Module 11 & Module 12

Today’s Topics Reading

1. Statically indeterminate beam • M11: 9.1, 9.2, 9.4

examples • M12: 10.1, 11.4
2. Introduction to beam buckling
Schedule
3. Buckling in pin‐ended systems
• Case study Friday
• Quiz due Tuesday
• HW due Wednesday

Module 11 | Beam Deflection

Course Outline Learning Objectives

2| Axial Strain, Deformation

1| Stress & Hooke’s Law
1. Identify the steps required to
derive the equation v'' = M/EI
3| Statically Indeterminant 4| Generalized Stress, Strain,
Problems Deformation
2. Identify boundary conditions
for beams
5| Complications,
Engineering Assumptions
6 | Torsion 3. Solve for the equation of elastic
curve of a statically determinate
7| Bending 8| Transverse Shear and indeterminate beam
4. Apply the principle of
9| Stress Transformations 10| Combined Loading and superposition to determine
Yield Criteria
deflections and slopes of
11| Beam Deflections 12| Buckling
statically determinate and
indeterminate beams

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 REVIEW | Solution Approach for Elastic Curve
Approaching Problems

Two integration options for calculating beam deflections:

• M(x) method works best when there are concentrated forces and moments.
• w(x) method works best when the moment equation would be time‐consuming to
define at an intermediate x.

Solution approach for solving elastic curve using integration:

1.) Determine the moment acting along the length of the beam, M(x) OR use given load 𝑤 𝑥
2.) Write governing equation for moment M(x) OR load 𝑤 𝑥 . Integrate twice OR four times to
determine general equation of the elastic curve, v(x)
𝑑 𝑣 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑤 𝑥 (where w(x) is defined
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 positive downward)

3.) Determine integration constants by applying boundary conditions.

4.) Substitute constants back in to general equation to obtain equation of elastic curve.

REVIEW: Superposition for Beam Deflections

Superposition

• For beams made of linear elastic materials that undergo small deflections, we can use
the principal of superposition ‐
Deformations of beams subjected to combinations of loadings may be obtained as
the linear combination of the deformations from individual loadings.
• For complex loading, break the problem down into
combinations of simpler cases that you know the solution Make sure all loading
(e.g., from beam teams), or which are easier to solve. situations have the same
boundary conditions!

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 Example | Beam Deflection Analysis using Superposition
Beam Deflection

For the cantilever beam and loading shown, 80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

determine the deflection at points B and C. 𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
The beam is made of steel with E = 200 GPa
and I = 650 x 106 mm4.
3m 2m
A B C
80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

3m 2m 3m 3m 2m
A B C A B A B C
Will the applied bending
moment create an upward
or downward deflection?
Develop Intuition

Example | Beam Deflection Analysis using Superposition

Beam Deflection

a.) Contribution of distributed load to deflection at points B and C

80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 Note: The load is
reversed in the beam
2
table. Replace w(x)
with –w(x).
3m
A B 𝑘𝑁
𝑤 𝐿 80 3𝑚
𝑚 6.23 𝑚𝑚
𝑣 ,
8𝐸𝐼 8 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 0.00065 𝑚
𝑣, 𝑣 , Δ𝑣 ,
𝜽𝑩
𝚫𝐯𝐜,𝐝 𝑣 2𝑚 tan 𝜃
𝒗𝑪,𝒅 𝜽𝑩 ,

𝟐𝒎 𝑤 𝐿
B 𝜃 0.00277 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝒗𝑩 6𝐸𝐼
𝑣 , 6.23 𝑚𝑚 5.54 𝑚𝑚 11.77 𝑚𝑚

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 Example | Beam Deflection Analysis using Superposition
Beam Deflection

b.) Contribution of applied moment to deflection at points B and C

𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
2 3

3m 2m
A B C
Note: The moment is
𝑀 𝑥 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 3 𝑚 reversed in the beam
𝑣 , 5.19 𝑚𝑚
2𝐸𝐼 2 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 0.00065 𝑚 table. Replace M with –M.
𝑀 𝐿 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 5 𝑚
𝑣 , 14.42 𝑚𝑚
2𝐸𝐼 2 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 0.00065 𝑚

Example | Beam Deflection Analysis using Superposition

Beam Deflection

c.) Combine distributed load and applied moment contributions to calculate total
deflection at points A and B.
80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑀 150 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

