BA - Polsci.s2, U2, Pbi Med.

phH J/H Gkr gfjbk okiBhsh ftfrnkB
;w?; No d{i k
gkm BzH 2H1
;[szsosk dh XkoBk-noE, gfoGkµk, Bkekokswe ns/

;kekokswe ;[szs osk ns/ ;[s zsosk dhnK fe;wK
(Concept of Liberty-Meaning, Definition, Negative and
Positive Liberty and Types of Liberty)
gkm dh o{g o/y k

2H1H1H gkm dk T[ d /;a
2H1H2H G{ f wek
2H1H3H ;[s zs osk L noE ns/ gfoGk;ak
2H1H4H ;[ s zs osk d/ fBy/d tkue ns/ ;ky/g tkue o{g
2H1H4H1H Bekokswe iK fBy/d tkue ;[s zs osk dk ftFb/F D
2H1H4H2H ;ekokswe iK ;ky/g tkue ;[s zs osk dk ftFb/F D
2H1H5H ;[ s zs osk dhnK fe;wK
2H1H5H1H gqk feqs e ;[s zs osk
2H1H5H2H Bkrfoe ;[ s zs osk
2H1H5H3H okiBhfse ;[ s zs osk
2H1H5H4H nkofEe ;[ s zs osk
2H1H5H5H ok;aN oh ;[ s zs osk
2H1H6H ;[ s zs osk Bz{ ;[ o Zf yns eoD d/ Yzr
2H1H6H1H fbysh ;zf tXkB
2H1H6H2H w"f be nfXekoK dh x' ;aD k
2H1H6H3H ;[ s zs o fBnKgkfbek
2H1H6H4H BkrfoeK dh ;[ u /s sk
2H1H6H5H ;ae shnK dk fte/_d oheoD
2H1H6H6H b' e oki
2H1H6H7H ft;a/; a- nfXekoK dk ykswk
2H1H6H8H :' r - d b -g qD k b h
2H1H6H9H ekBz{ B dk ;ak ;aB
2H1H7H ;koK;a
2H1H8H ;t? nfGnk; bJh gqF BK ns/ T[B Q K d/ T[Zs o
2H1H9H ;[M kJhnK g[ ;seK
2H1H1H gkm dk T[ d /; a (Objective of the Lesson) L- fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU,

fJ; gkm dk T[d/;a s[jkBz{ ;[szsosk torh wjZstg{oD XkoDk d/ tZy gfjb{nK s'_ ikD{ eokT[Dk j?.
fJ; gkm Bz{ gVQB T[gozs s[;h_ ikD ;e'r/ fe ;[szsosk fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB, fJ; dhnK tZy-tZy
fe;wK eh jB ns/ fJ;Bz{ fe; soQK ;[oZfyns oZfynk ik ;edk j?.
2H1H2 G{ f wek (Introduction) L oki s/ ftnesh dk go;go ;zpzX okiBhsh
1
phH J/ Gkr gfjbk (;w?;No d{ik) 2 okiBhsh ftfrnkB
ftfrnkB dk fJe pj[s jh wjZstg{oB ftµk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu w[Zy gqµB fJj j? fe oki ;Zs k
ftneshrs ;[ s zs osk ~ ysw eodh j? iK T[ ; dh ;[ o Zf ynk eodh j? < ;wki ftu
;wkBsk fbnkT[D bJh ftneshrs ;[szsosk s/ gkpzdhnK bkT[DhnK }o{oh j' iKdhnK jB sK fe
;[szsosk ~ mhe soQK wkfDnk ik ;e/. ;' fJj oki dh ;Zsk jh j? i' ftnesh dh ;[szsosk ~
;[oZfyns oZydh j? ns/ ftnesh ~ ;wkBsk gqdkB eodh j?. fJ; gkm ftu n;h_ ;[szsosk dh
XkoDk pko/ uouk eoKr/ Gkt T[; d/ noE ns/ tZy tZy o{gK dk toBD eoKr/, Bkb jh ;[szsosk
d/ fBy/Xkswe ns/ ;kekokswe gZyK pko/ ft;Eko Bkb ikDekoh gqkgs eoKr/.
2H1H3 ;[szsosk dk noE ns/ gfoGkµk (Meaning and Definition of Liberty)
fbpoNh (Liberty) µpd bkshBh Gkµk d/ µpd fbpo (Liber) s'_ fbnk frnk
j? fi; dk noE j? @;[szsosk#. fJ; bJh fJ; dk µkpfde noE fJj j'fJnk fe wB[Zy
T[&Zs/ e'Jh gkpzdh Bk j't/ ns/ T[; ~ nkgDh wBwo}h nB[;ko ezw dh ;[szsosk j't/. go
;wki ftu wB[Zy ~ fJj' fijh ;[szsosk Bjh_ fwb ;edh feT[_fe T[j fJe ;wkie gqkDh j?
ns/ ;wki ftu ofjzdk j?. nkgDh ;[szsosk wkDB bfrnK T[ ; ~ d{ i / ftneshnK dh
;[ s z s osk dk th fynkb oZ y Dk g? _ d k j? . fJ; rZ b ~ w[ Z y oZ y e/ 1789 ftu \oK; dh
eq K sh d/ B/ s ktK B/ ;[ s zs osk dh j/ m fbyh gq h Gkµk fdZ s h L-
@@;[szsosk fe;/ th nfij/ ezw ~ eoB dk nfXeko j?, fi; Bkb fe;/ d{i/ ~
jkBh Bk j't/.##
gq'L bk;eh nB[;ko, ek~B s/ J/esk dh ;fEsh Bkb'_ ftneshrs ;[szsosk dk f}nkdk
wjZst j?. nkgDh g[;se @rokwo nk\ gkbhfNe;# ftu T[j fbydk j? fe ;[szsosk s'_ Gkt
fJe nfijk tksktoD j? fi; ftu wB[Zy ~ nkgD/ ftek; dk g{ok w"ek fwb ;e/. fJ; bJh
;[szsosk nfXekoK d[nkok jh ;zGt j?. fpBK nfXekoK d/ wB[Zy fJe nfij/ ek~B d/ nXhB j'
iKd/ jB i' T[jBK d/ ftneshst d/ ftek; dhnK }o{osK tZb e'Jh fXnkB Bjh_ fdzdk. ;' fizB/
f}nkdk nfXeko j'Dr/ T[Bh ;[szsosk j't/rh. ;dhnK d/ siop/ s'_ pknd n;h_ ihtB ihD
bJh e[M ek~B pDkJ/ jB, i/ oki wB[Zy e'b'_ fJBQK ek~BK dh gkbDk eotkT[Dk ukj/ sK fJ;
dk Gkt fJj Bjh_ fe T[; dh nk}kdh ~ ysw ehsk ik fojk j?. ;KM/ fjZsK d/ ftek; bJh
wB[Zy dhnK fBih rshftXhnK s/ e[M pzXB brkT[D/ }o{oh j' iKd/ jB. ;' ;[szsosk pzXBK dh
nDj'_d Bjh_ ;r'_ fJe nfij/ wkj"b dh gqkgsh j? fi; ftu ftneshst dk ftek; ;zGt j'
;e/ ns/ fJj wkj"b oki ftu jh ;zGt j?.
;[szsosk pko/ j'o pj[s ;kohnK gqhGkµktk fdZshnK rJhnK jB fit/_ fe L
ihHvhHn?u H e'b (G.D.H. Cole) d/ nB[;ko, @fpBK fe;/ pkjoh o[ektN s'_
nkgD/ ftneshrs dk gqrNkU eoB d/ nfXeko ~ ;[szsosk efjzd/ jB.
NhHn?u H rohB (T.H. Green) d/ nB[;ko, @@;[szsosk G'rD :'r t;s{nK ~
G'rD ns/ eoB :'r ekoiK ~ eoB dh ;kekokswe µesh j?.##
gq'H ;hb/ dk efjDk j? fe, @@nfsµk;B dk T[bN jh ;[szsosk j?.##
w?eBh d/ µpdK ftu @@;[szsosk dk noE jo gqeko dhnK pzdµK dh nDj'_d Bjh_
;r'_ nDT[fus pzdµK dh EK T[fus pzdµK dh ;EkgBk j?.## fJjBK gfoGkµktK d/ nkXko
T[&Zs/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;[szsosk dk n;bh noE jo gqeko d/ gqfspzXK dh nDj'_d
Bjh_ ;r'_ nD-T[fus ns/ nB?fse gqfspzXK dh nDj'_d j?.
