Diksha - 6 To 8

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oer#ee

ikB~;iqLrdksa dk laiw.kZ gy

6-8
nh{kkµ6
1. vk jgh jfo dh lokjh
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) çLrqr dfork esa fdldh lokjh vk jgh gS\
(i) jfo dh 3 (ii) ckny dh
([k) iFk fdlls ltk gS\
(i) dfy&oqQlqe ls 3 (ii) vuqpjksa ls
(x) çLrqr dfork esa dfy dk D;k vFkZ gS\
(i) f[kyk gqvk iwQy (ii) fcuk f[kyk iwQy 3
(?k) jkr dk jktk lw;Z osQ vkus ij D;k cu x;k gS\
(i) nkuh (ii) fHk[kkjh 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fogx dk dhfrZ&xk;u vkSj rkjdksa dh iQkSt dk Hkkxuk gesa D;k laosQr
ns jgk gS\
mRrj% fogx dk dhfrZ&xk;u ;kuh i{kh xk;u djosQ viuk ;'k iSQyk jgs gSA rkjdksa
dh iQkSt ;kfu jkr osQ lHkh rkjs Hkkx x, vkSj va/dkj ij mtkys dh fot;
gqbZ gSA
([k) dfork esa jFk] vuqpj vkSj fHk[kkjh dkSu gSa\
mRrj% dfork es uo fdj.kksa us jFk] cknyksa us vuqpj dh vkSj paæek us fHk[kkjh dh
Hkwfedk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
(x) dfork dk Hkko tkfu, vkSj crkb, fd jkr dk jktk dkSu gS\
mRrj% dfork dk Hkko ;g gS fd jfo dh lokjh vFkkZr izkr% lw;Z osQ fudyus ls gS
vkSj jkr dk jktk paæek gSA
(?k) dfork dh og iafDr fyf[k,] ftlls Li"V gksrk gS fd paæek dk
lkSan;Z iQhdk iM+ x;k gSA
mRrj% ^jkr dk jktk [kM+k gS] jkg esa cudj fHk[kkjh* ls Li"V gksrk gS fd paæek dk
lkSan;Z iQhdk iM+ x;k gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 2 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) çLrqr dfork osQ ys[kd dkSu gSa\
mRrj% çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk gfjoa'k jk; cPpu th gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
fogx] canh vkSj pkj.k]
xk jgs gSa dhfrZ&xk;u]
NksM+dj eSnku Hkkxh]
rkjdksa dh iQkSt lkjhA
vk jgh jfo dh lokjhA
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd lw;Z dh lokjh vkrs gh
vFkkZr~ lw;Z dh igyh fdj.k osQ vkrs gh lHkh i{kh pgpgk mBrs gSa vkSj HkkV
jktk osQ ;'k dk xk;u djus yxrs gSaA lw;Z dh fdj.ksa vius rst dks bruk
iSQyk pqdh gS fd paæek vkSj vufxur rkjksa dk çdk'k iQhdk iM+ tkrk gSA
vFkkZr~ ,slk çrhr gksrk gS] ekuksa va/dkj :ih 'k=kq dk uk'k djrs gq, lw;Z dk
jFk nkSM+k pyk vk jgk gksA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
dfork esa ;kstd fpg~u (µ) dk ç;ksx rhu LFkkuksa ij fd;k x;k gSµ
(d) cknyksa&ls cknyksa dh ^rqyuk* lsodksa ls djus osQ fy,
([k) dfy&oqQlqe dfy vkSj oqQlqe osQ chp ^vkSj* osQ fy,
(x) dhfrZ&xk;u dhfrZ vkSj xk;u osQ chp ^dk* 'kCn osQ fy,
vc fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ;kstd fpg~u dk ç;ksx fdlfy, fd;k x;k gS]
fyf[k,µ
(d) jkLrs osQ nksuksa vksj gjs&Hkjs isM+ yxs FksA
gjs vkSj Hkjs osQ chp ^vkSj* osQ fy,
([k) ;qn~/ {ks=k esa jkuh dh ryokj fctyh&lh ped jgh FkhA
ryokj dh ^rqyuk* fctyh ls djus osQ fy,
(x) oSQnh&thou cM+k va/dkje; gksrk gSA
oSQnh vkSj thou osQ chp ^dk* 'kCn osQ fy,
v Hkk"kk&Kku
i;kZ;okph 'kCn mu 'kCnksa dks dgrs gSa] tks lkekU;r% fdlh ,d gh oLrq ;k Hkko dk
cks/ djkrs gSaA i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks lekukFkZd ;k lekukFkhZ 'kCn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
vkdk'k µ vkleku uHk xxu
vk¡[k µ p{kq u;u ykspu
gksjkbtu izsl 3 nh{kk&[6-8]
bZ'oj µ çHkq Hkxoku ijekRek
dey µ iadt uhjt tyt
x.ks'k µ ycksanj xtkuu nard
unh µ lfjrk rfVuh rjafx.kh
ckny µ es?k ?ku tyn
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

2. og phuh HkkbZ
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) isQjhokyk D;k csprk gS\
(i) diM+k 3 (ii) fctyh dk lkeku
([k) isQjhokyk nksckjk fdrus fnu ckn vk;k\
(i) chl fnu ckn (ii) iaæg fnu ckn 3
(x) çLrqr ikB esa fdl 'kgj dk o.kZu gS\
(i) cukjl (ii) bykgkckn 3
(?k) Mksjksa dk jax oSQlk Fkk\
(i) Hkwjk 3 (ii) dkyk
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) isQjhokyk dyk osQ laca/ esa oSQlk Kku j[krk Fkk\
mRrj% phuh isQjhokyk dyk osQ laca/ esa fo'ks"k Kku j[krk FkkA uhyh nhokj ij fdl
jax osQ fp=k lqanj yxrs gaS] gjs oqQ'ku ij fdl izdkj osQ i{kh vPNs yxsaxs
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa phuh mruh tkudkjh j[krk Fkk] ftruh tkudkjh fdlh
vPNs dykdkj dks gksrh gSA
([k) isQjhokys osQ cpiu osQ le; dk o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj% phuh osQ firk dh ekMys esa ,d pk; dh nqqdku FkhA phuh osQ iSnk gksrs gh
mldh ekrk ej xbZ vkSj firk us nwljh cehZ phuh L=kh dks iRuh cuk;kA tc
og ik¡p o"kZ dk gqvk Fkk] mlosQ firk us ,d nq?kZVuk esa vius izk.k [kks fn,A
mlls lkr o"kZ cM+h cgu us mls ikykA fiQj ,d fnu cgu ckgj xbZ vkSj
ykSVh gh ughaA ckyd phuh cgu dks [kkstus osQ fy, xyh&xyh esa ekjk&ekjk
gksjkbtu izsl 4 nh{kk&[6-8]
fiQjus yxkA bl izdkj HkVdrk gqvk og ,d fnu tscdrjksa osQ gkFk yx x;kA
ogk¡ mls twBk Hkkstu rkephuh osQ ,d Vs<+s crZu esa [kkus dks fn;k tkrk FkkA
cgqr jkr gks tkus ij ml ujd osQ lkFkh ,d&,d djosQ vkrs jgrs vkSj BaM
esa floqQM+dj ysVs gq, bl phuh ckyd dks Bqdjkrs gq, vkxs fudy tkrsA
la;ksx us mlosQ thou dh fn'kk dks bl izdkj cny fn;k fd og ,d diM+sa
dh nqdku ij O;kikj dh fon~;k lh[kus yxkA
(x) phuh isQjhokys dh bPNk,¡ D;k Fkha\
mRrj% phuh isQjhokys dh nks bPNk,¡ Fkhµ ,d bZekunkj cuus dh vkSj nwljh viuh
cgu dks <¡w<+ ysus dhA
(?k) fdlh [kknh HkDr us ysf[kdk ij D;k vk{ksi fd;k Fkk\
mRrj% fdlh [kknh HkDr us ysf[kdk ij ;g vk{ksi fd;k fd tks yksx ckgj ls
fo'kqn~/ [kn~nj/kjh gksrs gSa] os Hkh fons'kh js'ke osQ Fkku [kjhndj j[krs gSaA
blfy, ns'k dh mUufr ugha gksrhA
(Ä) ysf[kdk osQ vuqlkj isQjhokys dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A
mRrj% phuh isQjhokys dk o.kZu ysf[kdk us fuEu izdkj fd;k gSµ /wy ls eVeSys
lisQn fdjfep osQ twrs esa NksVs iSj fNik,] irywu vkSj iktkes dk lfEefJr
ifj.kke tSlk iktkek vkSj oqQjrk rFkk dksV dh ,drk osQ vk/kj ij flyk
dksV igus] m/M+s gq, fdukjksa ls iqjkusiu dh ?kks"k.kk djrs gq,]
nqcyh&iryh&ukVh tks ewfrZ [kM+h Fkh] og rks 'kk'or phuh gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) esjs ikl #i;k jguk gh dfBu gS] vf/d #i, dh rks ppkZ gh D;k\
vk'k;µ çLrqr iafDr esa ysf[kdk dgrh gS fd tc phuh dks vius ns'k tkuk Fkk] rks
ysf[kdk osQ ikl mlosQ diM+ksa dk xV~Bj [kjhnus osQ iSls ugha FksA fiQj Hkh
ysf[kdk us oqQN iSls [kkstdj vkSj nwljksa ls m/kj ysdj phuh dk pkbuk tkus
dk çca/ dj fn;kA
([k) tks yksx ckgj ls fo'kqn~/ [kn~nj/kjh gksrs gSa] os Hkh fons'kh js'ke osQ
Fkku [kjhndj j[krs gSaA
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa esa ysf[kdk dk dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ysf[kdk osQ ikl
js'ke dk cgqr cM+k Fkku Fkk] ftldks [kknh iguus okys ,d O;fDr us ns[kk
vkSj ysf[kdk ij vkjksi yxk;k fd Hkkjrh; gksrs gq, Hkh vkSj [kn~nj iguus osQ
ckotwn Hkh mUgksaus js'ke dk Fkku [kjhndj j[kk gqvk gSA Hkkjr ns'k dh mUufr
bu dkj.kksa ls gh ugha gks ikbZ D;ksafd ge Lons'kh NksM+dj fons'kh oLrq,¡ viuk
jgs gSaA
gksjkbtu izsl 5 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. egknsoh oekZ th dh Hkk"kk cM+h ljl ,oa dgkorksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA bl ikB esa
ç;qDr gqbZ fuEufyf[kr dgkorksa dk vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) gkse djrs gkFk tyk µ ijksidkj djrs viuk uqdlku gksuk
([k) vk¡[k osQ va/s uke u;ulq[k µ xq.kksa osQ fo#n~/ uke gksukA
(x) pksjksa dh ckjkr esa viuh&viuh gksf'k;kjh
ew[kks± esa gj dksbZ Lo;a dks cqn~f/eku le>rk gSA
(?k) pksj osQ ?kj fNNksj µ nksf"k;ksa osQ chp esa funksZ"k
2. ^gkL;* 'kCn esa ^l* milxZ tksM+dj ^lgkL;* 'kCn cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS&
g¡lh osQ lkFkA blh çdkj uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa ^l* milxZ tksM+dj u, 'kCn
cukb, vkSj mudk vFkZ Hkh fyf[k,µ
(d) çse µ lçse vFkZ µ çse osQ lkFk
([k) Lusg µ lLusg vFkZ µ Lusg osQ lkFk
(x) g"kZ µ lg"kZ vFkZ µ g"kZ osQ lkFk
(?k) lEeku µ llEeku vFkZ µ lEeku osQ lkFk
(Ä) xoZ µ lxoZ vFkZ µ xoZ osQ lkFk
(p) Je µ lJe vFkZ µ Je osQ lkFk
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fpg~u igpkfu,µ
;kstd fpg~u (&)
fooj.k fpg~u (%µ)
mn~/j.k fpg~u (^^**)
funsZ'k fpg~u (µ)
vc vko';drkuqlkj fpg~uksa dk ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) xk¡/h th dgrs Fks lR;eso t;rsA xk¡/h th dgrs Fks] ^^lR;eso t;rs**A
([k) jkelhrk vkSj jk/kÑ".k vkt Hkh tuekul osQ vkn'kZ gSaA
jke&lhrk vkSj jk/k&Ñ".k vkt Hkh tuekul osQ vkn'kZ gSaA
(x) lksgu D;k eSa vanj vkm¡Q\ lksguµ D;k eSa vanj vkm¡Q\
2. oqQN 'kCnksa ij è;ku nhft,µ ck¡xM+] mpDosQ] cs/M+d] gypyA ;s 'kCn vke
cksypky dh Hkk"kk ls fy, x, gSaA bUgsa ns'kt 'kCn dgrs gSaA blh çdkj osQ
oqQN vU; ns'kt 'kCn fyf[k,µ
dkoM+ Vksyk <k¡x FkwFku

gksjkbtu izsl 6 nh{kk&[6-8]


v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

3. eSa cktkj gw¡


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) cktkj dk vkd"kZ.k fdlls de ugha gS\
(i) vIljk ls 3 (ii) eafnj ls
([k) ikB osQ vuqlkj [kq'kh dks nksxquh djus dk ea=k fdlosQ ikl gS\
(i) cktkj osQ ikl 3 (ii) iafMr osQ ikl
(x) usdh dj oqQ,¡ eas MkyA
(i) rkykc (ii) oqQ,¡ 3
(?k) cktkj osQ fy, cPps D;k djrs gSa\
(i) f[kykSus rksM+ nsrs gSa (ii) xqYyosaQ [kkyh dj nsrs gSa 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) cktkj Lo;a dks vIljk ls vf/d vkd"kZd D;ksa le>rk gS\
mRrj% cktkj Lo;a dks vIljk ls vf/d vkd"kZd blfy, le>rk gS fd vIljk rks
osQoy iq#"kksa ij gh viuk izHkko Mkyrh gS fdarq cktkj rks L=kh] iq#"k] ckyd]
o`n~/ lHkh dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
([k) :Bs O;fDr;ksa dks eukus dk dk;Z dkSu vkSj fdl çdkj djrk gS\
mRrj% :Bs O;fDr;ksa dks eukus dk dk;Z cktkj djrk gSA cktkj tkdj :Bs O;fDr
dh ilan dh dksbZ oLrq ysdj] mls lqanj dkxt esa yisVdj HksaV dj nhft,]
:Bs gq, O;fDr dh lkjh ukjktxh xk;c gks tkrh gSA
(x) ikB osQ vuqlkj cktkj ij dkSu&ls vkjksi yxk, tkrs gSa\
mRrj% cktkj ij izk;% yksx rjg&rjg osQ vkjksi yxkrs gq, dgrs gSa fd cktkj yqVsjk
gS] yksxksa dks mudh vkenuh ls vf/d [kpZ djus dks mdlkrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj
(csbekuh) dks c<+ kok nsrk gS] oqQN yksxksa dk rks ;g dguk gS fd cktkj us
u'ks dh Hkk¡fr gh oqQN yksxksa dks [kjhnkjh djus dh yr yxk nh gSA os oqQN Hkh
djsaxs m/kj ysaxs] >xM+ k djsaxs fdarq cktkj t:j tk,¡xsA
(?k) efgykvksa dh fdl ckr ij cktkj dks g¡lh vkrh gS\
mRrj% cktkj dks efgykvksa dh bl ckr ij g¡lh vkrh gS fd oqQN efgyk,¡ [kjhnkjh
gksjkbtu izsl 7 nh{kk&[6-8]
djus esa bruh eLr gks tkrh gSa fd vius lkFk yk, NksVs cPpksa dks Hkh Hkwy
tkrh gSaA muosQ cPps ,d nqdku ls nwljh nqdku ij jksrs gq, mUgsa <w¡<+rs jgrs gSaA
(Ä) ^usdh dj oqQ,¡ esa Mky* eqgkojs dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mRrj% egku O;fDr fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls HkykbZ osQ dk;Z djrs vk, gSaA vFkkZr~ fdlh dh
HkykbZ bl mís'; ls ugha djuh pkfg, fd og gesa cnys esa oqQN nsxk ;k
gekjh lgk;rk djsxkA gesa fu%LokFkZ Hkkouk ls ijksidkj djuk pkfg,A
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vkidk fny mnkl gS rks pys vkb,] esjh iukg ysrs gh vkidk lkjk
xe /qvk¡ cudj mM+ tk,xkA
vk'k;µ bles cktkj dgrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ O;fDr mnkl gS] rks ml O;fDr dks
cktkj ys tkdj mldh ilan dh dksbZ Hkh oLrq fnyk nks] rks og mnkl O;fDr
rqjar [kq'k gks tkrk gSA cktkj dgrk gS fd ijs'kku er gks euq";] mlosQ ikl
rsjh lHkh ijs'kkfu;ksa dk gy gSA
([k) ifr dks osru feyk ugha fd ?kj&?kj esa efgyk,¡ esjs fy, vius ifr ls
;qn~/ gh NsM+ nsrh gSaA
vk'k;µ mi;qZDr okD; esa cktkj osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc ifr dks osru
feyrk gS] rks efgyk,¡ cktkj ls viuh ilan dh oLrq,¡ [kjhnus osQ fy, vius
ifr ls ftn~n djrh gSa] >xM+k djrh gSa vkSj var esa viuh ek¡xsa euok gh ysrh gSaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks okD;ksa esa ç;qDr dhft,µ
(d) Hkz"Vkpkj µ oqQN usrk Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
([k) çk.kfç; µ jeu vius ekrk&firk dk çk.kfç; gSA
(x) mM+u N¡w µ pwgs osQ tky dkVrs gh lkjs dcwrj mM+u N¡w gks x,A
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) ckydksa ls Lusg djus okyh µ eerke;h
([k) cgqr vf/d O;; djus okyk µ [kphZyk
(x) cgqr de /u [kpZ djus okyk µ ferO;;h
(?k) nwljksa ls ncus okyk µ nCcww
(Ä) dke ls th pqjkus okyk µ dkepksj
(p) nwljksa ls bZ";kZ djus okyk µ bZ";kZyq
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr iqfYyax 'kCnksa osQ L=khfyax 'kCn fyf[k,µ
fpduk µ fpduh ckyd µ ckfydk
gksjkbtu izsl 8 nh{kk&[6-8]
eksVk µ eksVh o`n~/ µ o`n~/k
lsod µ lsfodk uo;qod µ uo;qorh
2. fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; Nk¡Vdj vyx&vyx fyf[k,µ
fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
lLrk cktkj µ lLrk cktkj
jaxhu diM+k µ jaxhu diM+k
dPps pkoy µ dPps pkoy
jksrk cPpk µ jksrk cPpk
3. fganh esa 'kCnksa dks eq[;r% pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSaµ
fon~;kFkhZ ikB~;&iqLrd esa i<+saA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

4. viuk&viuk 'kkSd
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) irax mM+kus osQ lkFk fdl nwljs 'kkSd dh ckr tksM+h xbZ gS\
(i) 'krjat [ksyus dh 3 (ii) ckxokuh djus dh
([k) yksxksa osQ vf/dka'k 'kkSd oSQls gksrs gSa\
(i) lkekU; 3 (ii) ikjaifjd
(x) fdlosQ vk tkus ls fMtkbu cukuk ljy gks x;k gS\
(i) fp=kdkjksa osQ (ii) oaQI;wVj osQ 3
(?k) ikB osQ vuqlkj fdls [kkstus dk viuk viuk gh etk gksrk gS\
(i) tkuojksa dks (ii) vifjfpr jkgksa dks 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) vktdy yksx i=k fy[kuk D;ksa Hkwyrs tk jgs gSa\
mRrj% vktdy yksx i=k fy[kuk blfy, Hkwyrs tk jgs gSa D;ksafd eksckby iQksu dk
iz;ksx cgqr vf/d yksx djus yxs gSaA
([k) tc 'kkSd ls /u dek;k tkus yxs rks mls D;k dgrs gSa\
mRrj% tc 'kkSd ls /u dek;k tkus yxs] rc mls O;kikj dgrs gSaA
gksjkbtu izsl 9 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) Mkd&fVdV laxzg dk 'kkSd D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS\
mRrj% Mkd&fVdV laxzg djus dk 'kkSd cgqr fo'ks"k gksrk gSA vf/drj yksx iqjkus]
iz;ksx esa yk, x, Mkd&fVdVksa dk laxzg djrs gSaA u, vkSj fcuk eqgj yxs
Mkd&fVdVksa dk mruk egRo ugha gksrk] ftruk Mkd?kj dh eqgj yxs fVdVksa
dk gksrk gSA Mkd?kj dh eqgj ftruh vf/d Li"V gksxh] fVdV mruk gh
ewY;oku ekuk tk,xkA bl eqgj esa fn[kus okyh rkjh[k dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo
gksrk gSA ;g rkjh[k ftruh iqjkuh gksrh tkrh gS] Mkd&fVdV mruk gh dherh
gksrk tkrk gSA laxzg djus okys yksx Mkd foHkkx n~okjk u;k fVdV tkjh gksus
ij] mls [kjhndj viuh ,yce esa yxk ysrs gSaA
(?k) frrfy;ksa osQ ia[kksa dk laxzg yksx D;ksa djrs Fks\
mRrj% oqQN yksx frrfy;ksa osQ ia[kksa dk laxzg blfy, djrs Fks D;ksafd frryh osQ
ia[kksa okyh ,yce dks diM+k cukus okyh feysa Å¡ph dher ij [kjhn ysrh
FkhaA frryh osQ ia[kksa osQ fMtkbu ls diM+ksa dk fMtkbu cukus esa mUgsa enn
feyrh FkhA
(Ä) vkiosQ vuqlkj fdl çdkj osQ 'kkSd mfpr ugha gksrs gSa\
mRrj% oqQN 'kkSd cM+s Mjkous gksrs gSaA oqQN cPps lM+d osQ oqQRrksa dks iRFkj ekjrs
pyrs gSaA oqQN rkykc osQ esa<dksa dks ekjdj lq[k izkIr djrs gSaA fpfM+;ksa o
fxygfj;ksa dks xqysy ls ;k NjsZ okyh canwd ls ekjuk Hkh f?kukSuk 'kkSd gSA blh
rjg dk ,d 'kkSd lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij oqQN fy[kus dk gksrk gSA oqQN yksx
isM+ksa osQ rus ij pkowQ ls xksn&xksndj fy[krs gSaA oqQN yksx ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa
ij uke fy[k nsrs gSaA bl rjg osQ 'kkSd fdlh Hkh rjg mfpr ugha gksrs gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) 'kkSd tc FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, gksrk gS] rc mls 'kkSd dgrs gSa fdarq ;fn
dksbZ 'kkSd fdlh osQ thou dk mn~ns'; cu tk, rks mls yr dgrs gSaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc dksbZ dk;Z oqQN le; osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] rks og 'kkSd dgykrk gS] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ dk;Z yxkrkj fd;k tk,
vkSj mls fd, fcuk O;fDr jg u ik,] rks og vknr ;k yr dgykrh gSA
([k) 'kkSd ogh vPNk gksrk gS] ftlls nwljksa dks d"V u igq¡ps] i;kZoj.k
LoPN jgs vkSj gekjh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj ij dksbZ nkx u yxsA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd oqQN O;fDr vius 'kkSd dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, nwljksa dks d"V igq¡pkrs gSa] i;kZoj.k vkSj lkaLÑfrd /jksgjksa dks uqdlku
igq¡pkrs gSa_ tSlsµ fpfM+;ksa vkfn dks ekjuk] isM+ksa ij uke [kksnuk] ,sfrgkfld
bekjrksa ij uke fy[kuk vkfnA ,sls 'kkSd vPNs ugha gksrsA vr% gesa ,sls 'kkSd
djus pkfg,] ftlls fdlh dks Hkh dksbZ uqdlku u gksA
gksjkbtu izsl 10 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnfy,µ
yykbu ykyk dof;=kh dfo
iafMr iafMrkbu f'k{kd f'kf{kdk
lezkV lezkKh o/q oj
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vius okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vk'p;Z µ ccyw dh lqanj fp=kdkjh ns[kdj eq>s cgqr vk'p;Z gqvkA
([k) laxzg µ eSaus vius iqLrdky; esa vusd dfo;ksa osQ dfork&laxzg
,d=k fd, gSaA
(x) ewY;oku µ esjs nknkth dh nh gqbZ gj oLrq esjs fy, cgqr ewY;oku gSA
(?k) vifjfpr µ eqacbZ osQ lHkh jkLrksa ls eSa vifjfpr FkkA
(Ä) ekSfyd µ dfo lEesyu esa eSaus viuh ekSfyd jpuk lqukbZA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
foykse dk vFkZ gS& foijhrA tc nks 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ,d&nwljs osQ foijhr gksa rks mUgsa
foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA bUgsa foijhrkFkZd vkSj foi;kZ; 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA tSls ^dBksj*
dk foykse 'kCn gS ^dksey*A
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
ve`r µ fo"k vkfLrd µ ukfLrd
t; µ ijkt; ohj µ dk;j
xq.k µ voxq.k ltho µ futhZo
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

5. pys xk¡o dh vksj


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) gjs [ksr dgk¡ ygjkrs gSa\
(i) 'kgj esa (ii) xk¡o esa 3
([k) çgjh tSlk dkSu fn[krk gS\
(i) fdlku (ii) o`{k 3

gksjkbtu izsl 11 nh{kk&[6-8]


(x) ?kj Ñ"kd dks fdl le; cqykrk gS\
(i) lk;a osQ le; 3 (ii) nksigj osQ le;
(?k) Xokys Nk;k esa cSBdj D;k ctkrs gSa\
(i) oa'kh 3 (ii) <ksyd
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) xzkeh.kksa osQ Hkkstu dks dfo us :[kk&lw[kk gksus ij Hkh ve`r osQ leku
D;ksa dgk gS\
mRrj% xzkeh.kksa osQ Hkkstu dks dfo us :[kk&lw[kk gksus ij Hkh ve`r osQ leku
blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd mudk Hkkstu ifjJe vkSj I;kj ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
([k) xzkeoklh <ksyd dh Fkki ij D;k&D;k xkrs gSa\
mRrj% xzkeoklh <ksyd dh Fkki ij dtyh] vkYgk vkSj gksyh xkrs gSaA
(x) Je osQ çfr xzkeh.kksa dh Hkkouk oSQlh gksrh gS\
mRrj% Je osQ izfr xzkeh.kksa dh Hkkouk lEeku dh gksrh gSA
(?k) Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ n'kZu okLrfod :i ls xk¡oksa esa gh gksrs gSaA bl
dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A
mRrj% Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh 'kgjksa dh vis{kk xk¡oksa esa 'kkafr] 'kqn~/ gok] 'kqn~/ Hkkstu
vkfn feyrs gSaA xk¡oksa esa vkt Hkh cM+s&cw<+ksa dks rFkk ukjh dks lEeku fn;k
tkrk gSA xk¡oksa esa yksx ,d&nwljs osQ lq[k&nq%[k esa Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSaA vr% dg
ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr osQ n'kZu okLrfod :i ls xk¡oksa esa gh gksrs gSaA
(Ä) çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk dk uke crkrs gq, bl dfork dk ,d vU;
'kh"kZd lq>kb,A
mRrj% çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk jkes'oj n;ky nwcs th gSaA bl dfork dk vU;
'kh"kZdµ ^esjk I;kjk xk¡o* gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) pysa xk¡o dh vksj] >ksaiM+s tgk¡ >qosQ /jrh esa]
r# osQ uhps [ksy jgs gSa cPps fut eLrh esaA
vk'k;µ çLrqr iafDr esa dfo us xk¡o dh lqanjrk dk cgqr euksgj o lqanj o.kZu
fd;k gSA dfo 'kgj dh HkhM+&HkkM+ vkSj 'kksj&'kjkcs dks NksM+dj xk¡o esa tkus
osQ fy, dgrk gSA dfo dgrk gS fd xk¡o esa NksVs&NksVs >qosQ gq, >ksaiM+s /jrh
ij cus gq, gSa rFkk isM+ksa osQ uhps cPps eLrh esa [ksy jgs gSaA fdruk euksje
n`'; gS xk¡o dkA
([k) tgk¡ Lusge; fu'Ny lkns thou dk gh Øe gS]
tgk¡ u dksbZ dke rqPN gS] v?;Z ik jgk Je gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 12 nh{kk&[6-8]
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo dgrk gS fd xk¡o osQ yksxksa dk thou Ny&diV ls
jfgr fcYoqQy lknk gksrk gSA ogk¡ yksx ,d&nwljs ls Lusg j[krs gS vkSj fdlh
Hkh dk;Z dks NksVk ugha ekurs gSaA lHkh yksx fey&tqydj dBksj ifjJe djrs
gSa] ;gh mudh iwtk&vpZuk gSA
5. dfork ls mu iafDr;ksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,] ftuesa fuEufyf[kr Hkko mRiUu
gksrs gSaµ
(d) xk¡o esa nw/ vkfn inkFkks± osQ lkFk&lkFk eLrhiw.kZ foJke Hkh miyC/ gSA
pyas xk¡o dh vksj] tgk¡ ij xk; nq/k: pjrha] Nk;k esa cSBs Xokys dh oa'kh rkusa
HkjrhaA
([k) xk¡oksa esa fey&tqy dj yksdxhr xkus dh ijaijk gSA
pyas xk¡o dh vksj] tgk¡ ij xhr xk jgh Vksyh] <ksyd nsrh Fkki] xedrh
dtyh vkYgk gksyhA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
bl dfork esa dfo us cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk ekuohdj.k fd;k gS_ tSlsµ ^o`{k çgjh
tSls [kM+s gSa* vkSj ^/qvk¡ Ñ"kd dks ?kj cqyk jgk gS*A tc fdlh vpy ;k çkÑfrd
oLrq dks ekuo dh rjg osQ fØ;kdyki esa çLrqr fd;k tk, rks ogk¡ oLrq dk
ekuohdj.k gks tkrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa fdldk ekuohdj.k fd;k x;k gS\
(d) T;ksa fudydj cknyksa dh xksn ls]
c¡wn dk
Fkh vHkh ,d cw¡n oqQN vkxs c<+hA
([k) oaQdM+&oaQdM+ iSny pydj]
fnu Hkj] jtuh Hkj] thou HkjA
/ksrk olq/k dk vapy] olq/k dk] ty dk
;g y?kq lfjrk dk cgrk tyA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. vuqçkl vyadkj esa ,d tSlk o.kZ ,d ls vf/d ckj vkrk gSA bu iafDr;ksa esa
tks o.kZ ckj&ckj vk jgk gS] mldks Nk¡Vdj lkeus fyf[k,µ
(d) dfV ij fy, xxfj;k xksjh vkrh gS cy[kkrh] x
([k) ns[k fdlh xq#tu dks lEeq[k lglk 'kjek tkrhA l
(x) ^x, fi;k ijnsl] fy[kw¡ eSa jkek oSQls ikrhA* i
2. fuEufyf[kr Hkkookpd laKkvksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukb,µ
liQyrk µ liQy ijs'kkuh µ ijs'kku
'kkafr µ 'kkar feBkl µ ehBk
gksjkbtu izsl 13 nh{kk&[6-8]
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

6. var%iqj dk j{kd
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) Hkæfxfj jkT; esa dkSu&ls jktk jkT; djrs Fks\
(i) jktk foØe (ii) jktk ujsaæ 3
([k) rhFkZ;k=kk djrs gq, lk/q dgk¡ ls vk, Fks\
(i) cnfjdk 3 (ii) lqanj ou
(x) jkT; esa 'kL=k fon~;kvksa dk çn'kZu fdl ioZ ij gksrk Fkk\
(i) gksyh (ii) fot;n'keh 3
(?k) lsukè;{k cuus ls fdlus badkj dj fn;k\
(i) lqlsu us 3 (ii) csrky us
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lq/eZ vkSj lqlsu osQ fo"k; esa crkrs gq, mudh ;ksX;rkvksa esa varj Li"V
dhft,A
mRrj% lq/eZ vkSj lqlsu Hkæfxfj jkT; osQ jktk ujsaæ osQ iq=k FksA nksuksa dh #fp;k¡ fHkUu
FkhaA lq/eZ tgk¡ jktuhfr o /eZ'kkL=kksa esa vf/d #fp fn[kkrk rks lqlsu
;qn~/dyk esaA bl izdkj nksuksa dh ;ksX;rk esa varj FkkA
([k) lq/eZ osQ LFkku ij jktk cuus osQ fy, dkSu] fdlls feyk\
mRrj% lq/eZ osQ LFkku ij lqlsu jktk cuuk pkgrk FkkA blosQ fy, og ,dkar esa
jktxq# ls tkdj feykA
(x) lqlsu dks jktxq# us D;k le>k;k\
mRrj% jktxq# us lqlsu dks le>k;kµ ¶vius LokFkZ osQ fy, ijaijkvksa dks rksM+uk
mfpr ugha gSA {k.kksa dh nsjh gh lgh] T;s"B rks T;s"B gh gksrk gSA vf/dkj
çkIr djus osQ fy, mls vLohdkj djuk vuFkZnk;d fln~/ gks ldrk gSA
vius jktk cuus dh vkdka{kk NksM+ nks] ;gh Js;Ldj gksxkA egkjkt dh
bPNkuqlkj rqe lsukè;{k cuks vkSj vxzt dk lkFk nsrs gq, jkT; dh j{kk dh
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks laHkkyksA blh ls rqEgkjh vkSj rqEgkjs oa'k dh izfr"Bk c<+ sxhA¸
gksjkbtu izsl 14 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) oYyHk dkSu Fkk\ mlus ijkØe dk dkSu&lk dke fd;k\
mRrj% oYyHk egy dk ç/ku jlksb;k FkkA oYyHk us lSfud u gksrs gq, Hkh ryokj
gkFk esa ysdj 'k=kq lSfudksa osQ fljksa dks /M+ ls vyx djosQ cM+k ijkØe dk
dke fd;kA
(Ä) jktk lq/eZ us lsukifr osQ ctk, jlksb, dh ç'kalk D;ksa dh\
mRrj% jktk lq/eZ us lsukifr dh ctk; jlksb, dh ça'klk blfy, dh D;ksafd og
lSfud u gksrs gq, Hkh ,d oqQ'ky ;ksn~/k dh rjg 'k=kqvksa ls yM+ kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) jktu! esjh le> esa ugha vkrk fd fdlls ç'kalk çkIr djus osQ fy,
bl Hka;dj okrkoj.k esa d"V >sy jgs gks\
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd csrky foØe ls ç'u djrs gq, iwNrk gS
fd og fdlls ça'klk çkIr djuk pkgrk gS] tks bl Hk;kud taxy osQ
okrkoj.k esa d"V mBk jgk gSA mls rks fdlh dh ç'kalk dh vko';drk gh
ugha gSA bl çdkj csrky foØe ls ç'u djrs gq, mudks ,d dgkuh lqukdj
vius ç'u dk gy iwNrk gSA
([k) foaQrq lqlsu ;qn~/ esa vlk/kj.k çfrHkk fn[kkrs gq, ;g fn[kkus dh
dksf'k'k djrk fd og cM+s HkkbZ ls dgha vf/d vkxs gSA blosQ fy, og
gnksa dks ikj Hkh dj tkrk vkSj oqQfVy ekxks± dks Hkh viukus ls ihNs ugha
gVrkA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd lqlsu vkSj lq/eZ nksuksa HkkbZ ;qn~/
fon~;kvksa es fuiq.k Fks foaQrq O;ogkj esa nksuksa gh vyx FksA tc nksuksa osQ chp
non~ao ;qn~/ gksrk rks lq/eZ tku&cw>dj gkj tkrk vkSj bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku
j[krk dgha lqlsu ?kk;y u gksA exj lqlsu vius vkidks cM+s HkkbZ ls vf/d
çfrHkkoku fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrk vkSj blosQ fy, og lHkh gnksa dks ikj
djrs gq, oqQfVy jkLrksa dks viukus ls Hkh ihNs ugha gVrk FkkA
5. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^jktflagklu ij cSBus dk vf/dkj eq>s gh gSA** lqlsu us] jktxq# lsA
([k) ^^vius LokFkZ osQ fy, ijaijkvksa dks rksM+uk mfpr ugha gSA**
jktxq# us] lqlsu lsA
(x) ^^eq>s ftldk Hk; Fkk] ogh gksus tk jgk gSA** egkjkt us] jktxq# lsA
(?k) ^^Hkfo"; esa rqEgsa Hkæfxfj dk jktk Hkh cukm¡QxkA**
'olqj nqtZ; us] nkekn lqlsu lsA
gksjkbtu izsl 15 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k dk vH;kl dhft,µ
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vuqdj.k dj okD; cukb,µ
(d) vkf[kj ,d ;qod gh rks gSA vkf[kj cPpk gh rks gSA
([k) T;s"B rks T;s"B gh gksrk gSA HkkbZ rks HkkbZ gh gksrk gSA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ^fuj~* milxZ dk vFkZ gSµ ^jfgr*] ^fcuk*] ^ckgj* vkfnA fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa
esa fuj~ milxZ tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukb,µ
xq.k µ fuxqZ.k ty µ futZy
cy µ fucZy fodkj µ fufoZdkj
vijk/ µ fujijk/
2. fuEufyf[kr leLr inksa dk foxzg dhft,µ
xtxkfeuh µ xt (gkFkh) osQ leku pky okyh
xxuHksn µ xxu (vkdk'k) dks Hksnus okyk
v'okjksgh µ v'o (?kksM+s) ij lokjh djus okyk
'kf'keq[k µ 'kf'k (paæek) osQ leku eq[k okyh
deyu;u µ dey osQ leku u;u (vk¡[k) okyh
3. la;qDr O;atuksa osQ :i le>dj oqQN vU; 'kCn cukb,µ
n~ $ j ¾ æ] æfor æO;
r~ $ ; ¾ R;] R;kx R;ksgkj
o~Q $ r ¾ Dr] foHkDr vklDr
o~ $ ; ¾ O;] O;olk; O;kikj
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
7. LokfHkeku
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) fdysafFkl fdl ns'k esa vè;;u djrk Fkk\
(i) ;wuku esa 3 (ii) :l esa
gksjkbtu izsl 16 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) fdysafFkl i<+kbZ esa fdl LFkku ij vkrk Fkk\
(i) lcls uhps (ii) vOoy 3
(x) fdysafFkl ij fdl ckr dk vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k\
(i) ekjihV dk (ii) pksjh dk 3
(?k) ckyd dh okLrfod fLFkfr tkudj tt vkSj lHkh ns[kus&lquus okys D;k gks
x,\
(i) Øksf/r (ii) æfor 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fdysafFkl osQ lgikfB;ksa us mlosQ fo#n~/ D;k "kM~;a=k fd;k\
mRrj% fdysafFkl osQ lgikfB;ksa us mlosQ fo#n~/ ,d "kM~;a=k dj mls pksjh osQ >wBs
vkjksi esa idM+ ok fn;kA
([k) U;k;k/h'k us fdysafFkl ls D;k Li"Vhdj.k ek¡xk\
mRrj% fdysafFkl ij pksjh djus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k FkkA pksjh osQ vkjksi osQ fo"k;
esa gh U;k;k/h'k us fdysafFkl ls Li"Vhdj.k ek¡xkA
(x) fdysafFkl viuk 'kqYd fdl çdkj ls tek djrk Fkk\
mRrj% fdysafFkl jkst lqcg oqQ,¡ ls ikuh [khapdj ekyh dks nsrkA ekyh mlosQ cnys
mls oqQN flDosQ nsrkA fiQj fdysafFkl ,d o`n~/k osQ ;gk¡ tkdj ?kaVs&nks&?kaVs
vukt dh filkbZ djrkA o`n~/k Hkh mlosQ cnys mls oqQN flDosQ nsrhA bl
çdkj fdysafFkl dfBu ifjJe djosQ viuk 'kqYd tek djrkA
(?k) ckyd dks funksZ"k tkudj U;k;k/h'k us mldh D;k lgk;rk djuh
pkgh\
mRrj% ckyd dh funksZ"krk dks tkudj U;k;k/h'k us ckyd osQ ikyu&iks"k.k vkSj
f'k{kk&nh{kk gsrq mlosQ ifjokj dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj mldh lgk;rk
djuh pkghA
(Ä) fdysafFkl us D;k roZQ nsdj ljdkjh lgk;rk ysus ls euk dj fn;k\
mRrj% fdysafFkl osQ ekrk&firk us mls lh[k nh Fkh fd gesa ,slk ,d Hkh iSlk
Lohdkj ugha djuk pkfg,] ftlosQ fy, geus ifjJe u fd;k gks vFkkZr~
esgur djosQ gh vius [kpZ iwjs djus pkfg,A blfy, fdysafFkl us ljdkjh
lgk;rk dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA
4. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^rqe ij vkjksi gS fd pksjh djosQ rqe fon~;ky; dk 'kqYd nsrs gksA**
U;k;k/h'k us] ckyd fdysafFkl ls
gksjkbtu izsl 17 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) ^^;g ckyd jkst lqcg vkdj oqQ,¡ ls ikuh [khaprk gSA**
ekyh us] tt ls
(x) ^^Jheku] eSa fdjk, ij vukt ihlus dk dke djrh gw¡A**
o`n~/k us] tt ls
(?k) ^^vkils ;gh vis{kk djrk gw¡ fd eq>s viuh esgur ls viuk [kpZ pykus
nsaA** ckyd us] tt ls
5. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) eSa ljdkj dks vkns'k nsrk gw¡ fd rqEgkjs ifjokj dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk
rqjar nh tk, vkSj rc rd nh tk,] tc rd rqe viuh f'k{kk iwjh dj
fdlh dke /a/s esa ugha yx tkrsA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; esa crk;k x;k gS fd tc U;k;k/h'k dks ckyd dh funksZ"krk osQ
ckjs esa irk pyk rks mlus ckyd osQ ifjokj dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus vkSj
mldh f'k{kk&nh{kk] ikyu&iks"k.k dh lHkh t#jrsa rc rd iwjh djus osQ fy,
ljdkj dks vkns'k fn,µ tc rd fd og ckyd dke&/a/s ij u yx tk,A
([k) vr% vkidh n;k Hkkouk osQ fy, eSa vkidk vkHkkjh gw¡ vkSj vkils
;gh vis{kk djrk gw¡ fd eq>s viuh esgur ls viuk [kpZ pykus nsaA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc U;k;k/h'k us fdysafFkl osQ ifjokj
dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus osQ fy, dgk rks fdysafFkl us mudh Hkkoukvksa dk
lEeku djrs gq, fouezrkiwoZd lgk;rk ysus ls euk dj fn;kA fdysafFkl us
dgk fd og ifjJe djosQ gh iSlk dekuk pgkrk gS fdlh dh n;k ls ughaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. if<+, vkSj lef>,µ
nfjæ µ fu/Zu xjhc
"kM~;a=k µ pky lkft'k
;s lHkh 'kCn lekukFkhZ gSaA blh çdkj bu 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks lekukFkhZ 'kCn
fyf[k,µ
(d) /uh µ vehj nkSyrean ([k) oaQtwl µ Ñi.k lwe
(x) fo'kky µ cM+k foLrkj (?k) [kq'kgky µ laiUu lq[kh
2. thou dk vafre iM+ko gS& e`R;qA
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 18 nh{kk&[6-8]
8. udyph ukbZ
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) çLrqr dgkuh fdl xk¡o dh gS\
(i) fd'kuiqj 3 (ii) fd'kux<+
([k) ukbZ dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) ohuw (ii) nhuw 3
(x) 'kkL=kh th fo'ks"k iwtk fdl volj ij djrs Fks\
(i) nhokyh ij 3 (ii) gksyh ij
(?k) nhuw us viuh ukd fdlls dkVh\
(i) pkowQ ls (ii) mLrjs ls 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) 'kkL=kh th viuk lEeku gksus ij D;k dgrs Fks\
mRrj% 'kkL=kh th viuk lEeku gksus ij ;g dgrs Fks fd eSaus fiNys tUe esa t:j
vPNs dk;Z fd, gksaxs] ftl dkj.k bl tUe esa eq>s yksxksa n~okjk bruk lEeku
feyrk gSA
([k) 'kkL=kh th dh udy dkSu vkSj D;ksa djrk Fkk\
mRrj% 'kkL=kh th dh udy nhuw djrk Fkk D;ksafd og lksprk Fkk fd bl tUe esa
vPNs deZ djosQ mls Hkh viuk vkus okyk tUe lq/kj ysuk pkfg,A
(x) 'kkL=kh th us viuh iRuh dks D;k vkSj D;ksa le>k;k\
mRrj% 'kkL=kh th us viuh iRuh dks le>krs gq, dgk] ¶;g nhuw jkst&jkst esjh
udy djosQ eq>s fp<+krk jgrk gSA eSaus bldh vDy fBdkus yxkus dh ,d
rjdhc lksph gSA vkt 'kke dks eSa rqels dgw¡xk fd jkr osQ ckjg cts esjh
ukd dkV nksA dy nhokyh ij ,d ubZ vkSj lqanj ukd vk tk,xhA rqe
dguk&okg! vki rks gj lky viuh ukd dVokrs gh gSa vkSj ubZ lqanj ukd
vk tkrh gSA bl ckj Hkh ,slk gh d:¡xhA¸ bl çdkj 'kkL=kh th us nhuw dks
lcd fl[kkus osQ fy, ;g dk;Z fd;kA
(?k) nhuw us nhokyh dh jkr D;k fd;k\
mRrj% nhuw us nhokyh dh jkr viuh isVh ls rst /kj okyk mLrjk fudkykA nks&rhu
ckj gkFk ij mls rst fd;k vkSj cM+h liQkbZ ls viuh ukd dkV MkyhA
gksjkbtu izsl 19 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) bl dgkuh ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
mRrj% bl dgkuh ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd udy djuk dHkh&dHkh cgqr
uqdlkunk;d gksrk gSA blfy, dHkh Hkh nwljksa dh udy ugha djuk pkfg,A
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vc nhuw çfrfnu 'kkL=kh th dks ns[krk vkSj tks Hkh os djrs] ogh og
Hkh djus yxkA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fdlh dh Hkh udy djuk xyr ckr gSA
D;ksafd nwljksa dh udy djus ls O;fDr Lo;a dk gh uqdlku dj cSBrk gSA
nhuw ,d ,slk gh O;fDr gS] tks vius iM+ksl esa jgus okys 'kkL=kh th dks ns[krk
gS vkSj tks Hkh dk;Z 'kkL=kh th djrs gSa] nhuw mudh udy mrkjrk vkSj ogh
dk;Z djrk FkkA
([k) dkSu tkus nhuw dHkh okil vk,xk Hkh ;k ughaA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; esa vk'kadk O;Dr dh xbZ gS fd nhuw us 'kkL=kh th dh udy
mrkjus osQ dkj.k viuh ukd Lo;a gh dkV nhA ml fnu osQ ckn og dgha
pyk x;kA viuh bl ew[kZrk osQ dkj.k D;k irk vc og xk¡o okyksa osQ lkeus
dHkh vk,xk Hkh ;k ughaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa og 'kCn js[kkafdr dhft,] ftlosQ dkj.k okD; xyr
gks jgk gSµ
(d) 'kkL=kh th iwtk djosQ vkjrh djrs vkSj 'ka[k ctkrkA
([k) os nhuw dks lcd yxkus dh lkspus yxsA
(x) nhokyh dk R;ksgkj nwj vk jgk FkkA
(?k) ;g ubZ ckrksa lqudj og pkSad x;kA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) lEeku µ vieku ([k) vPNk µ cqjk
(x) fudV µ nwj (?k) jkr µ fnu
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) xk¡o µ xzke] nsgkr ([k) iqjksfgr µ iafMr] iqtkjh
(x) fudV µ ikl] lehi (?k) ubZ µ uohu] uwru
4. okD; osQ nks Hkkx gksrs gSaµ (d) mn~ns'; ([k) fo/s;
(d) mn~ns';µ og O;fDr ;k oLrq] ftlosQ fo"k; esa oqQN dgk tkrk gS] mls
mn~ns'; dgrs gSaA
([k) fo/s;µ okD; esa mn~ns'; ;k drkZ osQ fo"k; esa tks oqQN dgk tkrk gS] mls
fo/s; dgrs gSaA
gksjkbtu izsl 20 nh{kk&[6-8]
tSlsµ 'kkL=kh th us dgk] ^^;g nhuw jkst esjh udy djrk gSA**
mn~ns'; fo/s;
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mn~ns'; o fo/s; Nk¡Vdj vyx&vyx fyf[k,µ
1- nhuw 'kkL=kh th dk iM+kslh Fkk] tks mudh udy djrk FkkA
mn~ns';µ nhuw 'kkL=kh th dk iM+kslh Fkk]
fo/s;µ tks mudh udy djrk FkkA
2- iRuh us dgkµ gk¡] gk¡! eq>s irk gS fd D;k djuk gSA
mn~ns';µ iRuh us dgk]
fo/s;µ gk¡ gk¡! eq>s irk gS fd D;k djuk gSA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ^lq* milxZ dk vFkZ gS ^vPNk*A fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ igys ^lq* milxZ
yxkdj muosQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ
O;oLFkk µ lqO;oLFkk vFkZ µ vPNh O;oLFkk
'khy µ lq'khy vFkZ µ vPNs LoHkko okyk
Lokn µ lqLokn vFkZ µ vPNk Lokn
volj µ lqvolj vFkZ µ vPNk volj
oqQekj µ lqoqQekj vFkZ µ dksey (vPNs) vaxksa okyk
o.kZ µ lqo.kZ vFkZ µ lqanj (vPNs) o.kZ dk
2. laf/ foPNsn dhft,µ
Lok/hu µ Lo $ v/hu bPNkuqlkj µ bPNk $ vuqlkj
ijksidkjh µ ij $ midkjh xzh"ekodk'k µ xzh"e $ vodk'k
ioZrkjksgh µ ioZr $ vkjksgh fon~;ky; µ fon~;k $ vky;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

9. 'kkafr osQ iqtkjh


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) yksx gkFk esa D;k ysdj ?kwers gSa\
(i) iRFkj 3 (ii) iwQy
gksjkbtu izsl 21 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) gekjs dkj.k ;fn fdlh dh vk¡[k ls vk¡lw cgsa rks gesa D;k feysxk\
(i) nqvk,¡ (ii) cn~nqvk,¡ 3
(x) [kwu osQ cnys yksx D;k cgkrs gSa\
(i) [kwu 3 (ii) I;kj dh xaxk
(?k) I;kj dk nkeu oSQlk gS\
(i) dkyk (ii) lqugjk 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fdl fLFkfr esa euq"; dHkh [kq'kh ls g¡l ugha losQxk\
mRrj% nq%[kh euq"; dh cn~nqvk,¡ ysdj dksbZ Hkh euq"; [kq'kh ls g¡l ugha losQxkA
([k) çk;% O;fDr ij tc vR;kpkj gksrk gS rks og rqjar mldk cnyk ugha ys
ikrk gSA crkb, ,slh fLFkfr esa D;k gksrk gS\
mRrj% izk;% O;fDr ij tc vR;kpkj gksrk gS vkSj og mldk cnyk rqjar ugha ys
ikrk ysfdu mlosQ vanj cnys dh vkx tyrh jgrh gSA og rc rd 'kkar
ugha gksrk] tc rd og cnyk ugha ys ysrkA
(x) çse vkSj d#.kk fdl çdkj fgalk ls vf/d cy'kkyh gks ldrs gSa\
vius fopkj fyf[k,A
mRrj% izse vkSj d#.kk fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ izfr fn[kkus ls vkilh laca/ curs gSa
vkSj vkil esa esytksy c<+kdj O;fDr [kq'k jgrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr fgalk ls
yM+ kbZ&>xM+ s c<+ rs gaS vkSj vkil esa gj le; dyg gh dyg jgrh gSA
blfy, izse vkSj d#.kk gh fgalk ls vf/d cy'kkyh gSaA
(?k) {kek vkSj çfrfgalk nksuksa esa ls dkSu cM+k gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% {kek vkSj izfrfgalk esa {kek cM+ h gSA vxj dksbZ O;fDr xyrh djrk gS vkSj
{kek ek¡x ysrk gS] rks mls viuh xyrh djus dk vglkl gksrk gSA blls
fookn vkxs ugha c<+rk ysfdu fgalk osQ cnys fgalk ls rks fookn c<+ rk gh gSA
(Ä) bl dfork ls vkidks D;k lh[k feyrh gS\
mRrj% bl dfork ls gesa ;g lh[k feyrh gS fd gj O;fDr dks I;kj vkSj 'kkafr ls
thuk pkfg,] nwljksa osQ fy, eu esa n~os"k dh Hkkouk u gksdj çse dh Hkkouk
gksuh pkfg,A
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^n~os"k esa Mkyks vkgqfr vkx mruh gh c<+h gSA**
vk'k;µ izLrqr iafDr esa dof;=kh dgrh gSa fd gesa n~os"k dh Hkkouk dks lekIr dj
nsuk pkfg,A vxj ge n~os"k c<+k,¡xs] rks ;g ,slh vfXu cu tk,xh] ftlesa
lc oqQN tydj u"V gks tk,xkA
gksjkbtu izsl 22 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) ^I;kj dk nkeu lqugjk d#.kk dh dk;k #igyhA*
vk'k;µ bl iafDr ls dof;=kh dk ;g vk'k; gS fd çse osQ n~okjk ge lcdk ân;
thr ldrs gSa vkSj n;k ls ge cgqr&ls fucZyksa vkSj cslgkjksa dk thou l¡okj
ldrs gSaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. dfork esa çk;% izrhdksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ dey ifo=krk vkSj lqanjrk dk
çrhd gS] paæek 'khryrk vkSj lkSan;Z dk çrhd gS] lw;Z rst vkSj rki dk çrhd gSA
çLrqr dfork esa Hkh oqQN çrhdksa dk ç;ksx gS_ tSlsµ d#.kk dks ^#igyh* dgk x;k
gSA #igyk jax mRlkg o eaxy dk;ksZa dk n~;ksrd gSA blh çdkj I;kj dks lqugjk
dgus osQ ihNs Hkh ;gh Hkko gSA
uhps fn, x, oqQN çrhdksa osQ Hkko fyf[k,µ
jkf=k µ v¡/sjk] Mj çkr% µ losjk] rktxh
iRFkj µ dBksjrk] vpyrk iwQy µ dkseyrk] egd
2. dfork esa fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk Hkh ç;ksx gqvk gS bu eqgkojksa dk vius
okD;ksa eas ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fny tyuk µ nq%[kh gksuk
okD; ç;ksx µ vfer ij brus vR;kpkj gq, fd mldk fny ty mBkA
([k) flyflyk tkjh jguk µ Øe tkjh jguk
okD; ç;ksx µ 'kgj esa egkekjh ls ekSrksa dk flyflyk tkjh gSA
(x) n~os"k dh vfXuµ bZ";kZ dh vkx
okD; ç;ksxµ fuf[ky] jkgqy dh rjDdh ls n~os"k dh vfXu esa ty jgk gSA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. dfork esa vk, fuEufyf[kr mnwZ 'kCnksa dh fganh fyf[k,µ
xj µ ;fn cn~nqvk,¡ µ nqHkkZouk,¡
tqYe µ vR;kpkj nkeu µ vk¡py
tkjh µ pkyw flyflyk µ Øe
2. ^vk¡[k* 'kCn ls cus fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fyf[k, vkSj mudk okD;ksa
esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
vk¡[k yxuk µ lks tkuk
okD; iz;ksx µ jkr dks i<+ rs&i<+ rs dc esjh vk¡[k yx xbZ] irk gh ugha pykA
vk¡[k cpkuk µ pqiosQ ls fudyuk

gksjkbtu izsl 23 nh{kk&[6-8]


okD; iz;ksx µ pksj] iqfyl dks ns[kdj vk¡[k cpkdj fudy x;kA
vk¡[k mBkuk µ cqjh n`f"V Mkyuk
okD; ç;ksx µ fdlh fons'kh ns'k us gekjs Hkkjr dh vksj vk¡[k mBkdj ns[kk]
rks mldh [kSj ughaA
vk¡[k can gksuk µ e`R;q gks tkuk
okD; ç;ksx µ cl nq?kZVuk esa ?kk;y jes'k us vLirky esa lnk osQ fy, vk¡[k
can dj yhA
vk¡[k Hkj vkuk µ nq%[k dk vuqHko djuk
okD; ç;ksx µ foosd dks tc irk pyk fd mldh ek¡ chekj gS] rks mldh
vk¡[k Hkj vkbZA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

