Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 26957

Drag - Bit Model Including Wear

G. Hareland and P.R . Rampersad, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
SPE Members

Copyright t994. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Inc.

. Conterence he
This paper was prepared for presentation at the UI Latin Americar:/Carlbbean Petroleum EngIneering rd n
i Buenos Aires , Argentina • 21-29 April 1994.

f . f I' 0'" ined 'n an abstract submitted by the au'hor(s). Contents of the paper,
This paper was selected for pre~8ntation by an S~E Program Commlu~ follOWing revt8~. O' In (}fm: IO~ ~ bathe ~thOr{$). The material. as presented . does not necessarily ref!ect
. "

as pre~8r')fed . have not been (&viewed bV lhe Society or Pet'oleum Engineers and are su }ee! 10 co. rec O'n! e sub ' t to publjcatlon review by EdHorial Commine8s of the Society
any position of the Society of Pe1roktum Engineers, its officers, or "",mbers. Papers prese"ted a1 SPE meet. 9 ar t be ~d The abstract should contain conspiCuous acknow!edgment
of Petroleum Engineers. Permiss;on to copy is restnc1,ed to an abstract ot 1"101 more than 300 wo.rds.I~US1ra~~~::;~ C S A· Telex 1632(5 SPEUT
of where and by ~hom 1he paper ;s presented. Wnte Llbranan. SPE , P.O . Box 833836, Rlthar son, , u. . ..

performance test in the field. Penetration rates can be

Abstract
predicted by the model for different lithologies using
The model presented in this paper is a DeW approach to rock strengths obtained from offset drilling or log data.
predicting the performance of full-hoJe aDd core drag In other words, the model will predict penetration rate
bits. The model is based 00 tbeoretical c:oosideratioos for any set of operating conditions, formation descrip-
of single-cutter rock interaction. lithology coefficieots tion and bit parameters.
and bit wear. Several new modeling features are intr0-
duced, these include "equivalent bit radius", "dynamic Introduction
cutter action", "lithology coefficients" and "cutter
Analysis of bit performance bas been an area of con-
wear". The model is applicable to all types of drag bits
cern to the drilling industry for some time now. The
(Natural Diamond Bits (NOB), PolyaystalliDe Dia-
reason being that bit perfonnance is inherently com-
moodCompact Bits (PDC) and any Geoset Bits) with
plex in nature due to the influence of a wide variety of
correct cutter geometrical description. The model is
factors. One of the primary factors which influence bit
useful for pre-planning, day to day and post drilling
performance is the bit's cutter geometry. There are two
analysis, as weU as drilling optimization.
classes of bits used in the petroleum indusUy today,
Application of the model to evaluate drag-bit perfonn-
roUer cone bits and drag bits. While each have their
ance bas shown good results in several lab and field
relative advantages. it has been found that drag bits are
cases. The advantages of this model include, optimiza-
preferred because of the popularity they have gained
tion of operating parameters, optimization of bit pa-
due to their increased use with down hole motors and
rameters and support of a total drilling system for
their longer life due to reduced cutter wear. In com-
penetration rate, solids control and hydraulics optimi-
parison to roner cone bits, drag bits have no bearings
zation. In addition, use of the model is simple and
which are subject to failure thereby, shortening bit life.
straight forward, data requirements are standard and
While the geometrical description of drag bits are
readily available. Lithology coefficients can be
simpler than roller cone bits. there are wide variations
obtained from lab data or one set of drill-off and/or bit
in bit and cutter design, resulting in a wider range of
bit perfonnance than observed with roUer cone bits. In
References and illustrations at End of Paper addition, drag bits are extremely sensitive to formation
properties and operating conditions. This paper focuses

