNAL ENERGY
The internal energy of a system is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all
components of the system; we call it E.

E = Efinal − Einitial

By definition, the
change in internal
energy, ΔE, is the final
energy of the system
minus the initial energy
of the system: ΔE =
Efinal − Einitial ΔE < 0, Efinal < Einitial the system released energy to the surroundings.

Exchange of Heat
between System and
Surroundings

o When heat is absorbed by

the system from the
surroundings, the process is
endothermic.
o When heat is released by
the system into the
surroundings, the process is
exothermic.

STATE FUNCTIONS
The internal energy of a system is independent of the path by which the system
achieved that state. Internal energy, E, is a state function.

q and w are not state functions. E is the

same whether the battery is shorted out or is
discharged by running the fan. – q and w are different
in the two cases.
 ENTHALPY
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function equal to the internal energy plus pressurevolume:

H = E + PV
When the system changes at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy, H, is

H = (E + PV)

This can be written H = E + PV

Since E = q + w and w = −PV, we can substitute these into the enthalpy expression:

H = E + PV

H = (q+w) − w

H = q

The enthalpy change, H, is defined as the heat gained or lost by the system under constant
pressure.

H = qp

PROPERTIES OF ENTHALPY
1. Enthalpy is a state function.
2. Enthalpy is an extensive property.
 3. Enthalpy is reversible. The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in magnitude, but
opposite in sign, to ∆H for the reverse reaction.
4. ∆H for a reaction depends on the state of the products and the state of the reactants.

ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC

∆H = Hinitial or ∆H = Hproducts – Hreactants
A process is endothermic when ∆H is positive (>0).
A process is exothermic when ∆H is negative (0).

ENTHALPIES OF REACTION
This quantity, ∆H, is called the enthalpy of reaction, or the heat of reaction.

A thermochemical equation is an equation for which ∆H is given:

2 H₂(g) + O₂  2 H₂O (l) ∆H = -483.6 kJ

H₂ (g) + ½O₂  H₂ O (l) ∆H = -241.8 Kj

 CALORIMETRY

Calorimetry, the measurement of

heat released or absorbed by a chemical
reaction.
A calorimeter is the device used to
measure heat.
The quantity of heat transferred by
the reaction causes a change in temperature of
the solution.

HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 K (1°C) is
its heat capacity (C in units of J/K).
𝑞
𝐶=
∆𝑇
We define specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat; Cs or s units of J/g∙K) as the
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 K.
If the amount is one mole, it is the molar heat capacity.
q
Cs = s =
m × ∆T
CONSTANT PRESSURE CALORIMETRY
Indirectly measure the heat change for the system

Because the specific heat for water is well known (4.182 J/g∙K), we
can measure q for the reaction with this equation.

qsoln = Cs × m × ∆T = -qrxn
The calorimeter and its contents are the surroundings, so qsoln is found from the mass, heat
capacity, and temperature change.

HESS’S LAW
∆H is known for many reactions, but it is inconvenient to measure ∆H for every
reaction in which we are interested.
However, we can calculate ∆H using published ∆H values and the properties of
enthalpy.
Hess’s law states that “If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, ∆H for the
overall reaction will be equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual
steps.” ∆H is a state function.

Most ∆H values are labelled ∆H°, and measured under standard conditions
o P = 1 atm (but for gases P = 1 bar)
o T = usually 298.15 K (25.0°C)
o Concentration = 1 mol/L
Using Hess’s law - when two or more thermochemical equations are added, the
enthalpy change of the resulting equation is the sum of those for the added equations.
C(s) + O₂ (g)  CO₂ (g) ∆H = -393.5 kJ
CO₂ (g)  CO (g) + ½ O₂ (g) ∆H = +283.9 kJ
_______________________________________
C(s) + ½ O₂(g)  CO(g) ∆H = -110.5 kJ
 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION
An enthalpy of formation, ∆Hf, is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction in
which a compound is made from its constituent elements in their elemental forms.

STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION

Only one enthalpy value is needed for each substance, called the standard enthalpy of
formation.
The standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
substance in its standard state is formed from the most stable form of the elements in
their standard states.