10. bZnxkg
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) jetku osQ fdrus jkstksa osQ ckn bZn vkrh gS\
(i) rhl 3 (ii) chl
([k) yM+dksa dh tscksa esa D;k Hkjk Fkk\
(i) oaQps (ii) iSls 3
(x) gkfen dh Vksih oSQlh Fkh\
(i) iqjkuh 3 (ii) ubZ
(?k) eksgflu us D;k [kjhnk Fkk\
(i) fHk'rh 3 (ii) odhy
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) vehuk bZn osQ fnu Hkh D;ksa jks jgh Fkh\
mRrj% vehuk bZn osQ fnu blfy, jks jgh Fkh] D;ksafd bZn osQ fnu Hkh mlosQ ?kj esa
vukt dk ,d Hkh nkuk ugha FkkA xk¡o osQ lHkh cPps vius&vius firk osQ
lkFk bZnxkg tk jgs Fks] ysfdu mlosQ iksrs gkfen osQ firk dh e`R;q gks pqdh
FkhA vehuk lksp jgh Fkh fd NksVk&lk cPpk bruh nwj bZnxkg esa vosQyk oSQls
tk,xkA
gksjkbtu izsl 24 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) gkfen dks bZnxkg Hkstus esa vehuk D;ksa Mj jgh Fkh\
mRrj% gkfen dks bZnxkg Hkstus esa vehuk blfy, Mj jgh Fkh D;ksafd xk¡o osQ lHkh
cPps vius&vius cki osQ lkFk tk jgs Fks vkSj vehuk osQ flok gkfen dk
dksbZ ugha FkkA vehuk dks Mj Fkk fd esys dh HkhM+&HkkM+ es dgha gkfen
vosQyk [kks uk tk, pyrs&pyrs mlosQ iSjkas esa Nkys u iM+ tk,¡] D;ksafd
mlosQ ikl twrs Hkh ugha FksA
(x) bZnxkg esa uekt oSQls vnk dh tkrh gS\
mRrj% bZnxkg es uekt i<+us osQ fy, iQ'kZ ij tkfte fcNk gqvk gS vkSj uekt i<+us
okyksa dh iafDr;k¡ ,d osQ ihNs ,d cgqr nwj rd gksrh gSaA u, vkus okys
vkdj ihNs dh drkj es [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj lHkh yksx ,d lkFk feydj
uekt i<+rs gSaA
(?k) gkfen o gkfen osQ lkfFk;ksa us esys esa D;k&D;k [kjhnk\
mRrj% gkfen osQ nksLr egewn us flikgh [kjhnk] eksgflu us fHk'rh ilan fd;k] uwjs us
odhy [kjhnk] lEeh us /ksfcu vkSj gkfen us viuh nknh osQ fy, fpeVk
[kjhnkA
(Ä) vehuk dks igys xqLlk D;ksa vk;k\ fiQj mldk xqLlk I;kj esa oSQls
cny x;k\
mRrj% vehuk dks igys xqLlk blfy, vk;k D;ksafd gkfen us nksigj rd oqQN Hkh
ugha [kk;k FkkA ysfdu vehuk us tSls gh gkfen osQ eq¡g ls ;s 'kCn lqus fd
jksfV;k¡ cukrs le; mldh nknh dh maxfy;k¡ ty tkrh Fkh] blfy, og
fpeVk ysdj vk;k] rks vehuk dk xqLlk rqjar I;kj esa cny x;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vkt bZn dk fnu vkSj mlosQ ?kj esa ,d Hkh nkuk ughaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd bZn dk R;ksgkj vkilh I;kj vkSj [kqf'k;ksa
dk çrhd gksrk gSA exj xjhc vehuk viuh dksBjh esa cSBh blfy, jks jgh gS]
D;ksafd R;ksgkj osQ fnu mlosQ ?kj esa vUu dk ,d Hkh nkuk ugha gS] ftlls og
bZn dk R;ksgkj euk losQA
([k) gkfen us vijk/h Hkko ls dgk] ^^rqEgkjh m¡xfy;k¡ ros ls ty tkrh
Fkh_ blfy, eSaus bls ys fy;kA**
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd ,d NksVs cPps osQ viuh nknh osQ çfr I;kj dh Hkkouk
osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, dgrk gS fd cPpk esys ls vius fy, [ksy&f[kykSus dk
lkeku u ysdj] viuh nknh osQ fy, fpeVk [kjhnrk gS] D;ksafd mlosQ fy,
jksVh cukrs le;] mldh cw<+h nknh osQ gkFk ty tkrs FksA
gksjkbtu izsl 25 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ^vehuk dk Øks/ rqjar Lusg esa cny x;k*A bl okD; esa nksuksa 'kCn ,d nwljs ls
foijhr vFkZ j[krs gSaA
blh okD; osQ vuqlkj uhps osQ okD;ksa esa Hkh foijhr (foykse) 'kCn
fyf[k,µ
(d) vke ehBk Fkk tcfd uhe dM+okA
([k) gal dk jax lisQn tcfd dkS, dk jax dkyk gSA
(x) jksgu d{kk esa lcls cqn~f/eku vkSj 'kksfHkr lcls ew[kZ gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks vius cuk, okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ij yx tkuk µ lksgu dks esys esa tkus dh bruh [kq'kh Fkh fd og lcls
vkxs Hkkxk tk jgk Fkk] tSls mlosQ rks ij yx x, FksA
([k) f[kfl;k tkuk µ pksjh djrs gq, idM+s tkus ij jfo f[kfl;k x;kA
(x) ijyksd fl/kjuk µ jkgqy dh nknh dh chekjh Bhd u gksus osQ dkj.k os
ijyksd fl/kj xb±A
(?k) eu xn~xn gksuk µ lksgu dks d{kk esa izFke vkus ij iqjLdkj feyrs
ns[kdj [kq'kh ls mldh ek¡ dk eu xn~xn gks mBkA
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls milxZ vyx djosQ fyf[k,_ tSlsµcsle> ¾ cs $ le>
(d) csijokg µ cs $ ijokg ([k) csdlwj µ cs $ dlwj
(x) csbZeku µ cs $ bZeku (?k) cspSu µ cs $ pSu
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh orZuh 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) vkoZQ"k.k µ vkd"kZ.k ([k) 'kapkyu µ lapkyu
(x) jg'; µ jgL; (?k) izyksd µ ijyksd
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk varj Li"V dhft,µ
(d) dksl µ nwjh dh eki ([k) dks"k µ [ktkuk
(x) mis{kk µ frjLdkj (?k) vis{kk µ rqyuk esa] bPNk
v O;kdj.k&Kku
eqgkojsµ ,sls okD;ka'k] tks vius 'kkfCnd vFkZ ls vyx dksbZ nwljk gh vFkZ O;Dr
djrs gSa] eqgkojs dgykrs gSaA buosQ dkj.k Hkk"kk vf/d çHkko'kkyh cu tkrh gSA
,d mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ ^vk¡[k dk rkjk* bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^vk¡[k dh iqryh*
exj bldk nwljk vFkZ ^vf/d I;kjk gksuk* gSA
okD; lef>,µ ^jke dkS'kY;k dh vk¡[k osQ rkjs Fks] vr% ;gk¡ bl okD; dk vFkZ
gSµ jke dkS'kY;k dks vf/d I;kjs FksA
gksjkbtu izsl 26 nh{kk&[6-8]
fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, budk okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) dkyk v{kj HkSal cjkcj µ ,dne vui<+A
okD; ç;ksx µ dksey osQ fy, rks dkyk v{kj HkSal cjkcj
gS] rqe mlls i=k i<+us dks dg jgs gksA
([k) vDy cM+h ;k HkSal µ cqn~f/ rkdr ls cM+h gksrh gSA
okD; ç;ksx µ rqels iQy ykus dks dgk Fkk] rqe ys vk,
lhrkiQyA ;g rks vDy cM+h ;k HkSal okyh
ckr gks xbZA
(x) vius eq¡g fe;k feV~Bw cuuk µ viuh ç'kalk Lo;a djukA
okD; ç;ksx µ dksbZ vkSj mldh rkjhiQ ugha djrk] og rks [kqn
gh vius eq¡g fe;k¡ feV~Bw curk jgrk gSA
(?k) viuk mYyw lh/k djuk µ viuk dke fudkyukA
okD; ç;ksx µ jfo dk fo'okl er djksA og osQoy viuk
mYyw lh/k djus osQ fy, rqEgkjs lkFk
fpidk gqvk gSA
(Ä) fry dk rkM+ cukuk µ NksVh&lh ckr dks c<+kdj dgukA
okD; ç;ksx µ vjs! rqeus rks ml NksVh&lh ?kVuk dks fry
dk rkM+ cukdj lcdks lquk;kA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

11. Lons'k
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ikB esa ys[kd fdlls ckrsa dj jgk gS\
(i) fons'k ls (ii) Lons'k ls 3
([k) Lons'k us fdlosQ vR;kpkj lgs\
(i) vkØe.kdkfj;ksa osQ 3 (ii) ns'kokfl;ksa osQ
(x) ys[kd Lons'k osQ fdl le; dks ;kn djosQ ijs'kku gS\
(i) orZeku dks (ii) vrhr dks 3
gksjkbtu izsl 27 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) fdl dkj.k ls Lons'k dks vth.kZ gks x;k gS\
(i) laink ls 3 (ii) lq[k ls
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ikB osQ vuqlkj Lons'k us fdu&fdu vkØe.kdkfj;ksa osQ vR;kpkj
pqipki lgs\
mRrj% ikB osQ vuqlkj Lons'k us eqgEen xkSjh] egewn xtuoh] ukfnj'kkg vkSj rSewj
yax tSls vkØe.kdkfj;ksa osQ vR;kpkj pqipki lg fy,A
([k) Lons'k us vR;kpkfj;ksa dks {kek djosQ fdl Hkkouk dk ifjp; fn;k
gS\ vius mRrj osQ i{k esa roZQ Hkh nhft,A
mRrj% Lons'k us vR;kpkfj;ksa dks {kek djosQ viuh mnkjrk dk ifjp; fn;kA tc
Lons'k osQ iq=kkas us viuh {kerk ls vR;kpkfj;kas dks idM+k] canh cuk;k ij
{kek djosQ NksM+ fn;k A mUgha iq=kksa dks vR;kpkfj;ksa us Ny ls ekjk ij tc os
Lons'k dh xksn esa vk iM+]s rks Lons'k osQ ykM+ ys mlosQ ikl vk,] mUgksus jks"k
Hkjs us=kksa ls dgk] ¶firk! ;g D;k\ rqEgkjh f'k{kk osQ dkj.k geus bUgsa {kek
fd;kA ij bUgksaus Ny ls gekjk loZuk'k fd;kA¸ rc Lons'k us mUgsa Nkrh esa
fNikdj dgkµ¶tkus nks ;s fcuk ek&¡ cki osQ] rqEgkjs cki dks viuk cki cukus
vk, gaSA ;s rqEgkjs HkkbZ gSaA yk!s budk gkFk yks!¸ bruk dgdj mudk gkFk
vius iq=kksa osQ gkFk esa feyk fn;kA
(x) ys[kd Lons'k dh fdu&fdu NVkvksa ij eqX/ gksrk gS\
mRrj% xzh"e dh laè;k dks uSuhrky esa] 'kjn dh iwf.kZek dks gfjn~okj dh xaxk esa]
olar osQ izHkko dks o`Q".k dh fogkjHkwfe eFkqjk esa] o"kkZ dh nksigjh dks vtesj
esa] ys[kd Lons'k dh NVk dks ns[kdj eqX/ gks x;k gSA og euksgjrk ys[kd
dh vk¡[kksa esa cl xbZ gS vkSj tUe Hkj clh jgsxhA
(?k) Lons'k dh dkSu&dkSu lh foHkwfr;k¡ ,slh gSa] tks vkSj dgha ugha fey
ldrh\
mRrj% ;s lqgkous lqugjs [ksr] ;g LoPN uhyk vkdk'k] ;s cM+ s&cM+ s gkfFk;ksa dh
iafDr] ;s e/qj&jlhys vke osQ fuoqaQt ou] ;g xkSjh&xaxk] ';kek&tequk tSlh
foHkwfr;k¡ Lons'k osQ vykok vkSj dgha ugha fey ldrhA
(Ä) bl ikB ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
mRrj% bl ikB ls gesa vius vanj {kek dk xq.k fodflr djus o vius ns'k ls I;kj
djus dh f'k{kk feyrh gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vk¡[kksa esa ekSt Fkh] gksBksa ij eqLdku] eu esa liQkbZ Fkh] ân; esa meax] u

gksjkbtu izsl 28 nh{kk&[6-8]


fxyk u f'kdokA ;g lc rqEgkjh lisQnh dks lt x;kA
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd us xn~;dkO; 'kSyh esa vius ns'k dh egkurk osQ
fo"k; es crk;k gS fd gs esjs iwT; ns'k rqe fdrus iqjkus gksA rqEgkjs vanj fdruk
oqQN lgus dh {kerk gS] rqeus fdruk oqQN lgk exj fiQj Hkh rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa esa
ekSt vkSj gksBksa ij eqLdku] ân; es meax] fdlh osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh f'kdk;r
ugha] rqeus lcdks vcks/ ckyd le>dj ekiQ dj fn;k] rqeus lc oqQN
viuh lisQnh esa lek fy;kA
([k) tc eSa NksVk Fkk rc eSa ns[kk djrk Fkk fd rqEgkjh xksn cgqr NksVh gSA ij
T;ksa&T;ksa eSa c<+rk tkrk gw¡ rEgkjh xksn iSQyrh tkrh gS] ftlls eq>s
[ksyus [kkus esa raxh u gksA
vk'k;µ blesa ys[kd Lons'k osQ fy, dgrk gS fd tc og NksVk cPpk Fkk] rks mls
vius ns'k dk vkdkj NksVk&gh çrhr gksrk FkkA exj tSls&tSls ys[kd cM+k
gqvk mlus vius ns'k dks cgqr cM+k ik;k vkSj rc ys[kd us ns[kk fd esjs ns'k
dk vkdkj bruk cM+k gS fd mls [ksyus [kkus esa dHkh dksbZ raxh ugha gksxhA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
ikB esa rRle 'kCnksa dk vf/d ç;ksx gqvk gSA uhps ,sls gh oqQN rRle 'kCn
fn, x, gSa] muosQ lkeus mudk rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ
'osr µ lisQn nqX/ µ nw/ iwoZt µ iqj[ks
T;s"B µ tsB xzh"e µ xjeh o"kkZ µ cj[kk
lkSan;Z µ laqnj eLrd µ ekFkk LoPN µ lkiQ
v O;kdj.k&Kku
tc nks 'kCn fcyoqQy ikl gksrs gSa] rks igys 'kCn dk vafre vkSj nwljs 'kCn dk igyk
v{kj feyus ls tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ fge $ vky; ¾
fgeky;A laf/ èofu;ksa osQ chp gksrh gS] 'kCnksa osQ chp ughaA ;gk¡ fge osQ ^v* vkSj
vky; osQ ^vk* osQ chp laf/ gqbZ gS] ^e* vkSj ^vk* osQ chp ughaA tc laf/ fd, gq,
'kCnksa dks vyx fd;k tkrk gS rks mls laf/&foPNsn dgrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
Lons'k µ Lo $ ns'k çk.kksRrstd µ çk.k $ mRrstd
uhykdk'k µ uhyk $ vkdk'k f'koky; µ f'ko $ vky;
egs'k µ egk $ bZ'k egksRlo µ egk $ mRlo
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 29 nh{kk&[6-8]
12. ijksidkj
ladyukRed dk;Z
1.fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) cw<+s O;fDr dks ys[kd D;k dgdj cqykrk Fkk\
(i) ckck th 3 (ii) ckcw th
([k) cw<+k O;fDr ekLVj th osQ ikl fdl le; vkrk Fkk\
(i) nksigj dks (ii) 'kke dks 3
(x) tc cw<+k O;fDr ekLVj th osQ ?kj vkrk Fkk] mlosQ gkFk esa D;k gksrk Fkk\
(i) MaMk (ii) fpye 3
(?k) ekLVj th us cw<+s O;fDr ij fdrus #i, pksjh djus dk vkjksi yxk;k\
(i) ik¡p lkS #i, (ii) lkS #i, 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd us cw<+s dk ifjp; fdl çdkj fn;k gS\
mRrj% ys[kd us cw<+s dk ifjp; nsrs gq, crk;k gS fd og ,slk O;fDr Fkk] tks cgqr
xank jgrk FkkA eSyh /ksrh vkSj iQVk gqvk oqQjrk igurk FkkA og cgqr cw<+k gks
x;k Fkk vkSj mldh dej deku dh rjg >qd xbZ FkhA cky fcyoqQy lisQn
vkSj eq¡g esa nk¡r Hkh u jgs FksA psgjs ij >qfjZ;k¡ iM+h gqbZ Fkha vkSj vk¡[kas Hkh vanj
/¡lh gqbZ FkhaA mldk 'kjhj cgqr detksj Fkk vkSj 'kjhj esa ulsa vkSj gM~fM;k¡
mHkjh gqbZ FkhaA LowQy osQ lkeus >ksaiM+h esa mlus ,d NksVh&lh nqdku [kksyh gqbZ
Fkh] ftlls og viuk thou&fuokZg djrk FkkA
([k) ys[kd cw<+s O;fDr dks D;ksa ilan ugha djrk Fkk\
mRrj% ys[kd cw<+s dks blfy, ilan ugha djrk Fkk D;ksafd mldh pky&<ky vkSj
lwjr ls mls ?k`.kk FkhA og cw<+k dHkh mlls lCth ;k nky ek¡xus vkrk vkSj
,d dkys :eky esa c¡/h cktjs dh nks eksVh jksVh fudkyrk vkSj ogha cSBdj
[kkus yxrkA mlosQ xans diM+s] xanh jksfV;k¡ vkSj [kkus dk xank rjhdk ns[kdj
ys[kd dk th ty mBrk FkkA
(x) ys[kd us cw<+s O;fDr ls NqVdkjk ikus osQ fy, D;k pky pyh\
mRrj% ys[kd us cw<+s ls NqVdkjk ikus osQ fy, ml ij lkS #i, pqjkus dk >wBk
bytke yxk;kA mlus cw<+s dks nksckjk vius ikl vkus osQ fy, lkiQ euk dj
fn;kA
gksjkbtu izsl 30 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) cw<+s O;fDr us ys[kd dh tku fdl çdkj cpkbZ\
mRrj% ys[kd dks tc lk¡i us dkV fy;k] rks cw<+s us mlosQ 'kjhj ls tgj pwldj
ckgj fudky fn;kA lk¡i osQ tgj dks pwlus ls cw<+s dh e`R;q gks xbZA bl rjg
cw<+s us viuh tku nsdj ys[kd dh tku cpkbZA
(Ä) bl dgkuh osQ ekè;e ls D;k f'k{kk nh xbZ gS\
mRrj% bl dgkuh ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd dHkh Hkh fdlh dks rqPN ugha
le>uk pkfg, vkSj u gh fdlh dk vieku djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd gesa dHkh
Hkh fdlh dh Hkh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gSA blfy, lnSo nwljksa osQ fy,
ijksidkj dh Hkkouk eu esa gksuk cgqr gh vko';d gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) tc og eq>ls ckr djrk] eSa dksbZ iqLrd i<+us dk cgkuk cukus yxrkA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd ml O;fDr osQ ckjs esa crkrk gS] ftls og fcyoqQy
ilan ugha djrk Fkk] D;ksafd cw<+s fd pky&<ky vkSj lwjr ls ys[kd dks cgqr
?k`.kk FkhA tc Hkh cw<+k 'kke dks ys[kd osQ ikl viuh fpye ysdj feyus
vkrk ;k ckr djus dh dksf'k'k djrk] rks ys[kd mlls ckr u djus vkSj
vius nwljs dkeksa tSls dHkh rks ys[kd mBdj Vgyus yxrs vkSj dHkh dksbZ
iqLrd mBkdj i<+us yxrs exj ys[kd dh bu gjdrksa dk cw<+s ij dksbZ vlj
ugha gksrkA
([k) ^^NksM+ks&NksM+ks! vxj rqe brus gh Hkys gksrs rks cq<+kis esa rqEgkjs cPps
rqEgsa ?kj ls ckgj ugha fudkyrsA**
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd mlus cw<+s ls NqVdkjk ikus osQ fy, ml
ij lkS #i, pqjkus dk >wBk bytke yxk;kA cw<+k fxM+fxMkdj viuh liQkbZ
is'k dj jgk Fkk] exj ys[kd us cw<+s dh ,d Hkh ckr ugha lquh vkSj mldks
Mk¡Vrs gq, dgk fd vxj rqe brus gh Hkys vkneh gksrs rks rqEgkjs cPps rqEgsa ?kj
ls u fudkyrs] blfy, ;gk¡ ls Hkkxksa vkSj nksckjk ;gk¡ vkus dh dksbZ t:jr
ugha] dgdj ys[kd us cw<+s dks ?kj ls fudky fn;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ftl çdkj ,d vosQyk 'kCn dksbZ vFkZ çdV ugha dj ldrk] mlh çdkj vxj
okD; esa 'kCnksa dk Øe lgh u gks] rks okD; iw.kZ ugha ekuk tk,xk_ tSlsµ ^lwjt
fudy pqdk gSA* dks ;fn ge ^pqdk fudy gS lwjtA* dgsaxs rks og xyr dgk
tk,xkA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa dks mfpr Øe esa fyf[k,µ
(d) mldh Fkh ?k`.kk ls lwjr eq>sA eq>s mldh lwjr ls ?k`.kk FkhA
gksjkbtu izsl 31 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) cw<+s us ml dj fn;k esjk Fkk nwHkj thukA
ml cw<+s us esjk thuk nwHkj dj fn;k FkkA
(x) fy;k uke eSaus dk HkxokuA eSaus Hkxoku dk uke fy;kA
(?k) gqbZ cM+h eq>s fujk'kkA eq>s cM+h fujk'kk gqbZA
(Ä) LowQy esa tk eSa ugha ldrkA eSa LowQy esa ugha tk ldrkA
(p) nok gS ikl ,d esjsA esjs ikl ,d nok gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa dks dks"Bd esa fn, x, dky osQ vuqlkj
cnfy,µ
(d) ;g dgkuh ,d ,sls O;fDr dh gS] tks cgqr xank jgrk FkkA (orZeku dky)
;g dgkuh ,sls O;fDr dh gS] tks cgqr xank jgrk gSA
([k) eSa mls ckck th dgdj cqykrk FkkA (Hkfo"; dky)
eSa mls ckckth dgdj cqykm¡QxkA
(x) lCth D;k cukbZ gS\ (Hkwrdky)
lCth D;k cukbZ Fkh\
(?k) og fcyoqQy Hkh lkiQ ugha jgrk FkkA (orZeku dky)
og fcyoqQy Hkh lkiQ ugha jgrk gSA
(Ä) eSa LowQy esa ugha tk ldrkA (Hkwrdky)
eSa LowQy esa ugha tk ldrk FkkA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) oqQRrk nw/ ih jgh gSA oqQRrk nw/ ih jgk gSA
([k) ty dks ikS/ksa ls lhapksA ikS/ksa dks ty ls lhapksA
(x) IysV ij gSa nks larjsA IysV ij nks larjs gSaA
(?k) nks iwQyksa dh ekyk ys vkvksA iwQyksa dh nks ekyk,¡ ys vkvksA
(Ä) esjs dks ;g dye ugha pkfg,A eq>s ;g dye ugha pkfg,A
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks funsZ'kkuqlkj cnydj fyf[k,µ
(d) og jkst fØosQV [ksyrk gSA (L=khfyax) og jkst fØosQV [ksyrh gSA
([k) uhyw eq>ls ugha feysxhA (ç'uokpd) D;k uhyw eq>ls ugha feysxh\
(x) jsuw dgk¡ tkrh gS\ (udkjkRed) jsuw ugha tkrh gSA
(?k) xhrk >wB ugha cksysxhA (ldkjkRed) xhrk >wB cksysxhA
(Ä) dcwrj mM+rk gSA (cgqopu) dcwrj mM+rs gSaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 32 nh{kk&[6-8]
13. ek¡ dg ,d dgkuh
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ^rkr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k x;k gS\
(i) firk osQ fy, 3 (ii) ek¡ osQ fy,
([k) dkSu] fdldks dgkuh lquk jgk gS\
(i) nknh] iksrs dks (ii) ek¡] csVs dks 3
(x) rhj fdls yxk Fkk\
(i) i'kq dks (ii) i{kh dks 3
(?k) cPps dk D;k uke gS\
(i) usgqy (ii) jkgqy 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ckyd viuh ek¡ ls fdl ckr osQ fy, gB djrk gS\
mRrj% ckyd viuh ek¡ ls dgkuh lquus osQ fy, gB djrk gSA
([k) miou esa oSQlk okrkoj.k Fkk\
mRrj% miou dk okrkoj.k cgqr gh euksje Fkk] miou esa rjg&rjg osQ jax&fcjaxs
iwQy f[kys Fks] gydh&gydh gok py jgh Fkh] ikuh esa rjaxsa ygjk jgh Fkh
vkSj isM+ksa ij i{kh pgpgk jgs FksA
(x) gal fdlosQ rhj ls ?kk;y gksdj fxjk\
mRrj% gal fln~/kFkZ osQ ppsjs HkkbZ nsoozr osQ rhj ls ?kk;y gqvk FkkA
(?k) ?kk;y gal dks fdlus mBk;k\
mRrj% ?kk;y gal dks fln~/kFkZ us mBk;k FkkA
(Ä) fln~/kFkZ vkSj mlosQ HkkbZ osQ chp erHksn oSQls lekIr gqvk\
mRrj% tc nsoozr n~okjk rhj ekjs x, i{kh dks fln~/kFkZ us cpk;k] rks nsoozr us i{kh
fln~/kFkZ ls ek¡xk] exj fln~/kFkZ us i{kh dks nsus ls euk dj fn;kA bl ckr ls
nksuksa Hkkb;ksa esa fookn gqvk vkSj rc lgh fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, ;g ckr jktk
osQ U;k;ky; rd xbZ vkSj U;k;ky; esa lHkh ckrsa lquus ij i{kh fln~/kFkZ dks
ns fn;k x;kA D;ksafd ekjus okys ls cpkus okyk cM+k gksrk gSA bl çdkj nksuksa
gksjkbtu izsl 33 nh{kk&[6-8]
Hkkb;ksa osQ chp erHksn lekIr gqvkA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) gyosQ >ksaosQ fgys&feys Fks]
ygjkrk Fkk ikuhA
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc fln~/kFkZ losjs miou esa Hkze.k dj
jgs Fks] rks miou dk okrkoj.k cgqr gh lqanj FkkA miou esa gYdh&gYdh gok
py jgh Fkh vkSj gok osQ dkj.k ikuh rjaxksa ls ygjk jgk FkkA
([k) fxjk fcn~/ gksdj [kj 'kj ls]
gqbZ i{k dh gkfuA
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc nsoozr dk rhj i{kh dks yxk] rks
mlosQ ia[k ?kk;y gks x, vkSj og Hkwfe ij fxj iM+kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
(d) ek¡ µ ekrk tuuh /k=kh
([k) iwQy µ oqQlqe iq"i lqeu
(x) [kx µ fogx i{kh vaMt
(?k) vk[ksVd µ f'kdkjh vgsjh e`x;k
(Ä) miou µ ckx cxhpk okfVdk
ftl 'kCn osQ dbZ vFkZ fudyrs gSa] mls vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA
2. uhps fn, x, vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ vU; vFkZ fyf[k,µ
v{kj xk;
(d) o.kZ ([k) lqjHkh
jax lqxa/
frudk leFkZd
(x) [kj (?k) i{k
x/k paæekl osQ nks
cjkcj Hkkx
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
3.
(d) dksey µ dBksj ([k) ln; µ funZ;h
(x) j{kd µ Hk{kd (?k) vieku µ lEeku
v O;kdj.k&Kku
xn~; vkSj in~; esa varj gksrk gSµ
gksjkbtu izsl 34 nh{kk&[6-8]
xn~;µ xn~; esa] drkZ $ deZ $ fØ;k osQ Øe dks è;ku esa j[kdj jpuk dh tkrh gS_
tSlsµ [kx dy&dy Loj ls xkrs FksA
in~;µ in~; esa y; vkSj rqd dks è;ku esa j[kdj okD; cuk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
xkrs Fks [kx dy&dy Loj lsA
fuEufyf[kr in~; iafDr;ksa dks xn~; esa cnfy,µ
(d) ek¡xk mlus vkgr i{kh]
rsjs rkr foaQrq Fks j{khA
mlus vkgr i{kh dks ek¡xk] foaQrq rqEgkjs rkr (firk) j{kd FksA
([k) jkgqy rw fu.kZ; dj bldk]
U;k; i{k ysrk gS fdldk\
jkgqy rw bldk fu.kZ; dj] U;k; fdldk i{k ysrk gSA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

14. lPpk rhFkZ;k=kh


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd cYnkSM+k pV~Vh ij fdrus cts igq¡pk\
(i) nl cts (ii) X;kjg cts 3
([k) ckck osQ ikl fdruk vkVk Fkk\
(i) rhu lsj (ii) vk/k lsj 3
(x) jksVh dks dPpk fdlus crk;k\
(i) nqdkunkj us (ii) nkbZ us 3
(?k) teuk ikM+k xk¡o fdl ftys esa gS\
(i) esjB esa (ii) eqjknkckn esa 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) rhFkZ;k=kk djus vk, o`n~/ osQ ikl D;k&D;k lkeku Fkk\
mRrj% rhFk;Zk=kk djus vk, o`n~/ oQs ikl ,d ykBh] ,d dcay rFkk ,d ey
S h /krsh FkhA
gksjkbtu izsl 35 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) ckck us jksVh fdl çdkj cukbZ vkSj oSQls [kkbZ\
mRrj% ckck us rlys esa iko&Hkj vkVk vkSj ued Mkydj eFkk vkSj mldh nks
eksVh&eksVh jksfV;k¡ cukbaZA ,d jksVh dks ros ij Mkyk] iyVk vkSj fiQj HkV~Bh esa
Mky fn;kA oqQN gh {k.k esa mlus nksuksa jksfV;k¡ HkV~Bh ls fudkydj fiQj rlys
esa j[khaA fiQj uy ij tkdj gkFk&iSj /ks, vkSj mlosQ ckn mlus
dPph&iDdh jksVh dks ely&elydj fuxyuk 'kq: fd;kA
(x) laiUu O;fDr us ckck dks naHkh vkSj ik[kaMh dgk rks ys[kd dks oSQlk
eglwl gqvk\
mRrj% ys[kd dks laiUu O;fDr n~okjk ckck dks naHkh vkSj ik[kaMh dguk vPNk ugha
yxkA tc O;fDr us ckck dks naHkh vkSj ik[kaMh dgk rks ys[kd osQ u;u Hkj
vk, vkSj eu us dgkµbl ckck dks Hkh dksbZ ;kn djrk gksxkA bls ?kj igq¡puk
gh pkfg,A eSa bldh lgk;rk d:¡xkA
(?k) ^ckck esa ljyrk o Jn~/k osQ Hkko gSa] bl rF; dh iqf"V mnkgj.k
lfgr dhft,A
mRrj% ys[kd osQ ;g dgus ij fd rqe tkvksxs oSQls] ,sls gh ek¡xrsµ[kkrs\ rc og
ljyrk ls cksyk fndks ckcw th Hkw[k yxrh gS rks lc ek¡xrs gSaA izselkxj esa eaSus
i<+ k gS fd xk; pjkrs&pjkrs ,d ckj Jho`Q".kth dks cM+ h Hkw[k yxh rc
Jho`Q".kth us Jhnkek dks ml ou esa ;K djus okys czkg~e.kksa osQ ikl fHk{kk
ek¡xus Hkstk FkkA
blls igys ys[kd oqQN dgrk ]ckck fiQj cksy mBk] Hkw[k ,d fnu dh gks ;k
nks fnu dh] vkneh [kkrk mruk gh gS] ftruk mldk isV gksA ;s ckrsa fln~/
djrh gSa fd ckck esa ljyrk o Jn~/k osQ Hkko gSaA
(Ä) ys[kd pkgdj Hkh ckck dks oqQN nsus dk lkgl D;ksa ugha tqVk ik;k\
mRrj% ys[kd pkgdj Hkh ckck dks oqQN nsus dk lkgl blfy, ugha tqVk ik;k
D;ksafd ckck dh n`<+rk us ys[kd dh n;k&Hkkouk dks >d>ksj fn;k FkkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^mlosQ ljy ij vfer fo'okl osQ lkeus xoksZUeRr ioZr vkSj
vfHkekfuuh lfjrk,¡ furkar gs; tku iM+haA*
vk'k;µ ;gk¡ ys[kd dgrk gS fd ckck dh n`<+rk us mldh n;k&Hkkouk dks >d>ksj
dj j[k fn;kA ml ckck osQ fo'okl osQ lkeus vfHkeku ls >wers gq, Å¡ps ioZr
vkSj xoZ ls Hkjh gqbZ ufn;k¡ ys[kd dks rqPN fn[kkbZ nsus yxhAa vFkkZr~ ml ckck
dh egkurk osQ lkeus brus Å¡ps ioZr vkSj ufn;k¡ lc NksVs gh fn[kkbZ nsus yxAs
([k) ^vth xk¡o dk gS] ij] rqe tkuks th] ijns'k esa xk¡o dk HkkbZ lxk HkkbZ gSA*
vk'k;µ çLrqr iafDr ls ys[kd dk vk'k; ;g gS fd nwljs ns'k esa vxj vkidks dksbZ
gksjkbtu izsl 36 nh{kk&[6-8]
vius ns'k dk jgus okyk fey tk,] rks vkiosQ fy, og lxs HkkbZ osQ leku
gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ lSdM+ksa vtuch yksxksa esa ,d igpku okyk vkiosQ fy,
fcYoqQy ?kj osQ lnL; tSlk gksrk gSA
(x) ^{kq/k mls ozwQjrk ls iqdkj jgh gS vkSj os {k.k ;qx cu pys gSaA*
vk'k;µ blesa ys[kd crkrk gS fd ckck dks cgqr rst Hkw[k yx jgh gS ysfdu jksVh
ugha cuh gSA og jksVh cukrs gq, lksp jgk gS dc jksVh cus vkSj og mlosQ cuus
osQ ckn mls [kkdj viuh Hkw[k 'kkar djsA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vk¡[k fn[kkuk µ Øks/ djuk
okD; ç;ksx µ ,d rks xyrh djrk gS vkSj Åij ls vk¡[k fn[kkrk gSA
([k) ukd jxM+ uk µ [kq'kken djuk
okD; ç;ksx µ fuf[ky us lkgwdkj osQ lkeus cgqr nsj rd ukd jxM+h ij
og u ekukA
(x) flj [kkuk µ rax djuk
okD; ç;ksx µ vaoqQj] rqe bruh nsj ls esjk flj [kk jgs gks] vc pqi Hkh gks
tkvksA
(?k) vk¡lw cgkuk µ jksuk
okD; ç;ksx µ vk¡lw cgkus ls rks vPNk gS] rqe viuh xyrh dks lq/kjksA
(Ä) NDosQ NwVuk µ cqjh rjg ijkLr gksuk
okD; ç;ksx µ dkjfxy ;qn~/ esa ikfdLrkuh lSfudksa osQ NDosQ NwV x,A
(p) iyd >idukµ 'kh?kzrkiwoZd
okD; ç;ksx µ iyd >idrs gh pksj nhokj owQndj xk;c gks x,A
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr 'kCnksa ij è;ku nhft,µ
(d) ek¡ dk eq[k çlUurk ls ped mBkA
([k) ifjJe djksxs rks liQyrk vo'; gh feysxhA
bl js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^rk* 'kCnka'k tqM+k gSA ,sls 'kCnka'k tks 'kCn osQ var esa
tqM+dj u, 'kCn cukrs gSa] çR;; dgykrs gSaA
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ^rk* çR;; tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukb,µ
mnkj µ mnkjrk dk;j µ dk;jrk
ljy µ ljyrk laqnj µ lqanjrk
ohj µ ohjrk ekSfyd µ ekSfydrk
gksjkbtu izsl 37 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dks è;ku ls if<+,µ
'kjhj $ bd ¾ 'kkjhfjd
blh çdkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^bd* çR;; tksM+dj 'kCn cukb,µ
foKku $ bd ¾ oSKkfud
Hkwxksy $ bd ¾ HkkSxksfyd
yksd $ bd ¾ ykSfdd
mn~;ksx $ bd ¾ vkSn~;ksfxd
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

15. eafty ij
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) O;fDr osQ diM+s oSQls Fks\
(i) u, (ii) dhpM+ ls yFkiFk 3
([k) yksx oSQlh cgl esa yxs gq, Fks\
(i) ckSn~f/d 3 (ii) vfodflr
(x) ?kVuk LFky ij fdrus vf/dkjh vk, Fks\
(i) nks&rhu (ii) ik¡p&N% 3
(?k) oSQejkeSu dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) ckypan 3 (ii) ekepan
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) csgks'k vkneh dks ns[kdj vk/qfud nqfu;k osQ yksxksa us D;k fVIi.kh
dh\
mRrj% ykxs cgsk'sk vkneh dks ?kjss g,q FkAs ^vthc vkneh fn[krk g!S ,dne nl w jh
nfqu;k dk]* ,d cky s k fiQj lc cky s us yx_s ^lpep q Hk[wk I;kl yxrh g]S
FkdkoV gkrsh gS vkjS pkVs Hkh yxrh g-S--rkTtcq g!S* gk¡ luqk gS igys ,l s s bl
a ku
gkrss Fk-s-- fy[kus okys budh gl ¡ h] eLqdjkgV] n%q[k vkjS ihM+ k dks n[skdj
cM+ h&cM+ h fdrkcas fy[kk djrs FkAs e> q s rks rkTtcq gks jgk gS fd ,l
s s ykxskas dks
n[skus oQs ckn os fy[k oQSls yrss FkAs*
^t:j oks Hkh blh oQs tl S s gkxasAs* os bl rjg ls fVIi.kh dj jgs FkAs
gksjkbtu izsl 38 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) vk/qfud nqfu;k dk euq"; liuk D;ksa ugha ns[k ldrk Fkk\
mRrj% vk/fqud nfqu;k dk eu"q; cjsxa vkdk'k vkjS fcuk ekl S e dk dkypØ n[sk jgk
gAS e'khuh irqykas tl S s bl
a kukas oQs liaoQZ eas jg jgk gAS blfy, vk/fqud nfqu;k dk
eu"q; liuk ugha n[sk ldrkA
(x) oaQVªksy :e ls D;k lwpuk çlkfjr gqbZ\
mRrj% oQaVªky
s :e ls ;g lp w uk il z kfjr gbqZ fd lc ykxs vius Åij fu;=ak.k j[kas ugha
rks lHkh dks lØ a e.k 'knq~f/ dh HkV~Bh eas ls xt q juk gkxsk vkjS dkbsZ Hkh dhVuk'kh
Lisz oQs fNM+ dko oQs fcuk ?kj ugha tk,] ojuk 'kgj eas egkekjh iQSy tk,xhA
(?k) o`n~/ us iqjkuh nqfu;k dks ;kn djosQ mldh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡
crkbZ\
mRrj% o`n~/ us ijqkuh nfqu;k dks ;kn djoQs mldh fo'k"skrk,¡ crkrs g,q dgk fdµogk¡
clra dk ekl S e FkkA ogk¡ unh cgrh Fkh] >jus Fk]s oQq,¡ Fks vkjS vkleku ls ikuh
Hkh cjlrk FkkA ogk¡ oQs dbZ Lokn Fk]s dbZ :i Fk]s >xM+ k] iesz] oQwzjrk] n;k] Lugs
vkjS LokFkAZ ykxs fdruh vkjS dbZ rjg dh ckras dgrs vkjS luqrs FkAs v[kckj]
vkjSras vkjS iM+ kl s h lc bu ckrkas ls Hkjs gkrss FkAs
(Ä) yksx dhVuk'kd Lçs vkSj 'kqn~f/ HkV~Bh dh ckr lqudj D;ksa lge x,\
mRrj% ykxs dhVuk'kd Lisz dh ckr luqdj blfy, lge x, D;kfasd bl vR;f/d
ihM+ knkbZ Lisz oQs ckjs eas os tkurs FkAs mUgas igys Hkh db&ZdbZ ckj bl VLsV ls xt q kjk
x;k FkkA 'knq~f/ HkV~Bh rks vfare Hk;kog nMa FkkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^ukxiQuh osQ fgyrs&Mqyrs lk,] mldh ihyh vkSj iryh Ropk ij
ckj&ckj fcNs tk jgs FksA*
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ysf[kdk crkrh gS fd ,d vtuch O;fDr lw[kh jsr ij cM+ s
vLr&O;Lr <ax ls iljk gqvk FkkA og csgks'kh dh gkyr esa Fkk vkSj mldh
lkal py jgh FkhA ukxiQuh osQ ikS/s dh pkSM+h ifRr;ksa dh Nk;k ml vtuch
dh ihyh vkSj iryh Ropk ij ckj&ckj fc[kjrh tk jgh Fkh vkSj lHkh yksx
ml csgks'k O;fDr dks ns[kdj gSjku Fks fd ;g O;fDr dkSu g\S
([k) ^lPpkbZ xIi ls vf/d vk'p;Ztud gksrh gSA*
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; osQ ekè;e ls ysf[kdk dguk pkgrh gS fd iqjkus tekus esa
yksx ,d&nwljs ls rjg&rjg dh ckrsa fd;k djrs FksA ;fn dksbZ ?kVuk gks tkrh
Fkh] rks lc vkneh] vkSjrsa] iM+ kslh vkil esa mldh ppkZ fd;k djrs FksA ;fn
dksbZ fdlh ls >wB Hkh cksyrk Fkk] rks yksx mldks lR; eku ysrs FksA vkt osQ
tekus esa euq"; fcyoqQy ,dkdh vkSj e'khuh thou xqtkj jgk gSA izse] n;k]
Lusg vkfn Hkko euq"; osQ thou ls dgha nwj pys x, gSaA
gksjkbtu izsl 39 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) ^ge ekuo ugha] vfrekuo gSaA*
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ysf[kdk dgrh gS fd tc og csgks'k O;fDr mBdj [kM+ k
gksrk gSA rks ogk¡ ekStwn yksx mls viuk ifjp; nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd os ekuo
ugha vfrekuo gSa vFkkZr~ lk/kj.k euq";ksa ls mPp gSaA os [kkuk ugha [kkr]s mUgsa
jkst ,d xksyh nh tkrh gS] tks muosQ thou dks lHkh t:jh rRo nsrh gS vkSj
os ftl okrkoj.k esa tkrs g]Sa vius 'kjhj dks mlosQ vuqowQy cuk ysrs gSaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
bl dgkuh esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ dbZ 'kCn ç;qDr gq, gSa] mUgsa muosQ fganh vFkks± ls
feykb,µ
lsUls'kuy laoknnkrk
oaQVªksy :e Hkksaiw
iQksVks eq[kkSVs tSlk vkoj.k
lk;ju fu;a=k.k&d{k
ekLd mRrstd
fjiksVZj fp=k
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

16. LoLFk thou


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) igyk lq[k D;k gS\
(i) /u (ii) fujksxh dk;k 3
([k) eksVkik fdldh vf/drk ls gksrk gS\
(i) olk dh 3 (ii) çksVhu dh
(x) vf/d le; rd cSBs jgus ls D;k gksrk gS\
(i) ekalisf'k;k¡ f'kfFky iM+ tkrh gSa 3
(ii) O;k;ke gksrk jgrk gS
gksjkbtu izsl 40 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) Øks/] fpark] vkyL; D;k gSa\
(i) LokLF; osQ fe=k (ii) LokLF; osQ 'k=kq 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) thou dk igyk lq[k D;k gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% thou dk igyk lq[k fujksxh dk;k gSA ;fn 'kjhj LoLFk o cyoku gS rks
thou dk dksbZ vFkZ gSA vU;Fkk og osQoy HkkjLo:i gSA
([k) LoLFk jgus osQ fy, D;k&D;k ckrsa vko';d gSa\
mRrj% LoLFk jgus osQ fy, mfpr vkgkj&fogkj] ln~fopkj rFkk O;k;ke dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% O;fDr dks larqfyr Hkkstu ysuk pkfg,] ftlesa
lHkh izdkj osQ ikSf"Vd rRo o foVkfeu rFkk [kfut inkFkZ vkfn ekStwn gksaA
Hkkstu esa gjh lfCt;k¡] nkysa] ngh] lykn ,oa ekSle osQ iQy vko';d :i ls
lfEefyr gksus pkfg,¡A
(x) vkt osQ ;qx esa O;k;ke dh mi;ksfxrk crkb,A
mRrj% vk/qfud le; esa O;k;ke dh mi;ksfxrk blfy, c<+ xbZ gS] D;ksafd bl
e'khuh ;qx esa izk;% gj dke osQ fy, midj.k gSaA vr% O;fDr dks vyx ls
O;k;ke djus dh vko';drk iM+ rh gSA igys euq"; dks lkjs dke gkFkksa ls
djus iM+ rs Fks] rks nSfud dkeksa dks djus esa gh O;k;ke gks tkrk Fkk] fdarq vc
,slk ugha gSA fon~;kFkhZ oxZ gks vFkok nÝrjksa esa dk;Z djus okys yksx] izk;%
mudk vf/dka'k le; cSBs&cSBs gh O;rhr gksrk gSA blls mudh ekalisf'k;k¡
f'kfFky iM+ tkrh gSa vkSj O;k;ke dh vko';drk iM+ rh gSA
(?k) çnw"k.k vkSj vla;e ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa dh jksdFkke osQ fy, oqQN
mik; crkb,A
mRrj% èofu çnw"k.k] ty çnw"k.k] ok;q çnw"k.k vkfn çnw"k.kksa ls ekuo osQ LokLF; dks
vR;f/d uqdlku igq¡p jgk gSA çnw"k.k ls çHkkfor jksfx;ksa dh la[;k
fnu&çfrfnu c<+ jgh gSA vla;e Hkh gekjs LokLF; osQ fy, ?kkrd fln~/
gksrk gSA ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd fepZ&elkys okys] [kqys o fcuk <osQ [kkn~;
inkFkZ gekjs fy, gkfudkjd gSa] ge Lo;a ij la;e ugha j[k ikrs vkSj Lokn osQ
o'khHkwr budk lsou djrs gSaA iQyLo:i 'kjhj esa jksx mRiUu gksus yxrs gSaA
bls jksdus osQ oqQN mik; fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1- èofu] ty] ok;q vkfn iznw"k.kksa dks fu;af=kr djuk gksxkA
2- vR;f/d fepZ&elkyksa dk iz;ksx de djuk gksxkA
3- Lo;a ij la;e j[kus osQ fy, è;ku] ;ksx] O;k;ke vkfn dh lgk;rk ysuh
gksxhA

gksjkbtu izsl 41 nh{kk&[6-8]


(Ä) LoLFk euksjatu osQ varxZr dkSu&dkSu ls lk/u ç;ksx esa yk, tk ldrs gSa\
mRrj% LoLFk euksjatu osQ varxZr vPNh iqLrossaQ i<+uk] [ksy&owQn] fe=kksa ls oqQN
ckrphr djuk] laxhr lquuk] u`R; djuk vkfn lk/u iz;ksx esa yk, tk ldrs gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^igyk lq[k fujksxh dk;k*
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd crkrk gS fd euq"; dk igyk lq[k gS ^LoLFk 'kjhj*
vFkkZr~ bl HkkSfrd lalkj osQ lHkh lq[kksa esa loZçFke lq[k gS 'kjhj dk LoLFk
gksukA ;fn 'kjhj LoLFk o cyoku gksxk] rks thou dk dksbZ vFkZ gSA vU;Fkk
og osQoy HkkjLo:i gSA vxj 'kjhj LoLFk ugha gksxk] rks og dksbZ dke Bhd
ls ugha dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh Bhd çdkj ls [kk&ih ldrk gSA blfy,
euq"; dks vius 'kjhj dk fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
([k) ^vius migkj dh mis{kk dk naM ço`Qfr jksxksa osQ :i esa nsrh gSA*
vk'k;µ ;gk¡ ço`Qfr osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ço`Qfr pkgrh gS fd ekuo
'kjhj osQ :i esa tks fnO; migkj mlus gesa fn;k gS] ge mldh lqj{kk ,oa
mfpr ns[kHkky djsaA vU;Fkk ço`Qfr vius migkj dh mis{kk dk naM jksxksa osQ
:i esa nsrh gSA ;fn O;fDr ckgj /wi eas ?kweus tkrk gS] rks mldks yw yx tkrh
gS] pDdj vkus yxrs gSa] th fepykuk vkfn f'kdk;ras gks tkrh gSaA blh rjg
ls ljnh esa T;knk BaM esa ?kweus ls O;fDr dks ljnh yx tkrh gS vkSj og chekj
gks tkrk gSA vLoPNrk ls 'kjhj esa peZ jksx vkfn chekfj;k¡ gks tkrh gSaA
(x) ^lqfo/k,¡ rks fujarj c<+ jgh gSa] fdarq euq"; dh lsgr pkSiV gksrh tk
jgh gSA*
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd ekuo osQ ikl lqfo/k,¡ fnu&çfrfnu
c<+rh gh tk jgh gaSA blosQ dkj.k euq"; dh lsgr fcxM+rh tk jgh gSA D;ksafd
tks dke igys euq"; gkFkksa ls djrk Fkk vc e'khuksa n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA
lHkh dk;ks± esa e'khuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ dkj.k euq"; dks O;k;ke
ugha feyrk vkSj og eksVkis] vaxksa dh f'kfFkyrk vkfn jksxksa dk f'kdkj gks
tkrk gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
çk;% ,d 'kCn dk fufgr vFkZ dkiQh foLr`r gks ldrk gS ;Fkk ^O;lu* osQ
varxZr /weziku] efnjkiku] tqvk] vuSfrd dk;Z lHkh oqQN vk tkrk gSA blh
çdkj uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ fo"k; esa crkb, fd muosQ varxZr D;k&D;k vk
ldrk gSµ
u'kk µ 'kjkc] viQhe] xk¡tk] Hkk¡x vkfnA
ozwQjrk µ nq"Vrk] funZ;rk] fu"Bqjrk vkfnA
gksjkbtu izsl 42 nh{kk&[6-8]
euksjatu µ fiQYe] [ksy&owQn] laxhr] u`R; vkfnA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fganh Hkk"kk esa ^'kCn lewg* osQ fy, ^,d 'kCn* dk Hkh de egRo ugha gSA bu 'kCnksa
dh lgk;rk ls xn~;ka'k esa ikB dks lw{e rFkk Hkkoiw.kZ cuk;k tkrk gSA budk ç;ksx
in~;ka'kksa esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gSA 'kCn lewg Hkh 'kCn dk vFkZ gh gksrk gS] tks oqQN cM+k
gksrk gSA
uhps fn, x, 'kCn lewgksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,µ
tks dHkh ugha ejrk µ vej
tks fn[kkbZ u ns µ vn`';
ftldk var u gks µ vuar
ftls thrk u tk losQ µ vts;
fuEufyf[kr 'kCn lewgksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
nwj dh lkspus okyk µ nwjn'khZ
ftlosQ ekrk&firk u gks µ vukFk
tks bZ'oj esa fo'okl j[krk gks µ vkfLrd
bfrgkl ls laca/ j[kus okyk µ ,sfrgkfld
nwljksa osQ midkj dks ekuus okyk µ ÑrK
tks xqIr j[kus ;ksX; gks µ xksiuh;
lkS o"kZ dk le; µ 'krkCnh
lR; cksyus okyk µ lR;oknh
xzke esa jgus okyk µ xzkeoklh
'kkd&lCth [kkus okyk µ 'kkdkgkjh
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