657
 2 A NEW DRAG BIT MODEL INCLUDING WEAR SPENo26957
on the development of a drag bit rate of penetration ever, use of the model is tedious and time consuming.
model, using bit mecbanical design Parameters, cutter The detailed descriptions required by the model lends
geometrical description. fonnatioo properties, cutter itself to inaccuracies and is not practical in routine
wear and operating conditions. drilling operations. In addition there are currently no
The process of rock removal by drilling with a drag bit models developed to predict the perfonnance of bits
has been the focus of several publications and experi- with geoset type cutters. This new model in it's basic
mental work dealing with defonnatioo and failure of fonn is applicable to any drag bit with the comet
rocks. Cheatham and Gnirkl presented a review of geometric description. The model can be used easily to
analytical and experimental rock failure. While rock support drilling operation and optimize bit selection,
behavior cannot be classified into any specific mecha- while any drag bit is being used.
nism, Weavind and Dyetl describe two possible
mechanisms where the mode of failure is tensile and Basic Draa Bit Model Descriptioa
brittle in nature or a shearing (or ploughing) action
where the fiillure is brittle or plastic in nature. There is The proposed model utilizes the basic physical phe-
certainly no perfect failure mechanism because they nomena occurring during drilling with drag bits. It is
both may occur simultaneously. Under condition of reasonable to assume that the path of each cutter is cir-
high confining pressure a reasonable fiillure criteria as cular. The situation is analyzed as equally loaded cut-
shown by Appl and Rowley3 is plastic in nature. The ters of the same average geometry for a particular
rock is compressed ahead and below the cutter. The group of drag bits, cutting a flat surface. As weight is
degree of compression determines the cutter penetra- applied to the bit, the depth to which each cutter pene-
tion and the subsequent fiillure of the rock. This model trates the rock is a function of the number of cutters,
is based on conservation of mass where it is assumed the rock strength, the applied mechanical weight and
that the compressed rock ahead of the cutter fails and the lower projected contact area of each cutter. Since
is removed irrespective of the mode of fu.iJure. The the bit rotates and rock bas already been removed from
model described in this paper was developed under the the aft side of the cutter it will not be in contact with
assumption that there is a ploughing action of the cut- rock on the aft side but only the fore side. Therefore,
ter and brittle fiillure of the rock. the projected area of contact is one half the area under
static conditions. As seen in Figures I, 2 and 3, for dif-
Previous Models &eot type drag bits, the compressed area (cont.aa area)
under the cutter is Ap and the compressed area at the
Attempts to predict the drilling perfonnance of drag front of the cutter is A". The model is based on the
bits have been made by several investigators. One of conservation of mass where the rate of penettatioo is
the first natural diamond bit models was developed by equivalent to the rate of rock removed from the fiont of
Appl and Rowley3. They asswned a plastic coulomb the cutter. As shown in Appendix A the rate of pene-
rock failure with Mohr circle failure criteria. The en- tration for a Natural Diamond Bit is:
ergy required to remove rock was obtained from the
mechanical energy applied to the bit. Rock removal
was assumed to be accomplished by a ploughing ac-
tion, where allowances for brittle failure and removal
was considered negligible. Petersoo4 introduced a
model using a static loading condition and the equiva-
lent blade concept. Both models however, are inappli-
cable to nonnaJ drilling situations. Warren and SinorS-
6 developed the PoIycrystalJine Diamond Compact
(PDC) performance model. The required inputs to the
model are detailed cutter geometry, cutter plaa:meot,
formation properties, penetration rate and rotational
speed. The model then calculates the rock removed by
he bit and the required torque and weight on bit. How-

658
 SPENo 26957 GEIR HARELAND AND PAUL R RAMPERSAD 3

For Natural Diamond Core Bits the Equation is: The individual correction factors are developed from
lab andIor field drill-off tests using DOD-linear regres-
sion analysis. Table I lists coefficients developed using
a 6 1/4 inch bit in Catoosa Shale and Charthage Lime-
ROP = 14.14NsRPM riD; + Df ][(!!.L)2
D2 + D2 2
stone. These coefficients are then used for any natural
o i diamond bit in these lithologies. The theoretical ROP
from Equations 1 or 2 is then multiplied by the lithol-
ogy correction factor from Equation 3 to obtain the
true ROP.

