Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh.

Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, non-compact, or
slender, depending on the values of the width-to-thickness ratios. For I
𝑏𝑓
shapes, the ratio for the projecting flange (an unstiffened element) is 2𝑡𝑓,
ℎ
and the ratio for the web (a stiffened element) is 𝑡𝑤. The classification of
shapes is found in Section B4 of the Specification, Member Properties,”
in Table B4.1b (Table B4.1a is for compression members). It can be
summarized as follows

𝑏
λ = width-to-thickness ratio ( )
𝑡
λ p = upper limit for compact category
λr= upper limit for non-compact category
Then:-
if λ≥ λp the shape is compact
if λp< λ ≥ λr the shape is non-compact
if λ> λr the shape is slender

The category is based on the worst width-to-thickness ratio of the

cross section. For example, if the web is compact and the flange is
non-compact, the shape is classified as non-compact. Table 1 has been
extracted from AISC Table B4.1b foe member subjected to flexural. The web criterion is met
by all standard I and C shapes listed in the Manual for Fy ≤ 65 ksi; therefore, in most
cases only the flange ratio needs to be checked (note that built-up welded I shapes can
have non-compact or slender webs). Most shapes will also satisfy the flange
requirement and will therefore be classified as compact. The non-compact shapes are
identified in the dimensions and properties table with a footnote (f). Note that
compression members have different criteria than flexural members, so a shape could
be compact for flexure but slender for compression, shapes with slender compression
elements are identified with a footnote such as (W21x48f).

Table 1 Summary of Table B 4.1 for flexural members

Shape Element λ λp λr
Flange 𝑏𝑓 0.38√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 1√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
I-shaped 2𝑡𝑓
sections Web ℎ 3.76√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 5.7√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑤
C-shapes Flange 𝑏𝑓 0.56√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 0.56√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑓
Web ℎ 3.76√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 5.7√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑤
WT-shapes Flange 𝑏𝑓 0.38√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 1√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
2𝑡𝑓
Outstanding legs Unstiffened 𝑏 0.54√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 0.91√𝐸/𝑓𝑦
of single angle element 𝑡

Square or Stiffened ℎ 2.42√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 5.7√𝐸/𝑓𝑦

rectangular HSS element 𝑡

Round HSS or Stiffened 𝐷 𝐸 𝐸

0.07 0.31
pipes element 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Example
Use A992 steel material to classify the steel section according to AISC limitation (W18x35,
and W21x48f)
Solution
Steel fy fu
A992 50 65
Section bf/2tf h/tw
W18x35 7.06 53.5
-Flange
𝑏𝑓 𝐸
λ=2𝑡𝑓=7.06 < 0.38√𝑓𝑦
29000
6.28<0.38√ 50
7.06<9.15 (λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
-Web
ℎ 𝐸
λ=𝑡𝑤=53.5 < 3.76√𝑓𝑦
The section is compact
29000
53.5<3.76√ 50
53.5<90.55 (λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

W18x35: This shape can also be identified as compact because there is no footnote in the
dimensions and properties tables.

Section bf/2tf h/tw

W21x48 9.47 53.6
- Flange
𝑏𝑓
λ=2𝑡𝑓=9.47
𝐸
λp= 0.38√𝑓𝑦 =9.15
𝐸
λr= 1√𝑓𝑦 = 24

λp< λ ≥ λr the shape is non-compact

9.15<9.24 ≥ 24 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

-Web
ℎ 𝐸
λ=𝑡𝑤=51.6 < 3.76√𝑓𝑦
The section is non-compact
29000
5.3.6<3.76√ 50
53.6< 90.55 ( λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

W21x48f: This shape can also be identified as non-compact because there is a footnote in
the dimensions and properties tables.
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS (CHAPTER F PP.44)

The Basic design and analysis consideration for beams must be Wk/ft

checking the AISC limitation in:

1-Bending (flexural) requirements

lu

2-shear requirements Shear

3-deflection requirements
Moment

Deflection

For the flexural requirements, the required and available strength are moment

load and resistance factor design (LRFD) For allowable strength design (ASD)
Mu=1.2Md.l+1.6Ml.l Ma=Md.l + Ml.l
Mu ≤ ɸbMn Mn
Ma ≤ Ωb
Where:-
Where:-
Mu =required moment strength = maximum
Ma = required moment strength = maximum
moment applied moment applied
ɸb= resistance factor for bending (flexure) Ωb = safety factor for bending = 1.67
=0.9 Mn = nominal moment strength
Mn = nominal moment strength Mn
Mu ≤0.9Mn Ma ≤1.67

Lateral torsional buckling (LTB), laterally unsupported length (Lb)

The compression flange of a beam behaves like an axially loaded column. Thus, in beams
covering long spans the compression flange may tend to buckle. Unlike a column, however,
the compression portion of the cross section is restrained by the tension portion, and the
outward deflection (flexural buckling) is accompanied by twisting (torsion). This form of
instability is called lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
Lateral–torsional buckling occurs when the distance between lateral brace points is large
enough that the beam fails by lateral, outward movement in combination with a twisting
action (Δ and θ, respectively, in Figure below).
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Lateral torsional buckling may be prevented through the following provisions:

1. Increases the Lateral supports at intermediate points in addition to lateral supports at
the vertical supports
2. Using torsionally strong sections (for example, box sections) prevents twist directly; it
can be either nodal or continuous, and it can take the form of either cross frames or
diaphragms

3. I-sections with relatively wide flanges: Beams with wider flanges are less susceptible
to lateral–torsional buckling because the wider flanges provide more resistance to
lateral displacement

Lateral-torsional buckling is fundamentally similar to the flexural buckling or flexural-

torsional buckling of a column subjected to axial loading. The differences are that lateral
torsional buckling is caused by flexural loading (M), and the buckling deformations are
coupled in the lateral and torsional directions. Also there is one very important
difference. For a column, the axial load causing buckling remains constant along the
length. But, for a beam, usually the lateral-torsional buckling causing bending moment
M(x) varies along the unbraced length.
If the maximum bending stress is less than the proportional limit when buckling occurs,
the failure is said to be elastic. Otherwise, it is inelastic.
For convenience, we first categorize beams as compact, non-compact, or slender, and
then determine the moment resistance based on the degree of lateral support.

Lb= laterally unsupported length

Lp = Plastic length: maximum unbraced length at which the nominal bending strength
equals the plastic moment capacity and at which inelastic lateral–torsional buckling
occurs.
Lr = unbraced length at which elastic lateral– torsional buckling occurs.

Where:-
Iy = moment of inertia about the weak axis of the cross section (in.4)
G = shear modulus of structural steel = 11,200 ksi
ho=distance between the flange centroids=d-tf
J = torsional constant (in.4)
Cw = warping constant (in.6)
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

The nominal bending strength, Mn , is a function of the

following:
1. Lateral–torsional buckling (LTB),
2. Flange local buckling (FLB), and
3. Web local buckling (WLB).

If the beam is compact and has continuous lateral support, or if the unbraced length is
very short, the nominal moment strength, Mn, is the full plastic moment capacity of
the shape, Mp. For members with inadequate lateral support, the moment resistance
is limited by the lateral-torsional buckling strength, either in elastic or elastic

Laterally unsupported length (Lb)

1-when Lb≤Lp (Zone 1)

Mn = The moment strength of compact shapes is a function of the unbraced length, Lb,
defined as the distance between points of lateral support, or bracing indicated as “×”.
The relationship between the nominal strength, Mn , and the unbraced length is shown
in Figure. If the unbraced length is no greater than Lp , the beam is considered to have
full lateral support, and
Mp = 𝐹𝑦𝑍. The first category, laterally supported compact beams, is quite common and is
the simplest case. For a doubly-symmetric, compact I- or C-shaped section bent about
its major axis, AISC F2.1 gives the nominal strength as

Mn = Mp (AISC Equation F2-1)

Where
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍

Lu
Lu

Lb = the full length (Lu) if there is no intermediate laterally supported between the supports

Lb = 0 if the beams has full laterally supported beams

Lb=0 Lb=0
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

2-when Lp<Lb≤Lr (Zone 2)

If Lb is greater than Lp but less than or equal to Lr, the strength is based on inelastic LTB.