3m 2m 3m 3m 2m
A B C A B A B C
𝑣 , 6.23 𝑚𝑚 𝑣 , 5.19 𝑚𝑚
𝑣 , 11.77 𝑚𝑚 𝑣 , 14.42 𝑚𝑚
Superpose:

𝑣 6.23 𝑚𝑚 5.19 𝑚𝑚 11.42 𝑚𝑚 The bending moment created

𝑣 11.77 𝑚𝑚 14.42 𝑚𝑚 26.19 𝑚𝑚 an upward deflection.
Check Intuition

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 Beam Deflection Analysis
Beam Deflection

Beam Deflection Analysis

Method 1: Integrate M(x) or w(x)

and apply boundary conditions.

Method 2: Beam tables + superposition.

Statically determinate beams

NEW:  Use equilibrium and knowledge

of geometry (beam deflections) to
get unknown forces/moments.
 Still use Method 1 or Method 2
Statically indeterminate beams to determine beam deflections

Think, Pair, Share | Statically Indeterminate Beams

4‐5 mins Statically Indeterminate

The first question to ask when approaching the problem ‐ is this a statically indeterminate beam?
If so, what boundary conditions can we enforce to solve?
Σ𝐹 0 𝐴 ∴𝐴 0

Σ𝐹 0 𝐴 𝐶 𝑤𝐿 𝑃 ∴𝐴 𝐶 𝑃 𝑤𝐿
𝐿
+ Σ𝑀 0 𝑀 𝑤𝐿 𝑃 2𝐿𝐶 2𝐿
2
𝑤𝐿
∴𝑀 2𝐿 𝐶 𝑃 FBD:
2
• 3 unknowns (MA, Ay, C); 2 equations.
MA
Yes, the beam is statically indeterminate.
Ax
• Use geometry (beam deflections) to get more equations. Ay Cy
𝑣 𝑥 0 0; 𝜃 𝑥 0 0; 𝑣 𝑥 2𝐿 0

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 Example | Statically Indeterminate Beams
Statically Indeterminate

Objective: Determine the reaction force at C.

1.) Replace redundant support with force and/or moment.
2.) Determine 𝑣 and enforce boundary condition.
FC
𝑃 𝐹 2𝐿
𝑣 ,
3𝐸𝐼 We don’t know FC, but we know
8 𝑃 𝐹 𝐿 𝑣 𝑥 2𝐿 𝑣 0
3 𝐸𝐼

𝑣 , 𝑣 𝜃 𝐿
𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝐿
𝐿
8𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
7 𝑤𝐿
24 𝐸𝐼

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Example | Statically Indeterminate Beams

Statically Indeterminate

Objective: Determine the reaction force at C.

1.) Replace redundant support with force and/or moment.
2.) Determine 𝑣 and enforce boundary condition.
3.) Solve for redundant support. FC

8 𝑃 𝐹 𝐿 7 𝑤𝐿 We don’t know FC, but we know

𝑣 , 𝑣 ,
3 𝐸𝐼 24 𝐸𝐼
𝑣 𝑥 2𝐿 𝑣 0

Superpose: 𝜈 𝑣 , 𝑣 , 0

7
∴𝐹 𝑃 𝑤𝐿
64 The reaction force at C is
positive. This is consistent with
the anticipated reaction force.
Reflect and Think

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 Superposition for Statically Indeterminate Beams
Statically Indeterminate

vB

Solution approach for statically indeterminate beams:

• Pick support(s) to be “redundant.”
• Replace redundant supports with forces and/or
moments.
• Determine the deflection that each load would
cause, including the new replacement loads. (vB)RB

vB
• Enforce that the new load is actually a support by
requiring the displacements or slopes at the support
location be appropriate.

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Example | Statically Indeterminant Beams

Statically Indeterminate

Find the force F transmitted between the beams at L/2.

1.) Pick support(s) to be “redundant” and replace redundant

support(s) with forces and/or moments.

2.) Solve for force F by enforcing that new load is actually a

support (requiring the appropriate displacement or slope for Equivalent problem
the support) 1

BC comes from 𝐿 𝐿 F
Compatibility: 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥
2 2 2 F

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 Example | Statically Indeterminant Beams
Statically Indeterminate

Equivalent problem
1

F
𝐿 𝐿
𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥 2 F
2 2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑣 , 𝑥 𝑣 , 𝑥 𝑣 , 𝑥
2 2 2
𝐿 𝐿
𝐹 𝑃 𝐿 𝐿 𝐹
2 2
3𝐿
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2 2 3𝐸𝐼

𝐹𝐿 5𝑃𝐿 𝐹𝐿 5𝑃
∴𝐹
24𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 4

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Where do we see this in the real world?