Bit Wear Considerations

During actua1 drilling operations the bit bec:omes pro-

(; - ~;.,~,)] .... ...........••......... .. 2 gressively worn, as the bits wears the projected area Ap
is c:onstant and All dec~. 1be res~lting projected
area (Ap) is constant but the wear flat area increases,
A full derivation of the equations is given in Appendix reducing cutter penetration for the same operating
A. Figures 4 and 5 show the results of lab tests conditions. The geometrical description is shown in
conducted where the rate of penetration is· shown in Figure 6. As discussed in Appendix B using the rock
relation to the rate of bit rotation (RPM). It is readily uniaxial compressive strength, rock abrasiveoes
apparent that the behavior of the bit penetrating the coefficient, properties of the cutter material and
rock is not linearly dependent on bit rotational speed as operating cooditions, the cutter volume removed by
ideally predicted by Equations 1 and 2. This indicated wear (Vd) is calculated. Using Equation B5 the peoe-
the possibility tJw some factors were Dot accounted for tration lost due to wear (P.,,) is calculated. From Equa-
in the model fannulation andIor UDdenniuing of model tions BIO, Bli and B12 the new projected area (AvI)
assumptions in the real case. From the complexity of is determined and substituted into Equation I to de-
the rock bit interaction process it is highly evident that termine the volume of rock removed per revolution,
there exist several phenomena which cannot be accu- and a new ROP is calculated including the change due
ratelyaccounted for in theoretical modeling. Such phe- to worn cutters. The same procedure is used for PDC
DOJneDa which causes deviations from the theory. and and Geoset bits. Here the cutter geometry and rate of
was not introduced into the model, include effects such penetration equations are all different. Appendix A
as rock strain rate. microscopical variation in roclc equations A15 to AI8 show the projected areas for
strength, bit cleaning hydraulics and imperfectioos in diffrent bit and cutter geometries. As the projected area
overall bit andIor cutter geometIy. Since these factors increases the penetration for a fixed mechanicl weight
were not accounted for theoretically, a quite simple, on bit decreases. Thus the area removing rock
accurate and usable alternative was implemented, by decreases resulting in a decreased rate of penetration.
the introduction of a correction factor, determined from This also means that because of the wear-flat on the
several empirical correction factors. To account for the cutters. an initial weigbt-oo-bit (WOB) is required be-
factores mentioned above, a mechanical weigbt-oo-bit fore the roclc is penetrated. Viewed in another sense,
empirical correction denoted "e". an overall lithology the model provides a tool to predict how worn the cut-
empirical correction factor denoted "an and a bit ters are, by performing a WOB drill~fftest.
rotation correction fiu:tor denoted "b" is incorporated Using this wear model one can predict how the bits
into the model. TheSe correctioo factors will be the will wear every foot while drilling different formations
same for a particular ·group of drag bits. with a under different operating conditions. The most effective
particular geometry and in a specific type lithology. bit can then be selected based on economics.
Therefore, they can then be collectively incorporated
Example Application
into one correction factor:
Using this model rate of penetration predictions can be
COR =: a / ( RPMb ;r WO~ ) .......................... ........ J made for different lithologies and rock strength
(uniaxial compressive strength). This provides the ca-

659
 4 A NEW DRAG BIT MODEL INCLUDING WEAR SPE No 26957
pability of predicting penetration rate for any set of op- 4. Support ofa total drilling system. When used in as
erating conditions, formation description and bit pa- part of a total drilling system, rate of penetration, 501-
rameters. Drill-off data from a 6 1/4 inch natural ids-control and hydraulics can be optimized.
diamond bit was used to determine the correction
&ctors a, b, and c in Carthage Limestone and Catoosa CODclusioDS
Shale. The set of correction &ctors were then applied
to other natural diamond bits with different design A drag bit model developed from single cutter analysis
features as shown in Table 2. Model predictions for the has been developed and verified.
rate of penetration under varying operating conditions The model requires simple geometrical description of
using bits with different design features are shown in the bit cutters.
Figures 7 to 10, and indicate a good match between the
model predictions and field data. Figure 11 shows the Formulation and programming of the model is simple.
behavior of a worn bit when applied to the model. here It can function as a stand alone model (simulator) or in
there is an over prediction in the bit perfurmance.as is conjunction with a drilling simulator.
expected. Data requirements including bit and rock data for
Field ApplicatioD model correction factors are widely available or easy to
obtain.
Figures 12 and 13 shows an example of model predic-
tions with and without the inclusion of wear, as com- From this study model predictions are good for natural
pared with actual field data for a geoset bit. Data for diamond bits and Geoset bits. However the model can
the first 50 ft of the well were used to generate coeffi- be used for other types of drag-bits by incorporating the
cients a, b and c. The conected model was then used to correct cutter geometrical description.
predict the drilling performance before the rest of the By obtaining the specific lithology coefficients for a
hole was drilled. The match with DO wear correction is given bit type accurate rate of penetration can be pre-
poor (Figure 12). However, with wear correction dicted.
(Figure 13) the field data match the model predictions
The model caD be used for drilling optimization by se-
very well. The umnatched section at 4550 ft is due to
lecting the correct bits, operating conditions and design
changes in lithology from that used to develop the a, b
for the lowest cost per foot.
and c lithology coefficients.
Model ApplicatioDJ
Nomenclature:
The main advantage of the proposed model is that it can
cutter geometry correction fitctors
be easily used in a variety of ways. Some possible uses
Bit-Face area (in2)
which has already been implemented and verified by the
Relative formation abrasiveness (iJl2)
authors are as follows:
No-wear projected cutter area (in2)
1. Optimization of operating parameters, bit selections Wear-flat projected cutter area (iJl2)
and drilling cost. By conducting bit run simulations of Area compressed in front of the cutter,
the actual drilling operations prior to drilling, the best (inl)
possible combination of operating conditions, and bit Wear modified area in front of the cutter,
selections can be determined. (inl)
Area lost due to wear of the cutter (in2)
2. Conducting parametric studies. Parametric studies
are useful in optimizing operating and bit design fea-
a constant describing Dm
Cutter wear coefficient
tures to achieve maximum bit performance in specific
Bit diameter (in)
situations.
Cutter diameter (in)
3. Drill bit performance studies. Use of the model is Inner Core-Bit diameter (in)
important in conducting performance studies and as a Micron size of the diamond inside the
teachinglleaming tool. polycrystalline compacts