(AISC Equation F2-2)

𝐶𝑏 =laterally torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform moments diagrams

when both ends of the un- supported segment are brace

12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑏 = 𝑅𝑚 ≤ 3
2.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶
Where
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment, kip-in.
MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment, kip-in.
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment, kip-in.
MC = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced segment, kip-in.
Rm = cross-section monosymmetry parameter
= 1.0, doubly symmetric members
= 1.0, singly symmetric member’s subjected to single curvature bending
𝐼𝑦𝑐
= 0.5 + 2( 𝐼𝑦 ) 2
Iy = moment of inertia about the principal y-axis, in.4
Iyc = moment of inertia about y-axis referred to the compression flange, or if reverse
curvature bending, referred to the smaller flange, in.4

𝑪𝒃 : is permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0 for all cases.

For cantilevers or overhangs where the free end is unbraced, 𝑪𝒃 = 1.0.
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Example
Determine the lateral torsional factor for the beam shown below
Wu k/f

X Lu
R=WuL/2 B Mmax=WL2/8

A C

12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑏 = 𝑅𝑚 ≤ 3
2.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 L/4
L/2
3L/4
𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8
𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑋 =
4
𝐿 2
𝑊𝑢𝑙 𝐿 𝑊𝑢(4)
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑥 −
2 4 2
𝑊𝑢𝑙 2 𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
= −
8 32
3𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
=
32
𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑋 =
2
𝐿 2
𝑊𝑢𝑙 𝐿 𝑊𝑢(2)
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑥 −
2 2 2
2
𝑊𝑢𝑙 𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
= −
4 8
𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
=
8
3𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑋 =
4
3𝐿 2
𝑊𝑢𝑙 3𝐿 𝑊𝑢( 4 )
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑥 −
2 4 2
2
3𝑊𝑢𝑙 9𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
= −
8 32
2
3𝑊𝑢𝑙
=
32
12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑏 = 𝑅𝑚 ≤ 3
2.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶
𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
12.5
𝐶𝑏 = 8 1≤3
𝑊𝑢𝑙 2 3𝑊𝑢𝑙 2 𝑊𝑢𝑙 2 3𝑊𝑢𝑙 2
2.5 +3 +4 +3
8 32 8 32

12.5
𝐶𝑏 = 8 1 ≤ 3 = 1.136 = 1.14
2.5 3𝑥3 4 3𝑥3
+ + +
8 32 8 32

𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (3 − 1)𝐶𝑏 = 1.14

Homework
Wu k/f
Determine the lateral torsional factor for the beam shown below Pu

Lu
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

3- When Lb>Lr(zone 3)
The AISC Specification gives a different, but equivalent, form for the elastic
buckling stress Fcr. AISC gives the nominal moment strength as

𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 (AISC Equation F2-3)

(AISC Equation F2-4)

Where the yield stress has been reduced by 30% to account

for the effect of residual stress

Zone 1 Mp = 𝐹𝑦𝑍

Zone 2

Zone 3 Mn = FcrSx ≤ Mp

Zone 1: Plastic behavior, full plastic moment

Zone 2: Inelastic lateral torsion buckling
Zone 3: Elastic lateral torsion buckling
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Example
The beam shown in Figure below is a W16 × 31 of A992 steel. It supports a reinforced
concrete floor slab that provides continuous lateral support of the compression flange.
The service dead load is 450 lb/ft. This load is superimposed on the beam; it does not
include the weight of the beam itself. The service live load is 550 lb/ft. Does this beam
have adequate moment strength?