17. rkuk&jhjh
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) njckj fdl ckn'kkg dk yxk Fkk\
(i) v'kksd (ii) vdcj 3
gksjkbtu izsl 43 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) viuh ftn ij dkSu vM+k Fkk\
(i) ckn'kkg 3 (ii) njckjh
(x) rkuk&jhjh osQ firk dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) ioZr esgrk 3 (ii) nhid esgrk
(?k) iw.kZr;k LoLFk gksus osQ ckn rkulsu dgk¡ ykSV x,\
(i) vkxjk (ii) fnYyh 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) rkulsu dks vdcj osQ njckj esa nhid jkx D;ksa xkuk iM+k\ mldk D;k
ifj.kke fudyk\
mRrj% rkulsu dks vdcj osQ njckj es nhid jkx blfy, xkuk iM+k D;ksafd tc
ckn'kkg vdcj us rkulsu dks ^laxhr lezkV* cukus dk ,yku fd;k] rks
rkulsu ls bZ";kZ djus okys ,d xk;d us ckn'kkg osQ ikl tkdj] ;g vtZ
fd;k fd rkulsu dks laxhr lezkV rHkh ekuk tk,xk] tc os nhid jkx xkdj
lquk,¡xs vkSj nhid jkx xkus dk ;g ifj.kke gqvk fd rkulsu dk lkjk cnu
>qyl x;k vkSj muosQ 'kjhj ij iQiQksys gks x,A
([k) rkulsu osQ mQij iM+s nhid jkx osQ oqQçHkko dks fdlus vkSj oSQls nwj
fd;k\
mRrj% rkulsu osQ mQij iM+s nhid jkx osQ oqQçHkko dks laxhrkpk;Z ioZr esgrk dh
dU;kvksa ^rkuk*&^jhjh* us es?k eYgkj xkdj lgh fd;kA
(x) rkuk&jhjh us fdu 'krks± ij vdcj dks es?k eYgkj lquk;k\
mRrj% rkuk&jhjh us vdcj ckn'kkg osQ fy, ;g 'krZ j[kh fd xk;u uxj pkSd esa u
gksdj uxj ls ckgj rkykc esa gksxk rFkk ,d uko esa cSBdj os xk,¡xh vkSj
nwljh uko esa cSBdj ckn'kkg vkSj njckjh xk;u lqusaxsA
(?k) nksuksa cguksa us [kqnoqQ'kh D;ksa dh\
mRrj% tc nksuksa cguksa us es?k eYgkj xkuk 'kq: fd;k] rks ml oDr eè;kg~u dk lwjt
ri jgk Fkk] ysfdu tSls gh nksuksa cguksa us Loj Hkjs] f{kfrt ls ?kVk,¡ mB iM+h
cknyksa ls vkdk'k vkPNkfnr gks x;k vkSj ?ku?kksj o"kkZ gksus yxh ckn'kkg
vdcj vkSj muosQ njckjh ;g peRdkj ns[kdj cgqr [kq'k gq,] os mu nksuksa
dU;kvksa dks 'kkck'kh vkSj buke nsus osQ fy, tSls gh viuh uko dks ^rkuk*
^jhjh* osQ ikl ys tkus yxs] rks rkuk&jhjh us ckn'kkg dks viuh 'krZ Hkax djrs
ns[k viuh viuh dej ls dVkjsa fudkydj dysts esa Hkksad dj Lo;a viuh
thou yhyk lekIr dj nhA
gksjkbtu izsl 44 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) nksuksa cguksa dh ;kn esa rkulsu us dkSu&lh çFkk pykbZ\
mRrj% nksuksa cguksa dh ;kn esa rkulsu us /qoin xk;u osQ çkjaHk esa rkuk&jhjh dk uke
ysdj vkyki djus dh çFkk pykbZA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^^vkt ge rkulsu dks ^laxhr lezkV* dh inoh buk;r djrs gSaA**
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ckn'kkg vdcj osQ njckj es rkulsu
/zqoin xkrs gS] rks lezkV vkSj vU; njckjh lHkh rkulsu dh cgqr ç'kalk djrs
gS vkSj ckn'kkg vdcj [kq'k gksdj njckfj;ksa dks lacksf/r djrs gq, dgrs gaS
fd rkulsu ls c<+dj xkus okyk nwljk dksbZ xk;d bl lalkj esa ugha gS
blfy, vkt ge rkulsu dks ^laxhr lezkV* dh inoh nsrs gSaA
([k) ^^os es?k eYgkj xkrh gSa rks rirh nqigjh esa Hkh iqjokbZ pyus yxrh gSA**
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd rkulsu dk 'kjhj tc nhid jkx xk, tkus
ij >qyl x;k Fkk] rks rkuk&jhjh uked nks dU;kvksa us es?k eYgkj xkdj
rkulsu dks LoLFk fd;kA vdcj ckn'kkg osQ lkeus rkulsu rkuk&jhjh osQ
xk;u dh ç'kalk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd tc nksuksa dU;k,¡ xkuk çkjaHk djrh gSa]
rks /wi ls rirh nksigj es Hkh BaMh iqjokbZ pyus yxrh gS vkSj ckny ?kqeM+rs
gSa] vkSj fctfy;k¡ pedus yxrh gSa vkSj ?ku?kks"k o"kkZ gksus yxrh gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) dy µ chrk gqvk fnu] vkus okyk fnu
([k) tku µ çk.k] ekywe gksuk
(x) jkx µ laxhr dh 'kSyh] Loj
(?k) Loj µ o.kZ] vkokt
(Ä) cn µ cqjk] i'kqvksa dk ,d çdkj dk jksx
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks lgh inØe esa fyf[k,µ
(d) lc njckjh ^okg&okg! dj mBs] xkuk tSls gh lekIr gqvkA
tSls gh xkuk lekIr gqvk] lc njckjh okg&okg dj mBsA
([k) es?k eYgkj xk,xk gekjk njckjh xk;d c['kwA
gekjk njckjh xk;d c['kw es?k eYgkj xk,xkA
(x) eu çiqQfYyr vkSj ru fueZy gks x;kA rkulsu dk cjlrs ikuh esa ugkdjA
cjlrs ikuh esa ugkdj rkulsu dk ru fueZy vkSj eu çiqQfyr gks x;kA
(?k) rkulsu dks ysdj xqtjkr igq¡ps ckn'kkg BkB&ckV osQ lkFkA
ckn'kkg rkulsu dks ysdj BkB&ckV osQ lkFk xqtjkr igq¡psA
gksjkbtu izsl 45 nh{kk&[6-8]
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
lekIr 'kq:vkr bZ";kZ çse
lezkV jad badkj bdjkj
tksf[ke vklku fueZy efyu
buke ltk thou e`R;q
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

18. NksVk tknwxj


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd dks NksVk tknwxj dgk¡ feyk\
(i) dkfuZoy osQ eSnku esa 3 (ii) ikoZQ esa
([k) NksVs tknwxj dh vk;q yxHkx fdruh Fkh\
(i) 13&14 o"kZ 3 (ii) 11&12 o"kZ
(x) NksVs tknwxj osQ firk dgk¡ x, gq, Fks\
(i) fons'k (ii) tsy 3
(?k) tknwxj osQ ?kj dkSu chekj Fkk\
(i) cgu (ii) ek¡ 3
(Ä) vLirky okyksa us fdls fudky fn;k Fkk\
(i) NkVs tknwxj dh ek¡ dks 3 (ii) NksVs tknwxj dks
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) dkfuZoy esa ys[kd us yM+osQ osQ lkFk D;k fd;k\
mRrj% dkfuZoy esa ys[kd us tc yM+osQ dks vosQys [kM+s ns[kk] rks yM+osQ osQ ikl
tkdj mlls ckr dh] mldks 'kjcr fiyk;k] ys[kd vkSj yM+osQ us fu'kkus
yxk, vkSj fiQj ys[kd us yM+osQ ls mldk ifjp; iwNkA
([k) euksje okuLifrd mn~;ku dgk¡ gS\ ogk¡ ij yM+osQ us D;k fd;k\
mRrj% euksje okuLifrd mn~;ku dksydkrk esa gSA ogk¡ ij yM+osQ us lHkh f[kykSuksa
ls viuk [ksy fn[kk;k] Hkkyw dks eukuk] fcYyh dk :Buk vkSj canj dk
?kqM+duk xqfM+;k dk C;kg vkSj xqM~Mk oj dkukA bl rjg osQ [ksy fn[kkdj
gksjkbtu izsl 46 nh{kk&[6-8]
yM+osQ us lcdk euksjatu fd;kA
(x) ,d #i, ls NksVk tknwxj D;k djuk pkgrk Fkk\
mRrj% ,d #i, ls NksVk tknwxj igys isV Hkjdj idkSM+h [kkuk vkSj ,d lwrh oaQcy
[kjhnuk pkgrk FkkA
(?k) NqV~Vh osQ vafre fnu tc ys[kd NksVs tknwxj ls feyk rks tknwxj dh
ok.kh esa çlUurk D;ksa ugha Fkh\
mRrj% NqV~Vh osQ vafre fnu ys[kd us NksVs tknwxj dks lM+d fdukjs mldk jaxeap
ltk, ns[kkA exj ys[kd us tknwxj dks çlUu ugha ns[krs gq, mlls iwNk] rks
NksVs tknwxj us ys[kd dks crk;k fd mldh ek¡ us vkt mls tYnh ?kj cqyk;k
gS] D;ksafd mldk vafre le; lehi vk x;k gS] blfy, NksVs tknwxj dh
ok.kh esa çlUurk ugha FkhA
(Ä) vafre ckj >ksaiM+h esa ?kqlrs gq, ys[kd us D;k ns[kk\
mRrj% vafre ckj ys[kd >ksaiM+h osQ ikl igq¡pkA tknwxj nkSM+dj >ksaiM+h esa ek¡&ek¡
iqdkjrs gq, ?kqlkA ys[kd Hkh ihNs Fkk_ foaQrq L=kh osQ eq¡g ls] ^cs-------*
fudydj jg x;kA mlosQ nqcZy gkFk mBdj fxj x,A tknwxj mlls fyiVk jks
jgk Fkk] eSa LrC/ FkkA ml mTToy /wi esa lexz lalkj tSls tknw&lk pkjksa vksj
u`R; djus yxkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) mlosQ eq¡g ij xaHkhj fo"kkn osQ lkFk /S;Z dh js[kk FkhA
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd us ,d cPps dh ekfeZd n'kk osQ ckjs esa crk;k gS
fd dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fdl çdkj ml cPps us vius /S;Z dks cuk,
j[kk rFkk viuh chekj ek¡ dh nok osQ fy, [ksy fn[kkus dk dke fd;kA
([k) Mwcrs lw;Z dh vafre fdj.k o`{kksa dh ifRr;ksa ls fonkbZ ys jgh FkhA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd crkrk gS fd og ,d cukoVh mn~;ku ls tc pyus
yxs] rks laè;k osQ le; lw;Z Mwc jgk Fkk vkSj mldh fdj.ksa m¡Qps o`{kksa dh
pksVh ij gh iM+ jgh FkhA ml le; ,slk çrhr gks jgk Fkk] tSlsµ lwjt dh
fdj.ksa o`{kksa vkSj mudh ifRr;ksa ls fonk ys jgh gksaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. lef>,µ
(i) mlosQ xys esa ,d eksVh lwr dh jLlh iM+h FkhA
(ii) og xoZ ls cksykA
mijksDr okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCn fo'ks"k.k dgykrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ge dg ldrs gSa fd tks
'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crk,] mls fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA

gksjkbtu izsl 47 nh{kk&[6-8]


vc ikB esa vk, fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks pqudj ;gk¡ fyf[k,µ
eksVh] xaHkhj] fo"kkn] vPNk] xje] xgjh] iDdk] bruh] tYnh] NksVh&lh] ?kus] lkiQ]
vk/hA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD; esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
dyukn µ eSaus ckyd dks dyukn ls iqdkjkA
fVdV µ eSaus dy gh vkxjk tkus dh fVdV yhA
xoZ µ eq>s esjs firkth osQ ns'kHkDr gksus ij cgqr xoZ gSA
tknwxj µ esys esa geus tknwxj osQ [ksy dk cgqr vkuan mBk;kA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
g¡luk jksuk xaHkhj lkekU;
frjLdkj vknj okpkyrk ferHkk"kh
Øks/ I;kj fueZy efyu
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
fctyh µ fon~;qr rfM+r
Lohdkj µ lger vaxhdkj
tYnh µ 'kh?kz vkrqjrk
vkWfiQl µ nÝrj dk;kZy;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

19. ikik [kks x,


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ysVjcDl dks I;kj ls yksx D;k dgrs gSa\
(i) yky fMCck (ii) yky rkmQ 3
([k) cPpk mBkus okyk] yM+dh dks isM+ dh vksV esa fyVkdj dgk¡ pyk x;k\
(i) ?kweus osQ fy, (ii) [kkuk [kkus osQ fy, 3
(x) yM+dh fdlosQ ihNs Nqi xbZ\
(i) ysVjcDl osQ (ii) isM+ osQ 3
gksjkbtu izsl 48 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) yM+dh dks ?kj rd igq¡pkus dk mik; fdlus crk;k\
(i) dkS, us 3 (ii) [kaHks us
(Ä) ^^vkidks fy[kuk&i<+uk vkrk gS u\** ;s fdlus dgk\
(i) [kaHks us (ii) dkS, us 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lksdj mBus osQ ckn yM+dh vk'p;Zpfdr D;ksa gqbZ\
mRrj% lksdj mBus osQ ckn yM+dh vk'p;Zpfdr blfy, gks xbZ D;ksafd yM+dh us
isM+] [kaHks] ysVjcDl vkSj dkS, dks vkil esa ckrsa djrs lqukA
([k) cPps mBkus okys us yM+dh dks mBkdj ykus osQ ckn D;k fd;k\
mRrj% cPps mBkus okys us yM+dh dks mBkus osQ ckn mldks csgks'kh dh nok ns nh
vkSj og ml yM+dh dks isM+ dh vksV esa fyVkdj [kkuk [kkus pyk x;kA
(x) iksLVj ij cuh ukpus okyh us yM+dh dk euksjatu oSQls fd;k\
mRrj% iksLVj ij cuh ukpus okyh yM+dh ckj&ckj ukprh vkSj mldk larqyu
ckj&ckj fcxM+rkA bl çdkj ckj&ckj u`R; djosQ iksLVj ij cuh ukpus okyh
us yM+dh dk euksjatu fd;kA
(?k) dkS, n~okjk yM+dh dks ?kj igq¡pkus dk D;k mik; crk;k x;k\
mRrj% dkS, us dgkµ tc lqcg gks tk,] rks isM+ jktk] vki viuh ?kuh&?kuh Nk;k
bl ij fd, jgsa] og vkjke ls nsj rd lksrh jgsxh vkSj [kaHks egkjkt] vki
tjk Vs<+s gksdj jfg,A iqfyl dks yxsxk fd ,DlhMsaV gks x;kA og ;gk¡ vk,xh
vkSj bl yM+dh osQ ?kj dk irk yxk,xhA
(Ä) isM+] [kaHks o ysVjcDl us yM+dh dks cpkus osQ fy, D;k&D;k fd;k\
mRrj% isM+ us nsj rd viuh Nk;k yM+dh ij dj nhA ftlls yM+dh nsj rd lksrh
jghA [kaHkk vkM+k gksdj [kM+k jgkA ysVjcDl /hjs ls ljdrk gqvk çs{kdksa dh
vksj vkdj cksyrk gSA vki esa ls fdlh dks vxj gekjh bl I;kjh&lh cPph
osQ ikik fey tk,¡] rks mUgsa ftruh tYnh gks losQ] ;gk¡ ys vkb,xkA bl çdkj
isM+] [kaHks o ysVjcDl us yM+dh dks cpk;kA
4. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) vktdy dh jkrsa oSQlh gSa! tYnh chrus esa gh ugha vkrhA isM+ us [kaHks ls
([k) va\ D;k\ ;s lc cksy jgs gSaA yM+dh us Lo;a ls
(x) vjs] ij NksVh yM+dh dgk¡ gS\ [kaHks us dkS, ls
(?k) nwljk dksbZ dke djus dh esjh bPNk ugha gksrhA vkneh us Lo;a ls

gksjkbtu izsl 49 nh{kk&[6-8]


(Ä) og mls dgha ls mBkdj yk;k gSA eSaus lquk gSA ysVjcDl us] isM+ ls
v Hkk"kk&Kku
lef>,µ
dkjd osQ N% eq[; Hksn ekus tkrs gSa] ijarq laca/ dkjd o lacks/u dkjd dks Hkh blosQ
varxZr j[kk tkus yxk gSA vr% blosQ fuEufyf[kr vkB Hksn ekus tkrs gSaµ
(vkB Hksnksa dh rkfydk ikB~;&iqLrd esa ns[ksaA)
fuEu fjDr LFkkuksa esa uhps fn, foHkfDr&fpg~uksa esa ls mfpr foHkfDr Nk¡Vdj Hkfj,
rFkk mlosQ lkeus dkjd dk uke Hkh fyf[k,µ
us] ls (osQ lkFk)] osQ] esa] ij] ls (vyx gksus osQ vFkZ esa) esa dkjd dk uke
(d) uyowQi fctyh ls pyrk gSA dj.k
([k) dhfrZ osQ f[kykSus VwV x,A laca/
(x) ekrk th us lCth fizQt esa j[k nhA drkZ] vf/dj.k
(?k) Mky ls fxj x;kA viknku
(Ä) ruq osQ ?kj esa dkSu&dkSu gSa\ vf/dj.k
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk çdkj fyf[k,µ
(d) vc rqe er [ksyksA vkKkFkZd okD;
([k) nhikoyh 'kqHk gksA bPNkFkZd okD;
(x) çÑfr dk ekuo ls lh/k laca/ gSA fo/kukFkZd okD;
(?k) vjs! rqe vHkh rd ugha x,A foLe;kfncks/d
(Ä) og ml le; vkrk gksxkA lansgokpd okD;
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
gM+cM+h vkjke vkuafnr nq%[ke;
xqIr mtkxj nq"V lTtu
v¡/sjk mtkyk futhZo ltho
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 50 nh{kk&[6-8]


nh{kkµ7
1. rwiQkuksa dh vksj
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) fo"k fdlus mxyk gS\
(i) fla/q us 3 (ii) ukfod us
([k) thou esa dHkh&dHkh D;k feyrk gS\
(i) rwiQkuksa dk I;kj 3 (ii) ty
(x) ekuo dkSu gS\
(i) feV~Vh dk iqryk 3 (ii) ekse dk iqryk
(?k) D;k leqæ esa ek¡>h Fkdrk gS\
(i) gk¡ (ii) ugha 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) leqæ us fdl çdkj dk :i /kj.k fd;k gS\
mRrj% leqæ us jkSæ vFkkZr~ Hk;kud :i /kj.k fd;k gSA
([k) ekuo dks feV~Vh dk iqryk D;kas dgk x;k gS\
mRrj% ekuo dks feV~Vh dk iqryk blfy, dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd mldk 'kjhj ik¡p
rRoksa (vkdk'k] vfXu] ty] ok;q] feV~Vh) ls feydj cuk gS vkSj var esa
feV~Vh esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA
(x) lkxj ikj djus osQ fy, fdl ckr dh vko';drk gksrh gS\
mRrj% lkxj ikj djus osQ fy, O;fDr dks fuMj rFkk lkglh gksuk pkfg, vkSj fdlh
Hkh foifRr dk lkeuk djus dh mlesa {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
(?k) lkrksa lkxj fdlosQ cy ij ikj fd, tk ldrs gSa\
mRrj% gkj u ekuus dh ço`fRr vkSj lkgl osQ cy ij lkrksa lkxj ikj fd, tk ldrs gSaA
(Ä) çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk dkSu gSa\
mRrj% çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk Jh f'koeaxy lqeu gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ;g vlhe fut lhek tkus
lkxj dks Hkh ;g igpkus
vk'k;µdfo dgrk gS fd euq"; osQ thou esa vusd ladV vkrs gSaA ysfdu euq";
gksjkbtu izsl 51 nh{kk&[6-8]
dks viuh lhek dks è;ku esa j[kdj lHkh leL;kvksa dk lek/ku djuk
pkfg,A lkxj dh ygjsa pkgs fdruh gh rst gksa] exj os vius fdukjksa dks
igpku gh ysrh gSaA vFkkZr~ pkgs fdrus gh ladV vk tk,¡ ij foosd'khy
O;fDr vius çR;sd ladV ls fudyus dk gy <w¡< gh ysrk gSA
([k) tc rd lk¡lksa esa Lianu gS
mldk gkFk ugha #drk gS]
vk'k;µdfo dgrk gS fd gs euq";! tc rd rqEgkjs 'kjhj esa lk¡l gS] rc rd vius
gkFkksa dks #dus er nks vkSj fujarj ç;kl djrs jgksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fla/q µ vkt esjs ân; :ih fla/q esa vyx&lh psruk gqbZA
fla/q dh ygjsa dHkh&dHkh Hk;kud :i /kj.k dj ysrh gSaA
([k) Tokj µ leqæ esa vf/drj Tokj vkrk gh jgrk gSA
vkt leqæ dk Tokj ns[kdj eSa Mj xbZA
(x) ukfodµ ukfod viuh uko [ks jgk gSA
esjh uko dk ukfod cgqr lkglh gSA
(?k) lkxj µ lkxj dh ygj ns[kus esa cgqr laqnj yxrh gSaA
tc eSa eqacbZ xbZ] rks ogk¡ dk lkxj ns[k esjk eu cgqr [kq'k gqvkA
(Ä) Lianu µ HkwoaQi dk utkjk ns[kdj esjs fny dk Lianu c<+ x;kA
[ksy dk vkf[kjh n`'; ns[krs gq,] esjs fny dk Lianu c<+us yxkA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. dfork esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) fla/q µ lkxj leqæ tyf/
([k) ekuo µ uj euqt euq";
(x) uko µ ukSdk rj.kh Mksaxh
(?k) ok;q µ gok lehj c;kj
2. tc dfork esa çkÑfrd vkSj futhZo oLrq,¡ Hkh ekuo dh rjg dh ps"Vk,¡
vkSj fØ;kdyki djrs fn[kkbZ tk,¡] ogk¡ mudk ekuohdj.k gksrk gSA blosQ
nks mnkgj.k dfork esa ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
(d) vkt fla/q us fo"k mxyk gSA
([k) ygjksa dk ;kSou epyk gSA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls çR;; vyx dhft,µ
(d) lkekftd µ lekt $ bd
gksjkbtu izsl 52 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) oSKkfud µ foKku $ bd
(x) uSfrd µ uhfr $ bd
(?k) ukxfjd µ uxj $ bd
(Ä) HkkSxksfyd µ Hkwxksy $ bd
(p) nSfud µ fnu $ bd
(N) vkfFkZd µ vFkZ $ bd
(t) oSfnd µ osn $ bd
2. ^bZ;* çR;; osQ ç;ksx ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS] tSls&rV$bZ; ¾
rVh;] ioZr$bZ;¾ioZrh;A fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^bZ;* çR;; yxkdj u, 'kCn
cukb, vkSj mudk vFkZ Hkh fyf[k,µ
(d) je.k µ je.kh; je.k djus ;ksX;
([k) n'kZu µ n'kZuh; n'kZu djus ;ksX;
(x) iBu µ iBuh; i<+us ;ksX;
(?k) vuqdj.k µ vuqdj.kh; vuqdj.k djus ;ksX;
(Ä) mRrj µ mRrjh; mRrj nsus ;ksX;
(p) çkFkZuk µ çkFkZuh; çkFkZuk djus ;ksX;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

2. esjs firk th
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd osQ firk dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) iafMr jeknRr feJ 3 (ii) iafMr jkenRr feJ
([k) ys[kd osQ firk th us xk; dh lkuh fdrus cts dh Fkh\
(i) lkr cts (ii) ik¡p cts 3
(x) lxkbZ osQ fnu fdrus #i, m/kj ek¡xdj dke pyk;k x;k\
(i) N% gtkj #i, (ii) N% #i, 3
(?k) f'koiqjk.k dh dFkk osQ ;teku dkSu Fks\
(i) iqfyl dfe'uj (ii) fMIVh dyDVj 3
gksjkbtu izsl 53 nh{kk&[6-8]
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd us vius firk dks ^nw/&feljh* vkSj ek¡ dks ^yky&fepZ* D;ksa
dgk gS\
mRrj% ys[kd us vius firk dks ^nw/&feljh* blfy, dgk gS] D;kasfd os cM+s gh 'kkar
LoHkko osQ Fks vkSj brus ehBs Fks fd lalkj dh dksbZ Hkh dM+okgV mu rd
igq¡prs&igq¡prs Lo;a ehBh gks tkrh FkhA ys[kd us viuh ek¡ dks yky&fepZ
blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd mudk LoHkko cgqr dM+ok FkkA os gj le; xqLls esa
jgrh Fkha vkSj fpYykdj cksyrh FkhaA
([k) vius iq=k dh gR;k gks tkus osQ ckn Hkh firk th us vijk/h dks D;ksa
NksM+ fn;k\
mRrj% vius iq=k dh gR;k gks tkus osQ ckn Hkh ys[kd osQ firk th us vijk/h dks
dksbZ naM ugha fnyok;kA ys[kd dh ekrk osQ iwNus ij firk th us Li"Vhdj.k
fn;k fd vc rks vkx ,d ?kj esa yxh gSA fiQj nksuksa ?kjksa esa yx tkrh] blls
D;k iQk;nk gksrk\
(x) firk th dks iq=kh osQ fookg osQ fy, #i, u gksus ij Hkh ?kcjkgV D;ksa u
Fkh\
mRrj% firk th dks iq=kh osQ fookg osQ fy, #i, u gksus ij Hkh ?kcjkgV blfy, ugha
Fkh] D;ksafd mUgsa vius BkoqQj th esa vikj Jn~/k FkhA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd
BkoqQj th osQ gkFk esa lc oqQN gS vkSj ogh mudh iq=kh dk fookg djsaxsA
(?k) cq<+kis esa firk th osQ LoLFk gksus osQ eq[; rhu dkj.k dkSu&dkSu ls Fks\
mRrj% cq<+kis esa Hkh firk th osQ LoLFk gksus osQ rhu eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr Fksµ
(1) os fu;fer :i ls czg~ecsyk esa tkxrs Fks vkSj ugkus] [kkus] ?kweus vkfn
esa Hkh fu;fer jgrs FksA
(2) os lnk balku cudj jgrs Fks] Hkxoku cuus dk iz;kl ugha djrs FksA os
lq[k&nq%[k dh fpark ugha djrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk] fd lc dke BkoqQj th
dh bPNk ls gks jgk gSA vk;k Hkh mudk] x;k Hkh mudkA lq[k Hkh mudk] nq%[k
Hkh mudkA
(3) os ges'kk cPpksa esa [ksyrs FksA cPps mUgsa u;k thou vkSj iqQjrh nsrs FksA
os dgrs Fks fd esjs cky&fe=kksa esa vkSj cq<+kis esa ;qn~/ gks jgk gSA og eq>s
ftruk Fkdkrk gS] ;s mruh gh 'kfDr eq>s ns nsrs gSaA fdlh fnu rks cq<+kik
thrsxk gh] ij [kSj---- vHkh rks cspkjk fiV jgk gSA
(Ä) firk th iqjkuh ih<+h osQ gksrs gq, Hkh vk/qfud fopkj j[krs Fks] bl
dFku dh iqf"V ikB dh fdl ?kVuk ls gksrh gS\
mRrj% tc ys[kd us lkoZtfud :i ls viuh iRuh dks ijns ls ckgj yk [kM+k
gksjkbtu izsl 54 nh{kk&[6-8]
fd;k] rks dLcs osQ lHkh yksx bl ckr dh pjpk djus yxsA fdarq firk th us
ys[kd ls dgk fd ¶csVk] rw vius gh jkLrs ij pyA xjfe;ksa esa jtkbZ + vks<+uk
Bhd ugha gSA¸ bl ?kVuk ls bl rF; dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd firk th iqjkuh
ih<+h osQ gksrs gq, Hkh vk/qfud fopkj j[krs FksA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ckr ;g Fkh fd firk th losjs cgqr tYnh Hkkstu djosQ ?kj ls fudyrs
Fks] ij dy Hkkstu gks ldrk Fkk iwtk osQ ckn vkSj iwtk dh oaqQth Fkh
,d #i;kA
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa crk;k x;k gS fd ys[kd osQ firk th us tc lkr #i, [kpZ
dj fn,] rks ys[kd dh ekrk th dks cgqr cqjk yxkA D;ksafd vxys fnu
R;ksgkj osQ fy, ,d #i, dh vko';drk FkhA ys[kd osQ firk th lqcg
tYnh mBdj Hkkstu djosQ ?kj ls fudyrs Fks ij lqcg iwtk ls igys Hkkstu
ugha gks ldrk Fkk] D;ksafd iwtu osQ fy, ,d #i, dh vko';drk Fkh] tks
ys[kd osQ firk th osQ ikl ugha FkkA
([k) lkekftd ijaijkvksa esa eSa ?kksj Økafrdkjh vkSj Hkkjr osQ cw<+s gSa ?kksj
nfd;kuwl] ij ge nksuksa esa dHkh VDdj ugha gqbZA
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd os viuh lkekftd ijaijkvksa osQ
nfd;kuwlh fopkjksa osQ f[kykiQ Fks vkSj Hkkjr osQ vU; o`n~/ ?kksj nfd;kuwlh
Fks] ys[kd osQ firk th Hkh lkekftd ijaijkvksa dks ekuus okys FksA ys[kd vkSj
muosQ firk th osQ fopkj fcyoqQy vyx gksus ij Hkh ys[kd dk vius firk
ls fdlh Hkh ckr dks ysdj dksbZ erHksn ugha gqvkA
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) dkepykmQµ fnus'k us ,d iqjkuh dkepykmQ lkbfdy [kjhn yhA
jek dh f'k{kk cl dkepykmQ gh gSA
([k) xqjkZVk µ veu jkr dks lksrs gq, cgqr xqjkZVsa Hkjrk gSA
eq>s jkgqy osQ lkFk jkrHkj uhan ugha vkbZ D;ksafd mldks xqjkZVas
ysus dh vknr gSA
(x) oqQVqac µ laLdkjksa osQ cy ij gh oqQVaqc curk vkSj fc[kjrk gSA
uhrk ,d vPNs oqQVqac dh yM+dh gSA
(?k) llqjky µ ehuk vkt gh llqjky ls vkbZ gSA
fot; us viuh csVh dks llqjky osQ fy, fonk fd;kA
(Ä) vkRekfHkekuµ lHkh dks viuk vkRekfHkeku I;kjk gksrk gSA
esjh ekrk th us vius vkRekfHkeku dks cpkus osQ fy, vusd
d"V mBk,A
gksjkbtu izsl 55 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
ikB esa tgk¡ 'kqn~/ fganh osQ (rRle) 'kCn ç;qDr gq, gSa] rks ogha çpfyr
yksdHkk"kk esa rn~Hko 'kCn HkhA rn~Hko 'kCnksa dks muosQ rRle :i ls feykb,µ
rn~Hko o ns'kt rRle
ckoyh Hkz"V
jiV #i,
dkjt VqdM+k
#iYyh cqn~/w ;k ew[kZ
fHkjLV fjiksVZ] lwpuk
iksjh dk;Z
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ,d gh 'kCn osQ nks ckj ,d lkFk ç;qDr gksus ij mls ^iqu#Dr* dgrs gSa_
tSlsµ/hjs&/hjs] tYnh&tYnhA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ mfpr 'kCn dks iqu#Dr :i eas fyf[k,µ
(d) gesa rst pyuk pkfg,A gesa rst&rst pyuk pkfg,A
([k) jkosQ'k losjs ?kj vk igq¡pkA jkosQ'k losjs&losjs ?kj vk igq¡pkA
(x) jk/k tksj ls jksus yxhA jk/k tksj&tksj ls jksus yxhA
(?k) f'k'kq osQ fxjus dh vkokt lquh rks ek¡ Hkkxh vkbZA
f'k'kq osQ fxjus dh vkokt lquh] rks ek¡ Hkkxh&Hkkxh vkbZA
2. vkil esa feyrs&tqyrs vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dks ^'kCn&;qXe* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ
i<+uk&fy[kuk] vkuk&tkukA 'kCn&;qXe esa oqQN feyrs&tqyrs 'kCn fujFkZd Hkh
gksrs gSa_ tSlsµpk;&ok;] lCth&oCthA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa 'kCn&;qXe Nk¡Vdj lkeus fyf[k,µ
(d) esjs ikl rhu&pkj isu gSaA rhu&pkj
([k) og jkr&fnu i<+rk gh jgrk gSA jkr&fnu
(x) gkFk&eq¡g /ksdj pk; ih yhft,A gkFk&eq¡g
(?k) vc jksuk&/ksuk can dhft,A jksuk&/ksuk
3. cksyrs le; lqj&ygj esa tc mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gS] rks mlls vFkZ esa fof'k"Vrk
vk tkrh gS_ tSlsµ (mnkgj.k ikB~; iqLrd es ns[ks)
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 56 nh{kk&[6-8]


3. ek¡ dh ckr
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) lar jkenkl th osQ cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) ukjk;.k 3 (ii) gjhjke
([k) ukjk;.k dh ek¡ dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) jk.kw flag (ii) jk.kwckbZ 3
(x) ukjk;.k LoHkko ls oSQlk ckyd Fkk\
(i) 'kkar (ii) mn~naM 3
(?k) ukjk;.k us oqQEgkj osQ ?kj ls fdrus eVosQ fy,\
(i) ckjg (ii) X;kjg 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lar jkenkl th osQ cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk vkSj mudk LoHkko oSQlk Fkk\
mRrj% lar jkenkl th osQ cpiu dk uke ukjk;.k FkkA os cM+s 'kjkjrh Fks vkSj tc
ns[kks nksLrksa osQ lkFk [ksyrs jgrs FksA [ksyrs&[ksyrs os dHkh&dHkh taxy dh
vksj fudy tkrs vkSj ogha je tkrsA
([k) ek¡ us jkenkl dks D;k ykus dks dgk vkSj mUgsa ;g fo'okl D;ksa ugha Fkk
fd og lkeku vk ik,xk\
mRrj% ckyd jkenkl dks dke u djus dh vknr Fkh vkSj os gj le; vius fe=kksa
osQ lkFk [ksyrs jgrs FksA blfy, mudh ek¡ us tc mudks NkN ykus dks dgk]
rks mUgsa ;g fuf'parrk ugha Fkh fd NkN vk tk,xkA
(x) tc jkenkl dh ek¡ jlksbZ?kj esa igq¡ph] rks mUgksaus D;k ns[kk\
mRrj% tc jkenkl dh ek¡ jlksbZ?kj igq¡ph] rks mUgksaus ogk¡ X;kjg eVosQ NkN osQ j[ks
gq, ns[ksA
(?k) ek¡ us jkenkl dks D;ksa Mk¡Vk\
mRrj% ek¡ us jkenkl dks blfy, Mk¡Vk] D;ksafd mUgksaus pqipki jlksbZ?kj esa X;kjg
eVosQ NkN osQ j[k fn, FksA
(Ä) ekrk dh ckrksa dk jkenkl ij D;k çHkko iM+k\
mRrj% ekrk dh ckrsa lqudj ckyd jkenkl pqipki v¡/sjs dejs esa tkdj bZ'oj osQ
è;ku esa cSB x,] vkSj tc ek¡ us muls ,slk djus dk dkj.k iwNk rks mUgksaus
mRrj fn;kµ ^^vkbZ] eSa fo'o dh fpark dj jgk gw¡A**
gksjkbtu izsl 57 nh{kk&[6-8]
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^^exj rq>s ;g dke crkus ls D;k iQk;nk\ rq>s rks [ksy osQ vfrfjDr
oqQN lw>rk gh ugha\
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ;g crk;k x;k gSa] fd tc ckyd ukjk;.k osQ ?kj esa ,d
mRlo gksus okyk Fkk] rks mudh ekrk jk.kwckbZ dks d<+h cukus osQ fy, NkN dh
vko';drk gqbZA rc mUgksaus ckyd ukjk;.k ls dgk fd dy mudks NkN
pkfg,] exj rHkh mUgsa ckyd ukjk;.k osQ oqQN dke u djus dh ;kn vkbZ
vkSj og cksyh fd rqEgsa dksbZ dke crkus dk D;k iQk;nk\ rqEgsa rks vius [ksy
osQ vfrfjDr oqQN ugha lw>rkA
([k) ^^vkbZ] eSa fo'o dh fpark dj jgk gw¡A**
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd tc ckyd ukjk;.k dks mudh ekrk us
Mk¡Vrs gq, ;g dgk fd rsjh 'kSrkuh dc tk,xh\ lkjh mez ,slk gh jgk rks cl
py pqdh rsjh x`gLFkhA ekrk osQ ;s 'kCn ukjk;.k osQ vareZu rd pqHk x, vkSj
ckyd ukjk;.k njoktk can djosQ dejs osQ ,d dksus esa bZ'oj dk è;ku
yxkdj cSB x,A tc mudh ekrk th dejs esa vkbZ vkSj ckyd ls iwNk]
ukjk;.k rqe v¡/sjs esa D;ksa cSBs gks\ rks ckyd ukjk;.k us dgk fd ekrk eSa
fo'o vFkkZr~ lalkj dh fpark dj jgk gw¡A
5. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^dy NkN pkfg,] iM+kslh ls ek¡xdj ys vkukA**
ek¡ us] ukjk;.k ls
([k) ^^lkjh mez ,slk gh jgk] rks cl py pqdh rsjh x`gLFkh!**
ek¡ us] ukjk;.k ls
(x) ^^vkbZ] eSa fo'o dh fpark dj jgk gw¡A**
ukjk;.k us] ek¡ ls
6. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) taxy µ 'ksj taxy dk jktk gksrk gSA
clar ½rq esa taxy lqgkouk yxrk gSA
([k) NkN µ NkN ihus ls LokLF; vPNk jgrk gSA
esjh ek¡ eq>s lqcg mBkdj NkN fiykrh gSA
(x) X;kjg µ 'kxqu osQ X;kjg :i, Hkh cgqr gksrs gSaA
eSa nsj jkr X;kjg cts rd i<+rk jgkA
(?k) vareZu µ eSaus ml ckyd dks vareZu ls vk'khokZn fn;kA
dM+oh ckr vareZu dks pqHk tkrh gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 58 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) fo[;kr µ eSa ,d fo[;kr dykdkj cuuk pkgrk gw¡A
ljnkj iVsy dk uke cgqr fo[;kr gqvkA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) tks dke u djs µ fuBYyk
([k) vkKk ekuus okyk µ vkKkdkjh
(x) lcdk Hkyk lkspus okyk µ Hkykekuql
(?k) ?kj&ifjokj clkus okyk µ x`gLFk
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls feyrs&tqyrs (lekukFkZd) 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) mQ/eh µ mn~naMh 'kSrku
([k) ljy µ lh/k vklku
(x) detksj µ {kh.k fucZy
(?k) oqQ'kkxz µ rhoz rst
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

4. lqHkkxh
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) rqylh egrks dh yM+dh dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) lqgkxh (ii) lqHkkxh 3
([k) D;k lqHkkxh nwljk fookg djus dks rS;kj Fkh\
(i) ugha 3 (ii) gk¡
(x) xk¡o osQ eqf[k;k dkSu Fks\
(i) ltuflag 3 (ii) nqtZu flag
(?k) rqylh egrks dks cq[kkj fdrus fnuksa ls Fkk\
(i) lkr&vkB fnuksa ls 3 (ii) chl fnuksa ls
gksjkbtu izsl 59 nh{kk&[6-8]
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lqHkkxh dkSu Fkh\ mldk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A
mRrj% lqHkkxh rqylh egrks vkSj y{eh dh csVh FkhA
mlosQ pfj=k dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ Fkhaµ
1- og NksVh mez ls gh ?kj osQ dke esa prqj vkSj [ksrh&ckM+h esa fuiq.k FkhA
2- og cgqr LokfHkekuh FkhA
3- og esgurh vkSj dHkh u ?kcjkus okyh yM+dh FkhA
4- og vius ekrk&firk dh lsok djus okyh yM+dh FkhA
5- og lcdk lEeku djus okyh ,d lq'khy yM+dh FkhA
([k) rqylh egrks us iapk;r D;ksa cqykbZ Fkh\
mRrj% rqylh egrks us iapk;r blfy, cqyk;h Fkh fd vc mudk vkSj muosQ csVs jkew
dk ,d ?kj esa fuokZg ugha gksrkA blfy, mudh bPNk gS fd jkr&fnu dh
cgl dh txg] iap tks oqQN mUgsa nsa] mls ysdj os jkew ls vyx gks tk,¡A
(x) iapk;r esa jkew dks ltuflag us D;k dgk\
mRrj% ltuflag us jkew dks cqykdj dgkµ ^^D;ksa th] rqe vius cki ls vyx jguk
pkgrs gks\ rqEgsa 'keZ ugha vkrh] ek¡&cki dks vyx fd, nsrs gks\ jke! jke!**
(?k) xk¡o okys lqHkkxh dh ç'kalk D;ksa djrs Fks\
mRrj% xk¡o okys lqHkkxh dh ç'kalk blfy, djrs Fks] D;ksafd og vius cw<+s ek¡&cki
dh cgqr lsok djrh vkSj blh osQ lkFk ?kj o [ksrh dk dke Hkh cgqr vPNs ls
djrh FkhA
(Ä) lqHkkxh osQ mQij ltuflag dk fdruk dtkZ Fkk\ lqHkkxh us ;g dtkZ
oSQls mrkjk\
mRrj% lqHkkxh osQ mQij ltuflag dk rhu gtkj #i, dk dtkZ FkkA ftls mrkjus osQ
fy, rhu lky rd lqHkkxh us fnu&jkr yxdj dM+h esgur dhA og iwjs eghus
[ksrh&ckM+h dk dke djrh Fkh vkSj rhlosa fnu rhu lkS #i, ysdj ltuflag
dks nsus tkrh FkhA bl rjg ls mlus FkksM+s&FkksM+s #i, nsdj ltuflag dk ½.k
mrkjkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) eSa lc oqQN >syus dks rS;kj gw¡A tks dke vki dgks] og flj&vk¡[kksa osQ
cy d:¡xh exj 'kknh djus osQ fy, eq>ls u dfg,A
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc rqylh egrks dh
csVh lqHkkxh NksVh mez esa gh fo/ok gks xbZ] rks lHkh us rqylh egrks dks lqHkkxh
dk nwljk fookg djus dks dgk] exj lqHkkxh us dgk fd og gj dk;Z dks iwjs
gksjkbtu izsl 60 nh{kk&[6-8]
ifjJe ls djus osQ fy, rS;kj gS] exj og nwljh 'kknh osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gSA
([k) iq=k dks jRu le>k Fkk] iq=kh dks iwoZtUe osQ ikiksa dk naMA og jRu
fdruk dBksj fudyk vkSj ;g naM fdruk eaxye;A
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd rqylh egrks ,d jkr ysVs] rks vpkud
iqjkuh ckrsa ;kn vk xbZ fd tc muosQ ;gk¡ jkew gqvk] rks mUgksaus cgqr [kq'kh
eukbZ FkhA dtkZ ysdj tylk fd;k Fkk vkSj tc lqHkkxh gqbZ Fkh] rks ?kj esa
#i, gksrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus ,d dksM+h Hkh [kpZ ugha dhA rc mUgksaus iq=k dks jRu
le>k Fkk vkSj csVh dks naMA tcfd vkt csVh gh mudh lsok dj jgh gS vkSj
iq=k mudh ckr Hkh ugha lqurkA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) foink µ lhek osQ ?kj ij vpkud foink vk iM+hA
O;kikj es gkfu gksus ls jes'k ij cgqr foink iM+hA
([k) vkljk µ gs bZ'oj! vc rks vkidk gh vkljk gSA
fnus'k osQ firk dh e`R;q osQ ckn] ek¡ osQ fy, fnus'k gh vkljk
gSA
(x) balkiQ µ xjhc larq dks balkiQ ek¡xus osQ fy, cgqr esgur djuh iM+hA
balkiQ dh lcls cM+h vnkyr bZeku gSA
(?k) fetkt µ tjk lk /u D;k dek fy;k] jkew dk rks fetkt gh cny x;kA
bZ";kZ gh fetkt [kjkc gksus dh lcls cM+h detksjh gSA
(Ä) oqQyoarh µ lhrk th ,d oqQyoarh ukjh FkhA
esjh ek¡ th ,d n;kyq vkSj oqQyoarh ukjh FkhA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. laf/ dk vFkZ gSµ esy ;k feykiA tc nks 'kCn ;k 'kCnka'k fcyoqQy ikl vkrs
gSa] rks os feydj ,d Lora=k 'kCn cukrs gSa_ tSlsµ fge$vky;] nks
vyx&vyx 'kCn gSa vkSj feydj ,d 'kCn ^fgeky;* cuk jgs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/ foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) tUeksRlo µ tUe$mRlo ([k) nsgkar µ nsg$var
(x) lTtu µ lr~$tu (?k) johaæ µ jfo$baæ
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dky dk Hksn crkb,µ
(d) rqe bl rjg dc rd cSBh jgksxh\ Hkfo";r dky
([k) rqylh egrks viuh yM+dh lqHkkxh ls cgqr I;kj djrs FksA Hkwrdky
(x) esjk eu 'kknh djus dks ugha djrkA orZeku dky
(?k) vxj rqEgkjh ;g ejth+ gS] rks ;gh gksxkA Hkfo";r dky
gksjkbtu izsl 61 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) csVh] ge rsjs Hkys osQ fy, gh dgrs gSaA orZeku dky
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh orZuh 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) iwjotUe µ iwoZtUe ([k) tueksRlo µ tUeksRlo
(x) vk'khoknZ µ vk'khokZn (?k) Ñrx µ ÑrK
4. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fy[kdj vius okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) thou igkM+ yxuk µ nq%[kksa ls Hkjk gqvk thou
okD; ç;ksx µ ifr dh e`R;q osQ ckn jtuh dks viuk thou
igkM+ yxus yxkA
([k) vkis ls ckgj gksuk µ cgqr Øksf/r gksuk
okD; ç;ksx µ tc firk us vius csVs dks /edk;k] rks og
vkis&ls ckgj gks x;kA
(x) nk¡rksa rys v¡xqyh nckuk µ pfdr jg tkuk
okD; ç;ksx µ y{ehckbZ dh ohjrk ns[kdj vaxzst lsukifr us
nk¡rksa rys v¡xqyh nck yhA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. okD; Hksn % okD;ksa dks eq[;r% rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSµ
(d) ljy okD;] ([k) la;qDr okD;] (x) feJ okD;
vc fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh igpku dhft,µ
1- eksgu ?kj tkrk gSA ljy okD;
2- lR; cksyks ijarq dVq lR; ughaA la;qDr okD;
3- eq>s fo'okl gS fd vki vo'; vk,¡xsA la;qDr okD;
4- eSa vkiosQ ikl vk jgk gw¡ rkfd ge [kjhnkjh djus tk losaQA feJ okD;
5- vkidk og isu dgk¡ gS] tks vki dy yk, Fks\ feJ okD;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

5. phaVh
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) tc phaVh iafDr cukdj pyrh gS rks og fdldh rjg yxrh gS\
(i) /kxs dh rjg 3 (ii) eksVs MaMs dh rjg
gksjkbtu izsl 62 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) phaVh dk nwljk uke D;k gS\
(i) vfojr (ii) fiihfydk 3
(x) phaVh osQ fcy osQ Hkhrj D;k gS\
(i) diM+ksa dk HkaMkj (ii) nqxZ uxj 3
(?k) phaVh oSQlk çk.kh gS\
(i) vlkekftd (ii) lkekftd 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) phaVh ns[kus esa fdlosQ tSlh tku iM+rh gS\
mRrj% phaVh ns[kus esa lh/h] iryh] dkyh js[kk] dkys /kxs dh rjg tku iM+rh gSA
([k) phaVh n~okjk vius ifjokj osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z fd, tkrs gSa\
mRrj% phaVh vius ifjokj osQ fy, xk; pjkrh gSa] /wi f[kykrh gS](izk.kh 'kkL=k osQ
fon~okuksa dk dFku gS] fd phafV;ksa esa Hkh xk;as gksrh gaS rFkk phafV;k¡ mudks
pjkus ys tkrh gaSA) Hkkstu bdV~Bk djrh gSaA cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh gSaA
jgus osQ fy, fcy cukrh gaS vkSj 'k=kq ls vius ifjokj dh j{kk djrh gSaA
(x) phaVh osQ ?kj osQ fuekZ.k dks ns[kdj dfo D;ksa gSjku gS\
mRrj% phaVh osQ ?kj osQ fuekZ.k dks ns[kdj dfo blfy, gSjku gS] D;ksafd dksbZ
fuekZ.kdrkZ Hkh bruk lqanj ?kj ugha cuk ldrk] ftruk fd phaVh us vius
ifjJe vkSj ckSn~f/d dkS'ky ls bls cuk;k gSA
(?k) phaVh esa vPNk ukxfjd gksus dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa\
mRrj% ,d vPNk ukxfjd gksus osQ fy,] tks fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh pkfg,] os lc phaVh osQ
vanj ekStwn gSaA phaVh ifjJeh gSA viuk ?kj (fcy) cukrh gSA Hkkstu bdV~Bk
djrh gSA vius cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd phaVh
esa vPNk ukxfjd gksus osQ lHkh xq.k ekStwn gSaA
(Ä) çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk dkSu gSa\
mRrj% çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk lqfe=kkuanu iar gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) re osQ /kxs&lh tks fgy&Mqy] pyrh y?kqin] iy&iy fey&tqyA
vk'k;µ izLrqr iafDr esa dfo iwNrk gS fd D;k rqeus phaVh dks ns[kk gS\ os tks vius
NksVs&NksVs iSjksa ls vkil esa fey&tqydj ,d osQ ihNs ,d py jgh gSaA nwj ls
ns[kus ij ;g ,d iryh dkys jax dh js[kk tSlh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS] tks dkys
/kxs dh rjg fgy jgh gSA
([k) ns[kks og oYehd lq?kj] mlosQ Hkhrj gS nqxZ uxjA
vk'k;µ çLrqr iafDr es dfo phaVh osQ fo"k; esa crkrs gq, dgrk gS fd phaVh us
gksjkbtu izsl 63 nh{kk&[6-8]
vius ?kj dks bruh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr x<+k gqvk gS fd dksbZ fuekZ.kdrkZ Hkh bruk
lqanj ?kj ugha cuk ldrk] phaVh dk fcy ,slk çrhr gksrk gS tSls& dksbZ nqxZ
uxj gksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fojy µ eSaus viuh dyk iqLrd esa fojy&lh js[kk [khapdj ,d oxZ
cuk;kA
js'ke osQ dhM+s ,d fojy&lk inkFkZ NksM+rs gSaA
([k) lrr µ ukSdjh osQ fy, jkgqy us lrr ç;kl fd;kA
fo|ky; esa çFke LFkku ikus osQ fy, lrr dfBu ifjJe djsaA
(x) tuiFkµ fnYyh esa tuiFk ij x.kra=k fnol dh ijsM fudyrh gSA
tuiFk ls rkRi;Z turk osQ iFk ;k jkLrs ls gSA
(?k) fuekZ.kµ gekjs xk¡o esa ljiap th us u, fon~;ky; dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
eafnj osQ fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa lHkh xk¡o okyksa us lg;ksx fd;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) fiihyhdk µ fiihfydk ([k) vohjr µ vfojr
(x) cwgkjrh µ cqgkjrh (?k) okYehd µ oYehd
(Ä) f'kyih µ f'kYih (p) vkxu µ vk¡xu
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

6. vkRefuHkZjrk
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) vkRefuHkZjrk oSQlk xq.k gS\
(i) Js"B 3 (ii) vJs"B
([k) fujh fdLer vkSj HkkX; ij oSQls yksx jgrs gSa\
(i) esgurd'k (ii) vkylh 3
gksjkbtu izsl 64 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) bZ'oj fdldh lgk;rk djrk gS\
(i) iSls okys dh
(ii) tks viuh lgk;rk Lo;a djrk gks 3
(?k) euq"; esa iw.kZrk fdlls gksrh gS\
(i) iSls ls (ii) dke ls 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj lcls cM+k cy D;k gS\
mRrj% ys[koQ osQ vuqlkj lcls cM+k cy vkRefuHkZjrk vFkkZr~ vius Hkjksls ij jguk
gSA ftudks vius Hkjksls dk cy gS] os tgk¡ gksaxs] ty esa rw¡ch osQ leku lcls
Åij jgsaxsA
([k) rjDdh dh ewy cqfu;kn D;k gS\ D;k rjDdh dkuwu n~okjk
lekt&lq/kj djus ij çkIr gks ldrh gS\
mRrj% vius vki viuh lgk;rk djus dh Hkkouk lPph rjDdh dh ewy cqfu;kn
gSA rjDdh ljdkjh dkuwuksa n~okjk lekt&lq/kj djus ij ugha gks ldrhA
blosQ fy, lekt ;k tkfr dk ,d&,d vkneh ;fn vyx&vyx vius dks
lq/kjs] rks tkfr&dh&tkfr vkSj lekt&dk&lekt lq/j tk,xkA
(x) xqyke dkSu&lh dkSe gksrh gS\ Lora=krk dh uhao fdl ij j[kh tk
ldrh gS\
mRrj% okLro esa xqyke og dkSe gS] ftlesa ,d&,d O;fDr dk;jrk]
LokFkZ&ijk;.krk vkSj tkrh;rk osQ Hkko ls ;qDr gSA ns'k dh Lora=krk dh xgjh
vkSj etcwr uhao ml ns'k osQ ,d&,d vkneh osQ vkRefuHkZjrk vkfn xq.kksa ij
fLFkr gSA
(?k) ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh mUufr dk D;k jgL; gS\ mu yksxksa us viuh Hkkoh
ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, fojklr esa D;k /jksgj NksM+h gS\
mRrj% ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh mUufr fdlh ,d fnu vFkok ,d O;fDr osQ ç;kl ls ugha
cfYd uhps&ls&uhps njts osQ euq";&fdlku] oqQyh] dkjhxj vkfn vkSj
m¡Qps&ls&m¡Qps njts okys dfo] n'kZfud] jktuhfrK vkfn lHkh osQ ,d lkFk
feydj fd, x, ç;klksa ls gqbZ gS] ;gh mudh mUufr dk jgL; gSA mu yksxksa
us viuh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, f'kYi&dkS'ky vkSj foKku dh cM+h Hkkjh
cikSrh /jksgj osQ :i esa NksM+h gSA
(Ä) vktknh osQ fy, vfuok;Z 'krZ D;k gS\
mRrj% vktknh osQ fy, vfuok;Z 'krZ ;g gS fd lHkh euq"; vusd rjg dh fiQdj
vkSj fparkvksa ls eqDr gksa vkSj muosQ n~okjk çR;sd dk;Z vkRefuHkZjrk ls fd;k
tk,A
gksjkbtu izsl 65 nh{kk&[6-8]
4.fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) bZ'oj Hkh lkuqowQy vkSj lgk;d mUgha dk gksrk gS] tks viuh lgk;rk
vius vki dj ldrs gSaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd euq"; dks fdlh Hkh dk;Z osQ fy, Lo;a ij
fuHkZj gksuk pkfg,A fdlh nwljs ij fuHkZj ugha jguk pkfg,A vr% bZ'oj Hkh
,sls gh O;fDr dh lgk;rk djrk gS] tks viuh lgk;rk Lo;a djrs gksA
([k) lH;rk vkSj gS D;k\ ;gh fd lH; tkfr osQ ,d&,d euq"; vkcky]
o`n~/] ofurk lHkh esa lH;rk osQ y{k.k ik, tk,¡A
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd lH;rk ,d gh tkfr
esa ugha oju~ gj ,d tkfr osQ cw<+s] cPps] vkSjr lc esa lH;rk osQ y{k.k gksus
pkfg,A vk/h v/wjh lH;rk gksus ls dksbZ iw.kZr% lH; ugha eku fy;k tkrkA
blfy, lHkh /eks± osQ yksxksa dks iw.kZ lH; cudj gh ns'k dh mUufr osQ fy,
dk;Z djuk gksxkA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) LokfeRo µ jkenhu fd'kksjh dh tehu dk >wBk LokfeRo trkus yxkA
eSa vius çR;sd dk;Z ij viuk iw.kZ LokfeRo j[krk gw¡A
([k) ijgstxkjµ vt; 'kjkc dk ijgstxkj gSA
gesa çR;sd eknd inkFkks± ls ijgstxkj gksuk pkfg,A
(x) rkyhe µ ek¡ us eq>s vPNh rkyhe fnykus dk oknk fd;kA
jktw fons'k ls cgqr vPNh rkyhe ysdj vk;k gSA
(?k) fons'kh µ jes'k nqcbZ tkdj fcyoqQy fons'kh cu x;kA
Hkkjr esa vc fons'kh oLrqvksa dk cksyckyk gSA
(Ä) foKku µ eq>s rks foKku dk fo"k; cgqr vPNk yxrk gSA
foKku vfHk'kki vkSj ojnku nksuksa dyk gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
vki tkurs gSa fd oqQN 'kCnka'k 'kCn osQ çkjaHk esa tqM+dj muosQ vFkZ esa
ifjorZu ;k fo'ks"krk mRiUu dj nsrs gSa] mUgsa milxZ dgrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr
milxks± dk ç;ksx djrs gq, rhu&rhu 'kCn fyf[k,µ
lq µ lqxe lqyHk lq;'k
Lo µ Lons'k LoHkko Lora=k
vo µ voxq.k vo/kj.kk vorkj
vuq µ vuqlkj vuqHko vuq:i
vi µ vieku vi;'k vigj.k
gksjkbtu izsl 66 nh{kk&[6-8]
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. o.kks± osQ ikjLifjd esy ls tks ifjorZu ;k fodkj mRiUu gksrk gS] mls laf/
dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ
er $ vuqlkj = erkuqlkj
Hkkstu $ vky; = Hkkstuky;
lhek $ var = lhekar
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/ foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) johanz µ jfo $ banz ([k) js[kka'k µ js[kk $ va'k
(x) fgeky; µ fge $ vky; (?k) lkdkj µ l $ vkdkj
(Ä) gjh'k µ gfj $ bZ'k (p) okxh'k µ oko~Q $ bZ'k
2. oqQN 'kCn laLÑr ls foÑr gksdj fganh Hkk"kk esa ç;qDr gksus yxs gSaA ,sls 'kCn
rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;Fkkµ
rRle rn~Hko
{ks=k [ksr
vkez vke
?k`r ?kh
fuEufyf[kr rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko crkb,µ
(d) owQi µ oqQvk¡ ([k) nqX/ µ nw/
(x) lIr µ lkr (?k) x`g µ ?kj
(Ä) iwoZ µ igys (p) m"Vª µ mQ¡V
(N) ukfldk µ ukd (t) nf/ µ ngh
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