STANDARD STATE
Enthalpy changes depend on the temperature and pressure at which they are measure
o When applying Hess’s law, all values must refer to the same conditions of
pressure and temperature
The standard state of a substance at a specified temperature is the pure form at 1 atm
pressure
o Tabulated values for enthalpy refer to the standard state, usually at a
temperature of 25°C
 STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION
The symbol used for standard enthalpy of formation ∆Hf°, where the ° designates
standard state.
The product is always one mole of a single substance.
The standard enthalpy of formation of the elements of formation:
C (graphite) + O₂ (g)  CO₂ (g) ∆Hf° [CO₂ (g)]
H₂(g) + ½ O₂ (g)  H₂O (l) ∆Hf° [H₂O(l)]

ENTHALPIES OF REACTION
C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O (l)

Imagine this as occurring in 3 steps:

C₃H₈(g)  3 C (graphite) + 4 H₂ (g)

3C(graphite) + 3 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g)

C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O (l)

Imagine this as occurring in 3 steps:

C₃H₈(g)  3 C (graphite) + 4 H₂ (g)

3C(graphite) + 3 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g)

4 H₂ (g) + 2 O₂ (g)  4 H₂O (l)

C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O (l)

 Imagine this as occurring in 3 steps:

C₃H₈(g)  3 C (graphite) + 4 H₂ (g)

3C(graphite) + 3 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g)

4 H₂ (g) + 2 O₂ (g)  4 H₂O (l)

_____________________________
C₃H₈(g) + 5 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O (l)

C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g)  3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O (l)

Where n and m are stoichiometric coefficients.

∆Hrxn° = [(3 mol)(-393.5 kJ/mol) + (4 mol) (-285.8 kJ/mol)] – [(1 mol)(-103.85 kJ/mol) + (5
mol)(0 kJ)]

= [(-1180.5 kJ) + (-1143.2 kJ)] – [(-103.85 kJ)

= -2219.9 kJ
 Activity Sheet
TOPIC: ENTHALPY Prepared By; Joan Marie B. De Leon

Name: Course & Section:

Part I. Multiple Choice

___1. A thermodynamic property of a system that is the sum of the internal energy added to
the product of the pressure and volume of the system. It reflects the capacity to release heat.
a. Heat Absorption c. Entropy
b. Specific Heat d. Enthalpy
___2. The energy transferred to the motion of atoms and molecules.
a. Work c. Potential
b. Heat d. Kinetic
____3. A reaction is endothermic if____.

a. Heat is absorbed, positive change in enthalpy.

b. Heat is released, positive change in enthalpy.
c. Heat is absorbed, negative change in enthalpy.
d. Heat is released, negative change in enthalpy.

____4. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity____

a. Used to determine heat changes

b. Whose value is independent of the path
c. Used to determine pressure-volume work
d. Whose value depends on temperature only

____5. The enthalpies of all elements in their standard states are:

a. Unity
b. Zero
c. 0
d. Different for each element
Part II. Problem Solving

1. Nitrogen and oxygen gas combine to form nitrogen dioxide according to the following reaction:
𝑵𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑶2(g) → 𝟐 𝑵𝑶(𝒈) Calculate the change in enthalpy for the overall reaction given:
𝑵𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑶2(g) → 𝟐 𝑵𝑶(𝒈) ∆H= +181 kJ
𝟐𝑵𝑶(𝒈) + 𝑶2(g) → 𝟐 𝑵𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) ∆H= -131kJ
2. Calculate the change in enthalpy occurring when 500 grams of pure sulfuric acid (also called
monohydrate) are diluted to 1 mole/dm3 concentration. Assume the temperature of
concentrated sulfuric acid and water used, as well as that of the final solution, was 25°C.
3. A gummy bear contains 2.67g sucrose, 𝑪12 𝑯22 𝑶11 . When it reacts with 7.19 g potassium
chlorate, KCLO₃, 43.7 kJ of heat are produced. Determine the enthalpy change for the
reaction 𝑪12 𝑯22 𝑶11 (𝑎𝑞 ) + 8𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶3 + 12 𝑪𝑶2 (𝑔) + 11𝑯𝟐 𝑶 (𝑙 ) + 8𝑲𝑪𝒍(𝑎𝑞)
4. Calculate the enthalpy (∆H) for the process in which 45.0 grams of water is converted from
liquid at 10°C to vapor at 25°C.
5. Calculate the enthalpy of: 2F + 4B  A + 2C +3D

ANSWER KEY

Part I. Multiple choice

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. B
Part II. Problem Solving