2H1H4 ;[ s zs osk d/ fBy/X tkue ns/ ;kg/y tkue o{g (Negative

L and Positive
aspects of liberty)
;[szsosk d/ d' gfjb{ wzB/ iKd/ jB L
(T) fBy/X tkue iK Bkekokswe ;[szsosk
(n) ;kg/ytkue iK ;kekokswe ;[szsosk
( T ) Bkekokswe ;[ s zs osk (Negative Liberty) L-fJ; dk noE j?
fe ftnesh dh T[j ;[szsosk fi; T[go fe;/ gqeko dh th gkpzdh Bk j't/. T[; ~ wBwkBh
eoB dh fJik}s j't/ go fJ; soQK dh ;[szsosk dk ;wki ftu j'Dk n;zGt j?.
ftneshtkdh ns/ nokiesktkdh (Individualists and Anarchists) th fJ; ftuko
d/ jB fe ek~B ns/ ;[szsosk fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB, fJ; bJh oki ~ BkrfoeK d/
ihtB ftu fpbe[b dyb Bjh_ d/Dk ukjhdk. ftneshtkdh efjzd/ jB fe oki ~ ftneshnK
dh ;[szsosk d/ okj ftu nkT[D tkbhnK o[ektNK ~ d{o eoBk ukjhdk j?, go T[; ~
ftneshnK d/ ezwK ftu dyb Bjh_ d/Dk ukjhdk ns/ nwB ekfJw oZyD ns/ ikB dh
oZfynk tk;s/ th xZN s'_ xZN ezw eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. T[BQK nB[;ko ftnesh ~ ;zg{oD
;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; ;[szsosk ~ ;zGkbD bJh ftneshnK ~ ukjhdk j? fe
nkgD/ ezw s/ nkg e[M gkpzdhnK oZyD. oki ~ ukjhdk j? fe ftneshnK d/ ezwK s/ e[M
o'eK brk e/ T[jBK ~ d{finK d/ ezw K ftu d]b d/D s'_ o'e/ sK i' ;wki ftu ;G b'e
;[szsosk dk gq:'r eo ;eD. oki ~ ;[szsosk gqdkB eoB bJh nkgD/ tb'_ e'Jh edw
Bjh_ T[mkD/ ukjhd/. f;o\ ;[szsosk d/ okj ftu nkJhnK o[ektNK (Hinderances) ~ jh
d{o eoB dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?.
( n ) ;kekokswe ;[s zs osk (Positive Liberty) L- fJ; ws nB[;ko,
oki dk ezw fJj jh Bjh_ fe T[j ;[szsosk d/ okj ftu nkJhnK o'eK ~ d{o eo/, ;r'_
nfijk wkj"b gqdkB eoBk th j? fi; ftu oki ftub/ ;ko/ ftnesh µy;hns dk ;jh o{g
ftu ftek; eo ;eD. ;[szsosk dk f;o\ fBy/Xtkue Bjh_ ;r'_ fBµu/tkue gZy th j?.
fit/_ pkoeo B/ fbfynk j? fe @@fi; soQK pd;{osh dh nDj'_d ;[zdosk Bjh_ j?, T[;/ soQK
pzXBK dk Bk j'Dk ;[szsosk Bjh_ j?. fJ; bJh ;[szsosk f;oc T[; t/b / ;zGt j' ;edh j?
ns/ ;fEo ofj ;edh j? id'_ fe oki okjh_ nfijhnK jkbsK dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikt/ fiBQK
ftu wB[Zy nkgDh ;yµhns dk g{oD ftek; eo ;e/.##
gq'c?;o bk;eh th fbyd/ jB fe, @@;[szsosk s'_ Gkt fJe nfijk tksktoD j? fi;
ftu jo nkdwh ~ T[&Zusw j'Dh ~ gqkgs eoB d/ w"e/ fwbd/ jB.
fJ; ;zpzX ftu gq'H bk;eh B/ fbfynk j? fe ;[zsso tksktoD ftu T[jBK nfXekoK
ns/ w"fenK dk gqkgs j'Dk µkwb j? fiBQK dh tos'_ Bkb wB[Zy nkgD/ ihtB ~ T[&ZBs eo ;e/.
nfXekoK dh nDj'd _ ftu ;[szsosk dk j'Dk n;zGt j' feT[_fe nfXekoK s'_ ofjs iBsk ~
T[BQK ek~BK dh gkbDk eoBh g?_dh j? fiBQK dk µy;hns d/ ftek; Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX Bjh_ jz[dk.
j'o th ;gZµN j'D bJh n;h_ fJe j'o gfoGkµk fdzd/ jK. ;[szsosk T[BQK ezwK ~
eoB iK G'rD dk ;kekokswe nfXeko j? i' eoB iK G'rB :'r j'D. d{i/ µpdK ftu
;[szsosk jo soQK d/ ezwK ~ eoB dk nfXeko Bjh_ j?, ;r'_ T[BQK dh ezwK
~ eoB dk nfXeko j? i' eoB :'r j'D. (Liberty is positive power of
doing or enjoying those things which are worth doing or enjoying).
;[szsosk dk Gkt gkpzdhnK dh nDj'_d iK wB[Zy ~ wBwo}h eoB dh y[bQ Bjh_. fJ;
soQK dh ;[szsosk dk f;ZNk sefVnK dh nk}kdh ns/ wkfVnK dh r[bkwh ftu fBeb/rk.
;[szsosk dk noE j? T[j ezw eoB dk nfXeko fi; Bkb Bk sK nksw ftek; ftu o[ektN gt/ ns/
Bk jh d{finK ~ jkBh gjz[u/. fJ;/ bJh bk;eh B/ ;[szsosk dk noE T[; tksktoD dh oZfynk s'_ fbnk
j? fi; ftu ftneshnK ~ nkgD/ T[&Zusw ftek; bJh w"ek fwbdk j?.
;[szsosk d/ fJjBK d't/_ gfjb{nK dk j'o ft;Eko Bkb toBD j/mK ehsk frnk j?.
2 H 1 H 4 H 1 Bkekokswe ;[ s zs osk dk ftFb/F D (Analysis of Negative Liberty)
fit/_ fe ;[szsosk dk noE dZ;d/ j'J/ fejk frnk fe ;[szsosk dh fJj XkoBk
oki d/ g{oB ezNo'b d/ fto[X fJe wzr d/ o{g ftu T[Goh ;h. T[j ezNo'b i' wB[Zy dh
;kohnK feqnktK ~ gqGkfts eodk ;h fJ; soQK µ[o{ d/ ;w/_ ftu fJ; wzr dk fBy/Xtkue
iK Bkekokswe j'Dk bk}wh ;h feT[_fe wB[Zy dhnK feqnktK s/ fJ; soQK dk ezNo'b j't/
fJj fJ; d/ fto[X ;h. fJ; dk w[Zy n;{b fJj j? fe wB[Zy ~ nkgDh uzfrnkJh p[okJh
dk y[d c?;bk eoB dk nfXeko j?. fJ; XkoDk B/ jh ftneshtkd ~ nkXko fdZsk.
17th_ ns/ 18th_ ;dh ftu fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk dk ftuko g{oB f;yo T[&Zs/ gjz[u
frnk. jkp}, bke, i?co;B, n?vw ;fwE ns/ i/H n?;H fwb B/ fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk dh
gq'Vsk ehsh.
nkJh;/e pofbB ns/ fwbNB cokfJvw?B fij/ fbykohnK B/ 20th_ ;dh d/ wZX ftu fJe tko
c/o fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk pko/ w[V s'_ fJ; dh g'qVsk eoBh µ[o{ ehsh. fJjBK ;G d/ ftukoK
dh ftnkfynk eoB s'_ gfjbK n;h_ µ[o{ s'_ jh fJj ;gµN eo fdzd/ jK fe id'_ gfjbh µq/Dh
d/ ftdtkBK B/ fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk dh gq'VQsk fBoze[µtkd ns/ Xkofwe okiK d/ fto'X ftu
ehsh, T[E/ d{i/ ;?N d/ ftdtkBK B/ 20th_ ;dh ftu oki d/ tXd/ j'J/ dyb d/ fto'X ftu
fJ; dk ;woEB ehsk.
µ[o{ ftu wB[Zyh ;[szsosk dh wzr ~ Ekw; jkp} ns/ ikB bke dhnK fbysK ftu
gkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJjBK ftdtkBK B/ fJj gqµB u[fenk fe wB[Zy oki d/ fB:wK dh feT[_
gkbDk eodk j? < T[j oki ~ wB[Zy ns/ ;wki ftueko fJe ;wM"sk wzBd/ jB. jkp}
nB[;ko, wB[Zy ;wki ftu e[M e[dosh nfXeko b? e/ g?dk j[zd/ jB Gkt g{oB ;[szsosk dk
nfXeko. go wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk s/ e'Jh gkpzXh Bk j'D ekoD e[dosh nt;Ek ftu wB[Zy dh
;[oZfynk yso/ ftu g? rJh. fJ; bJh ftneshnK B/ fwb e/ nkg; ftu ;wM"sk eoe/ @b/
thnEB# sdh ;EkgBk ehsh Gkt nfijk okik fijVk nkgDh goik ~ g{oB ;[oZfynk d/ ;e/.
gozs{ jkp} nB[;ko fJe tkoh ;kohnK µeshnK µkµe ~ ;"_gD s'_ pknd ftnesh fe;/ soQK
dh ;[szsosk dh wzr Bjh_ eo ;ed/.
ftneshtkd ns/ ;[szsosk dk ftuko ikB bke dhnK fbysK ftu g{oB o{g Bkb
B}o nkT[_dk j?. T[; nB[;ko ;wM"s/ d/ nzsors oki dk fJj Xow j? fe T[j wB[yZ dh
;[szsosk ns/ ;zgZsh dh oZfynk eo/. goik nkgD/ okik dh nkfrnk dh gkbDk fJ; bJh
eodh j? fe T[jBK dh ftneshrs w"fbe ;[szsosktK dh oZfynk eo/rk-;[szsosk dh oZfynk
ns/ ;zgsh dh oZfynk fijV/ T[jBK d/ e[dosh nfXeko jB. bke dh fcbk;ch dk fJj T[j
gfjb{ j? fi; B/ T[dkotkdh f;XKs ns/ nwoheB okiBhfse gqDkbh dhnK BhjK oZyhnK.