660
 SPE No 26957 GEIR HARELAND AND PAUL R RAMPERSAD 5

Do Outer Core-Bit diameter (iu) 2. Weavind, R. G. and Dyer, H. B.: tI A New Type of
ds Natural diamond cutter diameter (in) Drill Stone" Proc., First International Congress on
L Geoset cutter Length (in) Diamonds in Industry, Paris (1962) 163-175.
He Number of cutters
P Cutter Penetration (in) 3. Appl, F. C. and Rowley, D. S.: "Analysis of the
PJ Cutter penetration with wellr (in) (:utting Action ofa Single Diamond" Soc. of Pet Eng. J.
Pw Cutter penetration lost due to wear (in) (Sept 1968), 269-280.
RB Bit-Face Radius (in)
Re Equivalent Bit Radius (in) 4. Peterson, J. L.: "Diamond Drilling Model Verified
ROP Rate of Penetration (ftJhr) in Field and Laboratory Tests" Journal of Petr Tecb.
Vd Volume removed per revolution (in3) (Feb. 1976).213-223.
WOBmech Mechanical loading per diamond cutter
(Ibs) 5. Warren, T. M. and Sinor, L. A.: "Drag Bit Wear
DC PDC cutter siderake angle (deg) Model" SPE Paper No. 16699, Presented at the 62nd
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
r Geoset cutter included angle (deg)
Dallas, TX (Sept. 1987).
6 PDC cutter backrake angle (deg)
Uniaxial Compressive Rock Strength (psi) «i. Warren, T. M. and Sinor. L. A.: "Drag Bit Per-
formance Modeling" SPE Paper No. 15618, Presented
Acknowledgememt .li the 62nd SPE Annual Technical Conference and
The authors wish to thank AmcICO Production Exhibition, New Orleans, LA (Oct. 1986).
Company for the permission to publish this material.
They also wisb to thank Willie Iyobo for his 7. Perry. R.H and Chiltion, C. H.: Chemical
contributions made towards this work. Engineers Handbook, Fifth Edition, Me Graw Hin, NY
(1973).2-7.
References
Table 1 Natural Diamond Bit Correction Factors
1. Cheatham. J. B. Jr. and Gnirk, P. F,: "A Review of
Catoosa Shale Carthage Limestone
the Fundamental Aspects of Rock Deformation and
a 185.4 63.6
Failure" Proc., Seventh World Pet. Cong., Mexico
b 0.825 0.5397
City, Mexico. (1967).
c 0.819 0.585

Table 2 Natural Diamond Bits Tested

Bit No Bit Diame- Number of Dicmond Di- Pump-Off Area
ter (in) Stones ameter (in) (in 2)
1 6.25 347 0.19 2.0
2 8.5 3019 0.095 11.86
3 8.5 823 0.133 5.26
4 8.5 816 0.139 8.86
5 8.5 1299 0.135 15.5
6 8.5 1584 0.125 15.8
7 6.5 1551 0.089 0.0
8(wom) 8.5 1192 0.137 9.6