7. çk;f'pr
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) esokM+ osQ egkjk.kk osQ fdl vax esa nnZ Fkk\
(i) vk¡[k 3 (ii) dku
([k) tyu osQ dkj.k jktk us viuk thou fdlosQ leku gksuk crk;k\
(i) lwjt osQ leku (ii) Tokykeq[kh osQ leku 3
gksjkbtu izsl 67 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) nok osQ vk¡trs gh vk¡[kksa esa D;k vk xbZ\
(i) BaMd 3 (ii) jks'kuh
(?k) gdhe us fdl i{kh dks ekjdj nok rS;kj dh Fkh\
(i) rksrk (ii) dcwrj 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) us=k ihM+k ls jktk dh D;k n'kk Fkh\ D;k jktk dks 'kh?kzrk ls mldk
liQy mipkj fey x;k\
mRrj% us=k ihM+k ls jktk dh vk¡[ksa iQVh tk jgh FkhaA jktk dh vk¡[kkas esa ,slk nnZ Fkk]
fd tkus dk uke gh ugha ys jgk FkkA nnZ ls iyosaQ Åij ugha mBrh Fkha vkSj
vk¡[kksa ls ikuh cgrk jgrk FkkA fnu&jkr vk¡[kksa esa tyu&pqHku jgrh FkhA
vk¡[ksa yky dusj dh rjg iwQy xbZ FkhaA jktk dks 'kh?kzrk ls dksbZ liQy mipkj
ugha fey ldkA
([k) gdhe us jktk dks D;k vk'oklu fn;k\ mldh vkS"kf/ dk D;k çHkko
gqvk\
mRrj% gdhe us jktk dks vk'oklu nsrs gq, dgkµ egkjkt] eq>s ,d ckj ekSdk rks
nhft,A gks ldrk gS] tgk¡ cM+h&cM+h nokb;k¡ csdkj gks xbZ gkas] ogk¡ jkLrs dh
/wy ls vkidk jksx feV tk,A dHkh&dHkh igkM+ dh vksV esa lwjt fNi tkrk
gSA eq>s yxrk gS] [kqnk vkidk nnZ t:j feVk,xk vkSj esjs gkFkksa dks tl
feyus okyk gksxk] rks t:j feysxkA eq>s iwjk Hkjkslk gS jk.kk thA vki ?kcjkb,
ughaaA gdhe dh vkS"kf/ ls jktk dh vk¡[kas Bhd gks xbZA
(x) gdhe ls vkS"kf/ cukus dh fof/ tkudj jktk ij D;k çHkko iM+k\
mRrj% gdhe ls vkS"kf/ cukus dh fof/ tkudj jktk dks cgqr nq%[k gqvkA mUgksaus
gdhe ls dgk&fd vkidks eq>s igys gh ;g lc crk nsuk pkfg, FkkA Hkksys
dcwrj osQ jDr ls cuh nok vk¡[kksa esa vk¡tus osQ ctk;] eSa lqbaZ ls bUgsa iQksM+
ysuk T;knk ilan djrkA ,slk dgdj egkjk.kk tehu ij eNyh dh rjg
yksVus yxsA
(?k) jktk us tho&gR;k dk D;k çk;f'pr fd;k\ ,slk djus dk fo/ku
mlus fdlls tkuk\
mRrj% ,d fujhg dcwrj dh gR;k osQ izk;f'pr osQ fy, jktk us fi?kyk gqvk lhlk
e¡xok;k vkSj xV&xV ih x,A tyrs gq, lhls us muosQ 'kjhj dks [kkd dj
fn;kA bl izdkj egkjk.kk us fi?kyk gqvk lhlk ihdj nsg R;kx dj
tho&gR;k dk çk;f'pr fd;kA ,slk djus dk fo/ku jktk us iafMrksa ls tkukA

gksjkbtu izsl 68 nh{kk&[6-8]


4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) /Uoarfj oSn~; osQ :i esa fo[;kr Fks] ij egkjk.kk dh vk¡[kksa dks Bhd
djus dk dksbZ dhfe;k liQy ugha gks jgk FkkA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; esa ys[kd jktk dh vk¡[kksa osQ nnZ osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, dgrk gS
fd tc esokM+ osQ egkjkt dh vk¡[ksa ihM+k ls iQVh tk jgh Fkh] rks jkt oSn~;
/Uoarfj] tks ,d mPp oSn~; osQ :i esa fo[;kr Fks] muosQ vusd ç;ksx djus
ij Hkh egkjk.kk dh vk¡[kksa dks vkjke ugha fey ik jgk FkkA
([k) fdlh us tyrh&gqbZ HkV~Vh dks fgeky; ?kksydj fiyk fn;k gksA yxrk
Fkk] fdlh us Tokykeq[kh ij lwjteq[kh osQ iwQy f[kyk fn, gksaA
vk'k;µ ys[kd dgrk gS] fd tc vusd ç;ksxksa osQ ckn Hkh jktk dh vk¡[kksa dh
tyu Bhd u gqbZ] rks var esa ,d gdhe th us egkjk.kk th dh vk¡[kksa dk
bykt vkjaHk fd;kA gdhe th us vkS"kf/ rS;kj dh vkSj egkjk.kk th dh
vk¡[kksa esa mls vk¡tkA nok osQ vk¡trs gh vk¡[kksa esa cjiQ dh&lh BaMd vk xbZA
egkjk.kk th dks ,slk çrhr gqvk] tSls fdlh us vaxkjksa dh tyrh gqbZ HkV~Vh
dks fgeky; dh cjiQ ?kksydj fiyk nh gksA tSls fdlh us Tokykeq[kh osQ eq[k
ij lwjteq[kh osQ iwQy f[kyk fn, gksA jk.kk th dk nnZ diwj dh rjg gok esa
mM+ x;k vkSj jk.kk th dh vk¡[kksa dks BaMd fey xbZA
5. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^tyu osQ dkj.k esjk thou Tokykeq[kh cu jgk gSA** jktk us] gdhe ls
([k) ^^esjs gkFkksa dks tl feyus okyk] gksxk rks t:j feysxkA** gdhe us] jktk ls
(x) ^^bl iki dk çk;f'pr djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSaA**
iafMrksa us] jktk ls
6. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) tyu µ jek dks xhrk dh lqanjrk ls cgqr tyu gksrh gSA
tyu gksus ij O;fDr lc oqQN Hkwy tkrk gSA
([k) dhfe;k µ MkWDVj lkgc us ubZ vkS"kf/ osQ fy, dhfe;k fd;kA
gekjs vè;kid th us ç;ksx'kkyk esa ,d dhfe;k fd;kA
(x) buke µ eq>s buke esa cgqr vPNk migkj feykA
jktw dks nkSM+ çfr;ksfxrk esa çFke vkus ij buke feykA
(?k) vkS"kf/ µ oSn~;th dh vkS"kf/ us rks deky dj fn;kA
eq>s rst cq[kkj gksus ij ek¡ us eq>s vkS"kf/ nhA
(Ä) çk;f'prµcqjs] dk;Z djus ij çk;f'pr djuk cgqr vko';d gSA
pksj dks tc viuh xyrh dk ,glkl gqvk] rks mlus mldk
çk;f'pr djus dk fu'p; fd;kA
gksjkbtu izsl 69 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ftu 'kCnksa ij fyax] opu] dky] dkjd vkfn osQ çHkko ls dksbZ fodkj
mRiUu ugha gksrk gS] os vO;; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµFkksM+k] vo';] m/j] b/j]
mQij] uhps vkfnA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls vO;; Nk¡Vdj lkeus fyf[k,µ
(d) rqEgsa eafnj esa vo'; tkuk pkfg,A vo';
([k) Hkhrj cM+h xjeh gSA Hkhrj
(x) rqEgsa bl ckjs esa FkksM+k lkspuk gksxkA FkksM+k
(?k) igkM+ksa osQ mQij cjiQ teh gSA mQij
2. fganh Hkk"kk esa oqQN vkoktksa osQ fy, fof'k"V 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_
tSlsµ dks;y owQdrh gSA x/k jsadrk gSA ?kksM+s fgufgukrs gSaA
,sls 'kCnksa dks èoU;kRed ;k vuqdj.kkRed 'kCn dgrs gSaA
fjDr LFkkuksa esa ,sls gh èoU;kRed ;k vuqdj.kkRed 'kCn fyf[k,µ
([ku&[ku] [kV&[kV] pgpgkus] fdVfdVkrs)
(d) BaM esa nk¡r fdVfdVkrs gSaA
([k) njokts ij [kV&[kV dh vkokt gqbZA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

8. U;k;
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ek?k iwf.kZek dk nwljk uke D;k gS\
(i) xaxk&Luku 3 (ii) oaqQHk Luku
([k) egkjkuh dks nq'kkyk vks<+us osQ fy, fdlus dgk\
(i) paik us 3 (ii) csyk us
(x) jkuh dks >ksaiM+s u tykus dh lykg fdlus nh\
(i) csyk us 3 (ii) pkscnkj us
gksjkbtu izsl 70 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) D;k >ksaiM+ksa esa vkx yxk nh xbZ\
(i) ugha (ii) gk¡ 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) d#.kk dkSu Fkh vkSj og dgk¡ tkuk pkgrh Fkh\
mRrj% d#.kk dk'kh jkT; dh egkjkuh Fkh vkSj og ek?k iwf.kZek osQ volj ij
xaxk&Luku osQ fy, tkuk pkgrh FkhA
([k) egkjkuh us >ksaiM+s [kkyh djus dk vkns'k D;ksa fn;k Fkk\
mRrj% egkjkuh us >ksaiM+s [kkyh djkus dk vkns'k blfy, fn;k Fkk] D;ksafd og viuh
nkfl;ksa osQ lkFk ?kkV ij xaxk&Luku djuk pkgrh FkhA blhfy, jkuh us vius
lsodksa dks vkns'k fn;k fd tc rd og xaxk&Luku djosQ okfil u vk tk,]
rc rd ?kkV ij dksbZ Hkh vkneh fn[kkbZ u nsA
(x) jkuh us >ksaiM+ksa esa vkx D;ksa yxok nh Fkh\
mRrj% jkuh us >ksaiM+h esa vkx blfy, yxok nh Fkh] D;kasfd mUgsa cgqr BaM yx jgh FkhA
(?k) dk'kh ujs'k ls fdl ckr dk U;k; ek¡xk tk jgk Fkk\
mRrj% jkuh us BaM ls cpus osQ fy, xjhcksa osQ >ksaiM+s tyok fn, Fks] ftlls lHkh xk¡o
okys cs?kj gks x, FksA ,slh ljnh esa os cPpksa dks ysdj dgk¡ tk,\ blh ckr
dks ysdj dk'kh ujs'k ls U;k; ek¡xk tk jgk FkkA
(Ä) dk'kh ujs'k us egkjkuh d#.kk dks D;k naM lquk;k\
mRrj% dk'kh ujs'k us egkjkuh d#.kk dks jktegy NksM+dj lk/kj.k euq";ksa dh Hkk¡fr
fdlh >ksaiM+h esa ,d o"kZ rd ifjJeiwoZd thou&;kiu djus dk naM
lquk;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ioZ osQ bl volj ij vkidks Hkh xaxk&Luku dk iq.; ykHk ysuk
pkfg,A
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd dk'kh jkT; esa xaxk Luku osQ ifo=k ioZ
ij egkjkuh dh nkfl;k¡ mudks xaxk Luku dk egRo crykrs gq, dgrh gS fd
ek?k iwf.kZek dk ioZ cgqr gh ifo=k vkSj egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj egkjkuh dks bl ioZ
ij xaxk Luku djosQ iq.; çkIr djuk pkfg,A
([k) dk'kh dh egkjkuh bruh ozwQj! bruh funZ;h! bruh ân;ghu! ;fn
egkjkuh dh vkKk ls ;g dk;Z fd;k x;k gS] rks mUgsa vo'; mfpr naM
feysxkA
vk'k;µ ys[kd us mDr okD; esa dk'kh ujs'k osQ mfpr U;k; osQ ckjs esa crk;k gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 71 nh{kk&[6-8]
tc xaxk Luku djus osQ ckn] BaM yxus osQ dkj.k egkjkuh us] vius vkidks
BaM ls cpkus osQ fy, xjhcksa dh >ksifM+;k¡ tyok nh] rks egkjktk us vke
turk dh rjg gh jkuh dks naM fn;k vkSj mUgsa jktegy ls fudky fn;kA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ioZ µ çR;sd ioZ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh vueksy /jksgj gSA
eSa ek?k iwf.kZek osQ ioZ ij viuh ekrkth osQ lkFk xaxk&Luku osQ
fy, xbZA
([k) Luku µ eSa xaxk Luku osQ fy, gfjn~okj x;kA
çfrfnu Luku djus ls eu çlUufpr jgrk gSA
(x) ,dkar µ eSaus ,dkar esa cSBdj viuh i<+kbZ dhA
lk/q&lar ,adkr esa cSBdj viuh iwtk&ikB djrs gSaA
(?k) ydM+h µ esjs firkth us ydM+h osQ f[kykSus cuk,A
ydM+h dk gekjs thou esa cgqr egRo gSA
(Ä) BaM µ tuojh osQ ekSle esa cgqr BaM gksrh gSA
uSuhrky esa cjiQ fxjus ls BaM vkSj c<+ xbZA
6. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^'kk;n dy ek?k iwf.kZek dk ioZ gSA** d#.kk us] paik ls
([k) ^^vkidh vkKk ls lcdks ;gk¡ ls gVk fn;k x;k gSA**
piyk us] egkjkuh th ls
(x) ^^tkvks muosQ çfrfuf/ dks rqjar gekjs ikl Hkst nksA**
dk'kh ujs'k us] n~okjiky ls
(?k) ^^bl ljnh esa vius cky&cPpksa dks ysdj dgk¡ tk,¡\
,d O;fDr us] egkjkt ls
(Ä) ^^;g esjs ç'u dk mRrj ugha gSA** dk'kh ujs'k us] egkjkuh ls
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. dHkh&dHkh fdUgha nks 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k o ys[ku esa cgqr ekewyh&lk varj
gksrk gS foaQrq muosQ vFkZ ,dne vyx gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ ty vkSj tkyA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk varj okD; cukdj Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ?kkV µ eNqokjs us ?kkV ij tkdj eNfy;k¡ idM+hA
?kkVk µ jkgqy osQ firk dk dke Bhd u pyus ls O;kikj esa ?kkVk gks
x;kA
([k) vksj µ o"kkZ ½rq esa pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
vkSj µ jke vkSj ';ke i<+us osQ fy, LowQy x,A
gksjkbtu izsl 72 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. ukVd esa vk, bu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) f'kdk;r µ pqxyh ([k) xjhc µ fu/Zu
(x) bartke µ O;oLFkk (?k) ltk µ naM
(Ä) tehu µ /jrh (p) utjsa µ n`f"V
3. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa v'kqn~f/;ksa dks Bhd dj iqu% fyf[k,µ
(d) eSa çtk dks ugha ns[kuk gSA eq>s çtk dks ugha ns[kuk gSA
([k) vkvks] Luku dks dj fy;k tk,A vkvks] Luku dj fy;k tk,A
(x) eq>dks rks BaM yxus yxkA eq>s rks BaM yxus yxhA
(?k) egkjkt ls t; gksA egkjkt dh t; gksA
(Ä) rqeus ml dk'kh dks vieku fd;k gSA rqeus ml dk'kh dk vieku fd;k gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) lsod µ nkl ([k) xjhc µ fu/Zu
(x) xaxk µ HkkxhjFkh (?k) ioZ µ R;ksgkj
(Ä) ujs'k µ jktk (p) ltk µ naM
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

9. fujk'k D;ksa gks\


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) bZekunkjh dks fdldk i;kZ; le>k tkus yxk gS\
(i) lPpkbZ dk (ii) ew[kZrk dk 3
([k) Hkkjro"kZ dkuwu dks fdl :i esa ns[krk vk jgk gS\
(i) fu;e osQ (ii) /eZ osQ 3
(x) ys[kd us nl #i, osQ ctk; fdrus #i, dk uksV fn;k\
(i) lkS #i, dk 3 (ii) chl #i, dk
(?k) ukStokuksa us fdldks ihVus dk fglkc cuk;k\
(i) oaQMDVj dks (ii) Mªkboj dks 3
gksjkbtu izsl 73 nh{kk&[6-8]
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ
(d) thou osQ egku ewY;ksa osQ ckjs esa vkt gekjh vkLFkk D;ksa Mxexkus yxh gS\
mRrj% bu fnuksa oqQN ,slk ekgkSy cuk gS fd bZekunkjh ls esgur djosQ thfodk
pykus okys fujhg vkSj Hkksys&Hkkys Jethoh fil jgs gSa vkSj >wB rFkk iQjsc
dk jkstxkj djus okys iQy&iwQy jgs gSaA bZekunkjh dks ew[kZrk dk i;kZ; le>k
tkus yxk gS] lPpkbZ osQoy Hkh# vkSj cscl yksxksa osQ fgLls iM+h gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa thou osQ egku ewY;ksa osQ ckjs esa yksxksa dh vkLFkk gh fgyus yxh gSA
([k) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj fdl çdkj osQ vkpj.k dks fuÑ"V dgk x;k gS\
mRrj% ys[kd osQ vuqlkj HkkSfrd oLrqvksa osQ laxzg dks cgqr vf/d egRo ugha fn;k
gSA mudh n`f"V ls euq"; osQ Hkhrj] tks egku vkarfjd rRo fLFkj Hkko ls cSBk
gqvk gS] ogh pje vkSj ije gSA yksHk&eksg] dke&Øks/ vkfn fodkj euq"; esa
LokHkkfod :i ls fon~;eku jgrs gSa] ij mUgsa ç/ku 'kfDr eku ysuk vkSj
vius eu rFkk cqn~f/ dks mUgha osQ b'kkjs ij NksM+ nsuk cgqr fuÑ"V vkpj.k gSA
(x) çLrqr fuca/ esa ys[kd us vkt ns'k esa O;kIr fujk'kk dk D;k dkj.k
crk;k gS\
mRrj% çLrqr fuca/ esa ys[kd us dgk gS] fd lekt osQ mQijh oxZ esa pkgs tks Hkh
gksrk jgk gks] Hkhrj&Hkhrj Hkkjro"kZ vc Hkh og vuqHko dj jgk gS fd /eZ
dkuwu ls cM+h pht gSA vc Hkh lsok] bZekunkjh] lPpkbZ vkSj vkè;kfRedrk
osQ ewY; cus gq, gSaA os nc vo'; x, gSa ysfdu u"V ugha gq,A vkt Hkh og
euq"; ls çse djrk gS] efgykvksa dk lEeku djrk gS] >wB vkSj pksjh dks
xyr le>rk gS] nwljs dks ihM+k igq¡pkus dks iki le>rk gSA gj vkneh vius
O;fDrxr thou esa bl ckr dk vuqHko djrk gSA lekpkj&i=kksa esa tks
Hkz"Vkpkj osQ çfr bruk vkØks'k gS] og ;gh lkfcr djrk gS fd ge ,slh
phtksa dks xyr le>rs gSa vkSj lekt ls mu rRoksa dh çfr"Bk de djuk
pkgrs gSa] tks xyr rjhosQ ls /u ;k eku laxzg djrs gSaA
(?k) vkt gekjs eu esa fujk'kk D;ksa vkrh tk jgh gS\
mRrj% ys[kd osQ vuqlkj vkt gekjs eu esa fujk'kk blfy, vkrh tk jgh gS] D;ksafd
vkt lekpkj&i=kksa esa Bxh] MoSQrh] pksjh] rLdjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj osQ lekpkj
Hkjs jgrs gSaA vkjksi&çR;kjksi dk oqQN ,slk okrkoj.k cu x;k gS fd yxrk gS]
ns'k esa dksbZ bZekunkj vkneh gh ugha jg x;k gSA çR;sd O;fDr lansg dh n`f"V
ls ns[kk tk jgk gSA tks ftrus gh mQ¡ps in ij gS] muesa mrus gh vf/d nks"k
fn[kk, tkrs gSaA
(Ä) ys[kd fdl cycwrs ij dgrk gS fd nqfu;k ls lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh
yqIr ugha gqbZ gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A
mRrj% ys[kd dk dguk gS fd ,d ckj jsyos LVs'ku ij fVdV ysrs gq, xyrh ls
gksjkbtu izsl 74 nh{kk&[6-8]
ys[kd us nl osQ ctk, lkS #i, dk uksV fn;k vkSj tYnh&tYnh xkM+h esa
vkdj cSB x,A FkksM+h nsj esa fVdV ckcw mu fnuksa osQ lsosaQM Dykl osQ fMCcs esa
gj vkneh dk psgjk igpkurk gqvk mifLFkr gqvkA mlus ys[kd dks igpku
fy;k vkSj cM+h fouezrk osQ lkFk ys[kd osQ gkFk esa uCcs #i, j[k fn, vkSj
cksyk] ^^;g cgqr xyrh gks xbZ FkhA vkius Hkh ugha ns[kk] eSaus Hkh ugha ns[kkA**
bl mnkgj.k osQ cycwrs ij ys[kd dgrk gS fd nqfu;k ls lPpkbZ vkSj
bZekunkjh yqIr ugha gqbZ gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) bl le; lq[kh ogh gS] tks oqQN ugha djrk] tks oqQN Hkh djsxk] mlesa
yksx nks"k [kkstus yxsaxsA
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ns'k esa dgha Hkh
bZekunkjh ugha cphA çR;sd O;fDr dks lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA tks
ftrus mQ¡ps in ij dk;Zjr gS] og mruk gh vf/d Hkz"Vkpkjh gSA cl ogh
O;fDr lq[kh gS] tks fdlh osQ dk;Z es n[kyvankth ugha djrk] cfYd vius
dke ls dke j[krk gSA ;fn lgh O;fDr fdlh xyr dk;Z dks ns[kdj mlesa
n[kyvankth djsxk] rks yksx mYVk mles gh nks"k fudky nasxsA
([k) cqjkbZ esa jl ysuk cqjh ckr gS] vPNkbZ dks mruk gh jl ysdj mtkxj u
djuk vkSj Hkh cqjh ckr gSA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd nks"kksa dks lcosQ
lkeus mtkxj djuk cqjh ckr ugha gSA exj fdlh dh cqjkbZ lqudj] mlesa
dfe;k¡ fudkyuk cgqr cqjh ckr gSA exj lcls xyr ckr ;g gS fd fdlh
dh vPNkbZ tkudj Hkh] mldh vPNkbZ dks nwljksa osQ lkeus mtkxj ugha
djukA ftUgsa mtkxj djus ls yksd&fpRr esa vPNkbZ osQ çfr vPNh Hkkouk
tkxrh gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) Hkz"Vkpkjµ gekjs ns'k esa gj jkst Hkz"Vkpkj c<+rk tk jgk gSA
usrk yksx gh Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
([k) fpark µ eq>s esjh ekrk th osQ LokLF; dh cgqr fpark gSA
xkSjo osQ nsj ls ?kj ykSVus ij] mlosQ firk th dks cM+h fpark gqbZA
(x) vkLFkk µ bZ'oj esa esjh iw.kZ vkLFkk gSA
jkosQ'k us cM+h gh vkLFkk osQ lkFk jkts'k dks viuh ckr crkbZA
(?k) dkuwu µ dkuwu osQ fy, xjhc vkSj vehj esa dksbZ varj ughaA
dkuwu vijk/h dks ltk vo'; nsxkA
gksjkbtu izsl 75 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) xfjek µ jkosQ'k us viuh xfjek dks c<+kus osQ fy, >wB dk lgkjk fy;kA
vf/dkfj;ksa dks vius in dh xfjek cuk, j[kuh pkfg,A
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) çR;kjksi µ çfr $ vkjksi ([k) vkè;kfRedrk µ vkè; $vkfRedrk
(x) Hkz"Vkpkj µ Hkz"V $ vkpkj (?k) nks"kksn~?kkVu µ nks"k $ mn~?kkVu
2. çLrqr ikB ls ^bd* rFkk ^bZ;* çR;; okys 'kCn pqudj viuh vH;kl &
iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
ftu okD;ksa esa fdlh dke osQ u gksus dk irk pys] mUgsa fu"ks/okpd okD; dgrs gSaA
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks fu"ks/okpd okD;ksa esa cnfy,µ
(d) ns'k esa vf'kf{kr O;fDr gh jg x, gSaA
ns'k esa vf'kf{kr O;fDr ugha jgs gSaA
([k) tks dke djsxk] yksx mls gh ljkgsaxsA
tks dke ugha djsxk] yksx mls ugha ljkgsaxsA
(x) Hkz"Vkpkj dks ns[kdj grk'k gks tkuk mfpr gSA
Hk"Vªkpkj dks ns[kdj grk'k gks tkuk mfpr ugha gSA
(?k) vkt o"kkZ gksxhA
vkt o"kkZ ugha gksxhA
(Ä) O;fDr&fpRr lc le; vkn'kks± n~okjk pkfyr gksrk gSA
O;fDr&fpRr lc le; vkn'kks± n~okjk pkfyr ugha gksrk gSA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

10. ,d frudk
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd fdlls Hkjk gqvk Fkk\
(i) ?keaM ls 3 (ii) Øks/ ls
gksjkbtu izsl 76 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) ys[kd dh vk¡[k esa D;k iM+k\
(i) dhM+k (ii) frudk 3
(x) ys[kd dh vk¡[kksa dk jax oSQlk gks x;k\
(i) ihyk (ii) yky 3
(?k) frudk fdlls fudy x;k\
(i) <c ls 3 (ii) ikuh ls
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) frudk dgk¡ ls mM+rk gqvk vk;k vkSj dgk¡ fxj iM+k\
mRrj% frudk vpkud nwj ls mM+rk gqvk vk;k vkSj eqaMsj ij [kM+s dfo dh vk¡[k esa
fxj x;kA
([k) dfo cspSu&lk gksdj D;ksa f>>d mBk\
mRrj% vk¡[k esa frudk fxj tkus ls dfo cspSu gksdj f>>d mBkA
(x) frudk fxjus ij dfo dh vk¡[k dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\
mRrj% frudk fxjus ij dfo dh vk¡[k yky gksdj nq[kus yxh FkhA
(?k) yksxksa us dfo dh vk¡[k dk D;k mipkj fd;k\
mRrj% yksxksa us dfo dh vk¡[k ij diM+s dks cVksjdj cRrh cukbZ vkSj vk¡[k dh
fldkbZ dhA
(Ä) dfo dks fdlus rkus fn,\
mRrj% dfo dks [kqn mldh le> us rkuk ekjkA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vk vpkud nwj&ls mM+rk gqvk]
,d frudk vk¡[k esa esjh iM+kA
vk'k;µ dfo us vagdkj ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, crk;k gS fd vagdkj es Mwck O;fDr
vius ?kj dh eqaMsj ij [kM+k gqvk FkkA vpkud ,d NksVs fruosQ osQ vk¡[k esa
fxj tkus ek=k ls gh dfo bruk O;koqQy gks mBk fd og vius lkjs vagdkj dks
iy esa gh Hkwy cSBkA blfy, dHkh Hkh fdlh NksVh&lh oLrq dks Hkh rqPN ugha
le>uk pkfg,A
([k) ,saBrk rw fdlfy, bruk jgk]
,d frudk gS cgqr rsjs fy,A
vk'k;µ dfo dgrk gS fd tc frudk O;fDr dh vk¡[k ls fudy x;k] rks rc
mldh lksp us mldks rkuk ekjrs gq, dgk fd rw bruk vagdkj fdl ckr ij
djrk jgk] rsjs vagdkj dks rksM+us osQ fy, ,d frudk gh cgqr gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 77 nh{kk&[6-8]
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ?keaM µ jkew dks viuh vPNh ukSdjh ij cgqr ?keaM gSA
?keaM djus okys O;fDr dks dksbZ ilan ugha djrkA
([k) vpkudµ vpkud rst o"kkZ vk xbZA
esjs ekekth vkt vpkud gh gekjs ?kj vk x,A
(x) vk¡[k µ usgk dh vk¡[ksa cgqr lqanj gSaA
jks&jksdj fu'kk dh vk¡[ksa lwt xbZA
(?k) ik¡o µ pksj ncs ik¡o ?kj esa nkf[ky gq,A
fookg lekjksg ls nsjh ls ykSVus ij] eSa ekrk th osQ Mj ls ncs
ik¡o ?kj esa vk;kA
(Ä) frudk µ fpfM+;k us lw[ks frudksa ls lqanj ?kksalyk cuk;kA
,d frudk esjh vk¡[k esa fxj x;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) jes'k vkSj jksgu [ksy jgh gSaA
jes'k vkSj jksgu [ksy jgs gSaA
([k) mlus ikoZQ esa [kwc >wyk >wyhA
mlus ikoZQ esa [kwc >wyk >wykA
(x) mlus eq>ls esjk iqLrd ek¡xk gSA
mlus eq>ls esjh iqLrd ek¡xh gSA
(?k) bu lcksa dks ;gk¡ ls okil Hkst nksA
bu lcdks ;gk¡ ls okil Hkst nksA
(Ä) vkidks eq>ls fdl dke gS\
vkidks eq>ls D;k dke gS\
2. fyax cnfy,µ
(d) lqr µ lqrk ([k) nkl µ nklh
(x) riLoh µ rifLouh (?k) BkoqQj µ BoqQjkbu
(Ä) ikBd µ ikfBdk (p) tkV µ tkVuh
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. Hkkookpd laKk cukb,µ
(d) lR; µ lR;rk ([k) tkx:d µ tkx:drk
(x) okLro µ okLrfodrk (?k) Ñi.k µ Ñi.krk
(Ä) lkSE; µ lkSE;rk (p) ;ksX; µ ;ksX;rk
gksjkbtu izsl 78 nh{kk&[6-8]
,dopu :i fyf[k,µ
2.
(d) yM+fd;k¡µ yM+dh ([k) <ksyosaQ µ <ksyd
(x) c/kb;k¡ µ c/kbZ (?k) lxkb;k¡ µ lxkbZ
(Ä) ek,¡ µ ek¡ (p) ;qofr;k¡ µ ;qorh
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

11. thou vkSj uSfrdrk


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) HkkSfrd thou fdl :i ls le`n~f/ osQ f'k[kj dks Nw jgk gS\
(i) vfo'oluh; 3 (ii) fo'oluh;
([k) LokFkZijrk oSQlh o`fRr gS\
(i) vuSfrd 3 (ii) uSfrd
(x) vuSfrd vkpj.k fdldk vkxkj gS\
(i) 'kkafr dk (ii) v'kkafr dk 3
(?k) çkÑfrd fu;eksa dh vogsyuk ls euq"; dk 'kjhj oSQlk gks tkrk gS\
(i) vLoLFk 3 (ii) LoLFk
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) leLr lqfo/kvksa osQ gksrs gq, Hkh vkt euq"; osQ eu dh D;k n'kk gS\
mRrj% leLr lqfo/kvksa osQ gksrs gq, Hkh vkt euq"; dk eu fujk'k o mRlkgghu gSA
vkt euq"; vkarfjd :i ls ,dne v'kkar gSA fdlh vksj ls Hkh mls lPph
'kkafr izkIr ugha gks ikrhA
([k) yksx vuSfrd vkpj.k osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls roZQ nsrs gSa\
mRrj% yksx vuSfrd vkpj.k osQ fy, roZQ nsrs gq, dgrs gaS fdµ ¶>wB osQ fcuk
dke ugha pyrk¸] ¶bZekunkjh ls O;fDr vkxs ugha c<+ ldrk¸] ¶nwljksa dh
lkspsa] rks viuk D;k gksxk¸ vkfn&vkfnA
(x) euq"; vius fy, nq%[k osQ cht fdl :i esa cksrk gS\
mRrj% euq"; vius fy, nq%[k osQ cht vuSfrd vkpj.k osQ :i esa cksrk gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 79 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) Lo;a dks vk/qfud ekuus okys yksxksa dks 'kkL=kksa dh ckrsa çk;% igys
oSQls yxrh gSa\
mRrj% Lo;a dks vk/qfud ekuus okys yksxksa dks 'kkL=kksa dh ckrsa izk;% igyss iqjkuh
vkSj nfd;kuwlh yxrh gSaA
(Ä) oqQN uSfrd fu;eksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
mRrj% uSfrd fu;e vR;ar lh/s&lk/s o ljy gSa_ tSlsµ lR; cksyas] fdlh dk eu u
nq[kk,¡] fdlh dk vf/dkj u Nhusa] pksjh u djsa] fdlh dks u lrk,¡] bZekunkjh
ls jgsa vkfn&vkfnA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) cVu nckrs gh euq"; dh lq[k&lqfo/kvksa osQ fy, cuk, x, midj.k
æqr xfr ls dk;Z djus yxrs gSa] fiQj Hkh vkt ekuo fujk'k o
mRlkgghu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
vk'k;µ ysf[kdk dguk pkgrh gS fd vkt osQ HkkSfrd thou us vfo'oluh; :i
ls rjDdh dh gSA euq"; osQ ikl mldh leLr dYiuk,¡ ;a=k osQ :iksa esa
mifLFkr gSaA rhoz xfr ls ;a=kksa dk vkfo"dkj gqvk gSA cVu nckrs gh midj.k
rhoz xfr ls viuk dk;Z djus yxrs gSaA fiQj Hkh euq"; mRlkfgr ugha fn[kkbZ
nsrk] D;ksafd gekjs iwoZtksa osQ eq[k ij vHkko esa thou fcrkus ij Hkh larks"k o
r`fIr dh tks >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA og vkt dh ih<+h osQ fy, vlaHko gSA
([k) vc og viuk loZLo nsdj Hkh iyHkj 'kkar gksuk pkgrk gS] foaQrq
fdlh vksj ls Hkh lPph 'kkafr çkIr ugha gks ikrhA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ysf[kdk dgrh gS fd euq"; dk eu çR;sd vuSfrd dk;Z ls
nwf"kr gksrk gSA O;fDr dk vuSfrd vkpj.k Lo;a gh v'kkafr dk vkxkj gSA
vr% euq"; osQ eu esa /hjs&/hjs v'kkafr c<+rh gSA O;fDr vius nq%[k dk
dkj.k çk;% nwljksa dks ekurk gS] okLro esa nq%[k osQ cht mlus Lo;a gh
vuSfrd vkpj.k osQ :i esa cks, Fks] vc O;fDr viuk loZLo nsdj Hkh
iyHkj esa 'kkar gksuk pkgrk gS] foaQrq fdlh vksj ls Hkh mls lPph 'kkafr çkIr
ugha gks ikrhA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vfo'oluh;µ esjs pkpk th vfo'oluh; O;fDr gSaA
pqxy[kksj O;fDr ges'kk vfo'oluh; gksrk gSA
([k) vogsyuk µ rqeus lHkh fe=kksa osQ lkeus esjh vogsyuk dhA
jke dk O;kikj vPNk D;k py iM+k] og lcdh
vogsyuk djus yxkA
gksjkbtu izsl 80 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) leL;k µ c<+rh vkcknh cgqr cM+h leL;k gSA
çnw"k.k dh leL;k dks c<+us ls jksduk gksxkA
(?k) nqHkkZX; µ nqHkkZX; ls vkt esjh ukSdjh pyh xbZA
lhrk th osQ nqHkkZX; us mUgsa ouokl fnyk fn;kA
(Ä) vLoLFk µ esjh ekrk th vkt vLoLFk gSaA
nwf"kr Hkkstu [kkus ls ge vLoLFk gks tkrs gSaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
izk;% ,d&lk vFkZ O;Dr djus okys 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh okD; osQ vuqlkj
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSa ;Fkkµ^HkhM+*] ^VqdM+h*] ^tRFkk*] ^eaMyh* vkfn pkjksa 'kCnksa osQ
vFkZ esa ,d lw{e Hksn gSA tgk¡ ^HkhM+* yksxksa osQ fy, rks ^VqdM+h* lSfudksa osQ fy,
vkSj ^tRFkk* vkanksyudkfj;ksa osQ fy, o ^eaMYkh* HkDrksa osQ fy, iz;qDr fd, tkus
okys 'kCn gSaA
blh çdkj dk lw{e varj okD; cukdj Li"V dhft,µ
(d) drZO; µ (/eZ osQ fy,) gesa vius drZO; ls gVuk ugha pkfg,A
dk;Z µ (dksbZ Hkh dke) gesa viuk dk;Z lqxerkiwoZd djuk pkfg,A
([k) 'kksd µ (fiz; O;fDr dh e`R;q ij) vfHkeU;q dh e`R;q dk lekpkj
lqudj ikaMo 'kksoQ&larIr gks x,A
[ksn µ (vius O;ogkj vkfn ij) eq>s vius O;ogkj ij [ksn gSA
(x) iki µ (vuSfrd] v/kfeZd) tho&gR;k iki gSA
vijk/ µ (fof/ fo#n~/ dk;Z) phtksa esa feykoV djosQ cspuk vijk/ gSA
(?k) iRuh µ (fookfgrk L=kh) jfo dh iRuh cM+h gh lq'khy gSA
L=kh µ (dksbZ Hkh efgyk) L=kh tkfr dk lEeku djksA
(Ä) mi;ksx µ (fo'ks"k :i ls dke esa ykuk) eaSus NqV~fV;ksa esa daI;wVj lh[kdj
le; dk lgh mi;ksx fd;kA
ç;ksx µ (lkEkkU; :i ls bLrseky) fctyh osQ midj.kksa dk ç;ksx djrs
le; lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A
v O;kdj.k&Kku
nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa dks feykdj tc fdlh Lora=k 'kCn dh jpuk dh tkrh gS]
rc bl la;ksx dks lekl dgrs gSaA lkekfld 'kCnksa osQ chp osQ laca/ dks Li"V
djuk] lekl foxzg dgykrk gSaµ
lkekfld 'kCn lekl foxzg
;'k çkIr ;'k dks çkIr
ijyksd xeu ijyksd dks xeu
gksjkbtu izsl 81 nh{kk&[6-8]
blh çdkj fuEufyf[kr lkekfld 'kCnksa dk lekl foxzg dhft,µ
(d) ekxZO;; µ ekxZ osQ fy, O;; ([k) 'kksdkoqQy µ 'kksd ls vkoqQy
(x) ns'kHkfDr µ ns'k osQ fy, HkfDr (?k) iFkHkz"V µ iFk ls Hkz"V
(Ä) xaxkty µ xaxk dk ty (p) lsukuk;d µ lsuk dk uk;d
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

12. esjs voxq.k


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ikB osQ vuqlkj fdl dk;Z esa pkjikbZ ij cSBs&cSBs ;'k&ykHk dh çkfIr gks
tkrh gS\
(i) ys[ku dk;Z esa 3 (ii) usrkfxjh osQ dk;Z esa
([k) vglku trkus osQ fy, Xykfu gksus ij ys[kd D;k ek¡x ysrk gS\
(i) ekiQh 3 (ii) Hkkstu
(x) ys[kd fdlosQ okD; dks vkn'kZ okD; cukuk pkgrk gS\
(i) ckck eywdnkl 3 (ii) ckck xksj[kukFk
(?k) ys[kd dks fdldh xa/ cgqr vPNh yxrh gS\
(i) b=k dh (ii) /wi dh 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd dks dkSu&lk dk;Z dfBu o v#fpdj yxrk gS\
mRrj% ys[kd dks usrk fxjh djus dk dk;Z dfBu o v#fpdj yxrk gS] D;ksafd mls
eksVj] rk¡xksa esa ?kweuk vPNk ugha yxrkA xyk iQkM+dj dHkh&dHkh fcuk
ykmMLihdj osQ Hkh O;k[;ku nsuk gksrk gS] tkM+ksa esa Hkh 'kqn~/ [kn~nj osQ cxqys
osQ ia[k tSls lisQn oqQjrs esa gh larks"k djuk iM+rk gS vkSj ?kj ij
eD[ku&VksLV mM+krs gq, Hkh ckgj ikfVZ;ksa esa puk&xqM+ [kkus dk R;kx fn[kkuk
gksrk gSA
([k) ys[kd dks nwljksa ij vglku djuk D;ksa vPNk yxrk gS\
mRrj% ys[kd dks nwljksa ij vglku djuk blfy, vPNk yxrk gS] D;ksafd ftl ij
vglku fd;k tkrk gS] og vglku djus okys dks cM+k ekurk gSA mldk og
lnk vkHkkj ekurk gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 82 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) ys[kd D;ksa ugha pkgrk fd fdlh osQ nknk&ijnknk dh e`R;q gks\
mRrj% ys[kd fdlh osQ nknk&ijnknkvksa dk Hkh ej.k ugha pkgrkA bl 'kqHkdkeuk dk
vlyh dkj.k ;g gS] fd ys[kd dks 'e'kku rd u tkuk iM+sA
(?k) çLrqr ikB esa ys[kd osQ vkyL; dk ifjp; fdu&fdu ckrksa ls feyrk gS\
mRrj% ys[kd dks usrkfxjh djuk vPNk ugha yxrk] D;ksafd mlesa cgqr ?kweuk iM+rk
gS rFkk Hkk"k.k nsuk iM+rk gSA ys[kd vius fdlh ikl&iM+kslh ;k laca/h dh
e`R;q Hkh ugha pkgrk] rkfd mls 'e'kku rd Hkh u tkuk iMs+A bu lc ckrkas ls
ys[kd osQ vkyL; dk ifjp; feyrk gSA
(Ä) çLrqr ikB ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
mRrj% çLrqr ikB ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd euq"; dks thou esa dHkh vkyL;
ugha djuk pkfg,A vr% fcuk gkFk iSj pyk, dksbZ dke ugha gksrkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^^vtxj djS u pkdjh iaNh djS u dke] nkl eywdk dg x, lcosQ
nkrk jkeA**
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd fcuk dksbZ dk;Z
fd, oqQN çkIr ugha gksrk] ysfdu euq"; rks dke djuk gh ugha pkgrk] og
rks jke uke ij gh lc oqQN ikuk pkgrk gSA
([k) eSa iDdk mi;ksfxrkoknh gw¡ foaQrq esjk LokFkZ lhek ls ckgj ugha tkus
nsrkA
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd os iDosQ mi;ksfxrkoknh gSaA ysfdu
ys[kd dk LokFkZ mUgsa mudh lhek ls ckgj ugha tkus nsrkA vxj ,d rjiQ
ys[kd dk LokFkZ gks vkSj nwljh rjiQ nwljs dk LokFkZ] rks os nwljksa osQ LokFkZ dks
gh eq[; le>rs gSaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) iSny µ xk¡/h th us iSny gh MkaMh ;k=kk dhA
igys tekus esa yksx iSny gh ;k=kk djrs FksA
([k) Lin~/kZ µ eSa nkSM+ Lin~/kZ esa thr x;k gw¡A
jkosQ'k eSp Lin~/kZ esa thr dj vk;kA
(x) Js; µ esjs fpfdRld cuus dk Js; esjh ekrk th dks tkrk gSA
ns'k dks vktknh fnykus dk Js; egkRek xk¡/h th dks tkrk gSA
(?k) mnklhurk µ eq>s flykbZ dk;Z esa cgqr gh mnklhurk eglwl gksrh gSA
cq[kkj dh ihM+k gksus ls esjs eu esa Hkkstu osQ çfr mnklhurk
Nk xbZA
gksjkbtu izsl 83 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) Øks/ µ Øks/ esa euq"; lc Hkwy tkrk gSA
Øks/ djus ls Lo;a dh gh gkfu gksrh gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;qDr dhft,µ
(d) Nkrh ij iRFkj j[kuk µ pqipki nq%[k dk lkeuk djukA
okD; iz;ksx µ fo/ok eksfguh us vius iq=k dh ekSr osQ
nq%[k dks Nkrh ij iRFkj j[kdj lg fy;kA
([k) twrk ekjdj nq'kkys ls iksaNukµ nqRdkjdj eukus dh dksf'k'k djukA
okD; iz;ksx µ dke u djus ij ekfyd us igys rks ukSdj
dks ekjk] mlosQ ckn mldh vkoHkxr dhA
;g rks twrk ekjdj nq'kkys ls iksaNus okyh
ckr gks xbZA
(x) pqiM+h vkSj nks&nks µ ,d lkFk dbZ [kq'kh feyukA
okD; iz;ksx µ enu dks ukSdjh rks feyh gh] lkFk gh ekfyd
dh csVh ls mldh 'kknh Hkh r; gks xbZA bls
dgrs gSa] pqiM+h vkSj nks&nksA
(?k) NIij iQkM+ osQ nsuk µ fcuk esgur osQ cgqr nsukA
okD; iz;ksx µ nq%[kh D;ksa gksrs gks\ Hkxoku tc nsxk] NIij
iQkM+dj nsxkA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
13. xqYyh&MaMk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj lc [ksyksa dk jktk dkSu&lk [ksy gS\
(i) xqYyh&MaMk 3 (ii) [kks&[kks
([k) foyk;rh [ksyksa dk lcls cM+k ,sc D;k gS\
(i) os [ksy dfBu gSa (ii) mudk lkeku eg¡xk gS 3
gksjkbtu izsl 84 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) x;k dks ys[kd us dkSu&lk iQy f[kyk;k Fkk\
(i) ve:n 3 (ii) vke
(?k) nqxkZ vkSj eksgu nksuksa D;k gks x, Fks\
(i) bathfu;j (ii) Mkfd, 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) nk¡o u nsus ij x;k us tc ys[kd dks foo'k fd;k] rks mlus viuh
dkSu&lh oLrq ek¡xh\
mRrj% x;k us tc ys[kd dks nk¡o nsus osQ fy, foo'k fd;k] rks ys[kd us x;k dks
,d fnu igys f[kyk;k viuk ve:n okfil ek¡xkA
([k) ys[kd dks vius cpiu dh lcls jlhyh ;kn dkSu&lh yxrh Fkh\
mRrj% ys[kd dks vius cpiu esa xqYyh&MaMk [ksyuk lcls vPNk yxrk Fkk vkSj
cpiu dh ehBh Le`fr;ksa esa xqYyh gh lcls jlhyh Le`fr yxrh FkhA
(x) cpiu dh ;knksa dks <w¡<+us tc ys[kd vius xk¡o vk;k] rks mldh
dk;kiyV ns[kdj mls oSQlk vuqHko gqvk\
mRrj% tc ys[kd chl lky ckn xk¡o vk;k] rks ogk¡ dk dk;kiyV ns[kdj ys[kd
dk ,slk eu gksrk Fkk fd ml /jrh ls fyiVdj jks,A ys[kd vc Hkh xk¡o dk
ogh iqjkuk :i ns[kuk pkgrk Fkk] vkSj vius iqjkus fe=kksa ls feyus dks v/hj
FkkA
(?k) x;k ys[kd dks tkucw> dj /k¡/yh vkSj csbZekuh djrs gq, ns[kdj Hkh
D;ksa ugha Vksd jgk Fkk\
mRrj% x;k tkucw> dj ys[kd dks /k¡/yh vkSj csbZekuh djrs gq, ns[kdj Hkh
blfy, ugha Vksd jgk Fkk] D;ksafd ys[kd vc ,d viQlj Fkk vkSj x;k
mldk eku j[k jgk FkkA og ys[kd dks gjkdj mlosQ lEeku dks Bsl ugha
yxkuk pkgrk FkkA ;g viQlj dk in vc mu nksuksa osQ chp nhokj cu x;k
FkkA
(Ä) var esa ys[kd us ,slk D;ksa dgk fd x;k cM+k gks x;k gS vkSj og NksVk
gks x;k gS\
mRrj% cpiu dh fe=krk esa dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gksrkA ;qokoLFkk esa igq¡pus ij cky
l[kkvksa osQ chp esa tkfr] in vkSj f'k{kk dh nhokj [kM+h gks tkrh gSA vc
ys[kd ,d viQlj gS vkSj ;g in ys[kd vkSj x;k osQ chp esa nhokj cu
x;k gSA vc x;k fxYyh&MaMs osQ [ksy esa ys[kd dks blfy, ugha gjkuk
pkgrk] D;ksafd ys[kd vc ,d viQlj gSA vc x;k ys[kd dks viuk lkFkh
ugha ,d viQlj le>dj mldk lEeku djrk gSA x;k ys[kd dks vius

gksjkbtu izsl 85 nh{kk&[6-8]


cjkcj dk ugha le>rkA blh dkj.k ys[kd dks yxk fd og Hkys gh in esa
x;k ls vkxs gS fdarq okLro esa mlls NksVk gh fln~/ gqvk gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) Bhd gS] xqYyh ls vk¡[k iwQV tkus dk Hk; jgrk gS] rks D;k fØosQV ls
flj iwQV tkus] frYyh iQV tkus] Vk¡x VwV tkus dk Hk; ugha jgrkA
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd xqYyh&MaMk lc [ksyksa dk jktk gSA ets
ls fdlh isM+ dh Vguh dkV yh] xqYyh cuk yh] nks vkneh vk x, vkSj [ksy
'kq:] vaxzsth [ksy rks cl mUgha osQ fy, gS] ftuosQ ikl /u gSA Bhd gS fd
xqYyh ls vk¡[k esa pksV yx tkus dk Hk; jgrk gS] rks D;k fØosQV osQ MaMs ls
fdlh osQ flj iwQV tkus ;k Vk¡x VwVus dk Mj ugha jgrkA vr% ys[kd dks
xqYyh&MaMs dk [ksy lcls vPNk yxrk gSA
([k) og ink jgk Fkk] eSa in jgk Fkk_ exj oqQN fofp=k ckr gS fd inkus esa
ge fnu&Hkj eLr jg ldrs gSa] inuk ,d feuV dk Hkh v[kjrk gSA
vk'k;µ ys[kd dgrk gS fd tc og xqYyh MaMk [ksyrs Fks] rks mUgsa inkus esa rks
cgqr vPNk yxrk FkkA exj tc mudk nksLr mUgsa inkrk] rks og mUgsa vPNk
ugha yxrk vkSj os [ksy dks NksM+dj Hkkxus dh lHkh dksf'k'ksa djrs FksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) O;lu µ cqjs O;lu ls lkekftd iru gksrk gSA
cqjs O;lu O;fDr dks [kks[kyk dj nsrs gSaA
([k) vfHkyk"kkµesjh vfHkyk"kk gS fd eSa vius ns'k dh fuLokFkZ lsok d:¡A
iwQy dh vfHkyk"kk gS] fd og ns'kHkDrksa osQ pj.kksa eas p<+k;k
tk,A
(x) osx µ rwiQku osQ rst osx ls lc oqQN fc[kj x;kA
eSa cgqr rst osx ls HkkxkA
(?k) feuV µ eq>s LowQy tkus esa ,d feuV dh nsjh gks xbZA
,d feuV #dks] eSa vHkh vk;kA
(Ä) v/hj µ ikuh u feyus ij eSa v/hj gks mBhA
ek¡ vius cPps dh pksV ns[kdj v/hj gks mBhA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr vjch&iQkjlh 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
(d) vnc µ vknj ([k) fygkt µ lEeku
(x) ukScr µ n'kk (?k) eqvkeyk µ fookn
(Ä) csdk;nfx;k¡ µ vfu;ferrk,¡ (p) lywd µ O;ogkj
gksjkbtu izsl 86 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. çsepan th dh Hkk"kk eqgkojsnkj gSA dgkuh esa ç;qDr fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks
vius okD;ksa esa ç;qDr dhft,µ
(d) fcuk gjZ fiQVdjh osQ jax pks[kk
okD; iz;ksxµ vej osQ c<+bZ firk us mls cph gqbZ ydM+h ls cSV vkSj dbZ
f[kykSus cukdj fn,A ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ fd fcuk gjZ fiQVdjh osQ jax
pks[kkA
([k) vkleku ls ckrsa djuk
okD; iz;ksxµ fnYyh 'kgj esa Å¡ph&Å¡ph bekjrsa vkleku ls ckrsa djrh gSaA
(x) fuxkg esa Å¡pk mBuk
okD; iz;ksxµ jkosQ'k us tc cPph dks ikuh esa Mwcus ls cpk;k] rc og
lcdh fuxkgksa esa Å¡pk mB x;kA
(?k) iwQys u lekuk
okD; iz;ksxµ vius tUefnu ij lqanj migkj ikdj og [kq'kh ls iwQyk u
lek;kA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fganh esa 'kCn ;qXeksa esa ;kstd (µ) dk ç;ksx ik¡p çdkj ls gksrk gSµ
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks cnydj fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.kµ eq>s irk ugha] og D;ksa ugha vk;kA u tkus og D;ksa ugha vk;kA
(d) irk ugha og fon~;ky; oSQls tk,xkA u tkus og fon~;ky; oSQls tk,xkA
([k) gesa ekywe ugha dy D;k gksxkA u tkus dy D;k gksxkA
(x) gesa irk ugha mls D;k chekjh gSA u tkus mls D;k chekjh gSA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