Solution D.L = 450 lb/ft

L.L = 550 lb/ft
Steel fy fu
A992 50 65
Section bf/2tf h/tw Zx
30 ft
W16x31 6.28 51.6 54

First, determine the nominal flexural strength.

-Check the local buckling for
-flange
𝑏𝑓 𝐸
λ=2𝑡𝑓=6.28 < 0.38√𝑓𝑦
29000
6.28<0.38√ 50
6.28<9.15 ( λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
-web
ℎ 𝐸
λ=𝑡𝑤=51.6 < 3.76√𝑓𝑦
The section is compact
29000
5.16<3.76√ 50
51.6<90.55 ( λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

Lb = 0 the beams has full laterally supported

Since the beam is compact and laterally supported, the nominal
flexural strength is
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 = 50(54.0) = 2700 in.-kips = 225.0 ft kips.
Compute the maximum bending moment.
The total service dead load, including the weight of the beam, is
WD = 450 + 31 = 481 lb/ft=0.481 k/ft
Wl=550 lb/ft =0.55 k/ft
Wu=1.2Wd+1.6Wl =1.2x0.481+1.6x0.55=1.456 k/ft
For a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam, the maximum bending moment occurs
at mid span and is equal to where w is the load in units of force per unit length, and L is the
span length.
𝑤𝑢𝑙 2 1.456 𝑥302
Mu= 8 = 8
= 164 ft.kip
Alternatively, the loads can be factored at the outset:
The design strength is
ɸMn = 0.90(225.0) = 203 ft-kips > 164 ft-kips (OK)
The design moment is greater than the factored-load moment,
So the W16 × 31 is satisfactory (adequate)

Homework
Re solve the above example by using ASD method
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Example

Use LRFD method to determine the flexural strength of a W14 × 68 of A992 steel material if
a. Continuous lateral support.
b. An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb = 1.0.
c. An unbraced length of 30 ft with Cb = 1.0.

Solution

Steel fy fu

A992 50 65

Section bf/2tf h/tw Sx Zx rts ho J cw ry Iy

W14x68 6.97 27.5 103 115 2.8 13.3 3.01 5380 2.46 121
Check the section
-Flange
𝑏𝑓 𝐸
λ=2𝑡𝑓=6.97 < 0.38√𝑓𝑦
29000
6.97<0.38√ 50
6.97<9.15 (λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
-Web
ℎ 𝐸
λ=𝑡𝑤=27.5 < 3.76√𝑓𝑦
The section is compact Use equ. F2
29000
27.5<3.76√ 50
27.5<90.55 ( λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

a. Continuous lateral support

Lb = 0 the beams has full laterally supported

Lb< Lp Zone 1

Since the beam is compact and laterally supported, the nominal flexural strength is
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 = 50(115) = 5750in.-kips = 479.16 ft kips.
ɸ𝑀𝑛 = ɸ 𝑀𝑝 = ɸ 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 = 0.9𝑥 479.16 = 431.25 𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝

b. An unbraced length of 20 ft with Cb = 1.0.

Lb=20ft
𝐸 2900 104.27
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦√𝑓𝑦 = 𝐿𝑝 = 1.762.46√ 50
= 104.27 in= 12
= 8.689 ft
or use table (3.2) Lp=8.69 ft

rts=2.798 in
rt=2.8
ho=d-tf=13.28
c=1 I shape
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
351.3
Lr= 351.3 in = 12 = 29.28 ft
Or use table (3.2) Lr= 29.3 ft