661
 AppeodixA For full bole bits.

NDBModei
Re= RJ<n=Da;;J2 ........................................... A7.
Figure 1 shows three typical cutter geometries; Figure
Ia, fOT natural diamond bits (NOB), Figure lb for poly- For core bits, the applicable Equation is:
crystalline compact·diamond bits (PDC) and Figure Ie
for gooset bits.
The following model description is based on the geomet-
rical description of Natural Diamond Bits (NDB), modi-
Re = 2:h(~D~ + D/ ). ........................................A8.
fications for other drag bits and bit wear will be shown The area being compressed at the front of the cutter is
later. For taiJure of the rock the criterion defines the determined as shown in Figures la and 13 where:
compressive rock streogth as a function of the mechani-
cal weight on bit and the projected or contact area (Ap)
of the cutters. L =2n :12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9.

The volume removed per diamond for each revolution is

O'c=Wmech ............................................................ Al.
Ap then:
Referring to Figure la,

r~[dI -(i . pn~Jd,-p . pI . ...... ........... ,12.

The projected contact area is thus: (d;sp_plYI1 (; -p) ...................................... AIO.
Ap =},.2 =1dsP-P~ ........................................ ,43. Rock volume removed per revolution is then:
Vd = 2~N;sA,,· .. · .. ·.......... ................ · .. · .. ·· .... · .... ·AJl.
If it is assumed that dsP > > p2 then;
To obtain the rate of penetration in ftJhr, the volume, Vd
_!!!is!.
Ap - 2 ............................................................... A4. is divided by the bit face area, and appropriate units cor-
rection applied.
Combining equations At and A4 and eliminating Apo the For fuU-hoJe bits,
diamond penetration Pis:
ROP = 14. 14 N:rRPM Av ....................................... A12.
DB
p = 2Wmech ....................................................... AS. Substituting Av and P,
'TCds(Jc

The concept of "equivalent bit radius" is DOW intr0-

duced. It is defined as the equivalent radius of all cutters
such that the distance traveled by all cutters is 2aRe per
revolution. As shown in Figure 14.
Assume an average value for Re so that the bit face area
on both sides of Re is equal. This is based on the
assumption that the amount of work required to remove
the same volume of rock is the same (see Figure IS)

A] = A] = Y; AB ...............................................A6. For core Bits:

662
 ~r - fxPw {3rf + p;) ......................................... B2.
ROP' 14.U N;RPM·A" [ f:f ++: }. . . . . . . . A14. since,

Using a similar method of theoretical :malysis the pro- '5" =

..1
dsPw - .r; .................................................... B3.
jected area (Ap) and the area in front elf the cutter (Ay) aIld P w is sufficiently small such that 2PVI is smaIl com-
depending only on the cutter geometry can be determined pared to 3d,
for POC bits.
Refer to Figure 1b for POC bit. y:, = ;(;:;da ) . ..... ... ... .. ..... ................................ ... .. B4.
rearranging equation B4 gives;

A
p
= Sine [(dc
2
)2 cos. (J _cos(Jdc
1 2P ')_
Pw = l~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . B5.

TIlerefore the projected wear-flat area is:

Y1

(
:::e - c~l eJ 1 (2~~e)] . ...... .... . . . . . ..... . AJ5.
A,,,..., = te
(~dsPw
2
Y= ted P. .
; w ... .. ... ... .... ... ... .... .. . . B6.
Total projected area of a worn cutter is (see Figure 6);
Av = CosaSine [(de)]
2
COS'l(l--~)-
cos(Jdc At = Ap + Apw .. ....... .... .. .. ............................ ... . B7a.

.4,. = teiP + ted{w .................................... B7b.

( :::e - c~2 8J111 (2~;:e)]. . . . .. . .... . .. . . . .A16.
1
where P is the diamond penetration with wear

w.
Refer to Figure Ic for Geoset bits.
A" = He: . . . . .......... . . . . .............................. .... B8.
s
Ap = 2 L tan r P .................................. ................... A17. Combining equations B7b and B8, eliminating At we can
Av = p2 tan r.........................................................A1B. filld P.

Using these values of Ap and Av Rate c,[penetration for

both types of bits can 6e determined using a similar ap- P _
- [Wmech
-2 - -- tedsP
2 w ] ................................. B9
proach as the NDB bit. tcdsNaG
Si:milarly the new area involved in the rock removal is
AppendixB gi',en by:
NDB Model Including Cutter Wear
~'1 = Av . Avw .................................................. B10.
As. the cutter wears, the volume of cutter removed is;
Where

Vd tCA'RPM'WOB"CT ABR . ........................... Bl.