i?co;B B/ bke d/ f;XKs ~ ;gµN eod/ j'J/ fejk fe oki wB[Zy dh fBZih ;[szsosk ftu
dyb Bjh_ d/t/rk ns/ T[; dh ;[oZfynk dh rkozNh j't/rh Gkt wB[Zy ~ ;ko/ gZyK ftu g{oB
o{g Bkb ;[szsosk-;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhse. oki e/tb fJ; ;[szsosk ftu skbw/b
(Coordinate) eoB dk o'b ndk eo/rk. T[j fJjBK nfXekoK ftu e'Jh dyb-nzdk}h Bjh_
eo/rk. n?vw ;fwE B/ fJjBK n;{bK ~ nkofEe y/so ftu Ykb e/ g{zihtkdh ftukoXkok dh
Bh_j oZyh. fJjBK ;G ftdtkBK dk w{b n;{b fJj ;h fe oki dh dyb-nzdk}h xZN s'_ xZN j't/rh.
fJ;/ bJh fJ; ~ ;[szsosk dk fBy/Xtkue o{g fejk iKdk j?.
okiBhfse, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;z;feqse ;[szsosktK B/ j"b/ j"b / ;wkfie, okiBhse
ns/ nkofEe gqDkbh dk ftek; ehsk fijVhnK b'eK dh Gkrhdkoh T[&sZ / nkXkfos ;B. goikszsoh
okiBhse gqDkbh fijVh pkbr wsknfXeko T[&sZ / nkXkfos ;h, b'eK d/ okiBhfse nfXekoK ns/
nksw µk;B dk fJe gqtkfDs o{g pD e/ T[Goh. fJ; soQK fJe d{i/ Bkb w[ekpb/ dh g{oB
;[ssz osk B/ g{zihtkd dk ftek; ehsk fijVk nkgD/ Bkb e[M n"eVK th fbnkfJnk.
i/Hn?;Hfwb fij/ dkoµfBe B/, fijBK B/ g{oD ;[szsosk d/ doµB ~ wzfBnk ;h,
fJ; ftu nkJhnK e[M ]okphnK tZb fXnkB d[nkfJnk. n;hfws ;[szsosk B/ fJe pj[ws
tor ~ tXk fdZsk ;h fi; B/ nbg ;zfyne dh ;[szsosk ~ dpkT[Dk µ[o{ eo fdZsk.
pj[ws B/ okiBhse µesh rqfjD eoe/ nkgD/ fjZsK dh okyh eoBh µ[o{ eo fdZsh fi; ~
pj[ws dh skBkµkjh dk Bkw fdsk frnk j?. i/Hn?;H fwb B/ gqikszsoh gqDkbh dh nkb'uBk
eod/ j'J/ fJj fejk ;h, fJj ftµtk; Bjh_ eoBk ukjhdk fe wB[ZyK dh ;[szsosk dh
oZfynk ehsh ik ;e/rh. fJj sK nbg ;zfyneK dh fjZsK dk joD eodh j?. fJ; soQK dk
;t?µk;B wB[ZyK dk nkgD/ T[&Zs/ µk;B eoBk Bjh_ j?. pbfe pj[ws dk nbg;zfyne T[s/
µk;B eoBk j?. ;wkfie y/so ftu th ;wkfie fJeZm eJh tko nbgws ~ vok-Xwek
fdzdk j?. ;zy/g ftu fwb T[jBK dh ;[szsosk dh oZfynk eoBh ukj[zdk ;h i' nbgws ftu
jB. T[; B/ feqnk d/ ekoi y/so ~ d' fjZf;nK ftu tzv fdZsk. ;t?-;zpzfXs ekoi y/so
(Self-regarding sphere) ns/ d{;o/ ;zpzfXs y/so (other regarding sphere).
;t?-;zpzfXs y/so dk ;zpzX wB[y d/ nkgD/ Bkb j? fi; ftu oki ~ fe;/ th soQK dh
dyb-nzdk}h eoB dk nfXeko Bjh_ j?.
;o nkJh;?e pofbB (Sir Issac Berlin) ns/ fwbNB cokfJvw?B ns/ p?_ikfwB
e'B;N?_N (Benjamin Constant) nkfd B/ th nkgD/ ftuko g{oB ;[szsosk tb do;kJ/
jB. ni'ehnK ;ZukJhnK T[s/ nkXkfos jB. fit/_ ipoh µesh dk Bk j'Dk jh ;[szsosk dk
nkXko j? i/eo fe;/ ~ e'Jh T[d/µ gqkgs eoB s'_ o'fenk iKdk j? sK T[E/ e'Jh okiBhfse
;[szsosk iK nk}kdh Bjh_ j?. fJ; dk noE j? fe d{i/ tb'_ fe;/ fe;w dh th dyb-
nzdk}h Bjh_ j'Dh ukjhdh. nkJh;?e pofbB efjzdk j? fe i/eo w/o/ gk; o'Nh ykD ~ g?;k
j? sK w/oh |ohph dk noE fJj Bjh_ fe w/o/ gk; e'Jh nk}kdh Bjh_ j? go i/eo fe;/ ~
i/bQ ftu pzd eo fdZsk iKdk j? iK fe;/ ~ e'Jh r[b kw pDk b?_dk j? sK T[; e'b e'Jh
okiBhfse ;[szsosok Bjh_ j?. T[; d/ ftuko ftu goikszso ns/ ;[szsosk ftu e'Jh ;zpzX
Bjh_ j? feT[_fe j' ;edk j? fe goikszso oki ftu dyb-nzdk}h skBkµkjh oki Bkb'_ th
f}nkdk j't/. fJ; soQK T[; d/ ;[szsosk pko/ ftuko g{oB o{g Bkb fBy/Xtkue jB. T[j
sK fJE'_ sZe th efjzdk j? fe ;wkfie fBnK ns/ ;[szsosk ftu th e'Jh ;zpzX Bjh_ j?.
fJ; bJh T[j ;wkfie fBnK ~ tXkT[D bJh efbnkDekoh sohe/ d/ th fybk\ j?. feT[_fe
fJ; w[skpe T[j wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk ftu dyb-nzdk}h eodk j?.
fJ; soQK fwbNB cokfJvw?B (Milton Friedman) th fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk dh
XkoBk dh gq'Vsk eodk j? feT[_fe fJ; Bkb g{zihtkd dh XkoBk ~ pb fwbdk j?, fi; ftu wB[Zy
tZX s'_ tZX ;[szsosk wkD ;edk j?. nkJh;?e pofbB dh soQK T[j th :ehB eodk j? fe
okiBhfse ;[szsosk s'_ Gkt j?, fJe ftnesh d[nkok d{i/ ftnesh T[&Zs/ ipoh µesh dk gq:'r Bk
ehsk ikDk. g{zihtkd oki (fi; ftu ;[szso wkoehN dh gq'Vsk ehsh iKdh j?. g{zihtkd d/ ftek;
bJh w[ekpb/ (Competition) dk j'Dk pj[s bk}wh j?. oki d[nkok nkofEesk ns/ ;wki
efbnkD ~ fB:ws eoB bJh d]b-nzdk}h Bkb wB[Zy dh nkgDh ;[szsosk ]sw j' iKdh j?. fJ;
soQK T[j ;wkitkd d/ th fybkc j? ns/ fJ; ~ T[j wB[Zy d/ nkgD/ r[D ns/ okiBhfse n}kdh d/
fybk\ ;wMdk j? ns/ ;[szsosk ~ fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk Bkb i'VB d/ th fybk\ j?.
fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk ~ n;h_ fBwB fbys tZy tZy sZsK Bkb toBD eo ;ed/ jK L
(1) wB[Zy fJe soeµhb gqkDh j? i' nkgD/ Gb/ p[o/ ~ mhe soQK ;wM ;edk j?.
fJ; bJh T[; ~ e[M ;[szsosk dh b'V jz[dh j? fijVhnK T[; d/ ftneshst
d/ ftek; ~ g{ok eo ;eD.
(2) ;[szsosk fJe fBy/Xtkue XkoBk j?-Gkt jo fe;w dh gkpzdh dh nDj'_d jh
;[szsosk j?.
(3) jo ftnesh nkgD/ fBZih fjZsK d/ y/so ftu g{oB o{g Bkb ;[szso j'Dk
ukj[zdk j?. fJ; bJh T[; ~ p'bD dh, ftuko gqrN eoB dh, ;zx nkfd
pBkT[D dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
(4) ftnesh d/ fjZs ns/ ;wkfie fjZsK ftu e'Jh MrVk Bjh_ j? feT[_fe
ftnesh ;wki dk fJe nzr j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; d/ fjZs ns/ ;wki d/
fjZs fJe' fij/ jB.
(5) oki nkgD/ ek~BK d[nkok ftnesh d/ T[jBK n?eµBK ~ ezNo'b eo ;edk j?
fijV/ ;wki ~ gqGkfts eod/ jB. nfijh d]b-nzdk}h xZN s'_ xZN j'Dh
ukjhdh j?.
