Republic of the Philippines

NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher

considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present study. It will

introduce the framework of the study that comprises the main focus of the

research regarding the development of fire alarm systems trainer in North

Eastern Mindanao State University- Cantilan Campus and studies have found

about this.

Related Literature

Foreign

According to Omar Asif, Md Belayat Hossain, et al. (2014) fire-detector

types has been carried out along with the development of a low cost, portable,

and reliable microcontroller based automated fire alarm system for remotely

alerting any fire incidents in household or industrial premises. The aim of the

system designed is to alert the distant property-owner efficiently and quickly by

sending short message (SMS) via GSM network. A Linear integrated

temperature sensor detects temperature beyond preset value whereas

semiconductor type sensor detects presence of smoke or gas from fire hazards.

The sensor units are connected via common data line to ATMega8L AVR

microcontroller. A SIM300CZ GSM kit based network module, capable of

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

operating in standard GSM bands, has been used to send alert messages. The

system is implemented on printed circuit board (PCB) and tested under different

experimental conditions to evaluate its performances.

As cited by Seung-Wook Jee, et al. (2014) many countries use conventional

fire alarm control panels (FACPs) and conventional detectors as fire alarm

systems (FASS) because of economic advantages. This study analyzes several

problems with conventional FASS and describes an advanced FAS, the

traceable FAS, that we developed to solve these problems. The traceable FAS

can trace the exact location of a fire, can detect multiple fires that occur

simultaneously, and can be used with conver detectors without disrupting the

other detectors operation. The traceable FAS consists of a traceable FACP

based on the conventional FACP and a traceable heat detector based on the

rate-of-rise spot-type conventional heat detector. The new system offers

traceability in addition to all the features of the conventional FAS. The traceable

FACP has 40 zones; one zone can connect up to 20 traceable heat detectors.

Thus, this FACP can connect up to 800 traceable heat detectors, all of which can

detect and trace exact fire locations in sequence. Furthermore, the traceable

FACP can be used with both traceable heat detectors and conventional heat

detectors in the same zone. Even if one detector (either traceable heat detector

or conventional heat detector) detects a fire first, other traceable heat detectors

in the same zone can also detect it and display the results on the traceable
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

FACP. Prototypes of the traceable FACP and traceable heat detector (rate-of-

rise spot-type) have officially received model approvals for use in South Korea.

Conventional FASS can be upgraded to traceable FASS simply by changing to

the traceable FACP and traceable heat detectors, without any rewiring.

According to Sebastian Festag(2016) in terms of fire safety engineering - fire

alarms in absence of a real fire condition. They are related to the exchange of

information and occur as a side effect of system technologies and the alerting

process. Fires often are associated with considerable damages. Because time is

a critical factor, detection is often accomplished by installed Fire Detection and

Fire Alarm Systems (FDAS). The highly sensitive sensors in fire detectors make

the identification of fires in an early stage possible, but this also makes FDAS

susceptible to false.

In idea of Ha-Sung Kong(2018) new fire alarm systerns to solve the

drawbacks: false alarms about current fire alarm systems in apartments,

increased prices on manufacturing and installation of the alarm systems which

developed recently. Although the new alarm systems are more expensive than

the current ones which consists of 4 steps, their strengths are that they cost less

than the one recently developed for manufacturing and installation, and also

reduce false alarms efficiently. The new fire alarm systems consist of 5 steps.
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

According to Euy-Hong Hwang, et al. (2020) a fire and a disaster, prompt

and accurate alarms inside and outside the building are directly related to the

minimization of damage and the success of life evacuation. However, due to

unwanted fire alarms in automated fire detection systems, the number of

dispatches by misunderstanding in the 119 service is increasing. This causes the

insensitivity to the safety of building managers and the waste of the fire- fighting

power. Therefore, in this study, the statistical databases and literature on

unwanted fire alarms in Korea and abroad (USA, UK) were identified and the

management systems for unwanted fire alarms were compared and analyzed to

identify problems of statistics in the management systems for unwanted fire

alarms.