14. dk;j er cuks


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) dfo us dHkh D;k u cuus osQ fy, dgk gS\
(i) dk;j 3 (ii) jktk
gksjkbtu izsl 87 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) jkg dks dkSu jksd jgk gS\
(i) iRFkj 3 (ii) rwiQku
(x) ;qxksa&;qxksa rd D;k cgk gS\
(i) ikuh (ii) [kwu&ilhuk 3
(?k) dfo us vf/d vikou fdls crk;k gS\
(i) çfrfgalk (ii) dk;jrk 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) dfo euq"; dks fdl ckr osQ fy, ltx djrk gS\
mRrj% dfo euq"; dks dk;j u cuus osQ fy, vFkkZr~ fdlh ls u Mjdj thus osQ fy,
ltx djrk gSA
([k) dfork osQ vuqlkj ^ys&nsdj thuk* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
mRrj% dfork osQ vuqlkj ^ys&nsdj thuk* ls ;g rkRi;Z gS fd gs euq";! le>kSrk
djosQ Hkh thuk D;k thuk gSA blfy, rw Mjiksd er cu vkSj fuMj gksdj thA
(x) ;fn dksbZ nq"V ;qn~/ osQ fy, yydkjs] rks vkiosQ vuqlkj D;k djuk
mfpr gS\
mRrj% ;fn dksbZ nq"V ;qn~/ osQ fy, yydkjs] rks gesa mlls MVdj eqdkcyk djuk
pkfg,] gkj ekudj Hkkxuk ugha pkfg,A
(?k) çfrfgalk dks dfo us nqcZyrk D;ksa dgk gS\
mRrj% fgalk osQ cnys fgalk dks dfo us nqcZyrk crk;k gS] D;ksafd izfrfgalk ls ekuo
dh bPNk'kfDr detksj gks tkrh gSA
(Ä) bl dfork osQ jpf;rk dk uke fyf[k,A
mRrj% bl dfork osQ jpf;rk Jh ujsanz 'kekZ gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) oqQN u djsxk\ fd;k djsxkµ
js euq";&cl dkrj oazQnu\
vk'k;µ dfo dgrk gS fd gs euq";! rw dc rd d#.k Loj vFkkZr~ nq%[k osQ
vk¡lqvksa dks cnkZ'r djsxkA blfy, cl dj jksuk] gs euq";! rw oqQN Hkh cu]
cl rw Mjiksd er cu] rw fuMj gksdj thA
([k) ^;qn~/e nsfg* dgs tc ikej]
ns u nqgkbZ] ihB isQjdkj!
vk'k;µ dfo dgrk gS fd gs euq";! tc nq"V dgrk gS fd eq>ls ;qn~/ djks] rks rqe
mldk MVdj eqdkcyk djks] mldks ihB fn[kkdj tokc er nksA ;kfu gs
euq";A rqe mlls gkj u ekuksa vkSj 'k=kq dk MVdj eqdkcyk djksA
gksjkbtu izsl 88 nh{kk&[6-8]
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
5.
(d) dk;j µ dk;j cudj thuk fcYoqQy csdkj gSA
ikaMo dk;j ugha Fks ohj FksA
([k) ikgu µ lR; dh jkg ij pyrs gq, vusd ikgu jkg eas feysaxsA
ml eafnj esa tkdj ,slk yxk] tSls ogk¡ j[kh ikgu dh ewfrZ
vHkh cksy iMs+xhA
(x) ilhuk µ ilhuk vkus ls gekjs 'kjhj osQ jkse fNæ [kqy tkrs gSaA
etnwj fnu&jkr ilhuk cgkdj nks oDr dh jksVh tqVk ikrs gSaA
(?k) nqcZyrk µ fgalk euq"; dh nqcZyrk dk ,d :i gSA
efLr"d dh nqcZyrk gksus ls O;fDr dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj ikrkA
(Ä) leiZ.k µ pksj us iqfyl osQ lkeus viuk leiZ.k dj fn;kA
eSaus vius lkjs /u dk leiZ.k xjhcksa osQ fy, dj fn;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
bl dfork esa ^euq";* osQ fy, ^ekuo* vkSj ^euqt* nks 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA
leku vFkZ nsus okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) vkleku µ xxu vkdk'k vacj
([k) xaxk µ HkkxhjFkh lqjlfj nsounh
(x) /jrh µ /jk Hkw i`Foh
(?k) ty µ okfj uhj ikuh
(Ä) Ñ".k µ ';ke dkUgk osQ'ko
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
15. /jrh dh O;Fkk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) çLrqr ikB esa fdldh vkRedFkk gS\
(i) vkdk'k dh (ii) i`Foh dh 3
gksjkbtu izsl 89 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) i`Foh dk ne fdlls ?kqVus yxk\
(i) tgjhys /q,¡ ls 3 (ii) yksxksa osQ Hkkj ls
(x) i`Foh us ekuo osQ leku vkSj fdls viuh larku crk;k gS\
(i) i'kq dks 3 (ii) dkj[kkuksa dks
(?k) jklk;fud [kknksa osQ vf/d ç;ksx us i`Foh dks oSQlk cuk fn;k\
(i) mitkmQ (ii) catj 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) i`Foh dks fdl ckr ij xoZ Fkk vkSj mls fdl fLFkfr esa lqowQu feyrk Fkk\
mRrj% i`Foh dks vius :i&lkSan;Z vkSj ,s'o;Z laiUurk ij cgqr xoZ FkkA tc i`Foh
viuk vlhe foLrkj ns[krh Fkh] rks iqyfdr gks mBrh FkhA js'keh lkxj osQ
uhys rVksa ls f?kjh] gjs ouksa dh gfj;kyh ls rktxh dk ,glkl i`Foh osQ eu
dks cM+k lqoqQu nsrk FkkA
([k) i`Foh osQ lkFk fo'okl?kkr fdlus fd;k\ mldh funZ;rk dks mnkgj.k
nsdj fln~/ dhft,A
mRrj% i`Foh ftl euq"; dks fnu&jkr uknku cPps dh rjg xys ls yxk, jgrh Fkh]
mlh us mlosQ lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;kA tSls&tSls i`Foh ml ij lq[kksa dh o"kkZ
djrh jgh] mldk 'kjhj gh ugha oju~ ykyp Hkh fodflr gksrk x;k vkSj
euq"; us mlosQ lqanj ckyksa vFkkZr~ ouksa dks funZ;rk ls dkV fn;kA
(x) i`Foh us viuh vLoLFkrk osQ dkSu&dkSu ls dkj.k crk, gSa\
mRrj% i`Foh ij ubZ&ubZ iSQDVfj;ksa vkSj feyksa osQ LFkkfir gksus ls tgjhyk /qvk¡ mM+us
yxkA ftlls i`Foh dk ne ?kqVus yxk] lk¡l ysuk Hkh dfBu gks x;k rFkk
mldk LokLF; fujarj fxjus yxkA dHkh&dHkh i`Foh dk 'kjhj cqjh rjg dk¡ius
yxrk] rks Tokykeq[kh iQV tkrsA jkr&fnu] Mhty] isVªksy dh xkfM+;ksa ls
fudyrs /q,¡ rFkk Hk;kud 'kksj&'kjkcs us i`Foh osQ lkjs 'kjhj ij ?kko gh ?kko
dj fn,A
(?k) euq"; dh vuqfpr fØ;kvksa dh D;k&D;k çfrfØ;k,¡ okrkoj.k esa
fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSa\
mRrj% euq"; dh vuqfpr fØ;kvksa dh izfrfØ;k,¡ vlkef;d rwiQku] ck<+] vdky]
egkekjh vkfn osQ :i esa izko`Qfrd okrkoj.k esa fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSaA
(Ä) naM Hkksxrs gq, Hkh euq"; dk O;ogkj oSQlk gS\
mRrj% naM Hkksxrs gq, Hkh euq"; dk O;ogkj mn~naMrkiw.kZ gSA vHkh Hkh og lq/j ugha
jgk gS vkSj vf/d iQlyksa osQ ykyp esa jklk;fud [kknksa dk vR;f/d iz;ksx
djosQ /hjs&/hsjs i`Foh dks catj cuk jgk gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 90 nh{kk&[6-8]
4.fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) tSls&tSls eSa ml ij lq[kksa dh o"kkZ djrh jgh] mldk 'kjhj gh ugha oju~
ykyp Hkh fodflr gks x;kA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; esa ys[kd dk vk'k; ;g gS fd /jrh] ftldks vius
:i&lkSan;Z ij cgqr vfHkeku Fkk] euq"; us ml vfHkeku dks rksM+ fn;kA i`Foh
ftl euq"; dks fnu&jkr uknku cPps dh rjg nqykj djrh jgh] mlh euq"; us
mlosQ lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;kA i`Foh euq"; ij lq[kksa dh o"kkZ djrh jghA
euq"; dk ykyp fnu&çfrfnu c<+rk jgk vkSj euq"; us mlosQ lqanj ckyksa
vFkkZr ouksa dks funZ;rk ls dkV fn;kA
([k) ,slk ugha fd bl mn~naM O;ogkj dk naM og Lo;a ugha ik jgk gSA og
vkt Lo;a Hkh cM+h v'kkafr o Dys'k esa th jgk gS] foaQrq vHkh Hkh lq/j
ugha jgkA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd dk vk'k; gS fd /jrh viuk nq%[k crkrh gqbZ dgrh
gS fd euq"; us vius lq[k osQ fy, ltho i'kq&if{k;ksa dh gR;k dj vius
[kkus vkSj Üka`xkj dk lkeku tqVk fy;k gSA iSQDVfj;ksa ls fudyrk fo"kSyk /qvk¡
ne ?kksVus yxk gSA jkr&fnu Mhty] isVªksy dh xkfM+;ksa ls fudyrs /q,¡
txg&txg ijek.kq 'kfDr osQ foLiQksV] Hk;kud 'kksj 'kjkcs us i`Foh osQ lkjs
'kjhj ij ?kko dj fn, gSa vkSj euq"; Lo;a Hkh bl O;ogkj dk naM Hkksx jgk
gSA og bl v'kkafr vkSj dys'k ls nq%[kh gksdj Hkh Lo;a dks lq/kj ugha jgk gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) lqowQu µ Hk;adj xjeh esa ckfj'k osQ iM+us ls cM+k lqowQu feykA
ckyd dks viuh ek¡ osQ vk¡py esa lqqowQu feyrk gSA
([k) fofo/rk µ lalkj osQ yksxksa esa vusd fofo/rk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA
cM+s cxhps esa eSaus fofo/ çdkj osQ lqanj iwQy ns[ksA
(x) vcks/ µ fu'kk ,d vcks/ ckfydk gSA
jes'k us ;g xyrh tkucw>dj ugha dh] og rks vHkh vcks/
ckyd gSA
(?k) fo'okl?kkrµ veu us jkgqy osQ lkFk cgqr cM+k fo'okl?kkr fd;kA
dkSjoksa us ikaMoksa osQ lkFk cgqr fo'okl?kkr fd;kA
(Ä) nwHkj µ Hk;adj xehZ esa fctyh dVkSrh us rks thuk gh nwHkj dj fn;kA
eg¡xkbZ osQ nkSj esa xjhc dk thuk cgqr nwHkj gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) i;kZoj.k µ ifj $ vkoj.k
gksjkbtu izsl 91 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) lkfgR;kdk'k µ lkfgR; $ vkdk'k
(x) /ekZorkj µ /eZ $ vorkj
(?k) lqxa/ µ lq $ xa/
(Ä) vuqfpr µ vu $ mfpr
(p) fo'okl?kkr µ fo'okl $ vk?kkr
(N) ln~O;ogkj µ lr~ $ O;ogkj
2. ^v* milx± dk ç;ksx djrs gq, u, 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) uke µ vuke ([k) le; µ vle;
(x) liQy µ vliQy (?k) py µ vpy
(Ä) LoLFk µ vLoLFk (p) eaxy µ veaxy
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

16. thou&osn dh ½pk


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) tiQj fe;k¡ D;k dke djrs Fks\
(i) ukbZ dk 3 (ii) bL=kh okys dk
([k) tiQj fe;k¡ ys[kd osQ fy, ckgj ls D;k yk,\
(i) twl (ii) pk; 3
(x) tiQj fe;k¡ dh nqdku ij ys[kd osQ vykok fdrus yksx bartkj esa cSBs Fks\
(i) rhu (ii) nks 3
(?k) tiQj fe;k¡ us ml oqQjlh ij cSBus okys gj O;fDr dks] muosQ fy, D;k
crk;k\
(i) dfe'uj (ii) dyDVj 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) tc ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dh nqdku esa igq¡pk] rks tiQj us ys[kd osQ fy,
D;k fd;k\
mRrj% tc ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dh nqdku esa igq¡pk] rks tiQj us mLrjk ,d rjiQ
gksjkbtu izsl 92 nh{kk&[6-8]
j[kdj ys[kd osQ fy, oqQlhZ fcNkbZ vkSj ckgj ls pk; dk ,d I;kyk ykdj
ys[kd dks fn;kA
([k) tiQj fe;k¡ us ys[kd dks oqQN le; rd D;ksa cSBk, j[kk\
mRrj% ys[kd ftl le; tiQj fe;k¡ dh nqdku esa igq¡pk] ml le; os ,d vkneh
dh gtker cuk jgs FksA mlosQ ckn mUgksaus ,d etnwj osQ cky dkVsA bl
dkj.k tiQj fe;k¡ us ys[kd dks oqQN le; rd cSBk, j[kkA
(x) tiQj fe;k¡ etnwj osQ cky dkVrs le; vius Kku vkSj dyk dks
pje&lhek rd oSQls igq¡pkuk pkgrs Fks\
mRrj% tiQj fe;k¡ etnwj osQ cky dkVrs le; vius Kku vkSj dyk dks pje&lhek
rd bl rjg igq¡pkuk pkgrs Fks fd etnwj osQ ckyksa esa jsr vkSj cqjknk Hkjk gksus
ij Hkh tiQj fe;k¡ ml etnwj osQ cky ,slh yxu ls dkVus esa yxs gq, Fks] tSls
og etnwj uwjtgk¡ dk HkkbZ gksA og ml etnwj osQ ckyksa dks dHkh oaQ?ks ls
ukirs] dHkh oSaQph ls vkSj iqQjd&iqQjd nks pkj oSaQph ekjrs FksA ml etnwj osQ
cky dkVus esa og brus yhu Fks fd ikl cSBs ys[kd dk Hkh mUgsa è;ku ugha FkkA
(?k) tiQj fe;k¡ etnwj osQ cky fdl rjg dkV jgs Fks\
mRrj% tiQj fe;k¡ cM+h yxu osQ lkFk ml etnwj osQ cky dkV jgs Fks] tSls og
etnwj dksbZ fof'k"V O;fDr gksA
(Ä) ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk ns[kdj Hkko&foHkksj D;ksa gks
mBk\
mRrj% etnwj dh dfVax iwjh djus osQ ckn tiQj fe;k¡ us mldh gtker cukuh 'kq:
dhA ftl yxu ls og mldh dfVax dj jgs Fks] mlh rYyhurk osQ lkFk
mUgksaus etnwj dh gtker cukuh 'kq: dh vkSj rc vPNs ls ;g ns[kk&Hkkyk
fd dgha dksbZ dhy rks ugha jg xbZ gSA dye ls ysdj ew¡Nksa rd mUgksaus lkjs
dke iw.kZ lqanjrk ls fd,A chl feuV ls T;knk ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dh bl
rYyhurk dks ns[krs jgsA tiQj fe;k¡ ml etnwj osQ ckyksa vkSj gtker cukus
esa gh yhu Fks vkSj ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dks ns[kus esa yhu FksA ,d etnwj osQ
çfr Hkh tiQj fe;k¡ dh ogh rYyhurk Fkh] tks fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr osQ çfr
gksrh gSA tiQj fe;k¡ dh bl dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks ns[kdj ys[kd dk eu
Hkko&foHkksj gks mBkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vkSj&rks vkSj] eq¡g ij Hkh /wy gS] ij tiQj lkgc cM+h yxu ls mlosQ
cky dkV jgs gSa] tSls ;g etnwj uwjtgk¡ dk HkkbZ gksA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; esa ys[kd cky dkVus okys tiQj fe;k¡ osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSa] fd
os viuk dk;Z cgqr fnypLih ls djrs gSaA tc ys[kd tiQj fe;k¡ dh nqdku
gksjkbtu izsl 93 nh{kk&[6-8]
ij x,] rks tiQj fe;k¡ ,d etnwj osQ cky dkV jgs Fks vkSj ml etnwj dks
ns[kdj ys[kd ;g lksp jgs Fks] fd ;g vkneh fdruk xank çrhr gksrk gS]
mlosQ ckyksa es jsr Hkjk gS] mldh xjnu eSy ls Hkjh gS vkSj psgjs ij Hkh /wy
gSA exj fiQj Hkh tiQj fe;k¡ bl yxu ls mlosQ cky dkV jgs gS] tSls og
etnwj dksbZ fof'k"V O;fDr gSA
([k) gj ,d ukxfjd esa vius dke osQ fy, ;g pko] Je osQ çfr ;g
Jn~/k vkSj is'ks osQ çfr bZekunkjh osQ bl Hkko dk tkxj.k gh jk"Vª dh
thou&'kfDr dk loksZRre eki&naM gSA
vk'k;µ ys[kd dgrk gS fd tSls tiQj fe;k¡ viuk dke rYyhurk vkSj yxu ls
djrs gSa vFkkZr~ og çR;sd O;fDr] tks mudh nqdku ij vkrk gS] mldks
fof'k"V ekudj viuk dk;Z iwjs pko] yxu vkSj bZekunkjh ls djrs gSaA ,sls gh
lekt osQ çR;sd O;fDr dks viuk dk;Z iw.kZ fu"Bk] yxu vkSj bZekunkjh ls
djuk pkfg,] rHkh ge vius jk"Vª dks 'kfDr ns ldrs gSa vkSj lq/kj ldrs gSaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fygkt µ ges'kk cqtqxksZ dh fygkt djksA
jke us ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djosQ vius ekrk&firk dh fygkt j[k
yhA
([k) vflLVsaV µ esjs vflLVsaV us esjh cgqr lgk;rk dhA
xkSjo dks ,d oaQiuh esa vflLVsaV eSustj dh ukSdjh fey xbZA
(x) phdV µ vjs! rqEgkjs diM+s rks dkys phdV tSls gks x,A
rqEgkjs uk[kwuksa esa fdruk phdV Hkjk gSA
(?k) etnwj µ etnwj fnu&jkr dke djosQ vius ifjokj dk isV ikyrs gSaA
dy eSaus ,d etnwj dks dke ij j[kkA
(Ä) rYyhurk µ lhek viuh i<+kbZ cM+h gh rYyhurk ls djrh gSA
lHkh dks viuk çR;sd dk;Z cM+h rYyhurk ls djuk pkfg,A
v Hkk"kk&Kku
okD; jpuk dh v'kqn~f/;k¡µ cgq/k ns[kus esa vkrk gS] fd Nk=k okD; cukrs le;
lw{e xyfr;ksa dks vuns[kk dj tkrs gSaA ;fn çkjaHk ls gh bl vksj leqfpr è;ku u
fn;k tk,] rks ;g ço`fRr thoui;±r iBu vkSj okpu esa pyrh jgrh gSA ^osQoy*
vkSj ^ek=k* ,d gh vFkZ esa vkrs gSa foaQrq oqQN O;fDr bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dks ,d gh okD;
esa ç;qDr djrs gSa] tSlsµ eq>s osQoy ,d gtkj #i, ek=k feysA tksfd v'kqn~/ gSA
bldk 'kqn~/ :i gSµ eq>s osQoy ,d gtkj #i, feysA
gksjkbtu izsl 94 nh{kk&[6-8]
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa vkbZ ,slh v'kqn~f/;ksa dks js[kkafdr dhft, rFkk okD;
dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) Ñi;k vkt dk vodk'k nsus dh Ñik djsaA
vkt dk vodk'k nsus dh Ñik djsA
([k) fnYyh esa vusd n'kZuh; LFky ns[kus osQ ;ksX; gSaA
fnYyh es vusd n'kZuh; LFky gSaA
(x) osQoy ek=k efgykvksa osQ fy, vkjf{krA
osQoy efgykvksa osQ fy, vkjf{krA
(?k) viuh ckr lçek.k lfgr crkb,A
viuh ckr lçek.k crkb,A
(Ä) ogk¡ yxHkx dksbZ ,d gtkj osQ djhc vkneh FksA
ogk¡ yxHkx ,d gtkj vkneh FksA
(p) vki loqQ'kyrkiwoZd rks gSa\
vki loqQ'ky rks gSa\
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj ^bd* çR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) vFkZ µ vkfFkZd ([k) Hkwxksy µ HkkSxksfyd
(x) bfrgkl µ ,sfrgkfld (?k) jktuhfr µ jktuSfrd
3. ikB esa vk, mnwZ osQ fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, fganh 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) fnypLiµ jkspd ([k) fygkt µ lEeku
(x) tokc µ mRrj (?k) dkjhxjh µ dykdkjh
(Ä) bartkj µ çrh{kk (p) vkneh µ euq";
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius cuk, gq, okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) yhu µ jksgu gj le; i<+kbZ esa yhu jgrk gSA
([k) lqanjrk µ og mldh lqanjrk dks ns[kdj lEeksfgr gks x;kA
(x) pko µ mlus ek¡ osQ gkFk ls cus [kkus dks cM+s pko ls [kk;kA
(?k) Jn~/k µ uhrk dh Hkxoku osQ çfr cM+h Jn~/k FkhA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
O;kdj.k esa nks 'kCnksa osQ esy dks lekl dgrs gSa] tSls ikB esa ^thou* vkSj ^osn* 'kCn
feydj ^thou&osn* cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS thou dk osnA lekl esa vk, nksuksa
'kCnksa dks vyx djuk lekl foxzg dgykrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk lekl foxzg dhft,µ
(d) thou'kfDr µ thou dh 'kfDr
([k) y{ehifr µ y{eh dk ifr
gksjkbtu izsl 95 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) 'kCndks'k µ 'kCnksa dk dks'k
(?k) ca/ueqDr µ ca/u ls eqDr
(Ä) iFkHkz"V µ iFk ls Hkz"V
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

17. è;ku vkSj ,dkxzrk


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) euq"; dk xkSjo D;k gS\
(i) mldk :i (ii) mldh psruk 'kfDr 3
([k) euq"; vrqfyr lkeF;Zoku fdldk fodkl djosQ cu ldrk gS\
(i) viuh psrurk dk 3 (ii) vius /u dk
(x) ok;q ls Hkh rst D;k pyrk gS\
(i) eu 3 (ii) ok;q;ku
(?k) çLrqr fuca/ dh jpf;rk dkSu gSa\
(i) MkWú xhrk jkuh 3 (ii) MkWú lhrk jkuh
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) euq"; dh lcls foy{k.k 'kfDr D;k gS\
mRrj% euq"; dh lcls cM+h foy{k.k 'kfDr mldk fpRr vFkkZr~ eu gS] ftldh
'kfDr laHkkoukvksa dk dksbZ vksj&Nksj ugha gSA
([k) eu esa ,d gh le; ij vusd fopkjksa osQ mifLFkr jgus dk D;k
ifj.kke gksrk gS\
mRrj% tc ge ,d gh le; ij vusd fopkjksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSa] rc gekjh psruk dh
'kfDr [kaMksa esa fc[kj tkrh gSA
(x) fpRr dh papyrk dk çR;{k vuqHko gesa dc çkIr gksrk gS\
mRrj% tc ge è;ku djus cSBrs gSa] rc gesa vius fpRr dh papyrk dk okLrfod
vuqHko gksrk gSA eu dks iy Hkj osQ fy, Hkh fLFkj djuk cM+k nq"dj izrhr
gksrk gSA
(?k) eu dks osaQfær djus osQ ç;kl esa fdl çdkj liQyrk feyrh gS\
mRrj% eu dks osaQfær djus esa cgqr dfBukbZ gksrh gSA eu ,d taxyh canj dh Hkk¡fr
gksjkbtu izsl 96 nh{kk&[6-8]
,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkkxrk jgrk gSA bls cM+h ;qfDr osQ lkFk ,d
LFkku ij fVdus dk vH;kl djokuk iM+rk gSA igys rks ;g cgqr vkukdkuh
djrk gS fdarq gj izdkj ls tc bls foo'k fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g /hjs&/hjs
osaQfær gksus yxrk gSA
(Ä) osaQfær gksdj eu dh n'kk oSQlh gks tkrh gS\
mRrj% osaQfær gksrs gh eu 'kkar o fLFkj gks tkrk gS vkSj fiQj fo"k; dh xgjkb;ksa esa
mrjus yxrk gSA /hjs&/hjs bls vius fo"k; esa jl vkus yxrk gSA ftruh xgjkbZ
ls ;g vius fo"k; ls tqM+rk gS] mruk gh ;g yhu gksrk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd
;g vkl&ikl dk okrkoj.k] vrhr o Hkfo"; LkHkh oqQN Hkwy tkrk gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) gekjh nqfo/k ;g gS fd ge ,d gh le; esa vusd fopkjksa ls f?kjs jgrs
gSa] iQyLo:i psruk dh 'kfDr [kaMksa esa fc[kj tkrh gSA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd euq"; dh lkspus dh {kerk bruh rhoz gS
fd og ,d gh iy es vusd fopkjksa dks ,d lkFk lksp ysrk gSA rc gekjh
lkspus le>us dh 'kfDr vusd Hkkxksa esa c¡V tkrh gSA fiQj è;ku n~okjk gh ge
fc[kjs gq, fopkj&fcanqvksa dks ,d LFkku ij osaQfær djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
([k) ubZ ih<+h thou dks mQ¡pkbZ o xfjek nsus okys ewY;ksa dh vogsyuk
djosQ osQoy lRrk] vf/dkj o fn[kkoksa dh nhokuh gksrh tk jgh gSA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd gekjh ;qok ih<+h vius thou dks mQ¡pkb;ksa
o xfjek nsus okys ewY;ksa dks NksM+dj cl fn[kkos dh fnokuh gks xbZ gSA
vk/qfud HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa euq"; dh ykylk,¡ bruh c<+rh tk jgh gSa] fd
og mUgsa iwjk djus osQ fy, Hkkx&nkSM+ dj jgk gSA Hkys gh blosQ fy, mls
fdruh gh eqlhcrsa >syuh iM+sA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) xkSjo µ f'kokuh us fon~;ky; esa çFke LFkku ikdj vius ekrk&firk dk
xkSjo c<+k;kA
rqe ,d oqQ'ky fpfdRld cus] ;g esjs fy, cM+s xkSjo dh ckr gSA
([k) è;ku µ fpfdRld us esjk mipkj cgqr è;ku ls fd;kA
gesa d{kk esa vè;kid dh ckrsa cM+s è;ku ls lquuh pkfg,A
(x) ;qfDr µ dcwrjksa us f'kdkjh ls eqDr gksus dh ,d ;qfDr lksphA
esjh isafly [kks xbZ Fkh] mldks <w¡<+us dh eSaus ,d ;qfDr lksphA
(?k) ykSfddµ ge lc bl ykSfdd eksgek;k esa i¡Ql x, gSaA
lk/q&lar bZ'oj dh mikluk djus esa brus yhu gks tkrs gSa fd os
gksjkbtu izsl 97 nh{kk&[6-8]
ykSfdd eksgek;k dk R;kx dj nsrs gSaA
(Ä) dY;k.kµ gs bZ'oj! lcdk dY;k.k gksA
fcuk laLdkj osQ dY;k.k dh dYiuk djuk vlaHko gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
^lkeF;Z* esa ^oku* çR;; tksM+dj ^lkeF;Zoku* 'kCn cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gSµ
lkeF;Z okykA
blh çdkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^oku* çR;; tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukb, rFkk
mudk vFkZ Hkh fyf[k,µ
(d) xkM+h µ xkM+hoku (xkM+h gk¡dus okyk)
([k) dksp µ dkspoku (?kksM+kxkM+h gk¡dus okyk)
(x) cy µ cyoku ('kfDr laiUu)
(?k) /u µ /uoku (vehj)
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. deZ osQ vk/kj ij nks rjg dh fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSaA ldeZd vkSj vdeZd fØ;kA
ldeZd fØ;kvksa ls çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k n~okjk
lef>,µ
vdeZd ldeZd çsj.kkFkZ
Mjuk Mjkuk Mjokuk
pyuk pykuk pyokuk
djuk djkuk djokuk
cuuk cukuk cuokuk
blh çdkj ik¡p okD; fyf[k,] ftuesa çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡ ç;qDr gksaA
mnkgj.kµ ehjk ukSdjkuh ls dpkSjh cuokrh gSA
(d) uhrk dh ek¡ mlls liQkbZ djokrh gSA
([k) enkjh canj dks upokrk gSA
(x) vè;kfidk cPpksa ls ikB i<+okrh gSaA
(?k) jktk ,d egy cuokrk gSA
(Ä) eksgu pkyd ls xkM+h pyokrk gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) fon~;k dk vè;;u djus okyk µ fon~;kFkhZ
([k) fo".kq dk mikld µ oS".ko
(x) vPNs vkpj.k okyk µ lnkpkjh
(?k) ifjJe djus okyk µ ifjJeh
gksjkbtu izsl 98 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) vkKk dk ikyu djus okyk µ vkKkdkjh
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

18. fopkjksa dk egRo


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ge vius fopkjksa ls fdldk fuekZ.k djrs gSa\
(i) /u dk (ii) Hkfo"; dk 3
([k) ikB osQ vuqlkj O;fDr dks fojklr esa D;k feyk\
(i) Hkwfe (ii) tgkt 3
(x) ikB osQ vuqlkj vf/dka'k O;fDr oSQls gSa\
(i) ykijokg 3 (ii) bZekunkj
(?k) vius pfj=k dh dkV&Nk¡V gesa fdldh Hkk¡fr djuh pkfg,\
(i) ewfrZdkj 3 (ii) fpfdRld
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj thou dh lkFkZdrk fdlesa fufgr gS\
mRrj% ys[kd osQ vuqlkj thou dh lkFkZdrk mlosQ mPp fopkjksa esa fufgr gSA
([k) tgkt dk mnkjg.k nsdj ys[kd us D;k fln~/ fd;k gS\
mRrj% tgkt dk mnkgj.k nsdj ys[kd ;g fln~/ djuk pkgrk gS fd euq"; dk eu
tgkt ls Hkh vf/d dksey] vf/d uktqd vkSj cgqewY; gS] vFkkZr~ ftl
çdkj tgkt mfpr fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ,oa lgh fu;a=k.k n~okjk lgh ekxZ ij tkrk
gS] mlh çdkj eu osQ fopkjksa ij mfpr fu;a=k.k j[krs gq, mls çlUurk] 'kkafr
vkSj liQyrk osQ ln~ekxZ dh vksj ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA
(x) thou osQ fuekZ.k esa gekjs fopkj fdl çdkj lgk;d gSa\
mRrj% ge vius fopkjksa ls vius Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vPNs fopkjksa ls 'kqHk
Hkfo"; dk vkSj cqjs fopkjksa ls thou osQ iru dkA HkkX; dk nwljk uke fopkj
gh gSA fopkj osQ vuqlkj ge vius fy, lalkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vr% vki
Lo;a vius fy, viuk HkkX; pqusa vkSj /S;Z ls çrh{kk djsaA çse dk çfriQy
çse feysxk vkSj n~os"k dk çfriQy n~os"kA
gksjkbtu izsl 99 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) euksfuxzg eu dks ck¡/s j[kus esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk djrk gS\
mRrj% ^euksfuxzg* dk vFkZ gS] eu dks jksduk ;k o'k esa j[kukA ;fn ckY;dky ls gh
euksfuxzg dks lh[kk tk,] rks eu dks o'k esa djus ;k ck¡/s j[kus esa ;g cgqr
lgk;d gksrk gSA euksfuxzg gesa crkrk gS fd vius fopkjksa dks vius o'k esa
oSQls djuk pkfg,A
(Ä) ys[kd osQ vuqlkj HkkX; dk nwljk uke D;k gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% HkkX; dk nwljk uke fopkj gS] D;ksafd vPNs fopkjksa ls 'kqHk Hkfo"; dk vkSj
cqjs fopkjksa ls thou osQ iru dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vPNs fopkjksa ls 'kqHk Hkfo"; dk vkSj cqjs fopkjksa ls thou osQ iru dkA
vk'k;µ mDr okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd O;fDr vius Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k vius
fopkjksa ls djrk gSA ;fn ge vius eu esa vPNs fopkj yk,¡xs] rks Hkfo"; esa
lc vPNk gh gksxk vkSj vxj ge cqjs fopkj yk,¡xs] rks thou dk iru gksxkA
fopkj osQ vuqlkj gh ge vius fy, lalkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA HkkX; dk
nwljk uke fopkj gh gSA blfy, ;k rks Lo;a vius fy, ge HkkX; pqus vkSj
/S;Z ls çrh{kk djsaA
([k) fopkj dksbZ Bksl oLrq ugha] vewrZ rF; gSA
vk'k;µ fn, x, okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd fopkj dksbZ Bksl oLrq ugha] cfYd ,d
uk fn[kus okyk rF; gSA O;fDr le>rk gS fd mldk fopkjksa ij dksbZ o'k
ugha gS] ge bUgsa cny ugha ldrsA yksx ;gh le>rs gSa fd eu dh ço`fRr;ksa
dks jksduk dfBu rFkk fujFkZd dk;Z gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) Hkfo"; µ eSaus v[kckj esa vkt dk Hkfo"; i<+kA
Hkfo"; esa eSa vkSj ifjJe d:¡xhA
([k) nq?kZVuk µ lko/kuh gVh] nq?kZVuk ?kVhA
cl dh rst jÝrkj ls nq?kZVuk gksrs&gksrs cphA
(x) lapkyu µ eSaus dk;ZØe dk lapkyu fd;kA
fon~;ky; osQ okf"kZd mRlo ij eap&lapkyu ih-Vh-vkbZ-
egksn; us fd;kA
(?k) liQyrk µ bZ'oj rqEgsa çR;sd dk;Z esa liQyrk nsA
bZ'oj djs! liQyrk rqEgkjs dne pwesA
(Ä) 'kkafr µ eSa dy 'kkafr fuosQru xbZA
d{kk esa lHkh fon~;kFkhZ 'kkafr ls cSBs FksA
gksjkbtu izsl 100 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

19. okfjl
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ekLVj th dh ykfB;ksa dh [kV&[kV fdrus cts gksrh FkhA
(i) rhu cts 3 (ii) pkj cts
([k) ekLVj th mRlkg osQ lkFk D;k i<+krs Fks\
(i) O;kdj.k (ii) dfork 3
(x) ekLVj th dks dkSu&lh chekjh gqbZ\
(i) eysfj;k (ii) VkbiQkbM 3
(?k) ekLVj th osQ iQkmaVsu isu dk jax oSQlk Fkk\
(i) yky&lk (ii) Hkwjk&lk 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ekLVj th dks V~;w'ku i<+kus dks D;ksa j[kk x;k Fkk\
mRrj% ekLVj th us ys[kd osQ firk th dks crk;k fd os ,d Hkh iSlk u gksus osQ
dkj.k cgqr raxh esa gSa] exj os fdlh ls [kSjkr ugha ysuk pkgrs FksA blh dkj.k
ys[kd osQ firkth us ekLVj th dks ys[kd o mldh cgu dks V~;w'ku i<+kus
osQ fy, j[kkA
([k) ekLVj th osQ jgus dk LFkku oSQlk Fkk\
mRrj% ekLVj th ,d xanh lh xyh esa pkj #i, eghus dh ,d dksBjh esa jgrs FksA
(x) ekLVj th osQ chekj iM+us ij mudh ns[kHkky fdlus dh\
mRrj% ekLVj th osQ chekj iM+us ij mudh ns[kHkky ys[kd us dhA
(?k) vkxs i<+kbZ u tkjh j[kus dh ckr dgus esa cPps D;ksa fgpfdpk jgs Fks\
mRrj% ekLVj th ls vkxs i<+kbZ u tkjh j[kus dh ckr dgus esa cPps blfy,
gksjkbtu izsl 101 nh{kk&[6-8]
fgpfdpk jgs Fks] D;ksafd mUgsa yx jgk Fkk fd bl ckr ls ekLVj th dks nq%[k
igq¡psxkA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ekLVj th osQ vkus dk le; ftruk fuf'pr Fkk] tkus dk le; mruk
gh vfuf'pr FkkA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ekLVj th vius le; osQ brus ikcan
Fks fd os fcYoqQy vius le; ls vkrs Fks] exj muosQ tkus dk dksbZ le; ugha
FkkA os dHkh Ms<+ ?kaVk vkSj dHkh rks nks ?kaVs rd i<+krs jgrs FksA
([k) mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ,d Hkh iSlk u gksus ls os cgqr raxh esa gSa exj os
fdlh ls [kSjkr ugha ysuk pkgrs] dke djosQ jksVh [kkuk pkgrs gSaA
vk'k;µ mijksDr okD; esa crk;k x;k gS fd ekLVj th esgur djus okyksa esa ls FksA
muosQ ikl iSlksa dh bruh raxh gksrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus fcuk dksbZ dke fd, iSls
ysus ls euk dj fn;k] D;ksafd os dke djosQ gh jksVh [kkuk pkgrs FksA os fdlh
ls [kSjkr ugha ysuk pkgrs FksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) f'kdk;r µ eSaus vè;kid ls ';ke dh f'kdk;r dhA
eSaus LokLF; foHkkx dks f'kdk;rh i=k HkstkA
([k) dfork µ jek dks dfork lquus dk 'kkSd gSA
vè;kid th us gesa vkt ubZ dfork lqukbZA
(x) lIrkg µ vuqjkx lIrkg esa ,d ckj fnYyh tkrk gSA
jfookj lIrkg dk igyk fnu gSA
(?k) ijh{kk µ vkt dh ijh{kk LFkfxr gks xbZA
eSaus ijh{kk esa çFke LFkku çkIr fd;kA
(Ä) n`f"V µ jes'k dh nwj dh n`f"V detksj gSA
esjh n`f"V esa çR;sd çk.kh ,d leku gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
tks 'kCn fØ;k dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa] os fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ
(d) ?kksM+k rst nkSM+kA
([k) ge çfrfnu Luku djrs gSaA
(x) vki ;gk¡ vkb,A
(?k) ekLVj th osQ vkrs gh ge /hjs&/hjs cksyus yxsA
gksjkbtu izsl 102 nh{kk&[6-8]
mi;qZDr okD;ksa dks i<+dj ,sls gh dksbZ ik¡p okD; viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk esa
fyf[k,A
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) nqx±/ µ lqxa/ ([k) 'kke µ lqcg
(x) fuf'pr µ vfuf'pr (?k) mRlkg µ fu#Rlkg
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) lekIr µ var ([k) 'kke µ lk;a
(x) rhoz µ rst (?k) vanj µ Hkhrj
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

20. tkequ dk isM+


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ykWu esa fdldk isM+ fxjk\
(i) vke dk (ii) tkequ dk 3
([k) #vk¡lk gksdj dkSu&lk DyoZQ cksyk\
(i) rhljk 3 (ii) nwljk
(x) lqifjVsaMsaV us isM+ fdlosQ v/hu crk;k\
(i) Ñf"k foHkkx osQ (ii) ou foHkkx osQ 3
(?k) jkr dks ekyh us ncs gq, vkneh dks D;k f[kyk;k\
(i) lsc (ii) nky&Hkkr 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ekyh pijklh osQ ikl nkSM+dj D;ksa x;k\
mRrj% ekyh pijklh osQ ikl blfy, nkSM+dj vk;k] D;ksafd lsozsQVsfj;V ykWu esa
tkequ osQ isM+ osQ uhps vkneh nck iM+k FkkA
([k) nwljs fnu 'kke gksrs&gksrs lsozsQVsfj;V osQ ykWu esa HkhM+ D;ksa yx xbZ\
mRrj% nwljs fnu 'kke gksrs&gksrs lsozsQVsfj;V ykWu Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr osQ dfo;ksa ls Hkj x;k]
gksjkbtu izsl 103 nh{kk&[6-8]
D;ksafd ncs gq, vkneh osQ pkjksa vkSj dfo lEesyu&lk okrkoj.k gks x;k]
pw¡fd nck gqvk vkneh ,d dfo FkkA
(x) gkfVZdYpj fMikVZesaV us isM+ dkVus ls D;ksa euk fd;k\
mRrj% gkfVZdYpj fMikVZesaV us dgk fd os yksx isM+ yxkvks Ldhe pyk jgs gSa vkSj
ns'k osQ ljdkjh viQlj isM+ dkVus dk lq>ko ns jgs gSa] og Hkh iQynkj tkequ
osQ isM+ dksA gekjk ljdkjh foHkkx o`{k dkVus dh btktr ugha ns ldrkA
(?k) var esa isM+ osQ uhps ncs gq, O;fDr dk D;k gqvk\
mRrj% var esa isM+ osQ uhps ncs vkneh dk gkFk BaMk iM+k Fkk] vk¡[kksa dh iqrfy;k¡
futhZo vkSj phfV;ksa dh yach ik¡r mlosQ eq¡g esa tk jgh FkhA mlosQ thou dh
iQkby iw.kZ gks pqdh FkhA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^^ge yksx [kqn bl isM+ dks ugha gVk ldrs gSaA ge yksx O;kikj foHkkx
osQ gSa vkSj ;g isM+ Ñf"k foHkkx osQ v/hu gSA**
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc tkequ dk isM+ O;fDr osQ mQij fxjk]
rks fdlh us mldh enn ugha dh] cfYd isM+ gVkus dks ysdj iQkby ,d
fMikVZesaV ls nwljs fMikVZesaV osQ ikl tkrh jgh vkSj vxys fnu dh nksigj rd
isM+ osQ uhps ncs gq, vkneh osQ pkjksa rjiQ HkhM+ yx xbZ vkSj rjg&rjg dh
ckrsa gksus yxhA brus esa lqifjVsaMsaV iQkby fy, Hkkxk vk;k vkSj cksyk ge yksx
[kqn bl isM+ dks ugha gVk ldrs gSaA ;g isM+ Ñf"k foHkkx osQ v/hu gSA
([k) exj dfo dk gkFk BaMk Fkk] vk¡[kksa dh iqrfy;k¡ futhZo vkSj phafV;ksa
dh yach ik¡r mlosQ eq¡g esa tk jgh Fkh------A
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd fdlh us Hkh isM+ osQ uhps ncs vkneh dks
ugha fudkyk vkSj tc rd foHkkx us isM+ gVkus dh vuqefr nh] rc rd dfo
dh nsg BaMh gks pqdh FkhA vk¡[kksa dh iqrfy;k¡ futhZo vkSj phafV;ksa dh yach
ykbu dfo osQ eq¡g esa tk jgh Fkh vkSj dfo osQ thou dh iQkby iw.kZ gks pqdh
FkhA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) pijklh µ pijklh dk in prqFkZ Js.kh dk gksrk gSA
gekjs jkenhu dkdk LowQy esa pijklh gSA
([k) b'kkjk µ lhrk us eq>s pyus dk b'kkjk fd;kA
eSaus b'kkjs ls mldks cqyk;kA
gksjkbtu izsl 104 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) nksigj µ nksigj dks rks cgqr xjeh gks tkrh gSA
nksigj dks jke lks x;kA
(?k) O;kikj µ jktw us viuk u;k O;kikj dj fy;kA
fnus'k dks O;kikj es cgqr gkfu gqbZA
(Ä) isM+ µ isM+ gesa Nk;k vkSj iQy nsrs gSaA
isM+ ij cSBh dks;y e/qj xhr xk jgh gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. çLrqr ikB esa vaxzsth osQ dbZ 'kCn vk, gSa] mUgsa <w¡<+dj viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk
esa fyf[k,A
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) LokLF; tokc nsuk µ rfc;r [kjkc gksukA
okD; ç;ksx jes'k dh ekrk th osQ LokLF; us vc tokc ns
fn;kA
([k) xqeukeh dk v¡/sjk µ fujk'k gksukA
okD; ç;ksx jktw osQ isQy gksus ij mlosQ lkeus xqeukeh dk
v¡/sjk Nk x;kA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) gqDe µ vkns'k ([k) is'k djuk µ mifLFkr djuk
(x) NqVdkjk µ eqfDr (?k) iSQlyk µ fu.kZ;
(Ä) okrkoj.k µ ifjfLFkfr
(p) cankscLr µ O;oLFkk
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) fons'k µ ns'k ([k) thfor µ e`r
(x) Lohdkj µ vLohdkj (?k) iw.kZ µ viw.kZ
(Ä) mUufr µ voufr (p) futhZo µ ltho
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 105 nh{kk&[6-8]


nh{kkµ8
1. esjs ns'k esa
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ns'k esa D;k vkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\
(i) ekSle 3 (ii) R;ksgkj
([k) ekSle vius lkFk fdldh lkSxkr ysdj vk, gSa\
(i) iwQy&iQyksa dh 3 (ii) lfCt;ksa dh
(x) dfork esa fdlosQ xkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\
(i) efgykvksa dh (ii) ufn;ksa dh 3
(?k) ns'k dh cksyh oSQlh gS\
(i) lcdks viuk dj nsus okyh 3
(ii) lcdks csxkuk dj nsus okyh
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) gekjs ns'k esa cnyrs ekSle D;k migkj ysdj vkrs gSa\
mRrj% gekjs ns'k esa cnyrs ekSle u,&u, iQy&iwQyksa osQ migkj ysdj vkrs gSaA
ekSle esa ifjorZu osQ vuqlkj iQy vkSj iwQyksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gSA
([k) ^^gekjs ns'koklh cgqr Hkkoqd gSa** ;g dfork dh fdu iafDr;ksa ls
Li"V gksrk gS\
mRrj% Hkj&Hkj vkrs u;u izse ls
Hkko meM+&meM+ vkrsA
mijksDr iafDr;ksa ls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd gekjs ns'koklh cgqr Hkkoqd gSaA
(x) Hkkjr esa ,d gh ?kj esa çk;% dkSu&dkSu ls fj'rsnkj çseiwoZd jg ldrs gSa\
mRrj% Hkkjr esa pkpk&pkph] nknk&nknh] ekSlh] rkbZ] cqvk] HkkbZ vkfn fj'rsnkj ,d
gh ?kj eas ets ls jg ldrs gSaA
(?k) ^ge vosQys lq[kksa dks miHkksx djus osQ i{k esa ugha gSa* dfork dh
iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls bl rF; dh iqf"V dhft,A
mRrj% ge bl Hkkjr ns'k esa jgrs gSa vkSj ;g ,drk esa vusdrk dk izrhd gSA ;gk¡
vusd /eksaZ osQ yksx jgrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij vkil esa cSj Hkh gS ysfdu mlls T;knk
gksjkbtu izsl 106 nh{kk&[6-8]
viuksa osQ fy, I;kj Hkjk gSA blfy, ge yksx ifjokj eas jgdj gh lq[kksa dk
miHkksx djuk ilan djrs gaSA ge Hkkjrh; vosQys lq[kksa dk miHkksx djus osQ
i{k esa ugha gSaA dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa ls bl rF; dh iqf"V gksrh
gSµ
fj'rksa dh lqanj dfM+;k¡ gSa
feyuk [kqf'k;ksa dh ?kfM+;k¡ gSa]
lHkh fey vkSj ck¡V osQ [kk,¡
ugha vosQys ekSt mM+k,¡A
(Ä) thou dh {k.k&Hkaxqjrk dks tkurs gq, Hkh ge fuf'par D;ksa jgrs gSa\
mRrj% gekjk thou u'oj vkSj {k.kHkaxqj gSA ;g tkurs gq, Hkh gesa vius thou osQ
izfr vR;f/d yxko gksrk gSA thou dh O;Lrrkvksa osQ pyrs ge Hkwy tkrs
gSa] fd gekjh lk¡lsa gesa dc /ks[kk ns tk, vkSj gekjk 'kjhj] dc feV~Vh esa
fey tk, fdarq thou dh {k.kHkaxqjrk dks tkurs gq, Hkh ge blfy, fuf'par
jgrs gSa] D;ksafd Hkkjr&Hkwfe ij ;g {k.kHkaxqj thou Hkh cgqr lqanj gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) esjs ns'k esa ufn;k¡ xkrha] >jus >we&>we xkrs]
vk'k;µ bl iafDr esa dof;=kh osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS] esjs Hkkjr ns'k esa ufn;k¡
vkSj >jus >we&>we dj xhr xkrs gSaA
([k) ;gk¡ ijk;k dksbZ ugha] dgsa jke&jke lc gh]
vk'k;µ bl iafDr esa dof;=kh osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd esjs Hkkjr ns'k esa dksbZ
Hkh ijk;k ugha gS vkSj gekjs ns'k osQ lc yksx jke uke gh iqdkjrs gSa vkSj lc
,d&nwljs osQ lkFk çseHkko ls jgrs gSaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) lkSxkr µ nhikoyh dk R;kSgkj vius lkFk [kqf'k;ksa dh lkSxkr ysdj vkrk gSA
esjs pkpk fons'k ls gekjs fy, cgqr&lh lkSxkr ysdj vk,A
([k) fdydµ cPpksa dh fdyd cgqr gh vPNh yxrh gSA
dkUgk dh fdyd lqudj ;'kksnk ek¡ cgqr [kq'k gksrh FkhA
(x) u;u µ fgju osQ u;u cgqr lqanj gksrs gSaA
lhek osQ cPps osQ u;u cgqr laqnj gSaA
(?k) >xM+k µ 'khyk dk lhrk osQ lkFk >xM+k gks x;kA
>xM+k djuk cgqr cqjh ckr gSA
(Ä) vej µ egkRek xk¡/h th dk uke lnk vej jgsxkA
esjs fe=k dk uke vej gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 107 nh{kk&[6-8]
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. rqd feyus okys 'kCnksa dks vkil esa feykb,µ
cjlkr ?kfM+;k¡
dfM+;k¡ cuk
?kuk mM+k,¡
[kk,¡ lkSxkr
2. fj'rsnkjh iwjh dhft,µ
pkpk µ pkph Hkk¡tk µ Hkk¡th
ekSlk µ ekSlh Hkrhtk µ Hkrhth
rk;k µ rkbZ lkl µ llqj
cqvk µ iwQiQk tsB µ tsBkuh
nknk µ nknh nsoj µ nsojkuh
3. dfork osQ vk/kj ij fn, x, 'kCn lewgksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) {k.k Hkj esa u"V gks tkus okyk µ {k.kHkaxqj
([k) le;&le; ij cnyrh tyok;q µ ekSle
(x) Åij ls fxjrk çkÑfrd ty&Ïksr µ >juk
(?k) fdlh dk gky&pky tkuuk µ [kSj&[kcj ysuk
4. uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) ijk;k µ viuk ([k) {k.k&Hkaxqj µ LFkk;h
(x) çse µ ?k`.kk (?k) nq'eu µ nksLr
(Ä) laqnj µ oqQ:i (p) ojnku µ vfHk'kki
v O;kdj.k&Kku
leklµ 'kCn jpuk dh ,d fof/ lekl gSA lekl esa nks ;k vusd 'kCnksa osQ esy ls
,d u, 'kCn dh jpuk gksrh gS_ tSlsµ xaxk $ ty ¾ xaxktyA ns[kk tk, rks ^xaxk*
(unh) vkSj ^ty* (ikuh)] nksuksa vyx&vyx vFkZ j[kus okys 'kCn gSaA ysfdu nksuksa
feydj ,d u;k Lora=k 'kCn cuk jgs gSaµ xaxkty] ftldk ,d vyx gh vFkZ gSA
lekl osQ pkj eq[; Hksn gSaµ
(d) rRiq#"k lekl ([k) cgqczhfg lekl
(x) n~oan~o lekl (?k) vO;;hHkko lekl
buosQ vfrfjDr nks Hksn vkSj ekus tkrs gSaµ n~foxq vkSj deZ/kj; leklA foaQrq ;s
rRiq#"k lekl osQ gh miHksn gSaA tc ge lekl jpuk ls cus 'kCn dks vyx&vyx
djrs gSa rks mls lekl&foxzg dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ xaxkty dks vyx&vyx fd;k tk,
rks ^xaxk* $ ^ty* gksxkA ;gh xaxkty dk lekl foxzg gSA lekl foxzg dks bl
gksjkbtu izsl 108 nh{kk&[6-8]
çdkj fy[krs gSaµ xaxkty ¾ xaxk $ ty (xaxk dk ty)
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk lekl foxzg dhft,µ
(d) ?kqM+lokj µ ?kksM+s ij lokj ([k) jktoq¡Qoj µ jktk dk oq¡Qoj
(x) uhyoaQB µ uhyk gS tks oaQB (?k) egknso µ egku gS tks nso
(Ä) ihrkacj µ ihyk gS vacj (p) deyu;u µ dey osQ leku u;u
(N) çfrfnu µ çR;sd fnu (t) ;Fkkle; µ le; osQ vuqlkj
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

2. vPNs ukxfjd
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ns'k fdldk gS\
(i) ,d O;fDr dk (ii) lcdk 3
([k) liQyrk u feyus osQ fy, nks"kh dkSu gksrk gS\
(i) ge Lo;a 3 (ii) nwljk O;fDr
(x) dk;ZoqQ'kyrk fdldk Hksn ugha tkurh gS\
(i) cM+s&NksVs dk 3 (ii) dke dk
(?k) dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dk rhljk vax D;k gS\
(i) ifjJe 3 (ii) /u dk mi;ksx
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) dk;ZoqQ'ky O;fDr viuk dk;Z djus esa oSQlk vuqHko djrk gS\
mRrj% dk;ZoqQ'ky O;fDr viuk dk;Z djus esa xoZ dk vuqHko djrk gSA
([k) ns'k oSQls lqn`<+ jg ldrk gS\
mRrj% ns'k rHkh lqn`<+ jg ldrk gS] tc lc yksx viuk&viuk dk;Z leqfpr çdkj
ls djsaA
(x) NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dh mis{kk djus dk D;k ifj.kke gks ldrk gS\
lksnkgj.k le>kb,A
mRrj% NksVh&NksVh ckrsa gh vkxs pydj cM+h gks tkrh gSa] tks O;fDr osQ fy,
d"Vnk;d cu tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn ,d cM+s tgkt esa ,d
gksjkbtu izsl 109 nh{kk&[6-8]
NksVk&lk Nsn gks tkrk gS] rks og iwjs tgkt dks ikuh esa Mqcks nsrk gSA ;fn 'kjhj
ij NksVh&lh iq¡Qlh fudy vk, rks og cM+s ls cM+s igyoku dks ekj ldrh
gSA blfy, NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,A os cM+h&cM+h ckrksa
ls Hkh cM+h gSaA
(?k) nSfud O;ogkj esa gesa fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,\
mRrj% nSfud O;ogkj esa ge nwljksa osQ lkFk oSlk gh O;ogkj djsa] tSlk ge mu yksxksa
ls vius çfr pkgrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ gels oLrq ek¡xdj ys tk,] rks ge pkgsaxs
fd og gedks mlh vPNh gkyr esa feys] ftlesa geus mls nh FkhA ;fn dksbZ
gesa opu ns] rks ge ;g pkgsaxs fd og Bhd le; ls iwjk djsA lM+d ij
pyrs le; ge ;g pkgsaxs fd lM+d ij dgha Hkh osQys osQ fNyosQ vkfn u
iM+s gksaA ;fn vpkud osQys osQ fNyosQ osQ dkj.k gekjk iSj fiQly tk,] rks
ge ;g pkgsaxs fd jkg pyrs yksx gekjh lgk;rk djsa u fd migklA ;fn ge
jsy dh f[kM+dh ls fVdV ys jgs gSa] rks ge ;g pkgsaxs fd ihNs osQ yksx /Ddk
u nsa vkSj vkxs c<+us dh dksf'k'k u djsaA
(Ä) dk;ZoqQ'kyrk osQ vko';d vaxksa dh foospuk dhft,A
mRrj% dk;ZoqQ'kyrk osQ fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ vax gSaµ
dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dk igyk vax gS fd ge vius dk;Z dks vPNh rjg tkus rHkh
ml dk;Z esa ge liQyrk çkIr dj ldrs gSaA dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dk nwljk vax gS
fd dHkh&Hkh fdlh dks NksVk ugha le>uk pkfg,A cfYd çR;sd dk;Z dks
djus esa gesa xoZ dk vuqHko djuk pkfg, vkSj dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dk rhljk vax gS]
ifjJe] lrr ifjJe gh gesa vkxs ys tk ldrk gSA lqLrh gesa ihNs /osQyrh
gSA blfy, çR;sd dk;Z dks lPph yxu vkSj ifjJe ls djuk pkfg,A
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ;fn ge yksx vius&vius dke osQ ,d&,d vax dks le>sa vkSj mlesa
çoh.k gksus dk è;ku j[ksa] rks ge viuh vkSj vius dke nksuksa dh
o`n~f/ vkSj mUufr dj ldrs gSaA
vk'k;µ mi;qZDr okD; dk vk'k; gS fd ;fn ge fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus ls igys
;fn mls vPNh rjg ls le> ysa fd ;g dke oSQls gksxk vkSj fiQj ml dk;Z
dks djsa] rks fuf'pr :i ls gesa vius dk;Z esa liQyrk çkIr gksxh vkSj bl
çdkj ge vius dk;Z ,oa viuh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk nksuksa es gh mUufr çkIr djsaxsA
([k) tks dk;ZoqQ'ky gksxk] og vkjaHk esa fdruk gh NksVk D;ksa u gks] vo';
mUufr djsxk vkSj tks dk;ZoqQ'ky ugha gksxk] og vkjaHk esa pkgs fdruk
gh cM+k D;ksa u gks] vo'; fxjsxkA
gksjkbtu izsl 110 nh{kk&[6-8]
vk'k;µ mi;qZDr okD; dk vk'k; gS fd tks Hkh dk;ZoqQ'ky O;fDr gksxk pkgs og
fdruk gh NksVk vFkkZr~ fuEu Js.kh vFkok xjhc D;ksa u gks] og vius dk;Z eas
liQyrk çkIr dj gh ysxk vkSj tks O;fDr vius dk;Z dks djus esa oqQ'ky ugha
gksrk og fdruk gh cM+k vFkok /uh O;fDr D;ksa u gks og viuh voqQ'kyrk
osQ dkj.k dk;Z ugha dj ik,xkA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) Js.kh µ esjk NksVk HkkbZ viuh d{kk esa çFke Js.kh esa mRrh.kZ gqvkA
eSaus y[kuÅ tkus osQ fy, çFke Js.kh dk jsy dk fVdV cqd
djk;kA
([k) fuiq.krkµ ,dyO; us /uq"k fon~;k esa fuiq.krk çkIr dhA
vko';d ugha fd gj dk;Z esa ge fuiq.krk çkIr djsaA
(x) çoh.k µ esjh ekrk th flykbZ djus esa cgqr çoh.k gSaA
eSa vaxszth cksy ikus esa cgqr çoh.k ugha gw¡A
(?k) vuqHko µ ge vuqHko djosQ gh oqQN lh[krs gSaA
vuqHko ij gh çR;sd O;fDr dh liQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA
(Ä) migkl µ gesa dHkh fdlh dk migkl ugha mM+kuk pkfg,A
lqjs'k osQ isQy gks tkus ij mlosQ nksLrksa us mldk cgqr migkl
mM+k;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fdlh vU; Hkk"kk dks i<+rs le; mlosQ fganh vuqokn dh izfØ;k gekjs efLr"d esa
pyrh gS] tSlsµ Rohan who is the son of Shailesh, lives in a village. dks tc
ge i<+rs gSa rks gekjk okD; bl rjg curk gS& jksgu tks 'kSys'k dk iq=k gS] xk¡o esa
jgrk gS] foaQrq okD; jpuk dh n`f"V ls gesa bl rjg le>uk pkfg,µ 'kSys'k dk iq=k
jksgu xk¡o esa jgrk gSA bl rjg dh xyfr;k¡ vuqokn djrs le; cgq/k gksrh gSaA
bldk dkj.k gS] okD; osQ inksa dk Øekuqlkj u gksukA
vc fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa inØe dh ,slh gh v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkfu, vkSj
mUgsa 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) xk; dks dkVdj ?kkl f[kykvksA
xk; dks ?kkl dkVdj f[kykvksA
([k) egkRek xk¡/h dk ns'k lnk vkHkkjh jgsxkA
ns'k egkRek xk¡/h dk lnk vkHkkjh jgsxkA
(x) ,d iwQyksa dh ekyk ys vkb,A
iwQyksa dh ,d ekyk ys vkb,A
gksjkbtu izsl 111 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) gekjh xk; jkeflag osQ [ksr esa b/j&m/j HkVdrs gq, tk igq¡phA
gekjh xk; b/j&m/j HkVdrs gq, jkeflag osQ [ksr esa tk igq¡phA
2. mnkgj.k ns[kdj okD; cukb,µ
(d) jkg pyrs yksx gekjh lgk;rk djsa] u fd migklA
jkg pyrs yksxksa dks gekjh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,] migkl ughaA
([k) ijh{kk osQ le; gesa i<+kbZ djuh gS] u fd [ksyowQnA
ijh{kk osQ le; gesa i<+kbZ djuh pkfg,] [ksyowQn ughaA
(x) deh lkeus crkb,] u fd ihB ihNsA
deh dks lkeus crkuk pkfg,] ihB ihNs ughaA
(?k) vius vkl&ikl LoPNrk jf[k,] u fd xanxhA
vius vkl&ikl LoPNrk j[kuh pkfg,] xanxh ughaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ikB esa ^ns'koklh* 'kCn vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& ^ns'k osQ oklh* blesa ^osQ* gVk
fn;k x;k gSA nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ laf{kIr :i dks ^lekl* dgrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr lkekfld 'kCnksa esa ftl 'kCn dks gVk fn;k x;k gS] lkeus
fyf[k,µ
(d) dk;ZoqQ'ky µ dk;Z esa oqQ'ky
([k) fu;e&ikyu µ fu;e dk ikyu
(x) le;kuqlkj µ yqIr 'kCn le; osQ vuqlkj
(?k) opu&ikyu µ opu dk ikyu
(Ä) x`g&izos'k µ x`g esa ços'k
(p) uhfr&fuiq.k µ uhfr esa fuiq.k
2. fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk myVk vFkZ nsus okyk 'kCn mldk ^foykse* dgykrk gSA foykse
fy[krs le; ;g è;ku nsuk vko';d gS fd rRle 'kCnksa osQ foykse rRle vkSj
rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ foykse rn~Hko gh gksus pkfg,_ tSlsµ ^thou* dk foykse ^e`R;q*
fy[kk tkuk pkfg,] ^ekSr* fy[kuk xyr gSA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) cM+k µ NksVk ([k) vknj µ vuknj
(x) liQyrk µ vliQyrk (?k) ljy µ dfBu
(Ä) [kjkc µ Bhd (p) vkjaHk µ var
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 112 nh{kk&[6-8]