(6) ftnesh dh nkgDh ;[szsosk e'Jh Bjh_ y'j ;edk go fJ; ~ g{o/ ;wki dh
GbkJh bJh fB:ws ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(7) b'eszsfoe gqDkbh }o{oh Bjh_ fe ;G dh ;[szsosk ~ ;ko/ ftneshnK ~
gqdkB eo/.
(8) ;[szsosk }o{oh Bjh_ fe fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk Bkb i[Vh j't/.
2H1H4H2 ;kg/y tkue ik ;kekokswe ;[ s zs osk dk ftFb/F D ( Analysis of
Positive Liberty)
;kg/ytkue ;[szsosk dh XkoBk fBy/Xtkue ;[szsosk dh fJe nkb'uBk j?. fJ;
o{g ftu wB[Zy ~ fJeZbk ftnesh Bjh_ wzfBnk iKdk pbfe T[j fJe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. T[;
dh nkgDh j'_d j? go fJj ;wki s'_ N[ZN e/ Bjh_ j?. wB[Zy pko/ nfij/ ftuko fiBQK B/
;[szsosk d/ ;ky/g o{g ~ gqGkfts ehsk o{;', eKs, jhrb nfkd dhnK fbysK ftu fwbd/
jB. fJ; ftuko B/ nkgDh g{oDsk rohB, p';ke/, pkoeo ns/ bk;eh dhnK fbysK ftu
gkJh. fJBQK ftukoeK dk fJj ftuko j? fe wB[Zy d/ Bht/_ ns/ T[u/ ;t? (self) j[zd/ jB.
n;bh nk}kdh j? wB[Zy d/ nkgD/ T[u/o/ ;t? (higher self) dh g{osh dk j'Dk fijVh
ftµt ftnkgh ftt/e s'_ gqGkfts jz[dh j?. nkgDhnK fJZSktK ns/ GktBktK (emotions)
ftnkge ;wkfie ;'u ~ fXnkB ftu oZye/ BjhI g{ohnK ehshnK iKdhnK T[j e/tb nkdwh
d/ T[; b?tb ~ ;zs[µN eo ;edhnK jB fijVk BhtK iK ikBtoK tkbk j?. ;[szsosk dk
noE j? nkgD/ T[u/o/ ftnefsst dk ftek; eoBk. o{;' dh nkw fJZSk dk f;XKs fJ;h
T[u/o/ ftnefsst Bkb ;zpzfXs j? fi; d[nkok wB[Zy nk}kd j' iKdk j?. rqhB dk fJ; rZb
T[s/ }'o d/Dk fe ;[szsosk dk Gkt j? fe fJj ;wki B?fsesk nfXekoK ns/ oki Bkb
;zpzX oZydh j?, ;[szsosk dk ;kg/y ;o{g do;kT[_dk j?. rqhB nB[;ko wB[Zy dh ;'Mh bJh ;[szsosk
dk j'Dk bk}wh j?, ;[szsosk bJh nfXekoK dk ns/ nfXekoK bJh oki dk j'Dk }o{oh j?, fJ;/
sohe/ Bkb ;[szsosk T[&Zs/ gkpzdh bkJh ik ;edh j?.
;G s'_ ft;Eko Bkb ;kg/y ;[szsosk dk toBD n?uH i/H bk;eh B/ ehsk j?. ;kg/
ytkue iK ;kekokswe ;[szsosk dh gqhGkµk fdzfdnK j'fJnK bk;eh efjzdk j? fe fJj
nfijhnK nt;EktK dh j'_d j? i' ftnesh d/ ;otT[sw ftek; bJh }o{oh jB. fJ; soQK
;[szsosk nfXekoK d[nkok j'_d ftu nkT[_dh j?. nfXekoK pr?o e'Jh ;[szsosk Bjh_ j' ;edh
feT[_fe nfXekoK pr?o wB[Zy T[; ek~B nXhB ezw eod/ jB fijV/ T[; dh µy;hns Bkb w/b
Bjh_ yKd/. fJ; soQK ;[szsosk fJe ;kekokswe uh} j?. fJ; dk noE e/tb pzXeK dk Bk
j'Dk Bjh_ j?. fwb d/ ;[szsosk d/ ftukoK dh nkb'uBk eod/ j'J/ T[j efjzdk j?, fJ; soQK
;[szsosk nkgD/ nkg ftu pzdµK oZydh j?. w?_ fijVhnK ;[szsosktK dk fJ;s/wkb eodk jK T[j
;[szsosktK T[j Bjh_ jB fi; Bkb d{;o/ dh ;[szsosk ]sw j' ikt/, fJ; soQK bk;eh ;[szsosk
dk ;zpzX ;wki Bkb i'Vdk j?. ftneshrs ;[szsosk ;wki s'_ tZyo/ j' e/ Bjh_ wkDh ik
;edh. go bk;eh fJj th efjzdk j? fe ;[szsosk oki d/ ofjw s/ Bjh_ SZv d/Dh ukjhdh.
fJ; soQK bk;eh ;kekokswe ;[szsosk dh gq'Vsk eodk j?, T[j ;oeko d/ pko/ µZeh j? ns/
T[j ;[szsosk ~ oki ~ Bjh_ fdzdk. T[j fJ; rZb s'_ tkfec j? fe ;oeko nkw GbkJh dk
;jkok b? e/ b'eK dh ;[szsosk T[s/ gkpzdh brk ;edh j? fJ; bJh ;[szsosk dk noE fe;h
fB:w dh gkbDk Bjh_ j?. T[j ;[szsosk d/ nkdoµtkdh ;o{g d/ fybk\ j?.
bk;eh d/ nB[;ko fszB soQK dh ;[szsosk j[zdh j?-ftneshrs, okiBhse ns/ nkofEe-
fijVh wB[Zy d/ ftneshst d/ ftek; bJh pj[s bk}wh j?. ftneshrs ;[szsosk w[Zy o{g Bkb
ftnesh Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j? ns/ fJ;dk wzst ;oeko s/ e[M e[ pzXB brkT[Dk j[zdk j? sK fe
ftnesh ~ T[j wkj"b fwb ;e/ fi; ftu T[j nkgDh ;[szsosk wkD ;e/. go bk;eh nB[;ko
fJj }o{oh j? sK fe ftnesh nkgDk ftek; g{oB o{g Bkb eo ;e/. okiBhfse ;[szsosk s'_
Gkt j? T[j ;[szsosk fi; Bkb ftnesh oki d/ ezwK ftu Gkr b?_d/ jB. nkofEe ;[szsosk s'_
Gkt j?, ;[oZfynk ns/ nfij/ w"e/ fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ bJh w[YbhnK }o{osK i[Nk ;eD, Gkt
fe T[j GftZy ftu nkT[D tkbhnK w[;hpsK dk ;kjwDk eoB ftu g{oh soQK fsnko j'D. fJ;
bJh bk;eh, T[d:'r d/ ftu b'eszso dk jkwh j?. fJj d't/_ okiBhse ns/ nkofEe ;[szsosktK,
fijVhnK wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie nkofEe ftneshst d/ ftek; bJh }o{oh jB, ;kekokswe iK
;kg/ytkue ;[szsosk dk o{g jB.
;kekokswe ;[s zs osk dh gqk gsh bJh }o{o h FosK
(Requirements for the Maintenance of Positive Liberty)
(1) ftµ/µ nfXekoK dh nDj'd

_ (The absence of Special Privileges) L-
;kekokswe ;[szsosk nfijh ftt;Ek ftu jh ;zGt j' ;edh j? fiE/ ;G ~ ;wkB nfXeko
gqkgs j'D ns/ ftneshnK ~ e'Jh ftµ/µ nfXeko BK fdZs/ rJ/ j'D. fi; ;wki ftu b'eK
d/ ftµ/µ nfXekoK dh j'_d j't/rh iK fiE/ th e[M wB[ZyK d/ gZy ftu iK fto'X ftu G/d
Gkt ehsk ikt/rk T[E/ ;kekokswe ;[szsosk dh j'_d ;zGt Bjh_.
( 2 ) nfXeko (Rights) ;[szsosk e/tb nfXekoK dh j'_d ftu jh wkDh ik
;edh j?. nfXeko jh e/tb n;bh ;[szsosk wkDB ftu wdd fdzd/ jB.
( 3 ) ;oeko dk b'eK nr/ itkpd/j j'Dk (Responsible Government) fJe
fB:fws ;z;Ek Gkt ;oeko dk b'eK gqsh T[&ZsodkJh j'Dk pj[s bk}wh j? sK fe ftneshnK dh
;[szsosk y'jh Bk ik ;e/.

;zyg/ ftu ;kekokswe ;[ssz osk dhnK ftµ/µsktK j/mK fby/ nB[;ko jB L-
(1) ;[szsosk dk noE e/tb pzdµK dh nDj'_d Bjh_ j?. fJj sK T[jBK ;wkfie
nkofEe jkbsK dh wzr eodh j? fi; ftu ;kekokswe ;[szsosk wkDh ik
;e/
(2) ;[szsosk dk T[d/µ wB[Zy dk fJe ;wkfie gqkDh d/ o{g ftu ftek; eoBk
j?.
(3) ;wkfie-nkofEe nt;EktK dh nDj'_d okiBhfse ;[szsosk ~ Bekodh j?.