Local

According to Patrick Jason Y Piera, Joseph Karl G Salva(2019) Fire can

really be devastating to properties if improperly managed, it is due to this

problem that the fire detection and alarm systems were sought for. However,

traditional fire alarm system is based on a wiring network which have drawbacks

and limitations such as inflexibility of the FDAS layout plan during building

construction, and difficulties in renovation where the removal and relocation of

traditional FDAS requires additional amount of work. To address these problems,

a fire detection and alarm system that is based on wireless sensor network was
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

developed. The FDAS is mainly composed of a fire detection node, a fire alarm

node, and a fire alarm control panel. The wireless communication of the nodes

was achieved using XBee as the wireless transceiver. The significant

characteristic of XBee is the mesh routing protocol which helps the system to be

more robust and flexible. The fire alarm control panel is a LabVIEW based

program that utilizes the state machine architecture which follows the detect-

evaluate-store algorithm. In evaluating the overall system, results illustrate the

network of nodes adapts to its location and connects to other nodes whenever it

is within their range. Furthermore, the average response time of each detection

node with respect to the fire alarm control panel is below the standard of 10-

second as stated by the National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.

As cited by Kuo L Su(2020) Multi-sensor fire detection algorithm (MSFDA) is

one of the current important research issues for intelligent building. First, we

design a fire fighting robot with extinguish for the intelligent building. The fire-

fighting robot is constructed using aluminum frame. The contour of the robot is

cylinder. The diameter is 40 cm, and height is about 80 cm. There are six

systems in the fire-fighting robot, including structure, avoidance obstacle and

driver system, software development system, fire detection, remote supervise

system and others. We design the fire detection system using three flame

sensors in the fire-fighting robot. The adaptive fusion method is proposed for tire
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

detection of fire-fighting robot. We use computer simulation to improve the

method to be adequate for fire detection.

Also, Tomasz Klimczak, et al. (2022) use of electronic fire alarm systems

(FAS). They are operated in various environments and buildings with varying

volumes. FAS have to function properly under different operating conditions

associated with their operation, as well as power supply and information inflow.

Due to their functions, i.e., ensuring the safety of people, vehicles, logistics

bases, airports, etc., FAS have to exhibit an appropriately organized reliability

structure associated with their implementation and power supply. Operational

studies involving FAS operated in various facilities were conducted to this end.

The authors determined damage and recovery time intensities. FAS reliability

indicators were also determined.

Accordingly, Jacek Paś, et al. (2022) fire alarm system (FAS) is a system

comprising signalling-alarm devices, which automatically detect and transmit

information about fire, but also receivers of fire alarms and receivers for damage

signals. Fire alarm systems function in different environmental conditions. During

operation they should be in state of fitness. This is determined by the reliability of

the assembled units and rational management of the operation process.

Therefore a reliability and operational analysis of fire alarm systems as a whole is

essential. This article presents an authorial model and an operational and

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

reliability analysis of FAS, which is exploited in a transport building. It also

demonstrates relationships occurring in the analysed system, where to an

addressable fire alarm central unit with detection loops and control-monitoring

loops alarm device lines (with monitored relay outputs for actuation of alarm-

signalling devices) were connected.

Also, Mengjie Li, Chao Liu(2022) fire is a serious threat to human life and

property, and effective prediction of fire can reduce the harm of fire to human. In

the research of fire alarm automation, the fire alarm system based on wireless

sensor network is a common method. When using wireless sensor to monitor the

fire alarm information, it is necessary to ensure the safety coverage of the

network in the monitoring area. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the

network coverage in the fire alarm monitoring, which can ensure the effective

work of the monitoring network, and good coverage control can reduce the

energy consumption of the network and extend the service life of the network.

Based on this, this paper designs a network coverage control algorithm based on

multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization considering the coverage and

energy consumption of wireless network.

Related Studies

Foreign
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

Lei Zhang, Gaofeng Wang (2020). Fire disaster is a great threat to lives and

property. Automatic fire alarm system provides real-time surveillance, monitoring

and automatic alarm. It sends early alarm when the fire occurs and helps to

reduce the fire damage. Wireless sensor network has become the most

important technology in environmental monitoring and home or factory

automation in recent years. In this paper, an automatic fire alarm system based

on wireless sensor networks is developed, which is designed for high- rise

buildings. In order to provide early extinguishing of a fire disaster, large numbers

of detectors which periodically measure smoke concentration or temperature are

deployed in buildings. Those scattered detectors report their monitoring

information to the surveillance center via the self-organizing hierarchical wireless

sensor networks.