3. ek¡ dk ea=k
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) xksiky dh ek¡ dks D;k chekjh Fkh\
(i) [kk¡lh dh 3 (ii) ihfy;k dh
([k) xksiky osQ pkpk dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) jkeyky (ii) jekdkar 3
(x) lsB I;kjsyky fdl oLrq dk O;kikj djrk Fkk\
(i) iQyksa dk (ii) ?kh dk 3
(?k) lsB dh frtksjh ls pksjh fdlus dh\
(i) panj us 3 (ii) xksiky us
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ckfj'k osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh xksiky D;ksa Hkkxk tk jgk Fkk\
mRrj% ckfj'k osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh xksiky blfy, Hkkxk tk jgk Fkk D;ksafd
mls ,d gh /qu lokj Fkh fd tYnh ls viuh ek¡ osQ fy, nok ys vk,] rkfd
fdlh rjg ls mudh [kk¡lh Bhd gks tk, vkSj mUgsa vkjke vk tk,A
([k) ek¡ dh e`R;q osQ ckn xksiky dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\
mRrj% ek¡ dh e`R;q osQ ckn xk¡o esa ck<+ vk xbZ] ftlesa xksiky dk ?kj Hkh u"V gks
x;kA vc xk¡o esa xksiky dk oqQN u Fkk blfy, og 'kgj tkdj vius pkpk
osQ ikl jgus yxk] ftUgksaus mls pk; dh nqdku ij dke ij yxk fn;kA
(x) xksiky us fdl&fdlosQ ;gk¡ ukSdjh dh\
mRrj% xksiky us igys pk; dh nqdku ij ukSdjh dh] exj mldk eu pk; dh
nqdku ij ugha yxk] rks xksiky us ,d lsB dh nqdku ij UkkSdjh dj yhA
(?k) tc xksiky us panj dks pksjh djrs gq, ns[k fy;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh mlus
lsB dks D;ksa ugha crk;k\
mRrj% tc xksiky us panj dks pksjh djrs gq, ns[k fy;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh mlus lsB dks
blfy, ugha crk;k] D;ksafd panj us mls viuh nksLrh dk okLrk fn;k FkkA
(Ä) var esa lsB I;kjsyky vkSj xksiky dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\
mRrj% panj dh pksjh dh gjdrs c<+us ls lsB dks O;kikj esa ?kkVk gksus yxk] ftl
dkj.k lsB dk lc oqQN fcd x;k vkSj xksiky dks fiQj ls pk; dh nqdku ij

gksjkbtu izsl 113 nh{kk&[6-8]


gh dke ij yxuk iM+k rFkk >wB dk lkFk nsus osQ dkj.k mldh ek¡ us Hkh
mlosQ lius esa vkuk can dj fn;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vc xksiky osQ ikl fliZQ ek¡ dk fn;k gqvk ,d ea=k Fkk] lpks% lpks%
/eZ eryc ges'kk lp cksyksaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc xksiky dh ek¡ bZ'oj
dks I;kjh gks xbZ] rks xksiky fcYoqQy vosQyk gks x;k] xksiky osQ ikl mldh
ek¡ dk fn;k gqvk fliZQ ,d ea=k gh cpk Fkk] lpks% lpks% /eZ] ;kfu ges'kk
lR; cksyukA bl ea=k osQ vykok xksiky osQ ikl oqQN ugha FkkA
([k) xksiky tc Hkh ea=k dk tki djrk] rks ek¡ mls lius esa nqykj djrh FkhA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd dgrk gS fd xksiky tc Hkh viuh ek¡ osQ fn, gq, ea=k
dks tirk mldh ek¡ lius esa vkdj xksiky dks nqykj dj tkrh FkhA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) pisV µ vt; cq[kkj dh pisV esa vk x;kA
ck<+ dh pisV es vkdj dbZ xk¡o u"V gks x,A
([k) jbZl µ lsB gtkjh çlkn 'kgj osQ jbZl vknfe;ksa esa ls ,d gSaA
lqeu dks vius jbZl gksus ij cgqr ?keaM gSA
(x) ukScr µ jkew dh xjhch osQ dkj.k mlosQ Hkw[kksa ejus dh ukScr vk xbZA
vxj rqe dke ugha NksM+rs rks m/kj ysus dh ukScr uk vkrhA
(?k) >wB µ >wB cksyuk cgqr cM+k iki gSA
>wB cksyus okys O;fDr ij dksbZ Hkh fo'okl ugha djrkA
(Ä) ukSdjh µ vkt osQ le; esa ukSdjh feyuk vklku ughaA
xksiky osQ ckiw lsB osQ ;gk¡ pkSdhnkj dh ukSdjh djus yxsA
6. fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
(d) ^^rsjs ikl ,slk D;k [kkl gS fd eSa rq>s ukSdjh ns nw¡\** lsB us xksiky ls
([k) ^^ek¡ us dgk Fkk] eqlhcr esa ges'kk lp cksyksA** xksiky us lsB ls
(x) ^^eq>s ekiQ dj nks] ml fnu eSaus vkils >wB cksyk FkkA** xksiky us lsB ls
(?k) ^^vxj rqe ml fnu lp crk nsrs] rks vkt ;g ukScr ugha vkrhA**
lsB us xksiky ls
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. bl ikB esa eqgkojsnkj Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gSA ikB esa vk, bu eqgkojksa dks vius
okD;ksa esa iz;qDr dhft,µ
gksjkbtu izsl 114 nh{kk&[6-8]
(d) pisV esa vkuk µ fxjÝr esa vkuk
okD; iz;ksxµ pksjh djosQ tc og Hkkx jgk Fkk] rks iqfyl dh pisV esa vk x;kA
([k) /qu lokj gksuk µ yxu gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ eksfgr dks bl ckj ijh{kk esa vPNs uacj ykus dh /qu lokj gks xbZA
(x) okLrk nsuk µ dle nsuk
okD; iz;ksxµ fufru ijh{kk esa udy djrs gq, idM+k x;k] rks mlus ?kj ij uk
crkus osQ fy, xxu dks viuh nksLrh dk okLrk fn;kA
(?k) jiQk&niQk gksuk µ ekeyk [kRe djuk
okD; iz;ksxµ tt us nksuksa i{kksa esa le>kSrk djk;k] rks osQl jiQk&niQk gks x;kA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj fyf[k,µ
(d) cknyksa µ ckny ([k) ?kus µ ?kuk
(x) nok µ nokb;k¡ (?k) nqdku µ nqdkusa
(Ä) iSls µ iSlk (p) liuk µ lius
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) ckny µ es?k i;ksn i;ks/j
([k) vkleku µ xxu uHk O;kse
(x) ek¡ µ vEck ekrk tuuh
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks O;ofLFkr Øe esa fy[kdj lgh okD; cukb,µ
(d) ik¡o Fkk uaxs xksiky tk Hkkxk jgkA
xksiky uaxs ik¡o Hkkxk tk jgk FkkA
([k) pk; eu xksiky dh yxk dk ij nqdku ughaA
pk; dh nqdku ij xksiky dk eu ugha yxkA
(x) jbZl 'kgj O;fDr dk I;kjsyky Fkk lcls lsBA
lsB I;kjsyky 'kgj dk lcls jbZl O;fDr FkkA
(?k) nksLrh ysfdu dk panj okLrk us mls fn;kA
ysfdu panj us mls nksLrh dk okLrk fn;kA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh orZuh 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) earj µ ea=k ([k) [kyhgku µ [kfygku
(x) 'kSfDNd µ 'kSf{kd (?k) vodk"k µ vodk'k
(Ä) nqHkkxZ; µ nqHkkZX; (p) 'kkaLo`Qrhdµ lkaLo`Qfrd
6. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foijhrkFkZd 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) 'kq"d µ vkæZ ([k) e/qj µ dVq
gksjkbtu izsl 115 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) vkuan µ fo"kkn (?k) jkf=k µ fnol
(Ä) o"kkZ µ lw[kk (p) ?kkVk µ equkiQk
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

4. jkeyhyk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) ys[kd jkeyhyk ns[kus dc ls ugha x;k\
(i) nks fnuksa ls (ii) ,d eqn~nr ls 3
([k) ik=kksa dh ltkoV fdrus cts ls gksus yxrh Fkh\
(i) ik¡p cts ls (ii) nks cts ls 3
(x) ys[kd osQ firk th D;k Fks\
(i) iqfyl osQ vkneh 3 (ii) f'k{kd
(?k) vkjrh osQ le; ys[kd osQ ikl fdrus iSls Fks\
(i) ik¡p #i, (ii) ,d #i;k 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ckY;dky esa ys[kd dks lcls vf/d vkuan dk vuqHko dc gksrk
Fkk\
mRrj% ckY;dky esa ys[kd dks jkeyhyk esa cgqr vkuan vkrk FkkA fnu esa gh ik=kksa
dks ltk;k tkrk FkkA rc ys[kd Hkh ogk¡ tkdj cSBrs vkSj mRlkg ls
NksVs&eksVs dke djrs FksA ckjh&ckjh ls rhuksa ik=kksa dk aÜk`xkj gksrk FkkA jax dh
I;kfy;ksa esa ikuh ykuk] jkejt ihluk] ia[kk >yuk vkfn dk;Z ys[kd dks
vPNs yxrs FksA tc dykdkj rS;kj gksdj foeku ij cSBrs] rks jkepanzth osQ
ihNs cSBdj ys[kd dks cgqr mYykl vkSj vkuan feyrk FkkA
([k) ^cky LoHkko iy esa :Bus vkSj iy esa eku tkus dk gksrk gS* çLrqr
ikB esa vk, fdlh Hkh çlax n~okjk fln~/ dhft,A
mRrj% jkepanzth ij ys[kd dh cgqr Jn~/k Fkh vkSj og viuh i<+kbZ dh fpark fd,
fcuk jkepanzth dks i<+k fn;k djrs Fks] ftlls os isQy u gks tk,¡A ysfdu ogh
gksjkbtu izsl 116 nh{kk&[6-8]
jkepanzth ukSdk ij cSBs bl rjg eq¡g isQjdj pys tkrs Fks] tSls mudh ys[kd
ls dksbZ tku&igpku gh ughaA rc ys[kd us fu'p; fd;k Fkk fd vc jkepanz
ls dHkh ugha cksyw¡xk] u dHkh [kkus dh dksbZ pht gh nw¡xkA ysfdu T;ksa gh ukys
dks ikj djosQ os iqy dh vksj ls ykSVs] ys[kd nkSM+dj foeku ij p<+ x, vkSj
,sls [kq'k gq, ekuks dksbZ ckr gh u gqbZ FkhA bl çlax ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ^cky
LoHkko iy esa :Bus vkSj iy esa eku tkus okyk gksrk gSA*
(x) ys[kd n~okjk jkepaæ dh vkjrh dh Fkkyh esa ,d #i;k Mkys tkus ij]
mlosQ firk dh D;k çfrfØ;k gqbZ\
mRrj% ys[kd n~okjk jkepanz dh vkjrh dh Fkkyh esa ,d #i;k Mkys tkus ij muosQ
firk Øksf/r gks x, vkSj mUgksaus dgk rks oqQN ugha ysfdu eq¡g ,sls cuk fy;k]
ftlls fn[kkbZ nsrk Fkk fd ys[kd dh /`"Vrk ls muosQ firk osQ jkSc esa cV~Vk
yx x;k gksA
(?k) jkeyhyk osQ vk;kstd fu"Bqj vkSj LokFkhZ Fks] fln~/ dhft,A
mRrj% tc jkepanzth fonk gks jgs Fks] rks jkeyhyk osQ vk;kstdksa us mUgsa #i, ugha
fn, vkSj ;g dgk fd cpr esa #i, ugha gSa] fiQj vkdj ys tkukA mUgksaus jkLrs
osQ [kpZ osQ fy, Hkh oqQN ugha fn;k vkSj dgk fd iSny pys tkvks! muosQ
ikl urZfd;ksa dks nsus osQ fy, rks #i,] lokfj;k¡] lc oqQN Fkk ijarq jkepanz
vkSj muosQ lkfFk;ksa osQ fy, oqQN Hkh ugha FkkA blls ;g fln~/ gksrk gS fd
jkeyhyk osQ vk;kstd fu"Bqj vkSj LokFkhZ FksA
(Ä) ys[kd osQ eu esa vius firk osQ çfr Jn~/k&Hkko D;ksa ugha jgk\
mRrj% jkepanz osQ fonk gksus ij pkS/jh lkgc us oqQN ugha fn;k FkkA rc ys[kd us
vius firk ls dgk mudks nsus osQ fy, eq>s nks #i;s ns nks] ftlls og ?kj
igq¡p tk,¡A ysfdu firkth us ;g dgk fd esjs ikl #i, ugha gSa vkSj ?kksMs+ ij
cSBdj pys x,A rHkh ls ys[kd osQ eu esa vius firk osQ çfr Jn~/k dk Hkko
[kRe gks x;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) jk{klksa vkSj canjksa osQ psgjs ihry osQ] xnk,¡ Hkh ihry dh] dnkfpr
cuoklh Hkzkrkvksa osQ eqoqQV lPps dke osQ gksa] ysfdu lkt&lkeku osQ
flok ogk¡ Hkh ogh gw&gw osQ flok vkSj oqQN ughaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa eqa'kh çsepan th osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vktdy gksus
okyh jkeyhyk esa Hkys gh jk{klksa vkSj canjksa osQ psgjs vkSj xnk,¡ ihry osQ gksa]
exj fiQj Hkh ogk¡ fliZQ lkt&lTtk osQ flok oqQN ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Hkys
gh cuoklh dk cuk;k x;k eqoqQV lPps dke osQ gksa] exj ogk¡ 'kksj&'kjkcs osQ
flok oqQN u gksus ij Hkh yksxksa dh HkhM+ jkeyhyk ns[kus osQ fy, tkrh gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 117 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) ?kj ij eq>s [kkus dh tks pht feyrh] og ysdj jkepaæ dks ns vkrkA
mUgsa f[kykus esa eq>s ftruk vkuan feyrk Fkk] mruk [kkus esa dHkh u
feyrk FkkA
vk'k;µ bl okD;ksa esa eqa'kh çsepan th osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ys[kd dks
vius ?kj ls tks Hkh [kkus dh pht feyrh] og pht os Lo;a u [kkdj
jkepaæth dks f[kykus osQ fy, ys tkrs vkSj vius n~okjk nh xbZ pht dks
jkepaæth dks [kkrs ns[kdj mUgsa bruk vkuan vkrk] ftruk vkuan mUgsa Lo;a
[kkdj dHkh ugha vk;kA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) mUekn µ esys esa tkus dh ckr lqudj esjs eu esa mUekn mRiUu gks x;kA
nhokyh dk R;kSgkj vkrs gh eu mUekn ls Hkj tkrk gSA
([k) jksekap µ nknh ek¡ dh dgkfu;k¡ lqudj eu jksekap ls Hkj tkrk gSA
fpfM+;k?kj esa 'ksj dks ns[kdj cgqr jksekap mRiUu gqvkA
(x) fody µ jktw dh nknh osQ vLoLFk gksus dh [kcj lqudj eSa fody gks
x;kA
Hkh"k.k xjeh gksus ls lHkh euq"; vkSj i'kq&i{kh fody gks mBsA
(?k) csrgk'kkµ 'ksj csrgk'kk xhnM+ dh rjiQ nkSM+kA
eSa lk¡i dks ns[kdj csrgk'kk ?kj dh vksj HkkxkA
(Ä) ,rckj µ gesa bruh tYnh fdlh ij ,rckj ugha djuk pkfg,A
lqjs'k jkew ij cgqr ,rckj djrk gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks vius okD;ksa esa ç;qDr dhft,µ
(d) iQkM+ [kkuk µ ukjkt gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ tSls gh ukSdjkuh ls iwQynku fxjk] ekyfdu mls iQkM+ [kkus dks nkSM+hA
([k) 'keZ ls xM+uk µ yfTtr gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ iq=k dks Hkh[k ek¡xrs ns[kdj] mlosQ firk 'keZ ls xM+ x,A
(x) nky u xyuk µ dke u cuuk
okD; iz;ksxµ eksgu vius fe=k jkosQ'k ls ,d cM+h jde gM+iuk pkgrk Fkk] ysfdu
mldh nky ugha xyhA
(?k) jkSc esa cV~Vk yxukµ oQyad yxuk
okD; iz;ksxµ rqEgsa ,slk dksbZ dke ugha djuk pkfg,] ftlls rqEgkjs ekrk&firk osQ
jkSc esa cV~Vk yxsA
gksjkbtu izsl 118 nh{kk&[6-8]
2.dgkuh esa ç;qDr mnwZ osQ fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks muosQ fganh i;kZ;ksa ls
feykb,µ
mnwZ 'kCn fganh i;kZ;
jkSc vk'p;Ztud
xtc ekxZ
xjt iqLrd
jkg ;qfDr
fdrkc LokFkZ
rjdhc çHkko
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkZd 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) vkuan µ çlUurk ([k) Hkzkrk µ ca/q
(x) vkÑfr µ cukoV (?k) vk'p;Z µ vpaHkk
(Ä) vuFkZ µ vfu"V (p) iqyfdr µ vkuafnr
v O;kdj.k&Kku
iqu#Dr 'kCnµ tc okD; esa ,d gh 'kCn nks ckj vkrk gS] rks mls iqu#Dr 'kCn
dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ ?kj&?kj] /hjs&/hjs] tYnh&tYnhA iqu#Dr 'kCnksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ
fudyrs gSa_ tSlsµ
1- og ?kj&?kj tkdj tux.kuk dj jgk gSA (;gk¡ ?kj&?kj dk vFkZ gS] çR;sd ?kj)
2- 'kgj esa mQ¡ps&m¡Qps edku gksrs gSaA(;gk¡ mQ¡ps&mQ¡ps dk vFkZ gS] cgqr vf/d mQ¡ps)
'kCn&;qXeµ 'kCn&;qXe esa nks 'kCn ,d lkFk vkrs gSa fdarq os vyx&vyx gksrs gSa_
tSlsµ dke&dkt] cM+s&cw<+s] lh/k&lknk vkfnA 'kCn&;qXe esa nksuksa 'kCn dk ,d&lk
vFkZ Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj ,d&nwljs ls foijhr Hkh_ tSlsµ lq[k&nq%[k] iki&iq.;]
fnu&jkrA dbZ ckj ,d 'kCn osQ lkFk nwljk 'kCn fujFkZd gksrk gS_ tSlsµ pk;&ok;]
feBkbZ&foBkbZ] dkxt&okxtA
iqu#Dr vkSj 'kCn&;qXeksa dk ç;ksx Hkk"kk esa çokg mRiUu djrk gS vkSj mls jkspd o
ljy cukrk gSA
bl ikB esa vk, gq, oqQN iqu#Dr o 'kCn&;qXe Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
gw&gw nwj&nwj nkSM+&nkSM+ ckjh&ckjh cM+h&cM+h
lkt&lkeku :i&jax nks&pkj gko&Hkko vkuk&tkuk
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 119 nh{kk&[6-8]


5. rksM+rh iRFkj
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) Jfed L=kh D;k rksM+ jgh Fkh\
(i) iRFkj 3 (ii) edku
([k) Jfed L=kh oSQls fnuksa esa dke jgh Fkh\
(i) ljfn;ksa osQ (ii) xjfe;ksa osQ 3
(x) Jfed L=kh osQ ekFks ls D;k fxjk\
(i) ygw (ii) ilhus dh cw¡nsa 3
(?k) çLrqr dfork osQ jpf;rk dkSu gSa\
(i) lw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk* 3 (ii) lw;Znso f=kikBh ^fujkyk*
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) dfork esa fdldk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\
mRrj% dfork esa Jfed L=kh osQ ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
([k) Jfed L=kh us dfo dh vksj fdl çdkj ns[kk\
mRrj% Jfed L=kh us dfo dh vksj nq%[kHkjh n`f"V ls ns[kkA
(x) Jfed L=kh dh n'kk oSQlh gS\
mRrj% Jfed L=kh dh n'kk cgqr gh n;uh; gSA Jfed L=kh rst rirh /wi esa cSBh gqbZ
iRFkj rksM+us dk dke dj jgh gSA L=kh dk psgjk rst /wi ls yky gS vkSj
mlosQ psgjs ls ilhus dh cw¡nsa Vid jgh gSaA
(?k) dfork esa Jfed L=kh osQ fdl lkSan;Z dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\
mRrj% dfork esa dfo us Jfed L=kh dk mlosQ ifjJe esa gh lgt lkSan;Z dk o.kZu
fd;k gSA og fpyfpykrh gqbZ xjfe;ksa dh /wi esa >qylkrh gqbZ yw esa iRFkj
rksM+ jgh gSA
(Ä) çLrqr dfork dk ,d vU; 'kh"kZd fyf[k,A
mRrj% bl dfork dk vU; 'kh"kZd gS Jfed L=khA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) djrh ckj&ckj çgkj
lkeus r# ekfydk vV~Vkfydk] çkdkjA
vk'k;µ dfo us blesa ,d Jfed L=kh dh n'kk dk o.kZu fd;k gS] tks fpyfpykrh
gksjkbtu izsl 120 nh{kk&[6-8]
gqbZ xjfe;ksa dh /wi es >qylkrh gqbZ yw esa iRFkj ij ckj&ckj çgkj dj] mls
rksM+ jgh gSA lkeus isM+ksa dh ,d Ük`a[kyk gS vkSj pkjksa rjiQ mQ¡ps Hkou gSaA pkjksa
vksj ls /wi osQ vkus dk jkLrk gSA vr% vR;f/d ifjJe djus osQ ckn Hkh
mlus fgEer ugha gkjh vkSj viuk iRFkj rksM+us dk dke tkjh j[kkA
([k) ,d {k.k osQ ckn og dk¡ih lq?kj]
<qyd ekFks ls fxjs lhdjA
vk'k;µ dfo dgrs gSa fd Jfed L=kh osQ ekFks ls ilhus dh cw¡nsa Vid jgh gSaA exj
fiQj Hkh og Jfed lq?kM+ L=kh vius dke dks djus esa yhu gS] tSls og dg
jgh gks fd esjk dk;Z iRFkj rksM+uk gS vkSj eSa ;gk¡ viuk dk;Z dj jgh gw¡A
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ';ke µ Ñ".k dk nwljk uke ';ke Hkh gSA
';ke us esjh isafly pqjk yhA
([k) çgkj µ yqgkj yxkrkj yksgs dh NM+ ij çgkj djrk jgkA
dal us dbZ ckj JhÑ".k ij çgkj djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
(x) fnok µ fnok gksrs gh if{k;ksa dh pgpgkV xw¡t mBrh gSA
vk¡/h vkus ls fnok Hkh jkr esa cny xbZA
(?k) n`f"V µ esjh n`f"V esa egkRek xk¡/h cgqr egku O;fDr FksA
fxn~/ dh n`f"V cgqr rst gksrh gSA
(Ä) deZ µ vPNs deZ djosQ gh ge vius ls cM+ksa osQ ân; dks thr ldrs gSaA
enj Vsjslk us xjhcksa dh lsok djosQ vPNs deZ fd,A
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. okD; cukdj varj Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ur µ iQyksa ls Hkjk o`{k ges'kk ur jgrk gSA
fur µ gesa fur Hkxoku dh iwtk djuh pkfg,A
([k) ';ke µ JhÑ".k ';ke o.kZ osQ FksA
'kke µ og 'kke dks [ksyus osQ fy, eSnku esa tkrk gSA
(x) xq# µ o`{k osQ uhps cSBdj xq# f'k";ksa dks i<+k jgs FksA
xqj µ vè;kid us d{kk esa cPpksa dks xf.kr osQ loky gy djus osQ
vyx&vyx xqj fl[kk,A
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) Lohdkj µ vLohdkj ([k) ;kSou µ cq<+kik
(x) /wi µ Nk¡o (?k) ';ke µ 'osr
gksjkbtu izsl 121 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) fiz; µ vfiz; (p) fnok µ jkr
3. dfork esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) iRFkj µ çLrj ([k) iFk µ jkLrk
(x) isM+ µ o`{k (?k) u;u µ vk¡[k
(Ä) ';ke µ dkyk (p) n`f"V µ utj
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ
(d) Lohdkj ([k) vV~Vkfydk
(x) çkdkj (?k) çgkj
(Ä) xnZ (p) deZ
mRrj% fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
okP;µ okP; fØ;k dk og :i gS] ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa drkZ] deZ
vFkok Hkko esa ls fdldh ç/kurk gSA okP; osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ
1. dr`Z okP;µ ftl okD; esa fØ;k drkZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vk/kj ij gksrh
gS] ogk¡ dr`Z okP; gksrk gSA dr`Z okP; esa vdeZd vkSj ldeZd nksuksa çdkj dh
fØ;kvksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA
2. deZ okP;µ ftl okD; eas fØ;k deZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vk/kj ij gksrh
gS] ogk¡ deZ okP; gksrk gSA deZ okP; esa osQoy ldeZd fØ;kvksa dk gh ç;ksx
gksrk gSA
3. Hkko okP;µ ftl okD; esa fØ;k ij drkZ vFkok deZ osQ fyax vkSj opu dk
dksbZ çHkko ugha gksrk] ogk¡ Hkko okP; gksrk gSA Hkko okP; esa osQoy vdeZd
fØ;kvksa dk gh ç;ksx gksrk gSA
crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh fØ;k,¡ fdl okP; esa gSa\
1- ge çfrfnu gkdh [ksyrs gSaA drZ` okP;
2- mlus esjh iqLrd Nhu yhA deZ okP;
3- vc eq>ls vkSj ugha pyk tkrkA Hkko okP;
4- mlosQ n~okjk ikB i<+k x;kA deZ okP;
5- eq>ls ns[kk ugha x;kA Hkko okP;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 122 nh{kk&[6-8]
6. liQyrk dk lw=k
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) iRFkj dks dkSu fi?kyk ldrk gS\
(i) ,dkxzrk 3 (ii) /wi
([k) dke fdlosQ Hkax gksus ls fcxM+rk gS\
(i) 'kfDr (ii) ,dkxzrk 3
(x) ^^lalkj osQ çR;sd dk;Z esa fot; ikus osQ fy, ,dkxzfpRr gksuk vko';d
gSA** ;g dFku fdl fon~oku dk gS\
(i) ekysZ 3 (ii) Lokeh foosdkuan
(?k) foosdkuan th fdl fo"k; ij iaæg feuV rd cksys\
(i) 'kwU; 3 (ii) çÑfr
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fdl 'kfDr osQ lkFk lHkh dk;Z lgh jhfr ls fd, tk ldrs gSa\
mRrj% ,dkxzrk ,slh 'kfDr gS] ftlosQ lgkjs lHkh dk;Z lgh jhfr ls fd, tk ldrs
gSA thou osQ gj {ks=k esa ,dkxz 'kfDr dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
([k) Lokeh foosdkuan th osQ vuqlkj liQyrk çkfIr dk ewy ea=k D;k gS\
mRrj% Lokeh foosdkuan us liQyrk izkfIr dk ewyea=k crkrs gq, dgk gS fd ;fn
thou esa bfPNr liQyrk pkgrs gks] rks ,d vkn'kZ dks yks] mldk
fparu&euu djks] mlh dks vius lius esa iky yksA vius efLr"d]
ekalisf'k;ksa o lewps vaxksa dks blh vkn'kZ osQ fopkj ls vksr&izksr dj nks vkSj
vU; fopkjksa dks ,d rjiQ gVk nksA fiQj ns[kks] liQyrk oSQls rqEgkjs dne
pwerh gSA
(x) fcuk ,dkxzrk osQ dk;Z djus dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\
mRrj% fcuk ,dkxzrk osQ dk;Z djus dk ifj.kke lnk cqjk gksrk gS] fcuk ,dkxzrk osQ
O;fDr dksbZ Hkh dke Bhd ls rFkk le; ij iwjk ugha dj ldrkA
(?k) tks yksx çR;sd ifjfLFkfr dks viuk HkkX; cuk ysrs gSa] mudk thou
gksjkbtu izsl 123 nh{kk&[6-8]
oSQlk gksrk gS\
mRrj% tks yksx çR;sd ifjfLFkfr dks viuk HkkX; cuk ysrs gSa] mudk thou fcuk
irokj dh ukSdk tSlk gksrk gS] tks b/j&m/j fgpdksys [kkrs HkVdrh jgrh gSA
u mls xarO; feyrk gS] u fdukjkA
(Ä) çLrqr ikB ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
mRrj% çLrqr ikB ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd çR;sd euq"; osQ thou es mn~ns';
gksuk cgqr gh vko';d gS vkSj ml mn~ns'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mldk
,dkxz gksuk vkSj Hkh vko';d gSA osQoy n`<+fu'p;h vkSj mn~ns';fu"B
O;fDr gh thou dh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuk ekxZ [kkst ldrk gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) liQy euq"; ogh dgykrk gS] ftldk y{; ,d gks vkSj og ges'kk
mldh iwfrZ esa yxk jgsA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ftl O;fDr dk y{; fuf'pr gks] ogh
euq"; liQy gks ldrk gSA liQyrk çkIr djus osQ fy, euq"; dks vius
efLr"d dks ,dkxz djuk cgqr vko';d gS] D;ksafd ,dkxzrk iRFkj dks Hkh
fi?kyk ldrh gSA
([k) rqe ,dkxzrk n~okjk ml vuar 'kfDr osQ vVwV HkaMkj osQ lkFk fey tkrs
gks] ftlls bl czg~ekaM dh mRifRr gqbZA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ,dkxzrk ,slh 'kfDr gS] ftlosQ lgkjs
cM+s&cM+s ½f"k&eqfu;ksa us] lk/dksa vkSj rifLo;ksa us bZ'oj osQ n'kZu fd, gSa
vFkkZr~ ;fn euq"; esa fdlh dk;Z vFkok mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, iw.kZ
,dkxzrk gS] rks og dfBu ls dfBu dk;Z esa Hkh liQyrk çkIr dj ldrk gS
vkSj blh ,dkxzrk dh 'kfDr osQ n~okjk ge czg~ekaM dh jpuk djus okys bZ'oj
dks Hkh çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ,dkxzrk µ ,dkxzrk gh gesa dk;Z djus es liQyrk çnku djrh gSA
è;ku yxkus osQ fy, ,dkxzrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
([k) 'kfDr µ ukjh 'kfDr dk nwljk uke gSA
bZ'oj es cgqr 'kfDr gksrh gSA
(x) egku µ Hkkjr ns'k egku gSA
tokgj yky usg: gekjs ns'k osQ egku usrk FksA

gksjkbtu izsl 124 nh{kk&[6-8]


(?k) 'kh"kZd µ dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd eq>s cgqr vPNk yxkA
rksM+rh iRFkj dfork dk 'kh"kZd cgqr gh vyx gSA
(Ä) dne µ vkt dh ukjh iq#"kksa osQ lkFk dne feykdj pyus yxh gSA
bZ'oj djs liQyrk rqEgkjs dne pwesaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. uhps fn, x, oxks± ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj laf/ 'kCn cukb,µ
d [k
nq% vFkZ
;Fkk ijh{kk
Hkko lkè;
iqu% mfpr
lr~ le;
oqQ lax
2. okD; ç;ksx dj vFkZ&Hksn le>kb,µ
(d) izse µ (tulkekU; osQ chp ijLij izse gksrk gS) gesa vkil esa izse
ls jguk pkfg,A
Lusg µ (vius ls NksVksa osQ izfr izseHkko) gesa NksVs cPpksa ls Lusg
djuk pkfg,A
([k) fofHkUuµ (vyx&vyx) gekjs ns'k esa fofHkUu /eks± osQ yksx jgrs gSaA
fo'ks"k µ ([kkl) fo'ks"k voljksa tSls fookg] R;ksgkj vkfn ij yksx
u, diM+s igurs gSaA
(x) foey µ (fueZy) xaxk dk ty foey gSA
fody µ (O;koqQy) esjh d#.k O;Fkk lqudj og fody gks x;kA
(?k) ldy µ (leLr) bZ'oj gh ldy txr dk ikyugkj gSA
lty µ (ty ls ;qDr) esjs nq%[k dks lqudj mldh vk¡[kas lty gks
xb±A
v O;kdj.k&Kku
'kSyhµ fdlh ,d gh ckr dks ge vyx&vyx çdkj ls dg ldrs gSaA ckr dgus
osQ bl çdkj ;k rjhosQ dks 'kSyh dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ vaxzstksa n~okjk xk¡/h th dks tsy esa
j[kk x;k FkkA

gksjkbtu izsl 125 nh{kk&[6-8]


vaxzstksa us xk¡/h th dks tsy esa j[kk FkkA
blh çdkj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kSyh cnydj fyf[k,µ
(d) eq>ls vaxzsth ugha cksyh tkrhA
eSa vaxzsth ugha cksy ldrkA
([k) ljdkj n~okjk ck<+ ihfM+rksa osQ fy, jkgr f'kfoj yxk, x,A
ljdkj us ck<+ ihfM+rksa osQ fy, jkgr f'kfoj yxk,A
(x) fnYyh ljdkj n~okjk esVªksa jsy pykbZ xbZA
fnYyh ljdkj us esVªksa jsy pyokbZA
(?k) [ksy lfefr n~okjk jk"VªeaMy [ksy djk, tk,¡xsA
[ksy lfefr us jk"VªeaMy [ksy djk,A
(Ä) rstfLouh lkoar n~okjk igyk efgyk 'kwfVax ind thrk x;kA
rstfLouh lkoar us igyk efgyk 'kwfVax ind thrkA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

7. fcu cqyk, esgeku


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) esgeku osQ vkus dh nLrd njokts ij dc gqbZ\
(i) fnu fNirs gh 3 (ii) lqcg gksrs gh
([k) njoktk fdlus [kksyk\
(i) ys[kd us 3 (ii) ys[kd dh iRuh us
(x) esgeku osQ gkFk esa D;k Fkk\
(i) FkSyk (ii) vVSph 3
(?k) esgeku us pk; osQ lkFk fdl pht dh bPNk tkfgj dh\
(i) idkSfM+;ksa dh 3 (ii) ikiM+ dh

gksjkbtu izsl 126 nh{kk&[6-8]


3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ys[kd dks Mj D;ksa yx jgk Fkk\
mRrj% fnu fNirs gh njokts ij nLrd dh vkokt lqudj ys[kd dk ân; bl
vk'kadk ls /d&/d dj jgk Fkk fd dgha bl le; dksbZ esgeku rks ugha vk
x;kA
([k) ys[kd us viuh iRuh dks EkkSr vkSj esgeku dk varj D;k dgdj
le>k;k\
mRrj% ys[kd us viuh iRuh dks ekSr vkSj esgeku dk varj ;g dgdj le>k;k fdµ
¶rw ugha tkurhA fnoaxr firkth dgk djrs Fks fd ekSr vkSj esgeku dk dksbZ
le; fu/kZfjr ugha gSA ekSr rks vf/dka'k voljksa ij igys uksfVl ns Hkh nsrh gS]
ij esgekuksa osQ ;gk¡ lwpuk ;k vf/lwpuk tkjh djus dh ijaijk ugha gSA¸
(x) ikB osQ vk/kj ij vkus okys esgeku dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A
mRrj% bl jpuk osQ vk/kj ij vkus&okys esgeku dk pfj=k cgqr gh vthcks&xjhc
gSA mlosQ ckjs esa estcku fdlh rjg ls ifjfpr ugha gSA og estcku osQ iwNus
ij igyh eqykdkr esa bruk >wB cksyrk gS] ysfdu vius ckjs esa ,d Hkh ckr
lgh ugha crkrkA tcjnLrh ?kj esa vk tkrk gS vkSj ?kj dh oLrqvksa ij csjgeh
ls viuk vf/dkj tekrk gS rFkk mudk bLrseky djrk gSA [kkus&ihus osQ
ekeys esa Hkh og vfrfFk ladksp ugha djrk vkSj rqjar vkns'k nsrk gSA ?kj esa
nks&rhu fnu rd jgus ij Hkh tkus dk uke ugha ysrkA bl rjg ls ;g fcu
cqyk;k vupkgk esgeku >wBk] vkjkeryc vkSj thHk dk pVksjk FkkA
(?k) esgeku us estcku ls D;k&D;k >wB cksys\
mRrj% esgeku us estcku ls fuEufyf[kr >wB cksysµ
1- esgeku us estcku ls dgk fd vkiosQ firk fcuk xeZ idkSM+h osQ pk; ihus
gh ugha nsrs FksA
2- esgeku us estcku ls muosQ firk osQ ckjs esa dgk fd tc muosQ firk cMs+
ckcw Fks] rks ,d t:jh dke ls ;s egk'k; muosQ ikl igyh ckj vk, FksA
cspkjs cgqr gh lTtu vkneh FksA
3- esgeku us estcku ls muosQ firk osQ ckjs esa ,d vkSj >wB cksyk fd vxj os
cM+s ckcw ugha Fks] rks NksVs ckcw rks jgs gksaxsA Fks rks ckcw ghA
4- esgeku us estcku osQ firk osQ ckjs esa dgk fd nqdku rks os ialkjh dh gh
djrs Fks ij muosQ ;kj nksLr mUgsa vknj ls ckcwth dgdj gh iqdkjrs gksaxsA

gksjkbtu izsl 127 nh{kk&[6-8]


5- esgeku us estcku ls >wB cksyrs gq, dgk fd gesa rks fo'okl Fkk fd vki
gesa ns[krs gh igpku ysaxsA tc blls igys ge ;gk¡ vk, Fks] rks vki dksbZ
NksVs&ls rks ugha] dkiQh l;kus FksA
6- esgeku us estcku ls ,d >wB vkSj cksyk fd tc vafre ckj vkiosQ
firkth dks ns[kk] rks os cgqr nqcys gks x, FksA
bl rjg ls esgeku us estcku ls vusd >wB cksysA
(Ä) ys[kd dh iRuh us esgeku dks Hkxkus dh D;k pky pyh\
mRrj% ys[kd dh iRuh esgeku dks Hkxkus osQ fy, rsoj p<+kdj cksyh] ^^eSa eSosQ
pyh tkšxh] rqe ns[krs jfg;ksA**
esgeku lkgc us ugha lquk] rks Jherh th us ;g iafDr nksgjkbZ] ^^eSa eSosQ pyh
tkšxh] rqe ns[krs jfg;ksA** ys[kd us viuh iRuh ls iwNk] ^^ns[krs jfg,
fdlosQ fy, dg jgh gks lkSHkkX;orh\** rqjar mRrj fn;k] ^^rqEgkjs fy, vkSj
rqEgkjs esgeku osQ fy,A**
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ekSr rks vf/dka'k voljksa ij igys uksfVl ns Hkh nsrh gS] ij esgekuksa
osQ ;gk¡ lwpuk ;k vf/lwpuk tkjh djus dh ijaijk ugha gSA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; gS fd esgeku vkSj e`R;q dk dksbZ
le; ugha gksrk] ekSr vkus osQ dkj.k rks vf/drj Li"V gks Hkh tkrs gSa] ysfdu
esgeku osQ vkus dk oqQN ugha irk pyrk fd og fcuk lwpuk osQ dc vk
tk,A esgeku vius vkus ls igys lwpuk ns] ;g vko';d ugha gSA
([k) feVs ukfe;ksa osQ fu'kk¡ oSQls&oSQls
teha [kk xbZ vklek¡ oSQls&oSQls
vk'k;µ ;gk¡ ys[kd osQ n~okjk mlosQ ?kj vk, vkxarqd ls mldh igpku iwNus ij
vkxarqd dk mRrj fNik gSA vkxarqd lh/k mRrj u nsdj bu iafDr;ksa osQ
ekè;e ls dgrk gS fd igpku rks cM+s&cM+s çfln~/ yksxksa dh Hkh ugha jghA
fdrus gh ukeh O;fDr bl lalkj ls fonk gks x, vkSj vkt mudks dksbZ Hkh
ugha tkurk gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fnoaxr µ fnoaxr lsB /uhjke osQ dksbZ larku ugha FkhA
bZ'oj fnoaxr vkRek dks 'kkafr nsA

gksjkbtu izsl 128 nh{kk&[6-8]


([k) uksfVl µ LowQy dh T;knk NqV~fV;k¡ djus osQ dkj.k ç/kukpk;Z th us esjs
?kj uksfVl Hkst fn;kA
eSaus vf/dkjh osQ ikl ,d uksfVl HkstkA
(x) LoHkko µ esjh ekrk th LoHkko ls cgqr vPNh gSaA
lqjs'k dk LoHkko vPNk gksus osQ dkj.k] og lc xk¡o okyksa
dk cgqr fç; gSA
(?k) fclwjrs µ Mkfd;k us eq¡g fclwjrs gq, eq>s euhvkMZj idM+k;kA
vpkud ckfj'k vk tkus ls lkjs dke fclwj x,A
(Ä) f<BkbZ µ oqQN yksx >wB Hkh cM+h f<BkbZ ls cksyrs gSaA
lhrk us cM+h gh f<BkbZ ls xhrk dh jcM+ pqjkbZA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ikB esa vk, vusd 'kCn&;qXeksa esa ls oqQN 'kCn ;gk¡ fn, x, gSaA vU; 'kCn&;qXe
ikB ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
(d) /Ii&/Ii ([k) /d&/d (x) eksVs&rxM+s
(?k) ysuk&nsuk (Ä) Hkkjh&Hkjde (p) D;k&D;k
(N) oSQls&oSQls (t) ikmMj&Øhe (>) Vqdj&Vqdj
2. ikB esa cgqr&ls vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA uhps fn, x, oqQN vaxzsth
'kCnksa osQ fganh vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) ckFk µ ugkuk ([k) fli µ ?kw¡V
(x) lkbM µ rjiQ (?k) uksfVl µ lwpuk
(Ä) ,tsaMk µ dk;Zlwph (p) jk'ku µ [kkus dk lkeku
3. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks vius okD;ksa esa ç;qDr dhft,µ
(d) cyk Vyuk µ foifRr ls NqVdkjk feyuk
okD; iz;ksxµ enu us vius Åij ls eqdnek lekIr gksus ij vius eu esa lkspk fd
pyks flj ls cyk VyhA
([k) lh/h maxyh ls ?kh u fudyuk µ vklkuh ls dke u cuuk
okD; iz;ksxµ tc ckj&ckj ek¡xus ij Hkh jes'k us vt; osQ iSls okfil ugha fd, rks
jes'k us lksp fy;k fd lh/h maxyh ls ?kh ugha fudysxk] vc dBksjrk viukuh
iMs+xhA
(x) gjh >aMh fn[kkuk µ lger gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ ljdkj us izLrkfor lHkh dk;ks± dks gjh >aMh fn[kk nh gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 129 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) cRrhlh fudkyuk µ cukoVh g¡lh g¡luk
OkkD; iz;ksxµ jktu us vius NksVs HkkbZ ls ?kj ij nsj ls vkus dk dkj.k iwNk] rks og
[kh&[kh djosQ cRrhlh fudkyus yxkA
(Ä) yach rkudj lksuk µ csfiQØ gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ gekjh ijh{kk,¡ lekIr gks xbZaA vc rks yach rkudj lks,¡xsA
(p) vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk µ xqLlk gksuk
okD; iz;ksxµ jru us ijh{kk esa de vad izkIr fd,] rks mlosQ firkth us mls vkM+s
gkFkksa fy;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa bl izdkj iz;ksx dhft, fd mudk vFkZ Li"V
gks tk,µ
(d) Lokxr µ ea=kh th osQ LowQy igq¡pus ij iz/kukpk;kZ th us mudk iwQyekyk
ls Lokxr fd;kA
lRdkj µ gekjs ?kj tc dksbZ esgeku vkrk gS] rks ge mldk lRdkj djrs
gSaA
([k) O;aX; µ enu us eksgu osQ Åij O;aX; dlk] rks mldks cgqr cqjk yxkA
ifjgkl µ lHkh fe=k cSBdj vkil esa ifjgkl dj jgs FksA
(x) ohj µ egkjk.kk izrki ohj iq#"k FksA
/hj µ /hj O;fDr gh thou esa liQyrk izkIr djrs gSaA
(?k) fofp=k µ ml fofp=k tkuoj dks ns[kdj] eSa Mj x;kA
fof'k"V µ vCnqy dyke us foKku esa fof'k"V miyfC/ izkIr dhA
(Ä) lgt µ mlus lgt Hkko ls eq>s vius ckjs esa crk;kA
ljl µ gesa ljl ok.kh cksyuh pkfg,A
(p) Kku µ vè;kid cPpksa dks Kku dh ckras fl[kkrs gSaA
foKku µ foKku ,d jkspd fo"k; gSA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls ewy 'kCn vkSj çR;; vyx dhft,µ
(d) LokHkkfod µ LoHkko $ bd ([k) nqcZyrk µ nqcZy $ rk
(x) iqf"ir µ iq"i $ br (?k) peRdkfjd µ peRdkj $ bd
(Ä) Øksf/r µ Øks/ $ br (p) fuMjrk µ fuMj $ rk
gksjkbtu izsl 130 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke fpg~uksa dk ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vke v'kksd xqyeksgj vkfn dh 'kk[kk,¡ pkjksa vkSj iSQyh gSa
vke] v'kksd] xqyeksgj vkfn dh 'kk[kk,¡ pkjksa vkSj iSQyh gSaA
([k) geus iwNk dc dh ckr dj jgs gSa vki
geus iwNk] ^^dc dh ckr dj jgs gSa vki\**
(x) ij ;g rks iwNksJheku th vki gSa dkSu vkSj vk, dgk¡ ls
^^ij ;g rks iwNks&Jheku th] vki gSa dkSu vkSj vk, dgk¡ ls\**
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

8. ued dk nkjksxk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) nkjksxk osQ in osQ fy, fdldk th Hkh yypkrk Fkk\
(i) odhyksa dk 3 (ii) MkWDVjksa dk
([k) oa'kh/j dks fdl foHkkx esa ukSdjh feyh\
(i) fpfdRlk foHkkx esa (ii) ued foHkkx esa 3
(x) iaú vyksihnhu dgk¡ osQ jgus okys Fks\
(i) nkrkxat osQ 3 (ii) jkuhxat osQ
(?k) vyksihnhu us oa'kh/j dks fdrus #i, rd nsus dh is'kd'k dh\
(i) ik¡p gtkj (ii) pkyhl gtkj 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) oa'kh/j dks firk us D;k le>k;k\
mRrj% eaq'kh oa'kh/j dks firk us le>krs gq, dgk] ^^vc rqEgha ?kj osQ ekfyd gks
ukSdjh esa vksgns dh vksj è;ku er nsukA bl fo"k; esa foosd dh cM+h
vko';drk gSA ,slk dke <w¡<+uk] tgk¡ oqQN mQijh vk; gksA**

gksjkbtu izsl 131 nh{kk&[6-8]