(4) nfXeko ;kekokswe ;[szsosk dhnK }o{oh µosK jB ns/ fJj g{oh soQK
Bkb fBnk, B?fsesk ns/ ;wkBsk i[V/ j'J/ jB.
(5) oki dk eosZt pDdk j? fe T[j nfij/ tksktoD ~ fsnko eo/ fi; ftu
;kekokswe ;[szsosk wkDh ik ;e/.
fJj fJe ;ZukJh j? fe nZi d/ :[r ftu ;kekokswe ;[szsosk ~ pj[s wkBsk
fwbh j?. fJj th wzfBnk frnk j? fe pzdµK dh nDj'_d ftu ;[szsosk Bjh_ wkDh ik
;edh feT[_fe fJ; soQK ;wki fto'Xh sZsK ~ gDgB dk w"ek fwb ikt/rk. nfXeko fJ; d/
nfGzB nzr jB ns/ ;[szsosk d/ r[D ~ ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ nkofEe fwnkoK jh
gfjukfDnk ik ;edk.
;kekokswe ;[szsosk dk f;XKs ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe jkbksK ~ ;[XkoB dh b'V
s/ }'o fdzdk j? ns/ fJj wzr e/tb oki d[nkok jh g{oh ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; dk Gkt
j? efbnkDekoh oki bJh tX/o/ ezw fi; Bkb b'eK dh ;[szsosk d/ ;hfws j'D dk ysok
g?dk j' iKdk j?. nfijh gqftosh s'I puD bJh }o{oh j? fe oki d/ ekoiK ns/ nfXekoK
dk ft;sfos s/ ;gFN toBD ehsk ikJ/ sK fe T[j (oki) b'eK dh ;[szsosk ftu d]b
nzdk}h Bk eo ;e/.
fJ;d/ Bkb jh fJ; f;XKs d/ ;woEe ;wki d/ tor gZy ~ fpbe[b nZy'_ Ujb/
eo fdzd/ jB. fJ; ftu e'Jh µZe Bjh_ fe f;XKse gZy s'_ ;kekokswe ;[szsosk dh XkoBk
pVh uzrh j? torK ftu tzv/ j'J/ ;wki ftu, gz{ihtkdh tor jw/µK d{finK dk µ';D eo/rk
ns/ fJ; gqeko b'eK ~ g{oh okiBhfse ;[szsosk ~ wkDB s'_ toi/rk.
f;XKs ns/ nwb ftu ;kekoswe ;[szsosk d/ jkwh oki dh µesh ~ tXkT[D dk
o;sk ;k\ eod/ jB. fi; soQK ;KMh fJZSk d/ f;XKs B/ nkdoµtkdh oki dh Bh_j oZyh ;h
fi; Bkb g{oB gqG{;skXkoh oki j'_d ftu nkJ/, fJ;/ soQK efbnkDekoh goikszsoh okiK
ftu ;wkfie-nkofEe fBnK B/ iK sK oki ftu g{zihtkd ~ iBw fdZsk j? iK ;[szsosk ns/
nk}kdh ~ wB[ZyK se jh ;hfws eo fdZsk j?.
2H1H5 ;[ s zs osk dhnK fe;wK
(Different kinds of Liberty)
fJj rZb ;gZµN j? fe ;[szsosk µpd dh tos'_ okiBhsh ftfrnkB ftu fe;/ fJe ftµ/µ
o{g ftu Bjh_ ehsh iKdh ;r'_ fJ; dk gq:'r tZy-tZy o{gK ftu ehsk iKdk j?. ;[szsosk dhnK e[M
wjZstg{oD fe;wK fJ; gqeko jB L
2H1H5H1H gqkfeqse iK e[dosh ;[szsosk (Natural Liberty)
2H1H5H2H Bkrfoe ;[szsosk (Civil Liberty)
2H1H5H3H okiBhfse ;[szsosk (Political Liberty)
2H1H5H4H nkofEe ;[szsosk (Economic Liberty)
2H1H5H5H okµNoh ;[szsosk (National Liberty)

2H1H5H1H gqk feqs e ;[ s zs osk (Natural Liberty) :— fJ; s'_ Gkt j? fe
wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk i' T[; ~ ;wki d/ ekfJw j'D s'_ gfjbK gqkgs ;h. o{;' fJ; ;[szsosk d/ jZe
ftu ;h. T[; dk f]nkb ;h fe oki d/ iBw Bkb wB[Zy dh gqkfeqse ;[szsosk y[; rJh j? go
fJj ;[szsosk ;jh noEK ftu ;[szsosk Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ wB-wo}h eoB dh ;[szsosk ;h. T[; ;w/_
fi; dh bkmh T[; dh G?_; tkbk f;XKs ngBkfJnk iKdk ;h. n;b ftu oki d/ fpBK ;[szsosk
;zGt Bjh_ feT[_fe ;jh ;[szsosk ek~B nXhB jh ;zGt j?.
2 H 1 H5H 2H Bkrfoe ;[szsosk (Civil Liberty) :— fJj T[j ;[szsosk j?,
fijVh ;fGnk ;wki d/ ftneshnK ~ gqkgs j[zdh j?, ns/ fi; dk iBw Bkrfoe nfXekok s'_ j[d z k j?.
fizB/ f}nkdk Bkrfoe nfXeko j'Dr/, T[Bh jh f}nkdk Bkrfoe ;[szsosk j't/rh. fJ; d/ pr?o e'Jh th
ftnesh nkgDk g{ok ftek; Bjh_ eo ;edk ns/ ;fGnk ihtB pshs eoB ftu n;woE ofjzdk j?.
fJj ;[szsosk oki tb'_ ;[oZfyns j[dz h j? ns/ ;G BkrfoeK ~ gqkgs j[zdh j?. b/feB fJj ;[ssz osk ;G
okiK ftu fJe' fijh Bjh_ j[zdh. fJj oki dh ;kµB gqDkbh ns/ T[;d/ ek~BK s/ fBoGo jz[dh j?. e[M
oki gfjbK fJ; rZb ~ wzBd/ ;B fe Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk Gkt e/tb r'o/ ozr tkb/ ftneshnK ftu
;wkBsk ekfJw eoBk jh j? fit/_ fe dZyDh n\ohek ftu e[M ;w/_ gfjbK B;bh G/d-Gkt (Apartheid)
dh Bhsh ngDkJh iKdh ;h. idfe d[BhnK d/ okiK ftu Bkrfoe ;[szsosk s'_ Gkt ozr, iksh ns/ B;b
s/ nkXko d/ fe;/ G/d Gkt s'_ fpBK, ;G ~ pokpo d/ nt;o gqdkB eo/.
2H1H 5 H 3 H okiBhfse ;[s zs osk (Political Liberty) :— fJ; ;[szsosk
dk iBw okiBhfse nfXekoK s'_ j[zdk j?. okiBhfse ;[szsosk okjh_ b'eh_ oki gqpzX ftu fjZ;k b?
;ed/ jB. Gkt b'eK ~ nkgDh ;oeko u[DB, T[; dhnK BhshnK dh nkb'uBk eoB iK T[; dhnK
BhshnK ~ gqGkfts eoB dk nfXeko j'Dk. okiBhfse ;[szsosk s'_ fpBK Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dh
oZfynk Bjh_ ehsh ik ;edh.
gq'H bk;eh dk efjDk j? fe okiBhfse nfXeko iBsk dk T[j nfXeko j?, fi; d/
}'o s/ nfijh ;oeko u[Dh iKdh j? fijVh b'eK d/ gqsh itkp-d/j j[zdh j?.
2H1H 5 H 4 H nkofEe ;[s zs osk (Economic Liberty) :— fJ; dk Gkt
fJj Bjh_ fe ftnesh ~ y[b / tgko dh g{oD nkikdh j't/ iK nkofEe y/so ftu ;oeko dk e'Jh
fB:zsoD Bk j't/. pbfe fJ; dk noE j? fe b'eK ~ nkofEe ;j{bsK fwbD ns/ T[BQK bJh fe;/
rZb dh xkN Bk j't/. wB[Zy ~ fBµfus w}d{oh fwb/ ns/ phwkoh dh jkbs ftu nkofEe ;[oZfynk
dk nfXeko j't/. fJ; dk noE fJj th j? fe e'Jh th ftnesh iK ;z;Ek dh b[N-y;[N Bk eo
;e/. fJ; dk ;zpzX o[gJ/ g?;/ dh G?Vh tzv ~ ysw eoB Bkb j?, fi; d/ ekoB E'V/ fij/ ftnesh
f}nkdk nwho jB ns/ j'o b'eK d/ ihtB ns/ ;[Zy T[&Zs/ BkikfJ} ep}k eoh p?m/ jB. bk;eh
nB[;ko @nkofEe ;[szsosk dk noE wB[Zy ~ nkgDh o'}h ewkT[D bJh T[fus ;[ofynk ns/ ;j{bsK
dk gqkgs j'Dk j?.#
nkofEe s/ okiBhfse ;[s zs osk ftu ;zpzX (Relations between
Economic and Political Liberty) :— nkofEe ;[szsosk dk wjZst nZi okiK ftu
tX fojk j? feT[_fe fJj wfj;{; ehsk ik fojk j? fe fizBh d/o sZe b'eK dhnK w[ZYbhnK
nkofEe b'VK g{ohnK Bjh_ ehshnK ikDrhnK T[&ZBh d/o se okiBhfse s/ Bkrfoe ;[szsosk
y'ybh oj/rh ns/ fJBQK dk e'Jh tk;sfte wjZst Bjh_ j't/rk. fizBh d/o nwhoK ns/
rohpK ftub/ gkV/ ~ d{o Bjh_ ehsk iKdk µk;B dh tkrv'o nwho jh ;zGkbh oZyDr/ ns/
okiBhfse s"o s/ ;wkB j'D d/ pkti{d th iBsk ;wkB nt;o gqkgs eoB ftu n;woE j't/rh.