According to David Rohde, et al. (2016) Mounting evidence suggests that

smoke alarms play a key role in reducing the number of deaths and injuries

associated with household fires each year.

Jacek PAs, Tomasz KlimczAK (2019) conducted a research on fire alarm

systems (FAS) exhibiting different functional structures. These systems are

operated in a vast transport area, within a specific environment. We can

distinguish three basic structures of these systems - focused, dispersed and

mixed. A given system functional structure, utilized within a facility (a given area)
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

is a function depending on the configuration, internal connections of elements

and devices, and a developed fire scenario. The application of a given system

structure for fire protection also depends on the legislation determining the

approval of a facility (area) for use. The process of executing a scenario in the

event of a fire is ensured by an algorithm implemented in the alarm central unit

and other elements of the system. The implementation of all the system

requirements specified within a given procedure algorithm depends on, e.g., an

appropriate reliability structure and environmental conditions. Gulland (2016)

conducted a study about pedal-powered generator. He was just curious if he can

turn his workouts in to a useful energy. He found out than an efficient bike

generator pedaled by a reasonably fit person can produce by up to 100 watts of

electricity. Also, an experienced biker can produce by up to 400 watts of

electricity.

Accordingly, Kun Zhou, Xi Zhang (2020) fire is one of the most common

serious disasters in human society. It is a kind of burning phenomenon that is out

of control in time and space. When a fire occurs, how to detect the fire quickly

and remove it in the budding state has become the key content of fire control

work. Outdoor fire is very common in our daily life, and once it occurs without

effective and timely control, it will cause huge losses. Therefore, it is particularly

important to study an intelligent alarm system for outdoor fire. Generally, fire

detection technology can be divided into sensor fire detection technology and
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

image fire detection technology. Sensor fire detection technology is low cost and

easy to design, but its application field is limited. Under the interference of many

factors outside, misjudgement and missed judgement will occur. Image fire

detection technology can achieve certain detection function through manual

design of features and classifiers, but there are still defects in the application in

the actual diversified environment. With the development of neural network

technology in recent years, it has made great breakthroughs in the field of image

recognition. Its judgment type is obtained through a large number of data training

algorithms. Because of its automatic feature extraction and classification

characteristics, it can effectively adapt to the external environment.

Also, Hamood Algourabah, et al. (2021) House combustion is one of the

main concerns for builders, designers, and property residents. Singular sensors

were used for a long time in the event of detection of a fire, but these sensors

cannot measure the amount of fire to alert the emergency response units. To

address this problem, this study aims to implement a smart fire detection system

that would not only detect the fire using integrated sensors but also alert property

owners, emergency services, and local police stations to protect lives and

valuable assets simultaneously. The proposed model in this paper employs

different integrated detectors, such as heat, smoke, and flame. The signals from

those detectors go through the system algorithm to check the fire's potentiality

and then broadcast the predicted result to various parties using GSM modem
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

associated with the system. To get real-life data without putting human lives in

danger, an loT technology has been implemented to provide the fire department

with the necessary data.

Local

Francis F Balahadia, Arlene O Trillanes, et al. (2015) Fire incidents are

costly occurrences that may be preventable. This study aims to analyze fire data

in the City of Manila from 2011 to 2014 based on the various causes of fires.

Temporal analytical techniques complemented by geo-mapping are used to

determine fire patterns based on time, day, month and year. A total of 2,316 fire

incidents were included in the study and fires due to faulty electrical connections

occurring from 6PM to 9PM emerged as the time with the most number of fire

incidents. The daily pattern does not show much variation although the monthly

pattern shows that the summer months have the more number of fire

occurrences with faulty electrical connections as the main cause.

