The document discusses measurement standards and errors in measurement. It describes the International System of Units (SI) as the internationally accepted standard system used to measure physical quantities. It also discusses primary standards maintained by national laboratories, secondary standards used in industrial labs, and work standards used to check instrument accuracy. The document outlines potential sources of error including natural errors from environmental changes, instrumental errors from imperfect tools, and personal errors from limitations in observation. It categorizes errors as either systematic from predictable tool or method issues, or random from unpredictable temporary factors.
The document discusses measurement standards and errors in measurement. It describes the International System of Units (SI) as the internationally accepted standard system used to measure physical quantities. It also discusses primary standards maintained by national laboratories, secondary standards used in industrial labs, and work standards used to check instrument accuracy. The document outlines potential sources of error including natural errors from environmental changes, instrumental errors from imperfect tools, and personal errors from limitations in observation. It categorizes errors as either systematic from predictable tool or method issues, or random from unpredictable temporary factors.
The document discusses measurement standards and errors in measurement. It describes the International System of Units (SI) as the internationally accepted standard system used to measure physical quantities. It also discusses primary standards maintained by national laboratories, secondary standards used in industrial labs, and work standards used to check instrument accuracy. The document outlines potential sources of error including natural errors from environmental changes, instrumental errors from imperfect tools, and personal errors from limitations in observation. It categorizes errors as either systematic from predictable tool or method issues, or random from unpredictable temporary factors.
The document discusses measurement standards and errors in measurement. It describes the International System of Units (SI) as the internationally accepted standard system used to measure physical quantities. It also discusses primary standards maintained by national laboratories, secondary standards used in industrial labs, and work standards used to check instrument accuracy. The document outlines potential sources of error including natural errors from environmental changes, instrumental errors from imperfect tools, and personal errors from limitations in observation. It categorizes errors as either systematic from predictable tool or method issues, or random from unpredictable temporary factors.
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Standard and measurement
system and error in
measurement
Created by : Dea Salsabila (4221121006) Didi Yusuf Friend Laia (4223121060) Christine R C Siregar (4223121031) Measurement Standard A measurement standard is a physical statement of a unit of measurement. There are different types of measurement standards because of the basic units and derived units of measurement.The unit of measurement is a standard that becomes a reference for the numbers obtained from the results of a measurement. With the basic units and derived units, there are several types of measurement standards that are grouped according to their functions and uses, namely:
o The International System of Units (SI)
is an internationally accepted standard system of units. All physical quantities use this system in their measurement.Types of International UnitsThe International System of Units is divided into two types, namely MKS (Meter, Kilogram, Second) and CGS (Centimeter, Gram, Second). Quantities measured with this unit include length, mass, time, force, energy (work), velocity, density, acceleration, and electron charge. o Primary Standards Maintained by national standard laboratories in various countries. Used as a calibration of basic units, mechanical, and electrical units against measurement results in each national laboratory and then the results are compared with each other. o Secondary standard Is a basic reference for measurement standards used in industrial laboratories with certificates of evidence. Secondary standards are kept by each industrial laboratory. o Work Standards It is the main tool for a measurement laboratory. It is used to check and calibrate the accuracy and precision of industrial laboratory instruments. For example, a factory produces resistors / resistance. Then the measuring equipment in the quality control section (quality control) must be tested to prove that the measurements are carried out within the desired accuracy limits. System Measurement Measurement is to compare a quantity with another quantity that has been set as a standard. While the measuring tool is a tool in the measurement process. So the measurement system is a series of activities that aim to determine certain numbers describing the characteristics of a particular objek. Measuring instrument type:
length measuring tool
- Ruler - vernier calipers - screw mikrometer
Maa metter - Neraca
Time Measuring Tool
- stopwatch In measurement, a number of terms are used
Accuracy: the ability of a measuring instrument to provide an
approximate value to the actual value of the object being measured.
Precision : the closeness of the individual measurement values
distributed around the average value.
repeatability: the ability of a measuring instrument to show the
same results from repeated measurement processes. . error: algebraic difference between the read size value and the actual value of the measured object. ERROR IN MEASUREMENT Based on the things that cause errors, errors in measurement can be classified into three sources of error, namely errors due to nature (natural error), errors due to tools (instrumental error), and errors due to measurement (personal error). 1. Natural error This error occurs as a result of changes in environmental conditions during the measurement process. Example: environmental error This error can be reduced by: adjust the ambient temperature according to the condition of the measuring instrument. 2. instrumental error Errors resulting from imperfections in tool construction and calibration. Examples: calibration errors, tool construction errors, engineering errors. This error can be avoided by: -Choose the equipment according to the measurements made -Give a correction factor to the measurement -Calibrate measuring instruments against standard tools 3. personal error This error often occurs because of the limitations of the gauge in making observations and the carelessness of the gauge during the measurement process. Example: experimental error, parallax This error can be avoided by: -Making repeated measurements - Thorough and not careless Based on the type, errors are divided into 2 types. Systematic error and random error.
Systematic Error This kind of error occurs because of errors related to errors in tool settings, tool calibration and also the place where the measurement process is carried out. Things like this can be avoided by being more careful in the measurement process, such as setting the calibration of the tool and designing the right place for the measurement process.
Random Error Random error comes from the influence of factors that cannot be predicted and is only temporary. The causes of random errors cannot be known with certainty but are part of the influence that contributes to errors in the implementation of the test. for example the influence of temperature or humidity conditions of accommodation and the test environment. Therefore, the occurrence of random errors will affect the precision of a test result.