nkofEe ;[szsosk dk fJj ftuko ekob wkoe; (Karl Marx) ns/ d{i/ ;wkitkdhnK B/ g{iz hgshnK dh
nkgD/ ekfwnK ~ b[ND dh gqftosh d/ fto'X ftu g/µ ehsk ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK b'e-oki ftubh fJe
tZvh ewh ~ g{ok eoB bJh nfijk f;XKs okiK d/ ;kjwD/ oZfynk fi; ~ e'Jh th b'eszsoh oki
nkgDhnK nZyK T[jb/ Bjh_ eo ;edk. nZi jo oki nkgD/ ekfwnK dhnK }o{osK ~ g{ohnK eoB ns/
µ'µD s'_ ;[oZfynk eoB dk f}zwt/ ko j?. T[j T[BQK d/ xzN/ fBµfus eodk j?, oki tb'_ p/ekoh, phwkoh
ns/ p[Ykg/ dh jkbs ftu ;jkfJsk d/D dk gqpzX ehsk iKdk j? b/feB fJ; s'_ Gkt Bjh_ fe nkofEe
;[szsosk jh ek\h j? ns/ okiBhse ;[szsosk dk wjZst xZN j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe okiBhse ;[ssz osk
s'_ fpBK nkofEe ;[ssz osk c}{b j?. wB[Zy d/ ftneshrs ftek; bJh d'jK dk j'Dk bk}wh j? ns/ d'jK
ftu'_ fe;/ dk Bk j'D dh nt;Ek ftu b'eoki ;zg{oD Bjh_ j' ;edk.
5 H5 H5 H okµNoh ;[s zs osk (National Liberty) :— okµNoh ;[szsosk s'_
Gkt fe;/ oki dh ftd/µh fB:zsoD s'_ w[esh fejk ik ;edk j?. jo okµNo nkgD/ BkrfoeK ~
okiBhfse, nkofEe iK Bkrfoe ;[szsosktK sK jh gqdkB eo ;edk j? i/ T[j y[d fe;/ ftd/µh ;Zsk d/
nXhB Bk j't/. jo okµNo nkgD/ bJh Bk f;o\ ;[szsosk gqkgs eoB bJh ;zxoµ eodk j? pbfe
o;wh s"o s/ ;[szsosk j'D s'_ pknd th nkgDh ;[szsosk dh j'_d pDkJ/ oZyD bJh gq:sBµhb ofjzdk
j?. nZi d/ :[Zr ftu jo S'Nk pVk okµNo nkgDh okiBhfse, nkofEe ;[szsosk ~ fe;/ o{g ftu
rtkT[Dk Bjh_ ukj[zdk. okµNoh ;[szsosk s'_ Gkt e/tb o;wh ;[szsosk jh Bjh_ ;r'_ nkgDhnK nzdo{Bh
ns/ pkjoh BhshnK bJh gqGkt-w[es j'Dk th µkfwb j?.
2H1H6 ;[ s zs osk ~ ;[ o Zf yns eoB d/ Yzr
(Safeguards of Liberty)
fit/_ fe j[D se n;h_ ;wM u[Ze/ jK fe ;[szsosk dk Bkrfoe d/ ihtB ftu ftµ/µ ;EkB
j? gozs{ Bkb jh fJj rZb th ;gµZN j? fe ;[szsosk ~ nk;kBh Bkb BµN ehsk ik ;edk j?
feT[_fe i/ T[j tksktoD, fi; ftu ;[szsosk ;[ofyns ofj ;edh j?, Bk j't/, sK fJj e/tb
fdyktk pD e/ ofj ikt/rh. fJ; bJh ;kv/ bJh fJj ikDBk pj[s }o{oh j? fe ;[szsosk ~
;[oZfyns oZyD bJh fejVhnK µosK }o{oh jB iK fJj fe fejV/ oZfynk etu ngBkT[D/ }o{oh jB
< nkX[fBe :[Zr ftu fiE/ okiK dk ;o{g b'eszsoh j?, Gkt ;ZsK b'eK d/ jZEK ftu j?, T[E/ ;[szsosk
~ ;[oZfyns oZyDk nfs }o{oh j?. ;[szsosk dh oZfynk bJh fBwBfbys rZbK dk j'Dk }o{oh j? L-
2H1H 6 H 1 H fbysh ;zf tXkB L- ftnesh dh ;[szsosk bJh fbysh ;zftXkB dk
j'Dk nfs }o{oh j? feT[_fe fbysh ;zftXkB okjh_ ;oeko d/ tZy-tZy nzrK ns/ nfXekohnK d/
nfXeko fBµfus ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK T[j nkgD/ fwZE/ j'J/ nfXeko y/so s'_ pkjo Bjh_ ik
;ed/.
2H1H 6 H 2 H w"f be nfXekoK dh x'µ Dk L- d{;oh µos fJj j? fe BkrfoeK
d/ nfXekoK ns/ ;[szsosk ~ w"fbe nfXekoK d/ nfXnkJ/ ftu µkwb ehsk ikt/.
2 H 1 H 6 H3 H ;[s zs o fBnKgkfbek L- nfXekoK ns/ ;[szsosk dk ;zftXkB ftu
nzfes eo d/Dk jh ek\h Bjh_ j[zdk pbfe T[jBK ~ fBnK :'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fBnKgkfbek
fJBQK ;[szsosktK dh oZfynk sK jh eo ;edh j? i/eo fJ; ~ ;[szso ns/ fBogZy pDkfJnk ikt/.
2H1H 6 H 4 H BkrfoeK dh ;[u /s sk L- ;[szsosk dh ;[oZfynk bJh BkrfoeK dk
nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ eostK pko/ u"eBk j'Dk nfs }o{oh j?. fJ; pko/ bk;eh B/ mhe jh fejk j?
fe @;dhth ;[u/ssk ;[szsosk dk w[Zb j?# (Eternal vigilence is the price of Liberty).
2H1H 6 H 5 H b'e oki L- ;[szsosk dh T[sgZsh ns/ ftek; e/tb b'eoki ftu jh
;zGt j?. fJ; µk;B ftu µesh ;w[Zuh iBsk e'b j[zdh j? ns/ T[j id'_ ukj[D nkgDh ;oeko ~
pdb ;ed/ jB.
2H1H 6 H 6 H FeshnK dk fte/Id oheoD L- ;[szsosk dh oZfynk bJh µeshnK

dk fte/_doheoD eoBk th pj[s }o{oh j?. ;kohnK FeshnK fJe ftnesh iK ;z;Ek d/ jZE ftu e/
Idfos BjhI j'DhnK ukjhdhnK.
2H1H 6 H 7 H ftF/FkfXekoK dk ykswk L- ;wki ftu fe;/ tor ~
ftµ/µ nfXeko Bjh_ fwbD/ ukjhd/ pbfe ;G ~ fJe' fij/ nfXeko wkBD dk nfXeko j'Dk ukjhdk
j? .
2H1H 6 H 8 H :'r db gqD kbh L- :'r db gqDkbh dh j'_d ftu th BkrfoeK dh
;[szsosk ekfJw ofj ;edh j?. d' db gqDkbh ;opT[sw j? go ;G s'I }o{oh j? dbK dk nkdoFK
(ideals) s/ nkXkfos j'Dk.
2H1H 6 H 9 H ek~B dk µk;B L- fi; d/µ ftu fe;/ ftnesh dk µk;B j[zdk j?
T[E/ ;[szsosk dk ;tkb jh g?dk Bjh_ j[zdk. ek~B d/ µk;B ftu ;[szsosk g{oB s"o s/ ;[oZfyns
ofjzdh j?. fJ; dk Gkt j? fe ek~B jh ;G s'_ T[&Zuk j't/ ns/ oki d/ ftukb/ ;ko/ ftnesh ns/
;z;EktK ek~B d/ nXhB j'D.
T[go'es fdZs/ t/ot/ s'_ fJj ;gµN j' iKdk j? fe ;[szsosk ftneshnK bJh nkgD/
ihtB dk ;jh ftek; eoB bJh nfs b'Vh_dh j? ns/ fJ; ~ ;[ofZ yns oZyDk pj[s }o{oh j?.