([k) ued osQ O;kikj ij jksd yxk nsus ls D;k gqvk\
mRrj% ued osQ O;kikj ij jksd yxk nsus ls yksx pksjh&fNis bldk O;kikj djus
yxsA vusd çdkj osQ Ny&çiapksa dk lw=kikr gqvk] dksbZ ?kwl ls dke
fudkyrk Fkk] dksbZ pkykdh ls fudkyrk FkkA vf/dkfj;ksa dh ekSt FkhA
iVokjh dk loZlEekfur in NksM+&NksM+dj yksx bl foHkkx dh vkdka{kk
djrs FksA
(x) eqa'kh oa'kh/j osQ firk us osru dks iw.kZeklh dk pk¡n D;ksa dgk gS\
mRrj% eqa'kh oa'kh/j osQ firk us osru dks iw.kZeklh dk pk¡n blfy, dgk D;ksafd
ftl çdkj iw.kZeklh dk pk¡n eghus esa ,d fnu fn[kkbZ nsrk gS mlh çdkj
osru Hkh eghus esa ,d fnu fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj ?kVrs&?kVrs yqIr gks tkrk gSA
(?k) eqa'kh oa'kh/j dh drZO;ijk;.krk dk mUgsa D;k naM feyk\
mRrj% eqa'kh oa'kh/j dh drZO;ijk;.krk dk mUgsa ;g naM feyk fd dfBurk ls ,d
lIrkg chrk gksxk vkSj mudh eqvRryh dk ijokuk vk igq¡pkA muls mudh
ukSdjh Nhu yh xbZA
(Ä) eaq'kh oa'kh/j dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
mRrj% eaq'kh oa'kh/j us viuh dk;Z oqQ'kyrk vkSj mRre vkpkj ls viQljksa dks eksfgr
dj fy;k FkkA viQlj yksx mu ij cgqr fo'okl djrs FksA os cgqr bZekunkj
FksA fj'or ysuk mUgsa ilan ugha FkkA iafMr vyksihnhu osQ n~okjk pkyhl gtkj
rd fj'or nsus ij Hkh og viuh drZO;ijk;.krk ls Vl&ls&el ugha gq,A
mUgsa ykyp ugha FkkA os cgqr mnkj ân; okys O;fDr FksA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ekfld osru rks iw.kZeklh dk pk¡n gS] tks eghus esa ,d fnu fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS vkSj ?kVrs&?kVrs yqIr gks tkrk gSA
vk'k;µ ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ftl çdkj iwf.kZek dk iwjk pk¡n
eghus es ,d ckj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs NksVk gksdj lekIr gks tkrk gS
mlh çdkj ekfld osru Hkh tc vkrk gS] rks cgqr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS exj tYnh
gh og lekIr gks tkrk gSA
([k) ge ljdkjh gqDe dks ugha tkurs vkSj u ljdkj dksA gekjs ljdkj rks
vki gh gSaA gekjk vkSj vkidk rks ?kj dk ekeyk gS] ge dHkh vkils
ckgj gks ldrs gSa\
vk'k;µ tc oa'kh/j us iafMr vyksihnhu dh xkfM+;k jksd nh] rks iafMr vyksihnhu
us Lo;a vkdj oa'kh/j ls dgk fd og fdlh Hkh ljdkj ;k mlosQ gqDe osQ
gksjkbtu izsl 132 nh{kk&[6-8]
fo"k; esa oqQN ugha tkurs vkSj vki gh bl ekeys dh ljdkj gksA vki tks Hkh
iSQlyk djksxs] og eq>s eatwj gSA eSa mldks ugha Vky ldrkA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) lw=kikr µ xk¡/h th us vktknh osQ fy, cgqr&ls vkanksyuksa dk lw=kikr fd;kA
eSaus vius u, dke dk lw=kikr fd;kA
([k) yqIr µ vktdy cgqr&ls tkuoj ,sls gSa] ftudh çtkfr;k¡ yqIr gksrh
tk jgh gSA
fcYyh lkjk nw/ ihdj yqIr gks xbZA
(x) laokn µ vius iq=k osQ lgh lyker gksus dk laokn feyus ij lqjs'k cgqr
[kq'k gSA
bl ukVd osQ laokn cgqr ekfeZd FksA
(?k) v[kaM µ eq>s bZ'oj ij v[kaM fo'okl gSA
bafM;k xsV ij 'kghnksa osQ lEeku esa v[kaM T;ksfr tyh gqbZ gSA
(Ä) fofLer µ eSa pksj dks >wB cksyrs ns[k fofLer jg x;kA
vt; dk iqQVcky [ksy esa vPNk çn'kZu ns[kdj eSa fofLer jg
x;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. laf/ dk vFkZ gSµ esy ;k feykiA tc nks 'kCn ;k 'kCnka'k fcyoqQy ikl vkrs gSa] rks
os feydj ,d Lora=k 'kCn cukrs gSa_ tSlsµ ije $ vkRek nks vyx&vyx 'kCn gS
vkSj feydj ,d 'kCn ^ijekRek* cuk jgs gSaA
vc fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk laf/ foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) lgkuqHkwfr µ lg $ vuqHkwfr ([k) nqjoLFkk µ nq% $ voLFkk
(x) inkf/dkjh µ in $ vf/dkjh (?k) fuLlarku µ fu% $ larku
2. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj uhps fy[kh Hkkookpd laKk dks fo'ks"k.k cuk dj
fyf[k,µ
(d) pkykdh µ pkykd ([k) dBksjrk µ dBksj
(x) HkfDr µ HkDr (?k) fon~ork µ fon~oku
3. dgkuh esa vk, bu mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) jkstxkj µ ukSdjh ([k) fuxkg µ n`f"V
(x) fgjklr µ canh (?k) vnkyr µ U;k;ky;
gksjkbtu izsl 133 nh{kk&[6-8]
4.fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh orZuh 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) 'kw=kikr µ lw=kikr ([k) fj.kh µ ½.kh
(x) fu;qdr µ fu;qDr (?k) vuhok;Z µ vfuok;Z
5. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fy[kdj okD; esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) iwQys u lekuk µ vR;f/d [kq'k gksuk
okD; ç;ksx µ csVs osQ ijh{kk esa çFke vkus ij ekrk&firk iwQys u lek,A
([k) lh/s eq¡g ckr u djuk µ ?keaM djuk
okD; ç;ksx µ jek çlkn osQ ikl vR;f/d laifRr vk tkus ls] og fdlh ls
lh/s eq¡g ckr ugha djrk gSA
(x) eq¡g ij dkfy[k yxuk µ dyad yxuk
okD; ç;ksx µ firk us csVs ls dgk] ^^pksjh djosQ rqeus esjs eq¡g ij dkfy[k
yxk nhA**
v O;kdj.k&Kku
dksbZ 'kCn tc la[;k dk cks/ djk, rks mls opu dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ xk; (,d xk;)]
ufn;k¡ (,d ls vf/d unh) ls mudh la[;k dk cks/ gks jgk gSA fganh esa opu nks
çdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA
vioknµ oqQN vknjlwpd 'kCnksa ls mudh la[;k dk irk ugha pyrkA tSlsµ esjs
ekek vk, gSaA (;gk¡ le>uk eqf'dy gS fd ,d ekek vk, gSa ;k nks&rhu ekek vk,
gSaA)
fo'ks"kµ (1) oqQN 'kCn ,sls gSa] tks ges'kk cgqopu esa gh ç;ksx fd, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ
çk.k] yksx] n'kZu] vk¡lw] vksaB vkfnA mnkgj.k ls le>ksµ 'ksj dks ns[kdj Mj ls esjs
çk.k fudy x,A
(2) æO; inkFkks± osQ fy, ges'kk ,dopu dk gh ç;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsµ lksuk] pk¡nh]
/u] rsy vkfnA
mnkgj.k ls lef>,µ lqukj dh nqdku ls lkjk lksuk pksjh gks x;kA
vc uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnfy,µ
'kk[kk µ 'kk[kk,¡ cPpk µ cPps
fpfM+;k µ fpfM+;k¡ cgusa µ cgu
dkeuk,¡ µ dkeuk xqfM+;k¡ µ xqfM+;k
frfFk;k¡ µ frfFk ckr µ ckrsa
ifg;k µ ifg, pkpk µ pkpk
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 134 nh{kk&[6-8]
9. fxfj/j dh lh[k
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) lHkh dks fdlosQ 'kCn lqgkous yxrs gSa\
(i) dkS, osQ (ii) dks;y osQ 3
([k) fcuk fopkjs dke djus okys yksxksa dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\
(i) iNrkrs gSa 3 (ii) [kq'k gksrs gSa
(x) D;k ikdj gesa vfHkeku ugha djuk pkfg,\
(i) nkSyr 3 (ii) diM+k
(?k) laifRr ikdj yksx oSQls cu tkrs gSa\
(i) vfHkekuh 3 (ii) fouez
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fcuk fopkjs dk;Z djus dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\
mRrj% fcuk fopkjs dk;Z djus ls ckn esa iNrkuk iM+rk gS vkSj og O;fDr yksxksa dh
g¡lh dk ik=k curk gSA
([k) vf/d /u vkus ij cqn~f/eku yksx D;k djrs gSa\
mRrj% vf/d /u vkus ij cqn~f/eku yksx nku djrs gSaA
(x) xq.k osQ gtkjksa pkgus okys gksrs gSa] voxq.k dk dksbZ ugha] bl rF; dks
mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A
mRrj% ;fn O;fDr osQ vanj vPNs xq.k gksrs gSa] rks mls gj dksbZ ilan djrk gS
ysfdu ;fn mlosQ vanj vPNs xq.k u gksa] rks mls dksbZ ilan ugha djrkA ftl
izdkj dkS, o dks;y dk jax ,d gksrk gS ysfdu dkS, dh dM+oh cksyh dks
dksbZ ugha lquuk pkgrk vkSj u gh dksbZ mls ilan djrk gS] tcfd dks;y dh
ehBh cksyh osQ dkj.k mldks gj dksbZ ilan djrk gSA
(?k) chrh ckrksa dks ;kn djrs jgus ls D;k gkfu gksrh gS\
mRrj% chrh ckrksa dks ;kn djrs jgus ls le; dh gkfu gksrh gS vkSj O;fDr chrh
ckrksa esa my>k jgrk gS rFkk u;k oqQN djus dh ugha lksp ikrk] ftlls
Hkfo"; esa og lnSo ijs'kku gh jgrk gSA
(Ä) laifRr ikdj vfHkeku D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\
mRrj% laifRr ikdj vfHkeku blfy, ugha djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd laifÙk ty dh

gksjkbtu izsl 135 nh{kk&[6-8]


rjg gS] ftl rjg ls ty cgrk jgrk gS] #drk ugha] mlh izdkj laifRr Hkh
dc pyh tk, irk ugha pyrkA
4. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) rkgh esa fpr nsb] ckr tksbZ cfu vkoSA
nqtZu g¡ls u dksbZ] fpRr esa [krk u ikoSAA
vk'k;µ mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa ls dfo fxfj/j dk vk'k; gS fd euq"; dks chrh gqbZ ckrksa
dks Hkqykdj tks dk;Z ljyrk ls cu tk,¡] muesa è;ku yxkuk pkfg,A liQy
dk;ks± esa è;ku yxkus ls gj fcxM+h gqbZ ckr cu tkrh gSA blls fdlh nq"V
O;fDr dks g¡lus dk ekSdk Hkh ugha feyrk vkSj ân; esa fdlh Hkh çdkj osQ
dlwj vFkkZr nks"kh gksus dk Hkko Hkh ugha jgrkA
([k) rc yx rkdks ;kj] ;kj laxgh lax MksySA
iSlk jgk u ikl] ;kj eq[k us ufga cksySAA
vk'k;µ mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa ls dfo dk ;g vk'k; gS fd bl lalkj esa lHkh yksx
erych gSaA fe=k Hkh rHkh rd lkFk&lkFk jgrs vFkok ?kwers gSa tc rd /u
ikl esa gSA tc /u lekIr gks tkrk gS] rks ogh gj txg lkFk jgus okys fe=k
Hkh ckr rd ugha djrsA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) lgl µ eSaus jke dks lgl ckj le>k;k exj og fiQj Hkh u ekukA
gs bZ'oj! eSa lgl tUeksa rd vkidh vkHkkjh jgw¡xhA
([k) BkoqQj µ BkoqQj th us esjh çkFkZuk lqu yhA
lhrk BkoqQj th dh HkDr gSA
(x) lEekuµ gesa cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
gj dksbZ viuk lEeku djkuk pkgrk gSA
(?k) nkSyr µ nhukjke osQ ikl cgqr nkSyr gSA
gjh us nkSyr ikus osQ fy, viuh ek¡ ls >xM+k fd;kA
(Ä) l;kuksµ ;g xk¡o rks l;kuks dk xk¡o gSA
;g NksVh yM+dh l;kuks tSlh ckrsa djrh gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ fganh 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) xqu µ xq.k ([k) xkgd µ xzkgd
(x) lgl µ lgÏ (?k) ikNs µ ihNs
(Ä) lqfeju µ Lej.k (p) ikgqu µ esgeku
gksjkbtu izsl 136 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse fyf[k,µ
(d) xq.k µ nks"k ([k) vikou µ ikou
(x) lEeku µ vieku (?k) nq%[k µ lq[k
(Ä) ;'k µ vi;'k (p) fou; µ dBksjrk
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
(d) dks;y µ fid] dksfdy] dksfdyk
([k) tx µ fo'o] lalkj] txr
(x) fpRr µ eu] mj] ân;
(?k) 'kh'k µ flj] eLrd] [kksiM+h
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh 'kqn~/ orZuh fyf[k,µ
(d) dksdhyk µ dksfdyk ([k) nwjtu µ nqtZu
(x) fous; µ fou; (?k) 'kEeku µ lEeku
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ,d gh ewy ls cus 'kCn ,d ifjokj osQ dgs tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ
(d) ewfrZ µ lEewfrZ] çfrewfrZ] ewfrZor~
([k) euq"; µ ekuqf"kd] vekuqf"kd] ekuoh
(x) fo'okl µ fo'oluh;] vfo'oluh;] fo'oklçn
blh çdkj bu 'kCnksa ls 'kCn ifjokj cukb,µ
lEeku µ llEeku] lEekuiwoZd Kku µ Kkuçn] Kkudks"k
/u µ /uoku] /ujfgr 'kkafr µ 'kkafrçn] v'kkafr
2. fuikr os 'kCn gksrs gSa] ftudk viuk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk fdarq os fdlh 'kCn ;k
okD; esa yxdj ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ çnku djrs gSa_ tSlsµ
lks] rks] Hkh] gh] dj] ugha] th] gk¡ vkfnA
^rqe pkykd gksA* bl lkekU; okD; esa fuikrksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk,] rks mldk
fo'ks"k vFkZ gks tkrk gSA
rqe rks pkykd gksA rqe Hkh pkykd gksA rqe gh pkykd gksA
blh çdkj fuikrksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, okD; cukb,µ
(d) lqeu gksf'k;kj gSA µ lqeu rks gksf'k;kj gSA
([k) jhrk cgknqj gSA µ jhrk Hkh cgknqj yM+dh gSA
(x) lkfgy lp cksyrk gSA µ lkfgy gh lp cksyrk gSA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 137 nh{kk&[6-8]


10. esjh ek¡th
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) jlksbZ esa fdrus fMCcs Fks\
(i) N% lkr (ii) pkj&ik¡p 3
([k) ek¡th ckyksa esa D;k yxkrh Fkha\
(i) rsy (ii) ns'kh ?kh 3
(x) ek¡th cPpksa dks ikoZQ esa ys tkus osQ fy, fdlls dgrh Fkh\
(i) pkph th ls (ii) pkpk th ls 3
(?k) lkbfdy dh ?kaVh ctkdj cPpksa dks ysus osQ fy, dkSu vkrk Fkk\
(i) pkpk th (ii) firk th 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ysf[kdk viuh nknh dks D;k dgdj iqdkjrh Fkh vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% ysf[kdk viuh nknh dks ^ek¡th* dgdj iqdkjrh Fkh D;ksafd ysf[kdk osQ
firkth] pkpkth] lHkh mUgsa ^ek¡th* dgrs Fks] rks mudk vuqlj.k djrs gq,
ysf[kdk Hkh mUgsa ek¡th dgrh FkhA
([k) gj dksbZ ckj&ckj ek¡th osQ ikl D;ksa tkuk pkgrk Fkk\
mRrj% ek¡th lcosQ vkxeu ij mudk Lokxr ,sls djrh Fkha ekuks muls vf/d
egRoiw.kZ lalkj esa vkSj oqQN Hkh ugha gS] ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd gj dksbZ ckj&ckj
ek¡th osQ ikl tkuk pkgrk FkkA
(x) ek¡th vius ifjokj osQ çfr iw.kZr;k lefiZr Hkko ls pqipki lsok esa
yhu jgrh FkhaA bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A
mRrj% ek¡th pqipki lcdh lsok djrs gq, fdlh dks irk Hkh ugha pyus nsrh Fkha fd
mUgksaus muosQ fy, oqQN fd;k gSA ,d cM+s ifjokj esa lcdh #fp;ksa osQ
vuqlkj vyx&vyx izdkj dk [kkuk cukuk] f[kykuk] iwjs ?kj dh
lkj&l¡Hkky djuk] ckgj ls vk, nksuksa csVkas dh lsok djuk] jkr dks lks, gq,
ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dh pkjikbZ osQ uhps ikuh ls Hkjk yksVk <ddj j[kuk vkSj
lHkh osQ gkFk&iSjkas ij blfy, vksMksekWl yxkuk fd dgha mUgsa uhan esa ePNj
u dkV tk, vkfn dk;ks± ls bl ckr dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd ek¡th vius ifjokj
osQ izfr iw.kZr;k lefiZr Hkko ls pqipki lsok esa yhu jgrh FkhaA
gksjkbtu izsl 138 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) ysf[kdk dh viuh nknh osQ ?kj ls ykSVrs gq, D;k euksn'kk gksrh Fkh\
o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj% viuh nknh osQ ?kj ls ykSVrs gq, ysf[kdk dks ,slk yxrk Fkk ekuks fcuk fdlh
vijk/ osQ fdlh tt us e`R;qnaM dk vkns'k ns fn;k gksA isV nnZ osQ cgkus ls
ysdj viuh eq[kj lgsyh dh fliQkfj'k rd lc gfFk;kj vktek, tkrs fdarq
firkth osQ lkeus ek¡th etcwj gksdj bruk gh dgrha fdµ ¶tc Hkh fiQj
NqV~fV;k¡ gksa iQkSju gh Hkst nsukA¸ firkth osQ lkFk og vk tkrh vkSj vk¡[kksa esa
meM+rh xaxk&tequk dh /kjkvksa osQ chp ek¡th dk psgjk vks>y gksus yxrkA
(Ä) çLrqr ikB dh fo/k crkrs gq, bldh ysf[kdk dk uke crkb,A
mRrj% çLrqr ikB dh fo/k ^laLej.k* gS rFkk bldh ysf[kdk Mkú xhrk jkuh gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ek¡th n~okjk lcosQ vkxeu ij mudk Lokxr ,sls fd;k tkrk ekuksa
muls vf/d egRoiw.kZ lalkj eas vkSj oqQN Hkh ughaA
vk'k;µ bl okD; esa ysf[kdk viuh ek¡th osQ fo"k; esa ;g crk jgh gS fd mudh
ek¡th eerk dh ewfrZ FkhA mudks lcls bruk Lusg Fkk fd tks Hkh muosQ ?kj
tkrk] os mldk Lokxr bl çdkj djrh fd og O;fDr muosQ fy, lalkj esa
lcls vf/d egRoiw.kZ gS] mlls egRoiw.kZ muosQ fy, vkSj dksbZ ugha gSA
([k) vius ekrk&firk dh foiUu o detksj vkfFkZd fLFkfr osQ pyrs ek¡th
dh nwjn`f"V o d#.kk ls gesa viuh os lHkh gljrsa iwjh gksrh fn[kkbZ
iM+rha] ftUgsa ge f'k"Vkpkjo'k ân; esa gh niQu djus osQ fy, foo'k FksA
vk'k;µ ysf[kdk dk dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd vius ekrk&firk dh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr vPNh u gksus osQ dkj.k mUgsa viuh cgqr&lh bPNk dks eu esa gh nck,
j[kuk iM+rk Fkk] ysfdu ek¡th osQ ikl tkdj mudh lHkh bPNk,¡ ek¡th n~okjk
iwjh gks tkrh FkhA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vkokxeuµ vc vusd çdkj dh lqfo/k,¡ gksus ls xk¡o okyksa dk
vkokxeu 'kgj esa gksrk gh jgrk gSA
gekjs ?kj rqEgkjh pkph dk vkokxeu oqQN vf/d gh gksrk gSaA
([k) ykykf;rµ eSa viuh nknh osQ gkFk osQ cus yM~Mw [kkus osQ fy, ykykf;r FkhA
Ñ".k th ek[ku dks ns[krs gh mls ikus dks ykykf;r gks tkrs FksA
(x) iqyd µ viuh lgsyh ls cgqr fnuksa ckn feyus ls eu iqyd x;kA
d'ehj tkus dk lqurs gh esjk eu iqyd x;kA
(?k) f'kjks/k;Z µ eSa viuh ek¡ dh çR;sd vkKk dks f'kjks/k;Z djrk gw¡A
esjs cM+s HkkbZ us eq>s migkj fn;k] tks esjs fy, f'kjks/k;Z gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 139 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) niQu µ jktw us jes'k dks pksjh djrs ns[kdj Hkh mldh ckr dks vius
eu es niQu dj fy;kA
eSaus jhuk osQ n~okjk fd, x, cqjs O;ogkj dks eu esa niQu dj
fy;kA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
lqxa/ µ [kq'kcw LoxZ µ nsoyksd ykpkj µ etcwj
fof'k"V µ vlk/kj.k laiw.kZ µ iwjk foiUu µ xjhc
2. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks vius cuk, gq, okD;ksa esa ç;qDr dhft,µ
iqyd mBuk µ vkuafnr gksuk
okD; iz;ksx µ fuf[ky ijh{kk esa liQy gks tkus ij [kq'kh ls iqyd mBkA
iyd >idrs gh µ 'kh?kzrk ls
okD; iz;ksx µ mlus vius ?kj dk lkjk dke iyd >idrs gh fuiVk fy;kA
vk¡[kksa esa meM+h xaxk&tequk µ vk¡lw cgkuk
okD; iz;ksx µ vius HkkbZ dks cgqr fnuksa ckn ?kj vk;k ns[kdj] mldh vk¡[kksa
esa meM+h xaxk&tequk ls mldk lkjk psgjk Hkhx x;kA
egklkxj fgyksjs ysuk µ cgqr [kq'k gksuk
okD; iz;ksx µ vius nknkth osQ lkFk xk¡o tkdj] ogk¡ dh gfj;kyh dks ns[kdj]
mlosQ eu esa [kq'kh dk egklkxj fgyksjs ysus yxkA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
11. lksuk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) MkWDVj dh ikS=kh dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) lqfLerk 3 (ii) uferk
([k) gfj.kh dk D;k uke Fkk\
(i) ehuk (ii) lksuk 3
gksjkbtu izsl 140 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) lksuk dk jax oSQlk Fkk\
(i) dkyk (ii) lqugyk 3
(?k) lksuk nw/ osQ lkFk D;k [kkrh Fkh\
(i) cszM (ii) Hkhxs pus 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lksuk dk jax&:i oSQlk Fkk\ yksxksa us lksuk osQ D;k&D;k uke j[ks\
mRrj% lksuk dk js'keh yPNksa dh xk¡B osQ leku dksey y?kq 'kjhj Fkk vkSj mldk jax
lqugjk FkkA NksVk&lk eq¡g vkSj cM+h&cM+h vk¡[kas FkhaA mlosQ yacs dku] iryh
lqMkSy Vk¡xas FkhA yksxksa us mlosQ lksuk] lqo.kkZ] Lo.kZys[kk vkfn uke j[ksA
([k) fu"Bqj euq"; fujhg if{k;ksa dks ekjdj D;k le>rk gS\
mRrj% fu"Bqj euq"; fujhg if{k;ksa dks ekjdj viuh liQyrk ij [kq'kh ls ukp mBrk gSA
(x) lksuk dks Nk=kkokl Hkze.k osQ nkSjku dkSu&dkSu ls n`'; fn[kkbZ nsrs Fks\
mRrj% lksuk dks Nk=kkokl Hkze.k osQ nkSjku dksbZ Nk=kk gkFk&eq¡g /ksrh fn[kkbZ nsrh]
dksbZ ckyksa esa da?kh djrh] dksbZ lkM+h cnyrh] dksbZ viuh est dh liQkbZ
djrh] dksbZ Luku djosQ Hkhxs diM+s lw[kus osQ fy, iSQykrh vkSj dksbZ iwtk
djrs gq, utj vkrh FkhA
(?k) gfj.k&'kkod ls gfj.kh cuus dh çfØ;k osQ nkSjku lksuk esa D;k&D;k
ifjorZu vk,\
mRrj% gfj.k 'kkod ls gfj.kh cuus dh izfØ;k esa mlosQ 'kjhj osQ ihyh vkHkk okys
jks,¡ rk¡cs tSls jax osQ gks x,A Vk¡xas vf/d lqMkSy gks xbaZ vkSj [kqjksa osQ dkysiu
esa ped vk xbZA xnZu vf/d cafde vkSj yphyh gks xbZA ihB esa Hkjko okyk
mrkj&p<+ko vkSj fLuX/rk fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA vk¡[kksa osQ pkjksa vksj dkty yxs
fdukjksa esa uhys xksyd vkSj n`f"V ,slh yxrh Fkh ekuks uhye osQ cYcksa esa
mtyh fon~;qr dk LiqQj.k gksA
(Ä) lksuk dh e`R;q D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqbZ\
mRrj% tc ysf[kdk cnzhukFk ;k=kk ij xbZ gqbZ Fkh] rks lksuk Nk=kkokl osQ lUukVs vkSj
ysf[kdk dks u ns[kus osQ dkj.k vfLFkj gks xbZ Fkh vkSj b/j&m/j oqQN
[kkstrhµlh og izk;% daikmaM ls ckgj fudy tkrh FkhA dgha dksbZ mldk
f'kdkj u dj ys] blh vk'kadk ls ekyh us mls eSnku esa ,d yach jLlh ls
ck¡/uk 'kq: dj fn;kA ,d fnu u tkus fdl LRkC/rk dh fLFkfr esa ca/u dh
lhek Hkwydj og cgqr Å¡pkbZ rd mNyh vkSj jLlh osQ dkj.k eq[k osQ cy
/jrh ij vk fxjh vkSj ogha mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
gksjkbtu izsl 141 nh{kk&[6-8]
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) lksuk Hkh blh çdkj vpkud vkbZ Fkh] ijarq og rc rd viuh
'kS'kokoLFkk Hkh ikj ugha dj ldh FkhA
vk'k;µ çLrqr okD; esa ysf[kdk ,d NksVs fgj.k osQ cPps osQ ckjs esa crk jgh gaS] tks
mUgsa cgqr gh NksVh&lh voLFkk esa feykA ftlosQ lqugjs jax osQ js'keh yPNksa
dh xk¡B osQ leku dksey y?kq 'kjhj Fkk] NksVk&lk eq¡g vkSj cM+h&cM+h
ikuhnkj vk¡[ksa FkhA
([k) mldk eq[k bruk NksVk Fkk fd mlesa 'kh'kh dk fuiy lekrk gh u Fkk]
ml ij mls ihuk Hkh ugha vkrk FkkA
vk'k;µ tc ysf[kdk dks lksuk feyh] rks og bruh NksVh Fkh fd mldks nw/ Hkh ihuk
ugha vkrk FkkA fiQj ysf[kdk us lksuk dks /hjs&/hjs nw/ ihuk vkSj cksry
idM+uk fl[kk;kA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) foLr`r µ vkt dk ijh{kk&i=k cgqr foLr`r vk;kA
vè;kid th us gesa çnw"k.k osQ ckjs esa foLr`r :i esa crk;kA
([k) çlqIr µ xk; dk cPpk çlqIr voLFkk esa FkkA
uhuk bruk Fkd xbZ fd og ysVrs gh çlqIr gks xbZA
(x) larku µ ekrk&firk osQ fy, mudh larku gh mudk lalkj gksrh gSA
jkeiQy dks larku dk lq[k ugha feykA
(?k) vuq"Bku µ esjh ek¡th us vkt iwtk dk vuq"Bku esjs n~okjk djk;kA
vkt gekjs ;gk¡ cgqr cM+s mRlo dk vuq"Bku fd;k x;kA
(Ä) Lusg µ ge viuh xk; ls cgqr Lusg djrs gSaA
eSa vius NksVs HkkbZ dks cgqr Lusg djrh gw¡A
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ysf[kdk us bl js[kkfp=k esa fganh osQ rRle 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx vf/d fd;k gSA
fuEufyf[kr rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ
vuk;kl µ vpkud 'kkod µ cPpk
vj.; µ taxy foLe; µ vk'p;Z
dkSrqdfç;rk µ ftKklk 'kS'kokoLFkk µ ckY;oLFkk
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
vkuanksRlo µ vkuan $ mRlo Nk=kkokl µ Nk=k $ vkokl
iafDrcn~/ µ iafDr $ cn~/ lqjf{kr µ lq $ jf{kr
lqfLerk µ lq $ vfLerk vkuanksYykl µ vkuan $ mYykl

gksjkbtu izsl 142 nh{kk&[6-8]


3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ L=khfyax 'kCn fyf[k,µ
Lokeh µ Lokfeuh lsod µ lsfodk
ys[kd µ ysf[kdk ekyh µ ekfyu
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
fu'Ny µ Ny dkyk µ lisQn
foLe; µ vfoLe; Hk;Hkhr µ fuMj
5. fuEufyf[kr n~fo#Dr 'kCn if<+, rFkk ikB esa ç;qDr n~fo#Dr 'kCnksa dks
Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
le>&cw> lM+k&xyk feyk&tqyk fxjk&iM+k
(d) mrkj&p<+ko ([k) fxjrs&iM+rs
(x) ukSdj&pkdj (?k) mNyrs&owQnrs
v O;kdj.k&Kku
ftu 'kCnksa osQ [kaM fd, tkus ij dksbZ lkFkZd vFkZ u fudys] mUgsa :<+ 'kCn dgrs gSaA
milxZ vkSj çR;; nksuksa gh :<+ 'kCn ugha gksrsA ;s 'kCnka'k ek=k gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ budks
vxj foHkDr fd;k tk,] rks fdlh ,d ;k nksuksa dk dkbZ vFkZ vo'; gksxk_ tSlsµ
^voxq.k* (vo milxZ) $ xq.k (,d lkFkZd 'kCn)A
milxZ vkSj çR;; esa varjµ milxZ 'kCn ls igys yxrk gS vkSj çR;; 'kCn osQ
ckn yxrk gSA laLÑr esa milxks± dh la[;k 22 gS] foaQrq fganh esa budh la[;k dkiQh
de gSA
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lkeus mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj milxZ yxkdj u, 'kCn
cukb,µ
(d) v@vu µ vui<+ vutku vugksuh vNwr
([k) fu µ fuMj fudEek fuiwrk fugRFkk
(x) nq µ nqcyk nqykj nqxuk nqtZu
(?k) l@lq µ liwr lqMkSy lqtku lq?kM+
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ ckn mnkgj.k çR;; yxkdj u, 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) vkbZ µ i<+$vkbZ ¾ i<+kbZ fy[k$vkbZ ¾ fy[kkbZ f?kl$vkbZ ¾ f?klkbZ
([k) uk µ fy[k$uk ¾ fy[kuk py$uk ¾ pyuk nkSM+$uk ¾ nkSM+uk
(x) b;k µ csVh$b;k ¾ fcfV;k fMCck$b;k ¾ fMfc;k [kkV$b;k ¾ [kfV;k
(?k) oku µ /u$oku ¾ /uoku xkM+h$oku ¾ xkM+hoku dksp$oku¾ dkspoku
(Ä) dkj µ i=k$dkj ¾ i=kdkj dyk$dkj ¾ dykdkj fp=k$dkj ¾ fp=kdkj
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 143 nh{kk&[6-8]
12. vtqZu dk eksgHkax
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) {kf=k; oSQlk gksrk gS\
(i) ohj 3 (ii) dk;j
([k) jDr cgkuk oSQlk ÑR; gS\
(i) ekuoh; (ii) vekuoh; 3
(x) nq;ksZ/u n~okjk fujarj D;k fd;k x;k\
(i) Ny 3 (ii) vU;k;
(?k) lalkj esa lHkh çkf.k;ksa osQ 'kjhj oSQls gSa\
(i) vu'oj (ii) u'oj 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) vtZqu ;qn~/ djuk D;ksa ugha pkgrs Fks\
mRrj% vtqZu vius gh ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ lkFk dBksj cudj] vius gh gkFkksa
vius ca/qvksa dk o/ djus dk lkgl ugha dj ik jgs Fks] blfy, vtZqu ;qn~/
ugha djuk pkgrs FksA
([k) Ñ".k us ;qn~/ djus dh vfuok;Z fLFkfr ls vtqZu dks oSQls voxr
djk;k\
mRrj% o`Q".k us vtqZu dks le>krs gq, dgk fd nq;ksZ/u us rqe lHkh osQ lkFk ges'kk
Ny o vU;k; fd;k gSA rqe lcus mu lcdks lgu fd;k fdarq nq"V o ikih
nq;ksZ/u rqEgkjh 'kkafr o lnHkko ls fcYoqQy Hkh ugha cnykA blfy, jDrikr
u pkgrs gq, Hkh tc laf/ vkSj 'kkafr osQ LkHkh izLrko Bqdjk fn, x, gkas] rks
,slh fLFkfr esa ;qn~/ djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA
(x) vtqZu osQ ;g dgus ij fd ;fn ;qn~/ djus esa esjh dksbZ #fp u gks rks----
Ñ".k us mls D;k mins'k fn;k\ ikB osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaA
mRrj% tc vtqZu us ;g dgk fd ;qn~/ djus esa esjh dksbZ #fp u gks rks----- Ñ".k us mls
dgk vtqZu] ç'u #fp ;k v#fp dk ugha oju~ /eZ ,oa drZO; dk gSA ;fn
v/ehZ dks v/ekZpj.k djus fn;k tk,xk] rks ;g i`Foh iki esa Mwc tk,xhA
gksjkbtu izsl 144 nh{kk&[6-8]
lcosQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy,] lR; o U;k; osQ fy, rqEgsa ;qn~/ djuk gh iM+sxkA
vU;Fkk rqe v/eZ dks çksRlkgu nsus okys cudj nks"kh ekus tkvksxsA
(?k) vkRek vkSj 'kjhj esa çeq[k varj D;k gS\
mRrj% vkRek vej gS vFkkZr~ vkRek dHkh u ejus okyh gSA 'kjhj osQ uk'k osQ lkFk
og ugha feVrhA LkHkh izkf.k;ksa osQ 'kjhj u'oj gaS vFkkZr~ u"V gks tkus okys gSaA
vkt ugha rks dy lHkh 'kjhj vo'; u"V gks tk,¡xsA
(Ä) Ñ".k n~okjk le>k, tkus ij] var esa vtqZu fdl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps\
mRrj% o`Q".k n~okjk le>k, tkus ij] var esa vtqZu bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd vkt
mudk eksgHkax gks x;k gSA vc os ;g le> x, gSa fd okLro esa drZO; ikyu
gh lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA vius drZO; ls eq¡g eksM+uk iki gS vkSj os /eZ;qn~/
osQ fy, rS;kj gks x,A
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ;fn rqe ;qn~/ ugha djksxs] rks og vkSj vf/d vR;kpkjksa vkSj mRihM+u
dk foLrkj djsxkA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd JhÑ".k us vtqZu osQ ;qn~/ u djus ij
mudks xhrk dk mins'k fn;k vkSj mUgsa lgh vkSj xyr osQ fo"k; esa crkdj
mudk ekxZn'kZu fd;kA JhÑ".k us dgk vtqZu ;fn rqe vkt ;qn~/ ugha
djksxs] rks vR;kpkjksa dks vkSj mRihM+u dks vkSj c<+kok feysxk vkSj nq;ksZ/u
nkSiæh tSlh dbZ ukfj;ksa dk vieku djsxkA
([k) lcosQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy,] lR; o U;k; osQ fy, rqEgsa ;qn~/ djuk gh
iM+sxkA vU;Fkk rqe v/eZ dks çksRlkgu nsus okys cudj nks"kh ekus
tkvksxsA
vk'k;µ JhÑ".k dgrs gSa& gs vtqZu! lcosQ fgr dh j{kk djus osQ fy, lR; vkSj
U;k; dh thr osQ fy,] rqEgsa ;qn~/ djuk gh iM+sxk vU;Fkk bfrgkl esa rqe
v/eZ dks çksRlkfgr djus okys] lnSo osQ fy, nks"kh ekus tkvksxs] blfy, /eZ
dh j{kk djks vkSj ;qn~/ djksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fu"Bqj µ oaQl cgqr gh fu"Bqj LoHkko dk jktk FkkA
jke us jktw osQ fn, gq, migkj dks cM+h fu"Bqjrk ls Bqdjk fn;kA
([k) fuokZg µ ';ke bruk xjhc gS fd og cgqr esgur djosQ Hkh vius ifjokj
dk lgh ls fuokZg ugha dj ik jgkA
bruh eg¡xkbZ gS fd thou&fuokZg djuk dfBu gks x;kA
gksjkbtu izsl 145 nh{kk&[6-8]
(x) mRihM+uµ oaQl us nsodh dk cgqr mRihM+u fd;kA
vaxzstksa us egkRek xk¡/h dk cgqr mRihM+u fd;kA
(?k) Hkz"Vkpkjµ gekjs ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA
c<+rk ykyp gh lekt dks Hkz"Vkpkjh cuk jgk gSA
(Ä) vej µ egkRek xk¡/h dk uke ges'kk vej jgsxkA
ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, 'kghn gks tkus okys vej gks tkrs gSaA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
pquksrh µ pqukSrh nqj;ks/u µ nq;ksZ/u mrihM+u µ mRihM+u
vuvkpkj µ vukpkj jdrikr µ jDrikr ijksRlkgu µ çksRlkgu
fdufpr µ foaQfpr u'koj µ u'oj lZok/hd µ lokZf/d
2. bu okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) tks nwljksa ij vR;kpkj djs µ vR;kpkjh
([k) ftls Mj yxrk gks µ Mjiksd
(x) tks vknj osQ ;ksX; gks µ vknj.kh;
(?k) tks Hkze esa iM+k gks µ Hkzfer
3. laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) Hkz"Vkpkj µ Hkz"V $ vkpkj
([k) vukpkj µ vu $ vkpkj
(x) v/ekZpj.k µ v/eZ $ vkpj.k
(?k) foaQdrZO;foew<+ µ foaQdrZO; $ foew<+
(Ä) /eZ;qn~/ µ /eZ $ ;qn~/
4. ^ls* vkSj ^dks* ijlxks± dk ç;ksx djrs gq, ik¡p okD; cukb,µ
(d) cPpk f[kykSus ls [ksy jgk gSA
([k) ek¡ pkowQ ls iQy dkV jgh gSA
(x) MkWDVj jksxh dks nok ns jgk gSA
(?k) eksgu fHk[kkjh dks [kkuk f[kykrk gSA
(Ä) ';ke cl ls ?kj x;kA

gksjkbtu izsl 146 nh{kk&[6-8]


v O;kdj.k&Kku
la;qDr okD; vkSj feJ okD;µ la;qDr okD; og okD; gksrk gS] ftlosQ lHkh
miokD; leku Lrj osQ gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ ge yksx eqacbZ x, vkSj ogk¡ pkj fnu rd jgsA
bl okD; esa ^ge yksx eqacbZ x,* vkSj ^ogk¡ pkj fnu rd jgs* nksuksa leku Lrj osQ gSa
vkSj ,d ?kVuk nwljs ij vkfJr ugha gSA feJ okD; og okD; gksrk gS] ftlesa ,d
miokD; Lora=k vkSj ç/ku okD; gksrk gS vkSj ml okD; ij ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d
miokD; vkfJr gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ
eSa dHkh ml edku esa jgrk Fkk] tgk¡ vc xq# th jgrs gSaA
bl okD; esa jgus osQ LFkku osQ laca/ esa gh nwljk miokD; crk jgk gS vkSj ;g igys
miokD; ^eSa ml edku esa jgrk Fkk* ij vkfJr gSA vkfJr miokD; Hkh rhu çdkj
osQ gksrs gSaµ
(d) laKk miokD; ([k) fo'ks"k.k miokD; (x) fØ;kfo'ks"k.k miokD;
fn, x, mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj okD; iwjs dhft,µ
(d) tgk¡ rqe i<+rs Fks ogha eSa Hkh i<+rk FkkA
([k) tgk¡ rqe tk jgs gks ogha eSa Hkh tk jgk gw¡A
(x) tgk¡ rqEgkjs HkkbZ x, gSa ogha esjs HkkbZ Hkh x, gSaA
(?k) tgk¡ xanxh gksrh gS ogha efD[k;k¡ Hkh gksrh gSaA
(Ä) tSlk djksxs oSlk gh HkjksxsA
(p) tSls&tSls ckfj'k gksrh gS oSls&oSls /jrh xhyh gksrh gSA
(N) og ,sls gh [ksyrk gS tSls eSa [ksyrk gw¡A
(t) tSls gh eSa LVs'ku igq¡ph oSls gh xkM+h vk xbZA
(>) tc&tc eSaus esgur dh rc&rc eq>s liQyrk feyhA
(×k) ft/j og xbZ gS m/j rqe Hkh tkvksA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

13. iapoVh
ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 147 nh{kk&[6-8]
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) foink,¡ D;k gSa\
(i) naM (ii) çkÑfrd ijh{kk,¡ 3
([k) gesa lq[k esa D;k ugha gksuk pkfg,\
(i) xfoZr 3 (ii) nhu
(x) ys[kd fduls [ksyus dh bPNk j[krk gS\
(i) /uq"k&ck.k ls (ii) ladVksa ls 3
(?k) lhrk D;k u lgus dh bPNk djus dks dg jgh gS\
(i) vkink?kkr 3 (ii) ljnh
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) y{e.k us foinkvksa dks D;k miek nh gS\ muosQ vuqlkj foinkvksa ls
dkSu Mjrs gSa\
mRrj% y{e.k us foinkvksa dks izko`Qfrd ijh{kkvksa dh miek nh gSA muosQ vuqlkj
foinkvksa ls os Mjrs gaS] ftudh f'k{kk&nh{kk dPph gS vFkkZr~ ftUgsa iw.kZ Kku
ugha gSA
([k) jke us lq[k&nq%[k dks fdl çdkj lgu djus dh çsj.kk nh\
mRrj% Jhjke osQ vuqlkj lq[k&nq%[k nksuksa le; osQ o'k esa gSaA blfy, euq"; dks
lq[k esa vfHkeku ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj nq%[k esa ykpkjh dk vuqHko ugha
djuk pkfg,A
(x) y{e.k] jke ij vk, ladV dks Lo;a D;ksa >syus dks mRlqd gSa\
mRrj% y{e.k viuh lgu'kfDr dh ijh{kk ysuk pkgrs gSaA blfy, os Jhjke ij vk,
ladV dks Lo;a >syus dks mRlqd gSaA
(?k) jke us D;k dgdj y{e.k osQ ri&R;kx dh ç'kalk dh\
mRrj% Jhjke us y{e.k dh lgu'khyrk dh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgk fd ftruk rqeus
esjs fy, lgk gS] bruk dksbZ ugha lg losQxkA ;g dgdj Jhjke us y{ke.k osQ
ri&R;kx dh iz'kalk dhA
(Ä) jke vkSj y{e.k th dh okrkZyki lqudj lhrk th dh D;k çfrfØ;k
Fkh\
mRrj% lhrk th us jke vkSj y{e.k dk okrkZyki lqudj viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs
gq, dgk fd gesa ;g ,s'o;Z vkSj 'kfDr ugha pkfg,A blfy, rqe bu lc ckrksa
dks jgus nks vkSj eqlhcrksa dk izgkj lgus dh dksf'k'k u djksA
gksjkbtu izsl 148 nh{kk&[6-8]
4.fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) esjs er esa rks foink,¡
gSa çkÑfrd ijh{kk,¡]
muls ogh Mjsa dPph gksa
ftudh f'k{kk&nh{kk,¡A
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd Jhjke dks pkSng o"kZ osQ ouokl osQ le;]
lhrk th vkSj y{e.k th osQ lkFk cgqr d"V mBkus iM+sA y{e.k th bu d"Vksa
osQ ckjs esa dg jgs gSa fd foifRr;k¡ rks çkÑfrd :i ls vkus okyh ijh{kkvksa osQ
leku gSa] ftuls gesa MVdj eqdkcyk djuk pkfg,A ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls os
yksx gh ?kcjkrs gSa] ftudh f'k{kk v/wjh vkSj detksj gksA
([k) lhrk dgus yxh fd] Bgjks
jgus nks bu ckrksa dks]
bPNk rqe u djks lgus dh
vki vkink?kkrksa dksA
vk'k;µ bu iafDr;ksa es lhrk th dgrh gS fd rqe lHkh ckrksa dks NksM+ nksA gs y{e.k
rqe Lo;a gh bu eqlhcrksa dks lgus dh bPNk er j[kksA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) fo?u µ esjs çR;sd dk;Z es fo?u iM+ gh tkrk gSA
gs bZ'oj! gekjs lkjs fo?u gj yksA
([k) xfoZr µ rqEgs Hkh vius Hkkjrh; gksus ij xfoZr gksuk pkfg,A
jkew osQ ikl vpkud /u vk tkus ls] og [kqn dks cgqr xfoZr
eglwl djrk gSA
(x) lej µ dkSjo&ikaMoksa osQ lej esa ikaMoksa dh thr gqbZA
lej fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lek/ku ugha gksrkA
(?k) 'kfDr µ ukjh 'kfDr esa cgqr rkdr gksrh gSA
bZ'oj lHkh euq";ksa dks lq[kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk nq%[k lgus dh 'kfDr
Hkh nsrs gSaA
(Ä) Mkg µ ges dHkh fdlh ls Mkg ugha djuh pkfg,A
xhrk esjk iqjLdkj ns[kdj Mkg xbZA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. çLrqr dfork osQ vk/kj ij rhuksa ik=kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Nk¡Vdj muosQ ukeksa osQ

gksjkbtu izsl 149 nh{kk&[6-8]


uhps fyf[k,µ
jke y{e.k lhrk
'kkafrfç;] pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;ks± esa #fp] lsokHkko esa jr]
ç'kalk djus esa mnkjA foifRr;ksa ls cpko gsrq bPNqdA NksVksa osQ çfr LusgA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fyax crkb,µ
ck/k µ L=khfyax foink µ L=khfyax f'k{kk µ L=khfyax
lq[k µ iqfYyax ladV µ iqfYyax Mj µ iqfYyax
lR; µ iqfYyax er µ iqfYyax le; µ iqfYyax
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fuEufyf[kr laf/;ksa osQ mnkgj.k if<+,µ
'kCn 'kCn&in lw=k
le;k/hu ¾ le; $ vk/hu (v $ vk ¾ vk)
dikys'oj ¾ diky $ bZ'oj (v $ bZ ¾ ,)
th.kksZn~/kj ¾ th.kZ $ mn~/kj (v $ m ¾ vks)
vc lw=kksa dh lgk;rk ls bu 'kCnksa osQ laf/ foPNsn dhft, o lw=k Hkh
fyf[k,µ
(d) xzh"ekodk'k ¾ xzh"e $ vodk'k v $ v ¾ vk
([k) lqjs'oj ¾ lqj $ bZ'oj v $ bZ ¾ ,
(x) loksZifj ¾ loZ $ mifj v $ m ¾ vks
(?k) erkuqlkj ¾ er $ vuqlkj v $ v ¾ vk
(Ä) Hkkstuky; ¾ Hkkstu $ vky; v $ vk ¾ vk
(p) ujs'k ¾ uj $ bZ'k v $ bZ ¾ ,
(N) egksRlo ¾ egk $ mRlo vk $ m ¾ vks
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

14. vkf[kjh mM+ku


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) uUgha fpfM+;k dh igyh mM+ku fdldh Nk;k esa 'kq: gqbZ\
(i) isM+ dh (ii) ek¡ osQ fo'kky ia[kksa dh 3
gksjkbtu izsl 150 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) oSQlk ekSle vkus okyk Fkk\
(i) xje (ii) BaMk 3
(x) baæ/uq"k esa fdrus jax gksrs gSa\
(i) vkB (ii) lkr 3
(?k) vkdk'k ls fdldh ckfj'k gks jgh Fkh\
(i) rstkc dh 3 (ii) ty dh
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) fpfM+;k us viuh fcfV;k dks fdl nqfu;k dk liuk fn[kk;k\
mRrj% fpfM+;k us viuh uUgha fcfV;k dks gjs&Hkjs igkM+] fo'kky uhyk vkdk'k]
dydy djrs >jus] jaxhu iwQyksa ls lts cxhps] cy[kkrh ufn;k¡] ty esa
pepe pedrk pank] f[kykSuksa ls 'kgj] jlhys iQyksa osQ isM+] [ksrksa esa >werh
vukt dh ckfy;k¡] fjef>e ckfj'k dh cw¡nas vkSj vkdk'k esa ,d lqanj
banz/uq"k okyh nqfu;k dk liuk fn[kk;kA
([k) NksVh fpfM+;k osQ Fkd tkus ij ek¡ us mls D;k vk'oklu fn;k\
mRrj% NksVh fpfM+;k osQ Fkd tkus ij ek¡ us mls xys yxkdj ia[kksa esa fNik fy;k vkSj
dgk /hjt j[k gesa cgqr nwj tkuk gSA ek¡ us pksap ls fi?kyrh ciZQ mlosQ eq¡g
esa Mkyh vkSj cksyh vc pyks csVh] gesa cgqr nwj tkuk gS vkSj rst mM+ku Hkjrs
gq, os vkxs dh vksj c<+us yxhaA ek¡ NksVh fpfM+;k dks bl rjg ls vk'oklu ns
jgh FkhA
(x) NksVh fpfM+;k dks D;k&D;k vuqHko gq,\
mRrj% NksVh fpfM+;k 'kgj osQ Åij ls xbZ] rks ogk¡ mls /wy vkSj dkfy[k osQ flok
oqQN utj u vk;kA ?kqVu ,slh Fkh fd lk¡lsa can gksus dks vkbZaA mlus ckxksa dh
[kkst dh] rks mls eqj>k, gq, iwQyksa osQ dadky feysA mlus ioZr dh 'kj.k
ysuh pkgh] rks mls vkx dh tyu eglwl gksus yxhA og leanj dh vksj xbZ]
rks mrjkrh yk'kksa dh nqx±/ ls mls feryh vkus yxhA I;kl cq>kus osQ fy, og
ufn;ksa dh vksj nkSM+h ysfdu os rks lw[kh iM+h FkhaA [ksr&[kfygku [kkyh iM+s
Fks] vukt dk ,d nkuk ugha FkkA bl rjg NksVh fpfM+;k dkss mM+rs gq, vusd
vuqHko gq,A
(?k) fpfM+;k ij tks cw¡n fxjh og oSQlh Fkh vkSj mldk D;k çHkko gqvk\
mRrj% fpfM+;k ij tks cw¡n fxjh] mlls fpfM+;k osQ ia[k >qyl x,A og ph[kh vkSj
NViVkdj viuh cph gqbZ 'kfDr ls vkljk <w¡<+us yxhA og cw¡n rstkc dh
ckfj'k dh FkhA
gksjkbtu izsl 151 nh{kk&[6-8]
(Ä) dgkuh dk var] euq";rk osQ var dh Hk;kog rLohj gS] fln~/ dhft,A
mRrj% bl dgkuh esa ysf[kdk us c<+rs gq, iznw"k.k ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa osQ ckjs esa
crk;k gSA ;fn iznw"k.k bl rjg ls c<+rk jgk] rks ekuo&thou u"V gksus esa
T;knk oDr ugha yxsxkA ;gk¡ rd fd i'kq&i{kh Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrsA bl
dgkuh esa nks fpfM+;ksa osQ ekè;e ls crk;k x;k gS fd c<+rs iznw"k.k osQ lkFk
tkuojksa dks [kkus osQ fy, oqQN Hkh ugha feysxk vkSj euq"; viuh Hkw[k feVkus
osQ fy, ,d&nwljs dh tku osQ Hkw[ks gks tk,¡xsA dgkuh osQ var esa ,d Hkw[kk
cPpk] ftlesa izse] d#.kk]n;k dh dksbZ Hkkouk ugha gS] NksVh fpfM+;k dks
yypk;h utjksa ls ns[krk gSA mlosQ eq¡g esa ikuh vk tkrk gSA blls ;g fln~/
gkssrk gS fd dgkuh dk var] euq";rk osQ var dh Hk;kog rLohj gSA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vjh ixyh! /hjt j[k gesa cgqr nwj tkuk gS vHkh!
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd uUgha fpfM+;k igyh ckj mM+dj viuh ek¡
osQ lkFk bl lqanj lalkj dks ns[kus osQ fy, cgqr O;koqQy gks jgh gSA uUgha
fpfM+;k lqanj lalkj dh lHkh phtsa ns[kuk pkgrh gSA rc mldh ek¡ mls I;kj
ls le>krs gq, dgrh gS fd /hjt j[kks csVh] og mls lc oqQN fn[kk,xh
exj mlosQ fy, mls /hjt j[kuk gksxkA
([k) //drh pV~Vkuksa ls fdlh rjg tku cpkdj] og leanj dh rjiQ
Hkkxh] ij mlus cM+k Hk;adj :i /j fy;k FkkA
vk'k;µ bl okD; dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc fpfM+;k mM+rh jgh] rks mM+rs gq, og
'kgj esa xbZA tgk¡ mls dkfy[k osQ flok oqQN Hkh ugha feykA fpfM+;k us ioZr
dh 'kj.k ysuh pkgh] rks ioZr esa mls rfi'k eglwl gksus yxhA pV~Vkuksa dh
xjeh ls tku cpkdj og laenj dh rjiQ igq¡ph] rks leanj dh ygjksa dk
Hk;adj :i ns[kdj fpfM+;k cgqr Mj xbZA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) vVy µ esjk fu.kZ; fcyoqQy vVy gSA
Lora=krk laxzke esa lHkh ns'kokfl;ksa dks xk¡/h th osQ usr`Ro ij
vVy fo'okl FkkA
([k) vkgkjµ gesa ikSf"Vd vkgkj [kkuk pkfg,A
cPpksa osQ fy, nw/ ,d ikSf"Vd vkgkj gSA
(x) lqanj µ xqykc dk iwQy cgqr lqanj gksrk gSA
jhuk lqanj yM+dh gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 152 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) rstkc µ rstkc cgqr gh [krjukd inkFkZ gSA
usgk dk gkFk rstkc ls ty x;kA
(Ä) rfi'k µ vkt /wi esa cgqr rfi'k gSA
ekSle dh rfi'k o"kkZ ls gh nwj gksxhA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foijhrkFkZd 'kCn fyf[k,µ
LoPNrk µ vLoPNrk lknxh µ cukoV 'kkafr µ v'kkafr
larks"k µ vlarks"k fojks/ µ fufoZjks/ fo"kerk µ lerk
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ vkSj çR;; vyx dhft,µ
milxZ çR;;
___
(d) nqx±/ µ nq
___
([k) vi;'k µ vi
___
(x) 'kqn~/re µ re
___
(?k) vktUe µ vk
___
(Ä) vfgr µ v
___
(p) euq";rk µ rk
___
(N) nkuork µ rk
3. ewy 'kCn crkb,µ
(d) n'kZuh; µ n'kZu ([k) vkuafnr µ vkuan
(x) j{kd µ j{kk (?k) cqn~f/erk µ cqn~f/
(Ä) js[kkafdr µ js[kk (p) ln~Hkkouk µ Hkkouk
v O;kdj.k&Kku
çfo'ks"k.kµ fo'ks"k.k osQ Hkh fo'ks"k.k çfo'ks"k.k dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ jksgu cgqr prqj
gSA ;gk¡ jksgu dk fo'ks"k.k prqj gS foaQrq cgqr 'kCn prqj dh Hkh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gSA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa çfo'ks"k.k dks js[kkafdr dhft,µ
(d) fnus'k cM+k ifjJeh gSA
([k) rqEgkjh irax dk jax gYdk uhyk gSA
(x) og vc fcyoqQy LoLFk gSA
(?k) lM+d ij cM+k Hkkjh iRFkj iM+k gSA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 153 nh{kk&[6-8]
15. lapkj ekè;e osQ u, :iµ lapkj&Økafr
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) oaQI;wVj dks fdldk e'khuh :i dg ldrs gSa\
(i) efLr"d dk 3 (ii) fctyh dk
([k) lcls NksVs oaQI;wVj dk D;k uke gS\
(i) ikeVkWi 3 (ii) ySiVkWi
(x) vkt dk ;qx fdldk ;qx gS\
(i) jsfM;ks dk (ii) baVjusV dk 3
(?k) lwpukvksa dk lkxj D;k gS\
(i)
lpZ batu 3 (ii) jsyos batu
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) oaQI;wVj osQ Lo:i dk fooj.k nhft,A
mRrj% oaQI;wVj dk vFkZ gksrk gS& x.kuk djus okykA oaQI;wVj dk çkjafHkd :i x.kuk
djus okyh e'khu osQ :i esa Fkk ysfdu vc blesa ç;qDr fd, tkus okys
'kCnksa] vk¡dM+ksa] la[;kvksa vkSj fp=kksa dh lwpukvksa dks mlosQ Le`frdks'k esa
lafpr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl rjg ;g vius vk/qfud :i esa tfVy ls
tfVy dke dj ldrk gSA
([k) lkWÝVos;j vkSj gkMZos;j esa varj Li"V dhft,A
mRrj% gkMZos;j dk vFkZ gS&og e'khu ftlesa ekWuhVj] dh&cksMZ] osaQæh; lalk/u
,dd (lhúihú;wú)] ekml vkSj fçaVj 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tcfd lkWÝVos;j dbZ
rjg osQ çksxzkeksa dk lSV gksrk gS] tks oaQI;wVj dks dke djus osQ ;ksX; cukrk gSA
(x) bZ&esy ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
mRrj% bZ&esy i=k Hkstus dk bysDVªkWfud lalk/u gSA bldh lcls fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS
fd vkidk lans'k iyd >idrs gh nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh igq¡p tkrk gSA baVjusV
dks nqfu;kHkj esa yksdfiz; cukus esa bZ&esy dk lcls vf/d ;ksxnku jgk gSA
bZ&esy osQ lkFk vki fp=k vkSj vkokt okyh iQkbysa Hkh Hkst ldrs gSaA jkstkuk
osQ dke&dkt osQ vykok fctusl laca/h dk;ks± esa Hkh bZ&esy dk egRo c<+
gksjkbtu izsl 154 nh{kk&[6-8]
x;k gSA
(?k) lpZ batu dh mi;ksfxrk ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
mRrj% lpZ batu esa vkidks ftlosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh pkfg,] mlls lacaf/r 'kCn
fy[kus gksrs gSa vkSj og iyd >idrs gh ^oYMZ okbM osc* (www) ls lkjh
tkudkjh [kkst ykrk gSA yxHkx lHkh osclkbVksa esa lpZ b±tu dh lqfo/k gksrh gSA
(Ä) ok;jl fdls dgrs gSa\
mRrj% ok;jl ,d rjg ls ?kqliSfB;k oaQI;wVj çksxzke gksrk gS] tks usVooZQ ;k fiQj
oaQI;wVj ij vkdj vkiosQ flLVe dks [kjkc dj nsrk gSA ;g VsyhiQksu ykbu
;k fiQj ÝykWih ;k fMLd osQ tfj, ?kqliSB djrk gSA vktdy bZ&esy osQ
tfj, ok;jl Hksts tkus yxs gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) vkt dk ;qx baVjusV dk ;qx dgk tkrk gSA bldh otg ls lwpuk osQ
vknku&çnku us Økafrdkjh :i ys fy;k gSA
vk'k;µ bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd oaQI;wVj us ekuo thou dks cnydj j[k fn;k gSA
blh dkj.k vk/qfud ;qx dks baVjusV dk ;qx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkt baVjusV
osQ ekè;e ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr dksbZ lwpuk vFkok t:jh nLrkost fdlh vU;
LFkku ij vU; O;fDr osQ ikl oqQN gh {k.kksa esa Hkst ldrk gSA ftlls mldk
çR;sd dk;Z ljyrk ls oqQN gh le; esa lekIr gks tkrk gSA
([k) baVjusV dks nqfu;kHkj esa yksdfç; cukus esa bZ&esy dk lcls vf/d
;ksxnku jgk gSA
vk'k;µ bZ&esy i=k Hkstus dk bysDVªkWfud lalk/u gSA fo'o esa dgha ls vkSj fdlh
Hkh oaQI;wVj ls baVjusV rd igq¡pdj vki bZ&esy Hkst ;k çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
jkstkuk osQ dke&dkt osQ vykok fctusl laca/h dk;ks± esa Hkh bZ&esy dk
cgqr egRo c<+k gSA blfy, baVjusV dks nqfu;k esa yksdfç; cukus esa bZ&esy
dk lcls vf/d ;ksxnku jgk gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ySiVkWi µ f'k[kk us u;k ySiVkWi [kjhnk gSA
vktdy rks ySiVkWi dbZ jaxksa esa vkus yxs gSaA
([k) MkVk µ eSaus vius oaQI;wVj esa lkjk MkVk Mky fy;k gSA
oaQI;wVj esa ge dbZ çdkj dk MkVk j[k ldrs gSaA
(x) usVooZQ µ iQksu osQ usVooZQ vpkud pys x,A
vktdy ehfM;k dk usVooZQ cgqr c<+k gqvk gSA
gksjkbtu izsl 155 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) flLVe µ jhuk us viuk u;k oaQI;wVj flLVe [kjhnkA
vc cktkj esa u, çdkj osQ E;wftd flLVe vk pqosQ gSaA
(Ä) rduhd µ oSKkfudksa us ubZ rduhd dk ç;ksx dj gekjs thou esa cgqr
lqfo/k,¡ yk nh gSaA
vkSn~;ksfxd rduhdksa us yksxksa dks u, jkstxkj miyC/ djk,A
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. ^çfØ;k* 'kCn esa ^ç* milxZ dk ç;ksx gSA ^fØ;k* ewy 'kCn gSA blh çdkj ^ç*
dk ç;ksx djrs gq, pkj vU; 'kCn cukb,µ
çxq.k çpyu çokl çi=k
2. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj u, 'kCn cukb,µ
fodkl fodflr fodkl'khy
çdk'k çdkf'kr çdk'k'khy
forj.k forfjr forj.k'khy
bPNk bfPNr bPNk'khy
fopj.k fopfjr fopj.k'khy
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