According to Sheila Abaya, et al (2016) Fire alarm system is considered as

one of the most essential mechanisms for safety against fire. In fact, most

structural buildings especially the commercial ones are required by law to be

equipped with this technology. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in the
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

Philippines have recorded a total of 12,301 fire incidents in the year 2013, in the

year 2014 there were 15,897 and in January 2015 a total of 1,848 incidents have

transpired. Out of these incidents, 244 lives were lost in 2013 and 263 in 2014.

Aside from the lives that were taken, these destructive killer fires also caused a

lot of homeless individuals that have brought property damage to 5.5B in 2013,

3.3M in 2014 and 411M since January 2015. In spite of the figures, the BFP is

still implementing measures that foster safety and fire prevention in whatever

structural setup you are living or staying in. This information has motivated the

development of an embedded technology of detecting and locating fire

occurrence for possible deployment in the BFP agencies or fire stations in the

country to provide immediate response and actions in mitigating fire incidents.

The proposed system structure is an integration of sensors, microcontrollers and

wireless sending of data. Homes, offices, schools or any building structure

equipped with this technology will be an implementing measure in reducing the

occurrence of destructive and killer fires.

RO Nocete, OC Enteria (2020) conducted the practices, level of awareness,

and behavior on the basic safety precautions on electrical fire prevention among

residents in the City of Bislig, Philippines. The study uses descriptive method of

research utilizing a researcher-made survey- questionnaire. Microsoft Excel and

SPSS version 21 were used to analyze the collected data. The study revealed

areas of concern that need immediate interventions. In terms of practices,

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

respondents have low level of practice for annual house wiring inspection, poor

habit in securing building permits and clearances; and no structured house

routines for electrical fire prevention. Respondents level of awareness showed

that they are not highly aware of the correct ampere rating of fuse and circuit

breaker, standard size and type of electrical wire intended for lightings,

convenience outlets, and extension wires. With regards to their behavior, mosta

of them havelow level of behavioral consistency in participating activities

involving electrical fire prevention and are not consistent in seeking additional

knowledge about fire prevention. Recommendation for collaboration among

private and public concerned agencies was identified to strengthen the

implementation of information and awareness drive activities that could address

the mentioned

areas of concern.

Wilen Melsedec O Narvios, Leahlou E Narvios, YQ Nguyen(2021) Existing

buildings without a fire alarm monitoring system need an alterative installation

cost-effective, flexible, and scalable and will not affect the building's aesthetics. In

place of the conventional fire alarm monitoring system, an Internet of Things

(IoT) fire sensor nodes were designed to monitor each room's temperature and

analog CO level and deploy through point to point technique. An lot fire alarm
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

monitoring system using a wireless sensor network was developed through

which real-time data of temperature and analog CO level were obtained.

Aileen P De Leon, John Paul P Miranda (2022) examined the fire-related

incident data obtained from 2013 up to 2020 from the Bureau of Fire Protection in

the province of Pampanga. The examination of fire-related data identified the top

causes of fire in the province. The researchers obtained fire- related data from

2013-2020 from the Fire bureau for mapping and examining of correlation

between space and time. Data cleaning was conducted to fix incomplete or

duplicating data within a dataset. The processed data are interpreted through

charts and were utilized to examine and correlate collected processed data. Key

issues explain that fire incidents are likely to happen mostly on Sundays and

Mondays in highly-urbanized cities (Angeles, Mabalacat, and the City of San

Fernando) in March and December, mostly occurring in the afternoon between 2:

00-3: 00 PM. Furthermore, spatiotemporal process reveals specific barangays

geographically-located in flood-prone areas are likely to experience fire cases.

The application of spatiotemporal method is likewise recommended to

strategically identify and empowers the programs to be developed in fire bureau

strategic planning.

Synthesis
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu.ph

In conclusion, the researcher found that the development of fire alarm

system trainers (FAST) is to play an important role in notifying the building

occupants or residential inhabitants that there's a fire emergency. Most fire

alarms also send a signal to a central monitoring station that can either be on or

off-site. Otherwise, alarms directly transmit a message to the local fire

deppartment. The very reason why there's a need to install a fire alarm is to

make all individuals at home or inside a building safe and alive. Developing Fire

alarm system trainer (FAST) raises awareness about fire safety and the potential

hazards that can lead to fires.