2 H 1 H 7 ;kokF (Conclusion)
nZi n;h_ d/yd/ jK fe ftµt d/ tZy-tZy d/µK ftu BkrfoeK ~ ;zftXkB okjh_ nfXeko
ns/ ;[szsosk gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB. nzso f;o\ fJzBk j? fe T[dkotkdh b'eszsoh okiK
ftu Bkrfoe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;[szsosktK dh Gowko j[zdh j?. nkofEe ;[szsosk fJ;
o{g ftu fwbdh j? fe jo fJe ftnesh ~ nkgDh wo}h Bkb nkgDk g/µk u[DB dh y[bQ j?.
fJj y[bQh gqsh:'rsk dk f;XKs j? fi; ftu nkofEe n;wkBsk dk j'Dk }o{oh j?. ;wkitkdh
d/µK ftu nkofEe ;[oZfynk gqdkB eoB T[s/ }'o jz[dk j? ns/ ;zftXkB ftu pj[s ;ko/
nkofEe nfXeko fit/_ fe ezw iK o'}rko dk nfXeko µkfwb ehs/ iKd/ jB gozs{ okiBhse ns/
Bkrfoe ;[szsosktK T[s/ gqfspzX tX/o/ j[zd/ jB.
Gkosh ;zftXkB ftu w"fbe nfXekoK dk nfXnkJ/ BkrfoeK ~ okiBhfse s/
Bkrfoe ;[szsosk gqdkB eodk j? ns/ fJjBK dh ;[oZfynk dk gqpzX th eodk j?. gozs{
nkofEe ;wkBsk d/D tkb/ @Bhsh fBod/µe sZsK# fgS/ e'Jh fBnKfJe µesh Bk j'D ekoD
fJj ;oeko dh fJZSk T[s/ fBoGo j' iKd/ jB.
2 H 1 H 8 ;t? -nfGnk; bJh gqF B ns/ T[B QK d/ T[ Zs o
1H nzro/}h dk Fpd @Liberty# bkshBh GkFk d/ fe; ;pd s'I fbnk frnk j?<
2H ;[szsosk d/ w[Zy d' o{g dZ;'.
T[Zso (1) Liber (2) Bkekoswe s/ ;kekoswe ;[szsosk
2 H 1 H 9 ;[M kJhnK g[; seK
(i) J.S. Badyal : Political Theory (Punjabi)
(ii) Eddy Asrtvatham : Political Theory)
(iii) J.S. Mill : On Liberty
(iv) Sushila Ramaswamy : Political Theory
(v) www.wikipedia.org
(vi) www.cup.com
gkm BzH 2H2
;wkBsk dh XkoBk L noE, gfoGkFk, fe;wK, ;wkBsk ns/

;[s zsosk ftu ;zpzX
(Concept of Equality : Meaning, Definition, Types and Relationship
between Liberty and Equality)
gkm dh o{g o/y k
2H2H1 gkm dk T[d/;a
2H2H2 G{fwek
2H2H3 ;wkBsk dh XkoBk dk ftek;
2H2H4 ;wkBsk d/ noE ns/ gfoGkFk
2H2H5 ;wkBsk dhnK tZy-tZy fe;wK
2H2H5H1 ekBz{Bh ;wkBsk
2H2H5H2H okiBhfse ;wkBsk
2H2H5H3H ;wkfie ;wkBsk
2H2H5H4H nkofEe ;wkBsk
2H2H6 ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk ftZu ;zpzX
2H2H6H1 ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk fJZe d{i/ d/ g{oe jB
2H2H6H2 ;wkBsk ns/ ;[s zsosk fJZe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB
2H2H7 ;koK;
2H2H8 ;t'-nfGnk; bJh gq;aB
2H2H9 ;[MkJhnK g[;seK
2H2H1 gkm dk T[ d /; a L- fJ; gkm dk w{b T[d/;a j? fe s[jkBz{ **;wkBsk** dh XkoBk
pko/ ft;Eko ftZu ikDekoh j't/. nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu **;wkBsk** fJZe wjZstg{oD XkoBk j?. fJ; gkm
Bz{ gVQD T[gozs s[;h_ fJj ;wM ;e'r/ fe n;b ftZu ;wkBsk j[zdh eh j? fJ; d/ tZy-tZy o{g
fejV/ jB ns/ eh ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk go;go fto'X h jB iK fJZe d{;o/ d/ g{oe.
2H2H2 G{ f wek (Introduction) L ;wkBsk, ;[szsosk ns/ Goksoh Gkt dk gqµB
coK;h;h eqKsh ftu T[mkfJnk frnk ;h. 17th_ ;dh s'_ pkd nfXekoK ns/ ;[szsosk dh wzr u[Zeh rJh
;h gozs{ ;wkBsk dh wzr 19th_ ;dh ftu T[mkJh rJh ;h. T[j fJ; bJh fe ;[szsosk dk ;wkBsk
Bkb pj[s jh rfjok ;zpzX j[zdk j?. j' ;edk j? fe ;zg{oB ;[szsosk n;wkB ftt;Ek ~ iBw d/ d/t/.
fJ; bJh id'_ th ;[szsosk dh wzr ehsh rJh T[;h t/b/ ;wkBsk pko/ pfj; µ[o{ j' rJh. ;wkBsk dh
XkoBk ~ fJ; dh g{oBsk ftu ;wMD bJh fJ; d/ ftek; ~ ikDBk }o{oh j?.
2H2H3 ;wkBsk dh XkoBk dk ftek; (Development of the concept
of Equality) L- w[ ZYbhnK ;wkfie ;z;EktK ftu ;wkBsk dh wzr ~ u[ f enk Bjh_ frnk ;h, Gkt/_
;wkfie ;zpzX n;wkBsk T[s/ nkXkfos ;B, fJBQK ;wkiK ftu ;zgsh dh XkoBk ns/ fe;/ uh} T[s/
wbehns eoB dh GktBk Bjh_ ;h ns/ b'e µKsh g{ote fJe ;kXkoB ihtB pshs eod/ ;B.
;wkBsk dk ftek; T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK d/ ftek; Bkb ns/ fBih ;zgsh d/ nkT[D Bkb j'fJnk. fJ;
B/ ;wki ~ torK ftu tzv fdsk ns/ ;wkfie YKu/ ftu r[bkw ns/ wkbe, ekw/ ns/ G{w hgsh,
w}d{o ns/ g{zihgsh j'_d ftu nkJ/. torK ftu fJ; n;wkBsk B/ tZy-tZy ftdtkBK dk fXnkB
nkgD/ tZb fyfunk. fJj efjDk ikfJ} Bjh_ j? fe ;ko/ ftdtkBK B/ ;wkBsk d/ e/; dh jwkfJs
ehsh. go fJ; d/ ftu µZe Bjh_ fe fBih ;zgsh d/ nkT[D Bkb n;wkBsk dk iBw j'fJnk, fi;
B/ nZr/ ik e/ eJh ;ko/ ;wkfie ;zx oFK s/ bVkJhnK ~ iBw fdZsk.
:{BkBh ;w/_ ftu no;s{ ns/ gb?N' B/ ;wkBsk T[s/ e'Jh ftuko Bjh_ fds/, Bk jh fJ; ~
;woEB jh fdsk. T[BQK bJh ftnesh iBw s'_ jh n;wkB j[zd/ jB. T[BQK w[skpe e[M µk;eK d/ o{g
ftu g?dk j[zd/ jB ns/ e[M r[bkwK d/ o{g ftu. ;N'ne;, ;'fc;N; ns/ g?foeb; B/ ;wkBsk dk T[;
nkXko s/ ;woEB ehsk fijVk e[dosh ek~B ns/ soe T[s / nkXkfos ;h. T[BQK B/ ;ot ftnkgh
GoksohGkt ns/ Bkrfoesk T[&Zs/ }'o fdZsk ns/ r[bkwh dh fBy/Xh ehsh, fijVh e[dosh ;wkBsk d/
f;XKs T[&Zs/ nkXkfos Bjh_ ;h. o'wB ;w/_ ftu ;wkBsk pko/ fJe eqKshekoh bVkJh µ[o{ j'Jh fijVh
;gkoNke; d/ B/fsqst ftu ehsh rJh fijVk r[bkwK dk fJe pj[s tZvk bhvo ;h, T[;B/ fJ; rZb s/
}'o fdsk fe ;G wB[Zy pokpo jB feT[_fe ;G d/ y{B dk ozr fJe' jh j?.
Jh;kJh Xow d/ µ[o{ j'D s'_ gfjbK th ;wkBsk dh bVkJh ~ nfo;N'fBe; d[nkok u[fenk frnk.
fJj th r[bkwK dk pj[s tZvk ;woEe ;h ns/ T[; B/ fJe @;wkB ftneshnK d/ oki# pDkT[D bJh
T[gokb/ ehs/. wZX-ekb ftu Jh;kJh Xow ;wkBsk d/ w;b/ Bkb i[fVnk fojk go fJj ;wkBsk
gqwkswk d/ ;kjwD/ dh ;wkBsk ;h. fJ; B/ Xosh T[s/ ;wkBsk d/ w;b/ ~ fJe gk;/ oZy fdsk ns/
fJ; rZb T[s/ }'o fdsk frnk fe ;wkBsk dk w;bk gqwkswk nr/ ;wkBsk Bkb ;h. ;wkBsk dk
MrVk ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse y/so ftu wZX :[Zr ftu gBg Bjh_ ;fenk ns/ ;kwzstkd ns/
e[bhBszso B/ fJ; G/d ~ j'o fsZyk eo fdZsk ;h. fJ; soQK n;wkBsk ~ ek~Bh o{g Bkb ngDk
fbnk frnk ns/ eJhnK ~ iBw d/ nkXko s/ ftµ/µ nfXeko fdZs/ rJ/. ek~B d/ ;kjwD/ ;wkBsk
ns/ iBw d/ nkXko s/ ;wkBsk d/ ftuko ~ nkX[fBe ;w/_ ftu gq'Vsk fwbh.