=
I ReNa
where 1.. ....nfootage drilled
Volume lost from the cutter can also be expressed as
seen in Figure 6; 7

663
 POe ClTITER TRAVEL

[{d,Pw -P.}''' {2 ~~w}] . . . . . .. . . ... B11

The new area Avi is given by 1
p

4, ~ (i)' eo,·' {J-(~~)}. i

Ud.P-p,}'12{2~P} ]- A.w ..... BJ2

The above equation is then ioput into cquatioo All. Avl Figure 2: PDC Bit Cutter
for A.y to dennine the volume of rock removed per
revolution. GEOSET CUTTER TRAVEL

Cutter

d, l ,I A,
~ . p

Figure 3: Geosct Bit Cutter

\ ~B JHAI.B J
~~ ,
-f---
I\, , I
Figure 1: Diamond Bit Cutter t\ "- i"'-, I ~-i--
1
~
I'---- r _..
1-"'" -td --j
•
i
. . ,'
, i
G ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ 1= ~ I~ l~

SPEED (RPM)
Figure 4: RPM Perfarmance in Carthage Limestone and
Cartoosa Shale for Bit III

66'
 ;; ,
l•
•"
•
., ----cL
-- L
1

I•
0
I
' --r-
1--_-
!I
T -,--
i,
~L-~_ _L-_JI___ J_~
I'

~
~ 'o~--~~----~----~----~--~
RECORDED
~

"• " " 100 IU

SPEED (lU'M)
Ill! 1''' 200
.. I 12 " 20
MECHANICAL WEIGHT..oN· SIT (KLBS)
Figure 5: RPM Perl'ormance with Wcight'"<Jn-Bit in Carthage
Limestone for Bit 111 Figure 8: Mechanical Weight on Bit Perfonnancc in
Carthage Limestone for Bit #2

i ;
"
I 20 I -I-[:;i ' 1_[--
~ " ---+ '-- t- -t"-t----;--- ,
e -~! i---~-lJ---i
~ ,
10

l_L~ __; 1
~ RECORDED
~
CALClIl.ATED
~
!
!
00 2 .. 6 I 10 12 14
MECHANICAL WEIGHT.QN-BIT(KLBS) "
Figure 9: Mec:hanicaJ Weight OD Bit Performance in
Catoosa Shale for Bit 1#4
Figure 6: Diamond Wear lliustratioo

3
11=
i
I
I 1
.
--~-
-
I
I
,
I
... ,.
i

, -
, ,' y . I
~

i ! __ ,
~~ 1 --t--T I !---'- I
" ' +-----1, I I
, , 1 I
~--+----+-··---·I·-r--;
I
I
,
, --+-
•• '"i I ..
RECORD£O
~

150
SPEED (RPM )
10 100
---
CAL"",
120
,
i
140 160
00 1: ..
MECHANlCAL WElGHT..QN·BIT (KLBS)
oS I
"
Figure 10: Mechanical Weight on Bit Performanc:e in
Figure 7: Model Prediction in a Cartoosa Shale for Bit #1 Cartoosa Shale for Bit #6

665
 12
.......

~
'-'"
1

I
- -
RECORDED (WOR.'-: BIT) CALCUlATED (NEW BIT)

~
:z: 6
0

~ "
~ 2

0
0 I 12 16 20 24
"
MECHANICAL WEIGHT-ON-BlT (KLBS)
Figure 11: Mechanical Weight-oo-Bit Performance in Carthage Limestonevfor Bit #8

l00~--------------------------------------~

90 ACTIJAL ROP (Wffi-I WEAR)

~ 80
f; 70

~ 60

50

I 40

30
20

)0

0
3850 4050 4250 4450 4650 4850 5050 5250 5450
DEPTH(F1)
Figure 12: Comparison ofField and Calculated Rate ofPenetratioD using a Geoset Bil

666
 90

CALCULAIED ROP INCLUDING WEAR

AcruAL ROP (WJTI! WEAR)

10

DEPTH (IT)
Figure 13: Comparison of Field and CalcuJated RAle ofPenet13tion wing I Geoset Bil

Figure 15: Equivalent Radius Concept

Figure 14: Volwne Removed per diamond per revolution

667