Real World Examples

Leo Frigo Bridge (Green Bay)

Corrosion of steel
pilings from water
and soil exposure.

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 Example | Statically Indeterminant Beam Deflections
Statically Indeterminate

The support at B for a bridge settles by 𝑤 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

amount d. Determine the reaction forces
that develop due to this. Assume the bridge
is made of S310x74 beams, and is steel (E =
200 GPa). 𝑑

𝐿 6𝑚 𝐿 6𝑚
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪

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Example | Statically Indeterminant Beams

Statically Indeterminate

𝑤 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Before beginning the problem:
Determine maximum displacement from
distributed load to understand gap, d, for which 𝑑
the beam will contact roller.
𝐿 6𝑚 𝐿 6𝑚
From beam table: 𝐼 126 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪

5𝑤 12 𝑚
𝑣 , 21.4 𝑚𝑚
384𝐸𝐼
For a gap greater than 21.4 mm, the beam will
not contact the roller and the reaction force will
be zero.
Assuming the gap is less 21.4, let’s determine
the reaction forces.

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 Example | Statically Indeterminant Beams
Statically Indeterminate

1.) Replace redundant support(s) with forces 2.) Solve for reaction at the roller, 𝑅 , by enforcing
and/or moments. that new load is actually a support
𝑤 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 Compatibility Eqn: 𝑑 𝑣 𝑥 𝐿

𝑣 𝑥 𝐿 𝑣 𝑥 𝐿

𝑅 𝑅 2𝐿 5𝑤 2𝐿
𝐿 6𝑚 𝐿 6𝑚 48𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
6𝐸𝐼 5𝑤𝐿
∴𝑅 𝑑
𝐿 24𝐸𝐼

3.) Solve for reactions at other supports using

symmetry and equilibrium
Due to symmetry: 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1
∑𝐹 0 2𝑅 𝑅 w2L ∴ 𝑅 𝑤2𝐿 𝑅
2

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Example | Statically Indeterminant Beams

Statically Indeterminate

Equivalent problem 6𝐸𝐼 5𝑤𝐿 1

∴𝑅 𝑑 𝑅 𝑤2𝐿 𝑅
𝐿 24𝐸𝐼 2
𝑤 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑅
𝐿 6𝑚 𝐿 6𝑚
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪

• As the gap increases from 0 to 21.4 mm, 𝑅

decreases and 𝑅 𝑅 increases.
• When gap reaches 21.4 mm, 𝑅 drops to zero.

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 Module 12 | Buckling

Course Outline Learning Objectives

2| Axial Strain, Deformation 1. Identify the steps required to

1| Stress & Hooke’s Law
determine the critical buckling load
3| Statically Indeterminant 4| Generalized Stress, Strain,
of simple rod and beam structures.
Problems Deformation 2. Determine the appropriate
boundary conditions and the
5| Complications,
6 | Torsion corresponding effective buckling
Engineering Assumptions
length for rod and beam structures.
7| Bending 8| Transverse Shear 3. Determine the equation for critical
buckling load and estimate the
buckling load and shape.
9| Stress Transformations 10| Combined Loading and
Yield Criteria 4. Determine static load that produces
the same strain energy as an impact
11| Beam Deflections 12| Buckling load and the corresponding largest
stress

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Why is Buckling Important?

Real World Examples

Where do we see this in the real world?

• Excessive deflection, buckling and
How do we design against failure? slenderness
• Strength, failure criteria
• Comparison against normal or
shear yield or ultimate strength
• Comparison against failure
criteria (von Mises and Tresca)
• Deformation
• [NEW] Stability → Buckling
20 in

Great Bend, KS

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 Why is Buckling Important?
Real World Examples

Where do we see this in the real world?

• Brain folding/buckling.

Brain Folding/Buckling
https://youtu.be/x9IXtTbt2f0

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Module 11 & Module 12

Today’s Topics Next Time

Next Time

1. Statically indeterminate beam 1.1. Slenderness ratio

Today’s Topics
examples 2. Buckling with other boundary
2. Introduction to beam buckling conditions
3. Buckling in pin‐ended systems 3. Asymmetric beams
4. Impact loading

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