16. nks xt tehu


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) lksuk dkSu Fkk\
(i) fdlku 3 (ii) O;kikjh
([k) ijns'kh fdl unh osQ ikl ls vk jgk Fkk\
(i) xaxk (ii) czg~eiq=k 3
(x) eqf[k;k us tehu dk D;k Hkko crk;k\
(i) nl gtkj #i, çfrfnu 3 (ii) nl gtkj #i, xt
gksjkbtu izsl 156 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) lksuk osQ [kwu dgk¡ ls cg jgk Fkk\
(i) eq¡g ls 3 (ii) flj ls
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) lksuk osQ ?kj vkdj dkSu Bgjk\ mlus lksuk dks D;k crk;k\
mRrj% lksuk osQ ?kj ,d lkSnkxj BgjkA lkSnkxj us lksuk dks crk;k fd og unh ikj ls
vk jgk gSA ogk¡ bruh tehu gS fd ftruh pkgks] tksr yksA
([k) lc oqQN gksrs gq, Hkh lksuk vlarq"V D;ksa Fkk\
mRrj% lc oqQN gksrs gq, Hkh lksuk blfy, larq"V ugha Fkk D;kasfd oqQN le; ckn
lksuk dks yxus yxk Fkk fd mlosQ ikl i;kZIr tehu ugha gSA oqQN vkSj tehu
gksrh] rks og vkSj vf/d lq[k&lqfo/k dk thou O;rhr djrkA
(x) unh ikj tkrs le; lksuk D;k&D;k phtsa ysdj x;k vkSj os phtsa lksuk
us fdls nh\
mRrj% unh ikj tkrs le; lksuk feBkbZ] diM+s vkSj nwljh oLrq,¡ [kjhndj ys x;kA
lksuk unh ikj tkdj ogk¡ osQ eqf[k;k ls feyk vkSj vius lkFk ykbZ
cf<+;k&cf<+;k phtsa mls HksaV dhA
(?k) tehu ukirs&ukirs lksuk dh D;k n'kk gks xbZ\
mRrj% tehu ukirs gq, lksuk dk 'kjhj ilhus ls rj gks x;k Fkk vkSj mls I;kl Hkh
yx jgh FkhA pyrs&pyrs lksuk cgqr Fkd x;k FkkA mlosQ fy, vkxs c<+uk
dfBu gks jgk FkkA /wi vkSj xjeh us mldh lkjh 'kfDr pwl yh FkhA iSjkas esa
Nkys iM+ x, FksA Vk¡xs mBrh u FkhA lwjt <y jgk Fkk] blfy, vkjke djus osQ
fy, le; u FkkA fiQj Hkh og rst pky ls vkxs c<+ jgk FkkA mlus deht]
twrs lc isaQd fn,A mldh lk¡l iwQy jgh FkhA mldh Nkrh tksj&tksj ls /M+d
jgh FkhA mls ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd og Fkdku osQ dkj.k dgha fxjdj ej gh u
tk,A
(Ä) var esa lksuk osQ lkFk D;k gqvk\
mRrj% var esa lksuk eqf[k;k dh Vksih osQ ikl igq¡pdj uhps fxj x;k] mlosQ eq¡g ls
[kwu Hkh vk jgk FkkA ogha mldh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mls niQuk fn;k x;kA vc
mlosQ fy, osQoy nks xt tehu gh dkiQh FkhA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) lh/k fglkc gSA ,d fnu esa] iSny pydj ftruh tehu rqe uki
Mkyks] mruh tehu rqEgkjhA
vk'k;µ tc lksuk unh osQ ikj igq¡pk] rks mlus ns[kk fd ogk¡ ij tehu gh tehu gS
gksjkbtu izsl 157 nh{kk&[6-8]
ysfdu lc [kkyh iM+h gSA fiQj og ogk¡ osQ eqf[k;k ls feyk vkSj mlls tehu
dk Hkko iwNk] rks eqf[k;k us mRrj fn;k] fd rqe ,d fnu esa iSny pydj
ftruh Hkh tehu uki yksxs] og lkjh tehu rqEgkjh gksxh] foaQrq blosQ cnys esa
rqEgsa ,d fnu osQ nl gtkj #i, nsus gksaxsA
([k) VsdM+h osQ ikl igq¡pdj og eq¡g osQ cy fxjk vkSj mldh ph[k fudy
xbZA
vk'k;µ bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc T;knk tehu ikus osQ ykyp esa lksuk cgqr nwj
rd nkSM+k] rks og pyrs&pyrs Fkd x;kA cl mldks ;gh ykyp Fkk fd eSa
vf/d ls vf/d tehu uki yw¡A vr% tc og nkSM+dj okfil vk;k] rks
VsdM+h osQ ikl igq¡pdj og eq¡g osQ cy fxj x;k vkSj mldh ph[k fudy
xbZA mlosQ eq¡g ls [kwu cg jgk Fkk vkSj og ej pqdk FkkA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) [kq'kgkyµ lhek dk ifjokj cgqr gh [kq'kgky gSA
gesa çR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa [kq'kgky jguk pkfg,A
([k) vlarq"Vµ jkeyky dks bruk /u fey x;k ysfdu og vc Hkh vlarq"V gSA
ykyph O;fDr lnSo vlarq"V gh jgrk gSA
(x) xoZ µ eq>s vius ekrk&firk ij cgqr xoZ gSA
gesa Hkkjrh; gksus ij xoZ gSA
(?k) thfodkµ thfodk pykus osQ fy, dk;Z djuk cgqr vko';d gSA
xjhcksa dks viuh thfodk pykus osQ fy, dfBu ifjJe djuk
iM+rk gSA
(Ä) eqf[k;k µ esjs nknk th gekjs ?kj osQ eqf[k;k gSA
xk¡o osQ eqf[k;k th fu.kZ; djus esa cgqr gh oqQ'ky gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. lq[ke;] mRlqdrk] ew[kZrk vkfn 'kCn vkius i<+s gSaA ^e;*] ^rk* 'kCnka'k osQ var esa
tqM+dj muosQ vFkZ esa oqQN fo'ks"krk yk nsrs gSa foaQrq Lora=k :i ls budk ç;ksx dksbZ
vFkZ ugha nsrkA bUgsa ge çR;; osQ uke ls tkurs gSaA ;s çR;; nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
(d) Ñnar çR;; ([k) rn~f/r çR;;
(d) Ñnar çR;;µ tks çR;; fdlh fØ;k osQ var esa tqM+rs gSa] mUgsa Ñnar çR;;
dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ iBuh;] xeuh; vkfnA
gksjkbtu izsl 158 nh{kk&[6-8]
([k) rn~f/r çR;;µ tks çR;; fdlh laKk] loZuke ;k fo'ks"k.k osQ var esa
tqM+dj u, 'kCn dh jpuk djrs gSa] mUgsa rn~f/r çR;; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ
fon~oku ls fon~ork] prqj ls prqjkbZ vkfnA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa çR;; dk çdkj crkb,µ
(d) liQyrk µ rn~f/r ([k) vuqdj.kh; µ Ñnar
(x) cqn~f/ekuh µ rn~f/r
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh 'kqn~/ orZuh ij lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) clrh c'krh cLrh 3 cfLr
([k) ij;kIr i;kZIr 3 i;kIrZ ç;kIr
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius cuk, gq, okD;ksa esa ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) tehu µ eSaus ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djus osQ fy, tehu vkleku ,d dj
fn;kA
([k) esgur µ vPNh ukSdjh ikus osQ fy, cgqr esgur dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA
(x) fn'kk µ lwjt iwjc fn'kk esa mxrk gSA
(?k) 'kfDr µ gesa viuh 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj gh dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
(Ä) mRlkg µ jkeyhyk ns[kdj esjk eu mRlkg ls Hkj x;kA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
fuikrµ fdlh okD; esa fuikr dk ç;ksx dgha Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj og ftl
in osQ lkFk yxrk gS] ml ij cy nsrk gS_ tSlsµ bl okD; dks nsf[k,µ
o"kkZ osQ fnuksa esa rks ;g xk¡o Vkiw gh cu tkrk gSA
bl okD; esa ^gh* 'kCn fuikr gS] tks xk¡o osQ ek=k Vkiw gh gksus vkSj fdlh osQ u gksus
ij cy nsrk gSA
bl çdkj bu okD;ksa esa ^gh* fuikr dk ç;ksx dj okD; esa vk, fo'ks"k varj
dks igpkfu,µ
(d) pkjksa vksj eyck gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
([k) rqe oSQls dg ldrs gks fd rqe ikl gh gks tkvksxs\
(x) eqxyksa us fnYyh dks gh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
(?k) lCth ykus osQ fy, cktkj tkuk gh gksxkA
(Ä) iwuk vk, eq>s pkj gh fnu gq, gSaA
(p) xjeh osQ ekjs dke djuk gh dfBu gSA

gksjkbtu izsl 159 nh{kk&[6-8]


(N) eq>s [kkus esa pikrh gh ilan gSA
(t) eksgu fØosQV gh vPNk [ksyrk gSA
blh çdkj oqQN vkSj fuikr gSa_ tSlsµ Hkh] rks] rd] ek=k] Hkj vkfnA
mijksDr fuikrksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, oqQN okD; cukb,µ
pkj iqLrosaQ i<+us ek=k ls dksbZ fon~oku ugha cu tkrkA
lqcg ls 'kke rd ge vusd n`'; ns[krs gSaA
ckyd dks jksrs ns[k esjk eu Hkj vk;kA
lksgu vkSj jkgqy rks cgqr vPNs fe=k gSaA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

17. 'kkafr
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) dkys cknyksa ls /hjs&/hjs dkSu fudyus yxk Fkk\
(i) lwjt 3 (ii) pank
([k) ikB esa çdk'keku fdls dgk x;k gS\
(i) bZ'oj dks 3 (ii) lwjt dks
(x) phy us l¡iksys osQ xks'r dk oSQlk Lokn crk;k\
(i) [kV~Vk (ii) ehBk 3
(?k) Hkhy us cPps ls D;k ykus dk oknk fd;k\
(i) lk¡i (ii) poqQyk 3
(Ä) laU;klh osQ gkFk ls D;k NwV x;k\
(i) NM+h (ii) deaMy 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) v?;Z nsrs gq, laU;klh D;k çkFkZuk dj jgk Fkk\
mRrj% v?;Z nsrs gq, laU;klh bZ'oj ls ;g çkFkZuk dj jgk Fkk] ^gs bZ'oj! rqe
çdk'keku gks! rqe gh /jrh ij gksus okys va/dkj osQ lagkjd gks! /jrh dk
v¡/sjk] rks rqe u"V djrs gks ijarq bl /jrh ij gksus okys yksxksa osQ eu osQ
gksjkbtu izsl 160 nh{kk&[6-8]
v¡/sjs dks rqe dc nwj djksxs\ mls ?kV&?kV esa jes jke osQ n'kZu dc gksaxs\ gs
n;kfu/ku! eq>s fo'okl gS fd nqfu;k dks ?ksjs v'kkafr osQ nkokuy dks fliZQ
rqEgha 'kkar dj ikvksxsA 'kkafr osQ fo/ku osQ fy, eSa viuk ri] lq[k] LoxZ lc
U;ksNkoj djus osQ fy, rS;kj gw¡A oqQN Hkh djks] ij bl nqfu;k esa veu] 'kkafr
dk lkezkT; iSQyk nksA eSa ,slh lqanj nqfu;k ns[kuk pkgrk gw¡] tgk¡ flag dh ihB
ij [kjxks'k [ksyrk gks] mdkc dh xksn esa lk¡i lks;k gks vkSj lHkh tu ,d gksaA
([k) laU;klh viuk lc oqQN vkSj fdl ij U;ksNkoj djus dks rS;kj gS\
mRrj% laU;klh viuk lc oqQN nqfu;k ij U;ksNkoj djus osQ fy, rS;kj gS]
D;ksafd og nqfu;k esa veu] 'kkafr dk lkezkT; pkgrk Fkk vkSj og ,slh lqanj
nqfu;k ns[kuk pkgrk Fkk] tgk¡ flag dh ihB ij [kjxks'k [ksyrk gks] mdkc dh
xksn esa lk¡i lks;k gks vkSj lHkh tu ,d gksaA
(x) phy vkSj Hkhy us ?kj ls ckgj tkrs gq, viuh&viuh larkuksa dks
D;k&D;k fgnk;rsa nh\
mRrj% phy us vius poqQys dks fgnk;rsa nh fd] ^^vk[ksV dk le; gksus osQ dkj.k eSa
ckgj tk jgh gw¡A eSa FkksM+s le; esa gh vk tkm¡QxhA rqEgkjs ia[k detksj gSa] dy
dh rjg vius ?kksalys ls ckgj er fudyukA phy us vius poqQys dks
le>krs gq, ;g Hkh dgk fd ?kksalys ls ckgj ,d Mk;u poqQyksa dks Bxdj
cgdkus osQ fy, nk¡o yxkdj cSBh jgrh gSA vr% mldh ckrksa esa er vkukA eSa
rqEgkjs fy, ,d lqanj l¡iksyk ykm¡QxhA blfy, vius ?kksalys ls ckgj er
fudyukA Hkhy us vius bdykSrs csVs dks le>krs gq, dgk fd] ^^dy rqe
vius ?kj ls fudydj taxy esa jax&fcjaxs iwQyksa dks cVksjrs nwj rd HkVd jgs
Fks u\ vkt oSlh gjdr er djukA taxy osQ bu >kM+&>a[kkM+ksa esa tgjhys
lk¡i gksrs gSaA muosQ dkVus dk Mj ges'kk cuk gksrk gSA viuk [;ky j[kukA**
(?k) viuh dkSu&lh ek¡x iwjh gksus dk Hkze laU;klh dks gksrk gS\ ;g Hkze
oSQls VwVrk gS\
mRrj% i.kZoqQVh dh vksj ykSV jgs laU;klh us tc nwj ls ;g ns[kk fd ,d euq";] ,d
phy dk poqQyk vkSj ,d lk¡i dk cPpk ,d&nwljs dh cxy esa lks, gSa] rks
mls lthoksa esa ca/qrk fuekZ.k djus dh viuh ek¡x iwjh gksus dk Hkze gqvkA
ysfdu tc og muosQ ikl igq¡pdj mu lHkh osQ 'koksa dks ns[krk gS] rks mldk
Hkze VwV tkrk gSA
(Ä) çLrqr dgkuh ls vkidks D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\
mRrj% çLrqr dgkuh ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd gesa dHkh&Hkh fdlh osQ çfr cSj
gksjkbtu izsl 161 nh{kk&[6-8]
dh Hkkouk ugha j[kuh pkfg, cfYd euq"; dks çR;sd çk.kh] i{kh vkSj
tkuojksa osQ çfr çse dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg,A
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^^rqe lkeus okyk og tks uhyk vkdk'k ns[krs gks u] ogk¡ ,d Mk;u
ges'kk nk¡o yxkdj cSBh jgrh gSA**
vk'k;µ ys[kd osQ dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc phy vius vk[ksV osQ fy,
tkrh gS] rks mldk poqQyk ?kksalys ls fudyus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS] rc phy
vius poqQys dks I;kj ls Mjkdj le>k jgh gS fd uhys vkdk'k esa ,d Mk;u
gS] tks poqQys tSls NksVs cPps dks ns[krs gh b'kkjk djosQ cqyk ysrh gS vkSj mUgsa
idM+ ysrh gSA
([k) I;kj ls FkiFkikdj Hkhy us mls le>k;k] ^^rqEgsa taxy osQ ml laU;klh
dh larku gksuk pkfg, FkkA**
vk'k;µ ys[kd osQ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc Hkhy us vius csVs ls poqQyk
ykus dks oknk fd;k] rks Hkhy osQ csVs us mldks euk dj fn;kA Hkhy osQ csVs us
dgk fd tSls dy og jkLrk Hkwy x;k Fkk] rks mldh ek¡ dk jks&jksdj cqjk
gky gks x;k FkkA blh çdkj poqQys dh ek¡ Hkh poqQys dks u ikdj nq%[kh
gksxh] rks Hkhy us vius csVs dh ckr lqudj mlus dgk fd rqEgsa rks fdlh
laU;klh dh larku gksuk pkfg, FkkA rqeus xyrh ls Hkhy tkfr esa tUe D;ksa ys
fy;kA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) /jrh µ lwjt osQ fNius ij /jrh ij va/dkj Nk tkrk gSA
/jrh gekjh ek¡ osQ leku gSA
([k) LoxZ µ jktk baæ dk vklu LoxZ esa gSA
esjh nknh eq>s jkst LoxZyksd dh dgkfu;k¡ lqukrh gSaA
(x) lwjt µ lwjt dh rst fdj.kksa ls cgqr vf/d xjeh gks xbZA
lwjt if'pe fn'kk esa fNirk gSA
(?k) phy µ phy ihiy osQ isM+ ij cSB xbZA
phy cgqr Å¡pkbZ rd mM+ ldrh gSA
(Ä) I;kj µ gesa i'kq&if{k;ksa ls I;kj djuk pkfg,A
ek¡ dk I;kj lcls I;kjk gksrk gSA

gksjkbtu izsl 162 nh{kk&[6-8]


v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. viuh ckr dks çHkko'kkyh cukus vFkok vkSj vf/d Li"Vrk nsus osQ fy, ge
leku vFkok rqyukRed 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA tSlsµ v'kkafr dk nkokuyA
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,sls gh rqyukRed 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) vKku dk vKku dk HkaMkj
([k) Kku dh @ dk Kku dh xBjh
(x) fopkjksa dh @ dk fopkjksa dh Ük`a[kyk
(?k) Hkkoukvksa dh @ dk Hkkoukvksa dk Tokj
2. mnkgj.k ns[kdj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks feykdj ,d okD; cukb,µ
(d) lanhi gekjs iM+ksl esa jgrk gSA og lHkh dks cgqr I;kj djrk gSA
gekjs iM+ksl esa jgus okyk lanhi lHkh dks cgqr I;kj djrk gSA
([k) [ksyus dk le; gqvkA cPps iqQVcky ysdj fudy iM+sA
[ksyus dk le; gksrs gh cPps iqQVcky ysdj fudy iM+rs gSaA
(x) og ?kj ls taxy dh vksj fudykA ogk¡ og lks x;kA
og ?kj ls taxy esa tkdj lks x;kA
(?k) l¡iksys dks phy us idM+ fy;kA mldh ek¡ jksus yxhA
tc l¡iksys dks phy us idM+k rks ;g ns[kdj mldh ek¡ jksus yxhA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
bZ'oj µ çHkq Hkxoku
euq"; µ ekuo euqt
lwjt µ jfo fnudj
lk¡i µ liZ Hkqtax
i{kh µ fogx [kx
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
laU;klh µ x`gLFk 'kkafr µ v'kkafr
çlUurk µ nq%[k laqnj µ cnlwjr
/jrh µ vkdk'k I;kj µ uiQjr
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
gksjkbtu izsl 163 nh{kk&[6-8]
18. ykSg&iq#"kµ ljnkj iVsy
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) oYyHkHkkbZ dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
(i) 31 vDVwcj 3 (ii) 29 vDVwcj
([k) oYyHkHkkbZ us odkyr dgk¡ ls vkjaHk dh\
(i) fnYyh ls (ii) xks/jk ls 3
(x) rkj esa fdldh e`R;q dk lekpkj Fkk\
(i) iVsy osQ yM+osQ dh (ii) iVsy dh iRuh dh 3
(?k) lu~ 1915 esa Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa fdlus ços'k fd;k\
(i) egkRek xk¡/h us 3 (ii) ljnkj iVsy us
(Ä) [ksM+k ftyk fdl çns'k esa gS\
(i) xqtjkr esa 3 (ii) fcgkj esa
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ^ljnkj iVsy R;kx dh ewfrZ FksA* bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A
mRrj% ljnkj iVsy osQ cM+s HkkbZ foV~By HkkbZ] ljnkj iVsy ls igys foyk;r tkdj
cSfjLVjh ikl djus osQ bPNqd FksA ljnkj iVsy dks tc ;g irk pyk] rks mUgksaus
vius cM+s HkkbZ dh bPNk iwjh djus osQ fy, viuk lkjk /u mudks ns fn;kA bl
?kVuk ls bl dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd ljnkj iVsy R;kx dh ewfrZ FksA
([k) cM+s HkkbZ dh bPNk dks ljnkj iVsy us fdl çdkj iwjk fd;k\
mRrj% foV~ByHkkbZ oYyHkHkkbZ ls igys foyk;r tkdj cSfjLVjh ikl djus osQ
bPNqd FksA oYyHkHkkbZ rks R;kx dh ewfrZ FksA mUgksaus vius cM+s HkkbZ dh bPNk
dks iwjk fd;k vkSj foyk;r tkus osQ fy, mUgsa viuk lkjk /u ns fn;kA
(x) ckjMksyh osQ ljnkj fdl çdkj iwjs Hkkjr osQ ljnkj cu x,\
mRrj% lu~ 1928 esa ckjMksyh esa Hkwfe dk u;k çca/ ykxw gqvk] ftlesa fdlkuksa osQ
yxku esa rhl çfr'kr dh o`n~f/ dj nh xbZA vkfFkZd n'kk vPNh u gksus osQ
dkj.k xjhc fdlku yxku nsus esa l{ke u Fks] rc ljnkj iVsy us fdlkuksa ls
dgk] ^ge lR;kxzg djsaxs vkSj c<+k gqvk yxku ugha nsaxsA ;fn ge MVdj
eqdkcyk djsaxs] rks ljdkj dks vo'; >qduk iM+sxkA* oYyHkHkkbZ bl
gksjkbtu izsl 164 nh{kk&[6-8]
vkanksyu osQ ljnkj cu x,A rc ljdkj us vkanksyu dks nckus osQ fy, ljnkj
o fdlkuksa ij cgqr vR;kpkj fd,] ij os >qosQ ughaA varr% ljdkj us ?kqVus
Vsd fn,A ljnkj dh fot; gqbZA ckjMksyh osQ ljnkj iwjs Hkkjr osQ ljnkj cu
x, vkSj ^ljnkj iVsy* osQ uke ls tu&tu osQ oaQBgkj cu x,A
(?k) Hkkjr dk fcLekoZQ fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% Hkkjr dk fcLekoZQ ljnkj iVsy dks dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ftl çdkj
fcLekoZQ us teZuh dk ,dhdj.k fd;k Fkk] mlh çdkj ljnkj iVsy us Hkh
viuh lw>&cw> ls Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dks foy; fd;kA
(Ä) ljnkj iVsy dh drZO;ijk;.krk vkSj n`<+rk osQ laca/ esa nks ?kVuk,¡
fyf[k,A
mRrj% fuEufyf[kr ?kVuk ls ljnkj iVsy dh drZO;ijk;.krk dk irk pyrk gS&,d
fnu ljnkj iVsy dks fdlh eqdnes dh iSjoh djrs gq, ,d rkj feyk] ftlesa
mudh iRuh dh e`R;q dk lekpkj FkkA ;g lekpkj i<+dj Hkh mUgksaus igys
vius eqdnesa dh iSjoh dh] fiQj ckn esa lcdks rkj esa fy[ks lekpkj osQ ckjs
esa crk;kA
drZO;ijk;.krk osQ lkFk&lkFk ljnkj esa n`<+rk Hkh iw.kZ :i ls FkhA
fuEufyf[kr ?kVuk bldk mnkgj.k gSµ lu~ 1928 esa ckjMksyh esa Hkwfe osQ u,
çca/ osQ vuqlkj] fdlkuksa osQ yxku esa rhl çfr'kr dh o`n~f/ dj nh xbZA
bl o`n~f/ dks jksdus osQ fy, fdlkuksa us ljnkj iVsy ls çkFkZuk dh rc ljnkj
iVsy us muls dgk] ^^ge lR;kxzg djsaxs vkSj c<+k gqvk yxku ugha nsxsA ;fn
ge MVdj eqdkcyk djsaxs] rks ljdkj dks vo'; >qduk iM+sxkA** rc ljdkj
us vkanksyu dks nckus osQ fy, ljnkj ,oa fdlkuksa ij cgqr&ls vR;kpkj fd,]
ij os >qosQ ughaA varr% ljdkj us c<+s gq, yxku osQ çca/ dks okfil ys fy;k
vkSj ljnkj iVsy dh fot; gqbZA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ljnkj iVsy cjiQ ls <¡osQ Tokykeq[kh osQ leku FksA
vk'k;µ ekSykuk 'kkSdr vyh us ljnkj iVsy dks ^cjiQ ls <¡osQ Tokykeq[kh osQ
leku* dgk FkkA blls vk'k; gS fd ljnkj iVsy cjiQ dh 'khryrk osQ leku
'kkar rFkk Tokykeq[kh dh Hkh"k.krk dh rjg osQ LoHkko okys Fks vFkkZr~ os
vius drZO; osQ çfr vfMx rFkk dkiQh lw>&cw> dk lgkjk ysrs FksA
([k) ljnkj iVsy esa leqæ dh&lh xaHkhjrk] vkdk'k dh&lh mnkjrk rFkk
rwiQku dh&lh Hk;adjrk FkhA
gksjkbtu izsl 165 nh{kk&[6-8]
vk'k;µ bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd ljnkj iVsy LoHkko ls cgqr xaHkhj Fks ysfdu muesa
lHkh osQ çfr cgqr mnkjrk FkhA fdlh Hkh xyr ckr osQ fy, rwiQku osQ tSlh
Hk;adjrk gksrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus dHkh viuh e;kZnk dk mYya?ku ugha fd;kA
vius 'kkar LoHkko vkSj lw>&cw> ls mUgksaus çR;sd leL;k dk lek/ku cgqr
gh /S;Z ls fd;kA Hkkjroklh lnSo muosQ ½.kh jgsaxsA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) e;kZnk µ e;kZnk iq#"kksRre Jhjke osQ tSlk dksbZ ughaA
gj O;fDr dks e;kZnk es jgdj gh viuk dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
([k) Lora=krk µ 15 vxLr dks gekjs ns'k dks Lora=krk çkIr gqbZA
egkRek xk¡/h th us Lora=krk osQ fy, cgqr la?k"kZ fd,A
(x) ns'k µ Hkkjr ns'k cgqr egku gSA
eq>s vius ns'k ls cgqr çse gSA
(?k) ijh{kk µ eSaus Lukrd dh ijh{kk esa çFke LFkku çkIr fd;kA
dy ls gkbZLowQy dh ijh{kk çkjaHk gks jgh gSA
(Ä) jk"Vªh; µ eksj gekjk jk"Vªh; i{kh gSA
15 vxLr gekjk jk"Vªh; ioZ gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks if<+,µ
vè;{krk] liQyrk] mnkjrk] Lora=krk
bu 'kCnksa esa ^rk* çR;; yxus ls vFkZ esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA var esa ^rk* tqM+us ij 'kCn
Hkkookpd laKk cu tkrk gSA
tSlsµ ^liQy* fo'ks"k.k 'kCn gSA blosQ lkFk ^rk* çR;; yxus ij ^liQyrk* 'kCn
cuk gS] tks Hkkookpd laKk gSA
blh çdkj ik¡p ,sls 'kCn fyf[k,] ftuesa ^rk* çR;; dk ç;ksx gqvk gksA
foo'krk] vKkurk] xaHkhjrk] dykRedrk] fujarjrk
2. fuEufyf[kr leLr inksa dk foxzg dhft,µ
R;kxewfrZ µ R;kx dh ewfrZ lgk;rk&dk;Z µ lgk;rk osQ fy, dk;Z
/u&jkf'k µ /u dh jkf'k ykSg&iq#"k µ yksgs dk iq#"k
fgeky; µ fge dk vky; lR;kxzg µ lR; osQ fy, vkxzg
gksjkbtu izsl 166 nh{kk&[6-8]
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
xk¡o µ 'kgj la?k"kZ µ feyki
e`R;q µ tUe çkjaHk µ var
Lons'k µ fons'k u"V µ mRiUu
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCn fyf[k,µ
LFkkiuk µ uhao vè;{k µ eqf[k;k
çca/ µ O;oLFkk çkFkZuk µ fourh
mEehnokj µ çfrfuf/ liQyrk µ dke;kch
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

19. eSMe D;wjh


ladyukRed dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
1.
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) eSMe D;wjh dk tUe fdl lu~ esa gqvk Fkk\
(i) lu~ 1867 esa 3 (ii) lu~ 1977 esa
([k) D;wjh osQ cpiu dk uke D;k Fkk\
(i) vk;jhu (ii) ekfj;k 3
(x) ekfj;k us i<+kus dk dk;Z fdlosQ ;gk¡ fd;k\
(i) MkWDVj osQ (ii) odhy osQ 3
(?k) D;wjh dk fookg fdl lu~ esa gqvk\
(i) lu~ 1885 esa (ii) lu~ 1895 esa 3
(Ä) D;wjh dks nwljh ckj ukscsy iqjLdkj fdl lu~ esa feyk\
(i) lu~ 1910 esa (ii) lu~ 1911 esa 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) ftIlh cqf<+;k dh Hkfo";ok.kh D;k Fkh vkSj ;g fdl :i esa lp
fudyh\
mRrj% ftIlh cqf<+;k bl ckfydk dk gkFk ns[kdj dg jgh gSµ ^rqEgkjs gkFk esa
gksjkbtu izsl 167 nh{kk&[6-8]
vPNh js[kk,¡ gSaA ,d fnu rqe cgqr çfln~f/ çkIr djksxhA* tc bUgksaus jsfM;e
dk vfo"dkj fd;k rFkk vU; foKku laca/h [kkstsa dh] rks ;g Hkfo";ok.kh
lp fudyhA
([k) ekfj;k dk thou fdl çdkj chrk\
mRrj% ekfj;k dk laiw.kZ thou vR;f/d d"Ve; jgkA cpiu esa gh budh ek¡ dh
e`R;q gks xbZA buosQ firk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh u gksus ij Hkh ekfj;k dh
foKku osQ çfr #fp ns[kdj buosQ firk us bUgsa foKku dh fu;fer f'k{kk çnku
dhA gkbZLowQy dh ijh{kk osQ ckn ;s fo'ofon~;ky; ls foKku dh mPp f'k{kk
çkIr djuk pkgrh Fkh] foaQrq ogk¡ ij Hkh bUgksaus viuh cgu dh f'k{kk dks
çkFkfedrk nh vkSj mlosQ ckn viuh f'k{kk iw.kZ dhA isfjl esa gh budk
fookg fi;js D;wjh ls laiUu gqvk vkSj bu nksuksa us vius vuqla/ku dk;Z dks
lkFk&lkFk vkxs c<+k;kA foaQrq oqQN le; ckn gh buosQ ifr dh ,d nq?kZVuk
esa e`R;q gks xbZ] ftldk bu ij cgqr xgjk vk?kkr gqvkA blosQ ckn ;s isfjl esa
gh jgdj vius vuqla/ku dk;Z dks vkxs c<+krs gq, ns'klsok esa yx xb±A
fnu&jkr jsfM;e osQ laioZQ esa jgus ls budh vk¡[ksa o gkFk [kjkc gks x, rFkk
Hk;adj ,uhfe;k gksus osQ dkj.k 4 tqykbZ] 1934 dks budh e`R;q gks xbZA
(x) ekfj;k dks fon~;kFkhZ thou esa fdu&fdu d"Vksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\
mRrj% ekfj;k fo'ofon~;ky; esa foKku dh mQ¡ph f'k{kk çkIr djuk pkgrh FkhA tc
mlus ços'k osQ fy, çkFkZuk dh] rks vf/dkjh mldh ckr ij g¡l iM+s vkSj
cksys] ^foKku fL=k;ksa osQ fy, ugha gSA rqe rks [kkuk&okuk cukuk lh[kksA vxj
rqe pkgks rks viuk uke ikd'kkL=k dh d{kk esa fy[kok ldrh gksA ysfdu
fiQj Hkh ekfj;k fujk'k ugha gqbZA og ,d odhy osQ ;gk¡ i<+kus dk dk;Z djus
yxhA
(?k) eSMe D;wjh us jsfM;e dk vkfo"dkj fdl çdkj fd;k\ bl vkfo"dkj
osQ fy, mUgsa fdl iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k\
mRrj% eSMe D;wjh us fipCySaMh uked inkFkZ esa nks jf'efodh.kZ rRoksa dk irk
yxk;k] ftuesa ls ,d dk uke mUgksaus viuh tUeHkwfe osQ uke ij
^iksyksfu;e* j[kkA ik¡p eghus ckn fnlacj] 1898 esa ^jsfM;e* uked nwljk
rRo Hkh <w¡<+ fy;k x;kA jsfM;e osQ vkfo"dkj osQ fy, mUgsa ukscsy iqjLdkj ls
lEekfur fd;k x;kA
(Ä) jsfM;e D;k gS\ bldk tu dY;k.k esa D;k mi;ksx gksrk gS\
mRrj% jsfM;e ls lnSo ,d çdkj dh uhyh jks'kuh fudyrh jgrh gSA bldh fdj.kksa
esa bruh vf/d 'kfDr gksrh gSa fd ;s eksVh&eksVh /krq dh pknjksa dks Hkh
gksjkbtu izsl 168 nh{kk&[6-8]
Nsndj ckgj fudy tkrh gSA lkFk gh ;s bruh [krjukd Hkh gksrh gSa fd
euq"; osQ 'kjhj esa ;fn bldk ,d d.k Hkh pyk tk,] rks ;s 'kjhj dh
dksf'kdkvksa dks u"V djosQ equ"; dks e`R;q osQ n~okj rd igq¡pk nsrh gSaA
jsfM;e dk lokZf/d ç;ksx fpfdRlk osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA oSaQlj osQ jksx
osQ fy, ;g cgqr ykHknk;d gksrk gSA bl jksx esa ikbZ tkusokyh oSaQlj
dksf'kdkvksa dks ;g u"V dj nsrk gSA
eSMe D;wjh dks jsfM;e dh [kkst osQ fy, u osQoy ihú,púMhú dh fMxzh nh
xbZ] vfirq lu~ 1903 esa mUgsa ukscsy iqjLdkj Hkh fn;k x;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) Hkfo"; esa ,d çfln~/ oSKkfud cuus okyh bl ckfydk osQ fy, ;g
lcls cM+h voSKkfud ckr FkhA
vk'k;µ bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc eSMe D;wjh dk gkFk ftIlh uked cqf<+;k us
ns[kk] rks mlus crk;k fd D;wjh osQ gkFk dh js[kk,¡ cgqr gh vPNh gSa vkSj ,d
fnu og cgqr çfln~f/ çkIr djsxhA ;g lquuk ml ckfydk osQ fy, cgqr gh
voSKkfud ckr Fkh D;ksafd foKku bu ckrksa dks vk/kjghu ekurk gS vkSj vkxs
pydj ogh ckfydk ,d cgqr çfln~/ oSKkfud cuhA
([k) ifr dh e`R;q vkSj ;qn~/ osQ Hkh"k.k n`';ksa ls os vanj&gh&vanj VwV pqdh
FkhaA
vk'k;µ esjh osQ ifr dh e`R;q gks tkus ls esjh dks cgqr vk?kkr igq¡pk vkSj og cgqr
nq%[kh jgus yxhA exj bl nq%[k osQ lkFk Hkh mUgksaus fo'o;qn~/ osQ le;
ns'klsok djus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj cM+s&cM+s eaf=k;ksa ls feydj ,d ,acqysal
dk çca/ fd;k vkSj fpfdRlk osQ leLr lk/u tqVk,A ;qn~/ lekIr gksus ij
eSMe D;wjh us iqu% vius laiw.kZ thou dks oSKkfud vuqla/ku ,oa ekuo
dY;k.k dk;ks± dks lefiZr dj fn;k] foaQrq ifr dh e`R;q vkSj ;qn~/ osQ Hkh"k.k
n`'; dks ns[kdj os vanj gh vanj VwV pqdh FkhaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ç;ksx'kkyk µ foKku dh ç;ksx'kkyk esa geus vusd ç;ksx djus lh[ksA
gekjh ç;ksx'kkyk esa cgqr ls tho&tarq gSaA
([k) Hkfo"; µ Hkfo"; eas eSa ,d vPNh vè;kid cuw¡xhA
gksugkj cPps gekjs ns'k dk Hkfo"; gSaA
(x) vkfo"dkj µ txnh'k paæ clq osQ vkfo"dkjksa us lcdk eu eksg fy;kA
MkWú vCnqy dyke us ns'k dks cgqr&ls vkfo"dkj çnku
fd,A
gksjkbtu izsl 169 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) ifjJe µ ifjJe gh liQyrk dh igyh oaqQth gSA
fdlku vPNh iQly mxkus osQ fy, cgqr ifjJe djrs gSaA
(Ä) riL;k µ igys lk/q&lar cgqr yach riL;k djrs FksA
riL;k dk lgh vFkZ lkiQ eu ls dh xbZ lsok gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks if<+,µ
ckj&ckj] /hjs&/hjs] NksVs&cM+s bR;kfnA
vkius ns[kk fd buesa nks&nks 'kCnksa osQ ;qXe cus gSaA bUgsa 'kCn ;qXe dgrs gSaA ;s iqu#fDr
'kCn n~okjk (dHkh&dHkh] tYnh&tYnh)] foykse 'kCn n~okjk (jkr&fnu]
b/j&m/j)] lekukFkZd 'kCn n~okjk (lq[k&'kkafr] nhu&ghu) vkSj fujFkZd 'kCn
n~okjk ([kk¡lh&ok¡lh] pksj&oksj) cuk, tkrs gSaA
mijksDr pkjksa çdkj osQ ik¡p&ik¡p 'kCn pqudj viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk esa
fyf[k,A
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls muosQ çR;; vyx dhft,µ
lkekftd µ bd HkkSxksfyd µ bd
vuqdj.kh;µ bZ; clsjk µ ,jk
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj okD;ksa dks cnfy,µ
mnkgj.kµ eSMe D;wjh [kwc esgur djrh gSA
eSMe D;wjh us [kwc esgur dhA
cnfy,µ
(d) eSa ijh{kk nsrk gw¡A
eSaus ijh{kk nhA
([k) jke jko.k ls ;qn~/ djrs gSaA
jke us jko.k ls ;qn~/ fd;kA
(x) ek¡ cPpksa dks nw/ fiykrh gSA
ek¡ us cPpksa dks nw/ fiyk;kA
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
nsgkar µ tUe çfln~/ µ vçfln~/
eqf'dy µ vklku lekIr µ 'kq:
'kfDr µ fucZyrk u;k µ iqjkuk
gksjkbtu izsl 170 nh{kk&[6-8]
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

20. jk"Vªh; [ksyµ gkWdh


ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) Hkkjro"kZ dk jk"Vªh; [ksy dkSu&lk gS\
(i) fØosQV (ii) gkWdh 3
([k) orZeku gkWdh dk tUe dc gqvk\
(i) lu~ 1886 esa 3 (ii) lu~ 1831 esa
(x) gkWdh dk igyk varjjk"Vªh; eSp dc [ksyk x;k\
(i) lu~ 1885 esa (ii) lu~ 1895 esa 3
(?k) gkWdh osQ eSp esa çR;sd ny esa fdrus&fdrus f[kykM+h gksrs gSa\
(i)
12&12 (ii) 11&11 3
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) çkphu le; esa bZjku ns'k osQ yksx dkSu&lk [ksy [ksyk djrs Fks\
mRrj% çkphu le; esa bZjku ns'k osQ yksx cYyksa osQ n~okjk ,d [ksy [ksyk djrs Fks]
tks gkdh dk gh ,d :i Fkk] ij mlesa gkWdh dk lkSan;Z ugha FkkA
([k) vk/qfud gkWdh ls feyrk&tqyrk [ksy igyh ckj dgk¡ [ksyk x;k\ ;g
[ksy oSQls [ksyk tkrk Fkk\
mRrj% vk/qfud gkWdh ls feyrk&tqyrk [ksy igyh ckj baXySaM esa [ksyk x;kA ml
le; vxj xsan xksy osQ [kaHkksa ls 14 ehVj ls vf/d dh nwjh ls ekjh tkrh
vkSj xksy gks tkrk] fiQj Hkh xksy gksuk ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA
(x) gkWdh osQ [ksy esa D;k&D;k phtsa vko';d gSa\
mRrj% gkWdh osQ [ksy esa xasn] gkWdhfLVd] x.kos'k (pqLr Msªl)] gYosQ etcwr vkSj
lgh uki osQ osQuokl osQ twrs] >afM;k¡] xksy osQ [kaHks vkSj r[rs rFkk xksy dh
cfYy;k¡ vkfn phtksa dk gksuk vko';d gSaA
gksjkbtu izsl 171 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) è;kupan dks ^gkWdh dk tknwxj* D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\
mRrj% è;kupan dks ^gkWdh dk tknwxj* blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd tc os [ksyrs
Fks] rks ,slk yxrk Fkk] ekuksa mudh fLVd esa dksbZ pqacd gS] tks xsan dks viuh
vksj [khaprk gSA
(Ä) igys varjjk"Vªh; gkWdh cksMZ esa dkSu&dkSu 'kkfey Fkk\
mRrj% igys varjjk"Vªh; gkWdh cksMZ esa baXySaM gkWdh ,lksfl,'ku osQ rhu vkSj
vk;jySaM rFkk osYl osQ nks&nks çfrfuf/;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ^vosQyk puk HkkM+ ugha iQksM+ ldrk* okyh dgkor gkWdh osQ f[kykM+h
ij 'kr&çfr'kr ykxw gksrh gSA
vk'k;µ bldk vk'k; ;g gS gkWdh dk [ksy iwjh Vhe dk [ksy gksrk gSA çR;sd
f[kykM+h dks ,d&nwljs ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gksuk cgqr vko';d gSA gkWdh
es liQyrk çkIr djus osQ fy, ^ny&dk;Z* cgqr vfuok;Z gSA dksbZ f[kykM+h
pkgs fdruk gh fuiq.k D;ksa u gks] gkWdh tSls lkewfgd [ksy esa vosQyk oqQN
ugha dj ldrkA çR;sd f[kykM+h dh liQyrk lkfFk;ksa osQ lg;ksx ij
vk/kfjr gSA blfy, ;g dgkor fcYoqQy lR; gS fd ^vosQyk puk HkkM+ ugha
iQksM+ ldrk* vr% vosQyk O;fDr oqQN ugha dj ldrkA
([k) mudks [ksyrs gq, ns[kus ij ,slk yxrk Fkk] ekuksa mudh fLVd esa dksbZ
pqacd gS] tks xasn dks viuh vksj [khaprk gSA
vk'k;µ gkWdh dk tknwxj dgykus okys è;kupan fMªcfyax esa vR;f/d oqQ'ky FksA
os tc gkWdh [ksyrs Fks] rks lcdks ,slk yxrk Fkk tSls mudh fLVd es pqacd
gS] tks xsan dks viuh vksj [khaprk gS] vFkkZr xsan pkgs fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa gks]
og fLVd rd igq¡p gh tkrh FkhA blfy, mUgsa ^gkWdh dk tknwxj* Hkh dgrs
gSaA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) [;kfr µ enj Vsjslk dh [;kfr cgqr nwj rd iSQyh gqbZ FkhA
gfjoa'kjk; cPpu th dks ,d egku dfo gksus dh [;kfr
çkIr gqbZA
([k) lkSan;Z µ :ik dk lkSan;Z ns[kdj lc pfdr jg tkrs gSaA
lhrk th osQ lkSan;Z us jkepaæ th dk eu eksg fy;kA
(x) çfr;ksfxrk µ jktw viuh nkSM+ çfr;ksfxrk esa vOoy vk;kA
vkt gekjs fon~;ky; es laxhr dh çfr;ksfxrk çkjaHk gqbZA
gksjkbtu izsl 172 nh{kk&[6-8]
(?k) ijkt; µ dkSjoksa dks ijkt; dk eq¡g ns[kuk iM+kA
çR;sd ijkt; fot; dh vksj c<+us okyk igyk dne gksrh
gSA
(Ä) n`f"V µ eSaus esjh NksVh cgu dk uke n`f"V j[kkA
esjh n`f"V es lHkh /eZ ,d leku gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks if<+,µ
ijkftr µ ijkt; $ br LFkkfir µ LFkkiuk $ br
bu 'kCnksa esa ^br* çR;; yxk gS vkSj mlosQ tqM+us ls vafre o.kZ dk yksi gks x;k gSA
oqQN 'kCnksa esa vafre o.kZ dk yksi ugha gksrk gS_ tSlsµ çHkkfor µ çHkko $ br
vc ^br* çR;; yxkdj nksuksa çdkj osQ 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu mnkgj.k fyf[k,µ
fookfnr µ fookn $ br fodflr µ fodkl $ br
vk/kfjr µ vk/kj $ br çpfyr µ çpyu $ br
foLFkkfir µ foLFkkiuk $ br vuq'kkflr µ vuq'kklu $ br
2. bl ikB esa dbZ vaxzsth 'kCn vk, gSaA mUgsa viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk esa
vFkZ&lfgr fyf[k,A
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) 'kq: µ çkjaHk vkjaHk
([k) lkSan;Z µ laqnjrk Nfo
(x) Hkwfe µ /jk Hkw
(?k) vk/qfud µ u;k orZeku
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
'kq: µ var lg;ksx µ vlg;ksx fot; µ ijkt;
orZeku µ Hkfo"; Vs<+k µ lh/k fu.kZ; µ vfu.kZ;
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 173 nh{kk&[6-8]


21. l;kuh cqvk
ladyukRed dk;Z
1. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ
mRrj%fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
2. lgh fodYi ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ
(d) pkSFkh d{kk esa [kjhnh xbZ jcM+ dks cqvk us fdl d{kk esa vkdj lekIr
fd;k\
(i) ik¡poh (ii) uoha 3
([k) ysf[kdk us fdldk uke xqgkjrs gq, ?kj ls fonk yh\
(i) cqvk dk (ii) Hkxoku dk 3
(x) ikB osQ vuqlkj ugkus dk le; fdrus cts vkjaHk gksrk Fkk\
(i) çkr% lkr cts (ii) çkr% ukS cts 3
(?k) HkkbZ lkgc dk i=k ykdj fdlus fn;k\
(i) ukSdj us 3 (ii) cqvk us
(Ä) çLrqr ikB dh ysf[kdk dkSu gSa\
(i) eUuw HkaMkjh 3 (ii) rUuq HkaMkjh
3. fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) cqvk osQ ?kj igq¡pdj ysf[kdk us D;k ns[kk\
mRrj% ysf[kdk us ns[kk fd ifjokj osQ lHkh yksxksa ij fofp=k vkrad&lk Nk;k gqvk
FkkA lc ij ekuks cqvk th dk O;fDrRo gkoh FkkA lkjk dke ogk¡ bruh
O;oLFkk ls gksrk] tSls lc e'khus gksa] tks dk;ns esa c¡/h] fcuk #dkoV viuk
dke fd;k djrh gSaA Bhd ik¡p cts lc yksx mB tkrs] fiQj ,d ?kaVk ckgj
eSnku esa Vgyuk gksrk] mlosQ ckn pk;&nw/ gksrkA mlosQ ckn vUuw dks i<+us
osQ fy, cSBuk iM+rk FkkA HkkbZ lkgc Hkh rc v[kckj vkSj vkWfiQl dh iQkbysa
vkfn ns[kk djrsA ukS ctrs gh ugkuk 'kq: gksrkA tks diM+s cqvk th fudky nsa]
ogh iguus gksrsA fiQj dk;ns ls vkdj est ij cSB tkvks vkSj [kkdj dke ij
tkvksA
([k) vUuw uUgha&lh mez esa gh çkS<+ oSQls gks xbZ Fkh\
mRrj% og bl uUgha&lh mez esa gh bruh çkS<+ gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd vUuw esa u rks cPpksa

gksjkbtu izsl 174 nh{kk&[6-8]


dk&lk mYykl Fkk u dksbZ pgpgkV FkhA cl og ,d vKkr Hk; ls f?kjh
jgrh FkhA
(x) vUuw osQ bykt osQ fy, MkWDVj us D;k lykg nh\
mRrj% vUuw osQ bykt osQ fy, MkWDVjksa us ;g lykg nh fd cPph dks igkM+ ij ys
tk;k tk, vkSj ftruk vf/d mls çlUu j[kk tk losQ] vPNk gSA lc&oqQN
mlosQ eu osQ vuqlkj gks] ;gh mldk lgh bykt gSA
(?k) cqvk th us ukSdj dks D;ksa ihVk\ D;k ,slk djuk loZFkk mfpr Fkk\
mRrj% cqvk th us ukSdj dks blfy, ihVk D;ksafd mlus ik¡p vkus dh ,d lqjkgh
rksM+ nh FkhA ysfdu ,slk djuk loZFkk mfpr ugha FkkA
(Ä) cqvk th us lius esa D;k ns[kk\
mRrj% cqvk th us lius esa ns[kk fd HkkbZ lkgc vosQys pys vk jgs gSa] vUuw lkFk ugha
gS vkSj mudh vk¡[ksa Hkh yky gSaA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
(d) ml fnu igyh ckj yxk fd mudh Hk;adj dBksjrk esa dgha dkseyrk
Hkh fNih gSA
vk'k;µ ysf[kdk ;g crk jgh gS fd cqvk th cgqr dBksj LoHkko dh Fkh foaQrq tc
mUgksaus vUuw dks vius ls nwj igkM+ ij tkrs ns[kk] rks os mls ns[kdj cgqr jksbZ
vkSj mls cgqr I;kj Hkh fd;kA cqvk th osQ LoHkko osQ foijhr mUgsa jksrs gq,
ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks eglwl gqvk fd muosQ dBksj ân; esa fdruk çse gSA
([k) thou esa nq%[k dh ?kfM+;k¡ Hkh vkrh gSa vkSj mUgsa lkgliwoZd lgus esa gh
thou dh egkurk gSA
vk'k;µ ysf[kdk dk vk'k; gS fd thou esa lq[k&nq%[k vkrs gh jgrs gSaA vr% nq%[k osQ
le; esa euq"; dks lkgl dk ifjp; nsrs gq,] mldk /S;ZiwoZd lkeuk djuk
pkfg,A ,slk djus ls gh euq"; dk thou egku curk gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks okD; ç;ksx dhft,µ
(d) cpiu µ eq>s esjk cpiu cgqr ;kn vkrk gSA
nh;k cpiu ls gh cgqr 'kjkjrh yM+dh FkhA
([k) lekIr µ eSaus viuk ç'u&i=k le; ij lekIr dj fy;k FkkA
ge LowQy esa py jgs ukVd osQ lekIr gksus ij gh ?kj ykSVsA
(x) nqyZHk µ if{k;ksa dh oqQN çtkfr;k¡ feyuh vc nqyZHk gks xbZ gSaA
xk¡/h th tSlk O;fDr feyuk] vc lalkj esa nqyZHk gSA
(?k) dhVk.kq µ ikuh dks ihus ls igys mls mckydj dhVk.kqjfgr dj ysuk
gksjkbtu izsl 175 nh{kk&[6-8]
pkfg,A
o"kkZ ½rq esa dhVk.kqvksa lk laØe.k c<+ tkrk gSA
(Ä) leL;k µ gj leL;k dk lek/ku <w¡<k tk ldrk gSA
c<+rh vkcknh vkt cgqr cM+h leL;k gSA
v Hkk"kk&Kku
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
ikcan µ ykijokg lekIr µ vkjaHk budkj µ bdjkj
Lokxr µ frjLdkj d"V µ lqfo/k ukSdj µ ekfyd
2. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
jtuh'k µ jtuh $ bZ'k vR;kpkj µ vfr $ vkpkj lnSo µ lnk $ ,o
rFkSo µ rFkk $,o vR;ar µ vfr $ var futhZo µ fu% $ tho
v O;kdj.k&Kku
1. ^rks*] ^Hkh*] ^gh* vkfn fuikrksa osQ ç;ksx ls vFkZ esa fof'k"V ncko vk tkrk gS]
tSlsµ ;s okD; nsf[k,µ
esjk rks eu ugha ekurkA
esjk Hkh eu ugha ekurkA
esjk eu gh ugha ekurkA
mijksDr rhuksa fuikrksa ls nks&nks okD; cukb,µ
rks µ (d) eq>s rks esys esa tkuk vPNk yxrk gSA
([k) eq>s rks iSlksa dh vko';drk ughaA
Hkh µ (d) eq>s Hkh esys esa tkuk vPNk yxrk gSA
([k) eq>s Hkh iSlksa dh vko';drk gSA
gh µ (d) eq>s esys esa tkuk gh vPNk yxrk gSA
([k) eq>s iSlksa dh vko';drk gh ughaA
2. ikB esa ç;qDr Hkkookpd laKk,¡ Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
l;kuh] ikj[kh] dk;y] prqjkbZ] çkS<+rk] I;kj&nqykj] jkSæ] frjksfgr] vkrad]
dk;ns] cjnk'rA
v jpukRed dk;Z
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA

gksjkbtu izsl 176 nh{kk&[6-8]

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