Lp < Lb ≤Lr Zone 2

8.69< 20 ≤29.3
𝑙𝑏 − 𝑙𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏[𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥)[ ] ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑙𝑝
Cb=1,𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑋=50x115=5750 in.kip
20 − 8.69
𝑀𝑛 = 1[570 − (5750 − 0.7𝑥50𝑥103)[ ] ≤ 5750
29.3 − 8.69
=4572< 5750
Use Mn=4572 in.kip
ɸMn=0.9x4572=4114.8 in.kip
=342.9 ft.kip

c. An unbraced length of 30 ft with Cb = 1.0.

lb>Lr Zone 3
30> 29.3
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑥𝑆𝑥 < 𝑀𝑃
𝑐𝑏𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝑙𝑏 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √(1 + 0.078 ( ) )
𝑙𝑏 𝑆𝑥ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
(𝑟𝑡𝑠)2

1𝑥𝜋 2 29000 3.01𝑥1 30𝑥12 2

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √(1 + 0.078 ( ) )
30𝑥12 2 103𝑥13.3 2.8
( 2.8 )
= 33.9 ksi

𝑀𝑛 = 33.9𝑥103 < 5750

= 3492 <5750
3492
= 12
= 291 ft.kip

ɸMn=0.9x291=261.9 ft. kip

Homework

Re solve the above example by use ASD method

Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Example

Use ASD method to determine the flexural strength of a W14 × 74 of A992 steel material if
a. Continuous lateral support.
b. An unbraced length of 15 ft.
c. An unbraced length of 35 ft.

Solution

Steel fy fu

A992 50 65

Section bf/2tf h/tw Sx Zx rts ho J cw ry Iy

W14x74 6.41 25.4 112 126 2.82 13.4 3.87 5990 2.48 134
Check the section
-Flange
𝑏𝑓 𝐸
λ=2𝑡𝑓=6.97 < 0.38√𝑓𝑦
29000
6.41<0.38√ 50
6.41<9.15 (λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
-Web
ℎ 𝐸
λ=𝑡𝑤=25.4 < 3.76√𝑓𝑦
The section is compact Use equ. F2
29000
25.4<3.76√ 50
25.4<90.55 ( λ≥ λp) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

a. Continuous lateral support

Lb = 0 the beams has full laterally supported

Lb< Lp Zone 1

Since the beam is compact and laterally supported, the nominal flexural strength is
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 = 50(126) = 6300 in.-kips = 525 ft kips.
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑝 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 525
= = = = 314.4 𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝
Ωb Ωb Ωb Ωb

b. An unbraced length of 15 ft.

Lb=15 ft
Cb=1.3 table 3.1
use table (3.2)
Lp=8.76 ft 15 ft 15 ft

Lr= 31 ft
Lp < Lb ≤Lr Zone 2
8.76< 15 ≤31
𝑙𝑏 − 𝑙𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏[𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥)[ ] ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑙𝑝
Cb=1.3,𝑀𝑝 = 6300 in.kip
15 − 8.76
𝑀𝑛 = 1.3𝑥[6300 − (6300 − 0.7𝑥50𝑥112)[ ] ≤ 6300
31 − 8.76
Design of Steel Structure Flexural Members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

=7321.8> 6300
Use Mn=6300 in.kip
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑝 6300 3772.5
= = = = 314.44 𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝
Ωb Ωb 1.67 12

c. An unbraced length of 35 ft.

lb>Lr Zone 3
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑥𝑆𝑥 < 𝑀𝑃
𝑐𝑏𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝑙𝑏 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √(1 + 0.078 ( ) ) 35 ft 35 ft
𝑙𝑏 𝑆𝑥ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
(𝑟𝑡𝑠)2

1.3𝑥𝜋 2 29000 3.87𝑥1 35𝑥12 2

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √(1 + 0.078 ( ) )
35𝑥12 112𝑥13.4 2.82
( 2.82 )2
= 39.2 ksi

𝑀𝑛 = 39.2𝑥112 < 6300

= 4390.52 <6300
3949.2
= = 365.87 ft.kip
12

𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑝 365.87
= = = 219 𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝
Ωb Ωb 1.67

Homework

Re solve the above example by use LRFD method