;wkBsk XkoBk dk nkX[fBe ;w/_ ftu ftek; (Development of the concept of
Equality in Modern Age)
nkX[fBe ;w/_ dh µ[o{nks fJe Bt/_ tor g{zihgsh tor d/ pDB Bkb µ[o{ j'Jh.
µ[o{ ftu fJj tor wZX tor d/ Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdk ;h ns/ fJ; B/ ek~Bh, okiBhse
ns/ ;wkfie ftµ/µ nfXekoK d/ ;kwzstkdh ftt;Ek ~ iBw fdZsk fi; ftu e[bhBszso B/
;kwzstkd d/ pj[s jh eNVQ o{g ~ T[ikro ehsk. :{og ftu g[Bo ikroD ns/ Xkofwe
;[Xko bfjo (Renaissance and Reformation) 1649 ns/ 1688 dh fpqfNµ eqKshnK,
1776 dh nwohek dh ;[szsosk dh x'µDk ns/ 1789 dh coK;h;h eqKsh fJ; nzd'bB d/
gqw[Zy gVkn ;B. 18th_ ;dh dh u/sBk ns/ soetkd B/ fJ; nzd'bB ~ nZr/ tXD bJh gq/
oDk fdZsh. Bt/_ wZX tor B/ nkgD/ g{oB ftek; bJh g{zihtkdh ftt;Ek ftu T[&Zu µq/Dh
(nobility) d/ yk; ;EkB ~ nkgD/ nzd'bB ftu fJe o'Vk ;wfMnk ns/ wZX tor B/ T[ ;
d/ w[ekpb/ ftu jh ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB dk :sB ehsk. soe Bkb
T[BQK B/ fJ; rZb T[s/ fezs{ eoBk µ[o{ ehsk fe iBw s'_ fet/_ fJe ftnesh d{i/ s'_ n;wkB
j' ;edk j?. T[BQK B/ fJ; rZb dk soe fdZsk fe ftµtk; ns/ ftt/e fJjh dZ;dk j? fe
wB[Zy iBw s'_ jh fJe pokpo jB. n;wkBsk fe;/ j'o ekoD j' ;edh j? go iBw d/
ekoD Bjh_. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftu ;wkBsk dk w[ZYbk dkntk T[; ;wkBsk ~ gqkgs eoBk ;h
fijVh ek~B d/ ;kjwD/ ;wkBsk ns/ iBw dh ;wkBsk T[s/ }'o fdzdh ;h. fJ; soQK T[;
nzd'bB dk ;o{g ek~B ;kjwD/ ns/ ;wkfie ;o{g Bkb ;wkBsk gqkgs eoBk ;h. nwoheB
ns/ coK;h;h eqKshnK dk w[Zy wzst, ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ Goksoh Gkt ~ gqkgs eoBk ;h. go
fJ; ftu j'o ;G n;wkBsktK dk nkXko nkofEe n;wkBsk ;h ns/ fJj fBZih ;zgsh s'_ T[mdh ;h.
fJ; ~ fJ; bJh Bjh_ T[Gkfonk frnk feT[_fe fJ; ~ T[&Zu µq/Dh (nobility) dh skes gqkgs ;h.
fJ; bJh T[BQK dk w[Zy w[dk ek~Bh nfXekoK ftu ;wkBsk fbnkT[Dk ;h.
;wkfie, nkofEe ;wkBsk dh wzr fJe tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ T[d'_ ehsh rJh id'_ 19th_ ;dh ftu
@ekfwnK dk tor# T[sgkdB s/ sohfenK ftu o[fMnk j'fJnk ;h fi; dk tkX{ w[b wkbeK e'b ubk
iKdk ;h fi; Bkb nkofEe n;wkBsk pj[s f}nkdk rfjoh j' rJh ;h. 18th_ ;dh dk fJj Bknok,
fijVk T[dkotkdhnK d[nkok brkfJnk frnk ;h fe ek~Bh ns/ okiBhfse ;wkBsk ;wkfie ns/
nkofEe ;wkBsk th fbnkJ/rh fJj Gow f;ZX j'fJnk. ekfwnK dh d[odµk B/ fJ; rZb ~ g{oB o{g
Bkb ;gµN eo fdZsk j?. fJ; d/ cb;o{g wkBtsktkdh :{oghnB (humanitarian) ;wkitkdhnK
B/ nkofEe n;wkBsk dh wzr ~ u[fenk. wkoe;tkdhnK B/ fBZih ;zgsh ~ ]sw eoB dh nghb
ehsh feT[_fe fBZih ;zgsh jh ;koh n;wkBsk dh iVQ ;h.
id'_ nkofEe ;wkBsk dh wzr ehsh ik ojh ;h sK Bkb jh fJe j'o nzd'b B th ub
fojk ;h fi; nB[;ko okiBhse n;wkBsk ~ th g{oh soQK ysw eoB dh wzr ehsh ik ojh ;h.
fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'_ fpqN/B ftu 1882, 1884 nkfd d/ ;z;dh ek~BK okjh_ t'N d'D dk nfXeko tZX
s'I tZX ftneshnK ~ d/D dk fBoDk ehsk frnk, go n"osK ~ jkb/ th fJ; s'_ tKMk oZfynk frnk.
nwohek dh f;tb bVkJh (Civil War) 1861-64 s'_ pknd r[bkwh (slavery) ~ g{oh soQK ]sw
eo fdZsk frnk ns/ T[BQK ~ t'N dk nfXeko d/D Bkb okiBhfse y/so ftu T[jBK dk o'b tZX
frnk.
20th_ ;dh ftu n\ohek, J/µhnk ftu ;kwoki fto[ZX nzd'b BK B/ wB[Zy d[nkok
wB[Zy T[s/ ns/ okiBhfse s"o s/ goik ns/ wkbeK d/ ;zpzXK T[s/ }'o fdZsk ns/ okiBhfse
;wkBsk dh ftukoXkok gqufbs j'Jh. fJ; d"okB n;wkBsk ozr d/ nkXko T[s/ th j' ojh
;h. fJ; B/ n\ohek d/ ekb/ b'eK ~ r'fonK d/ pokpo ;wkBsk b?D bJh T[sµkfjs
ehsk. fJ; ozr-G/d fto[ZX ;zxoµ B/ dZyDh n\ohek dh ;oeko ~ ozr G/d dh Bhsh SZvD
bJh w}p{o ehsk.
nzs ftu n;h_ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkBsk d/ f;XKs d/ ftek; bJh ;zxoµ
brksko 17th_ ;dh s'_ ubdk nk fojk j?. ;wkfie, fBnkfJe, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ;wkBsk
bJh fJj ftµt ftnkgh ;zxoµ fszB ;dhnK sZe ubdk fojk. ;wkBsk wB[Zy dk iBw f;ZX
nfXeko j? ns/ fJ; ~ y'jDk ftseok eoBk j't/rk, ftneshnK ~ fJ; ftseo/ d/ fybkc
;zftXkfBe ns/ ek~Bh ;[oZfynk fwbh j'Jh j?.
2H2H4 ;wkBsk dk noE (Meaning of Equality)
µkpfde noEK ftu ;wkBsk dk noE j? @fJe' fij/# iK @fJe' ;wkB#, go ;wkfie
noEK ftu fJ; dk pj[s ftµkb gZy j?. fJ; ;wkBsk dk mhe mhe noE ;wMDk w[µeb j?.
bk;eh d/ µpdK ftu @;wkBsk# ~ SZv e/ okiBhsh µk;so ftu nfijk e'Jh µpd Bjh_ j? fi;
~ mhe soQK Bkb ;wMDk J/BK w[µeb j't/. fJ; soQK nkoH n?uH NkBh (R.H. Tawney) d/
ftuko nB[;ko ;wkBsk µpd d/ fJe Bkb'_ tZX noE jB. ;wkBsk dk fJe noE j? fe fe;/
soQK dhnK n;wkBsktK dk Bk j'Dk. gozs{ e[M n;wkBsktK e[dosh j[zdhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/
s"o s/, eJh d{;fonK Bkb'_ f}nkdk fwjBs g;zd jz[d/ jB, e[M ;ohoe s"o s/ skesto j[zd/ jB
ns/ eJh ;z[do ns/ y{p;{os j[zd/ jB. fJj e[dosh n;wkBsktK jz[dhnK jB fijVhnK xZN sK
ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB, g{oB o{g Bkb ysw Bjh_ j' ;edhnK. J/E/ fi; uh} Bkb ;kvk ;zpzX j?,
T[j j? nfijhnK n;wkBsktK fiBQK ~ ;wki g?dk eodk j?. fJj n;wkBsktK nkofEe j' ;edhnK
jB, |ohp ns/ nwho ftu, g{zihgsh ns/ ekfwnK ftueko iK T[j n;wkBsktK fijVhnK iksh, Xow,
ozr, iBw ;EkB nkfd ekoD g?dk jz[dhnK jB ns/ fiBQK ~ oki d[nkok ;woEB d/ e/ tXkfJnk
iKdk j?. oki nkgDhnK uzrhnK :'iBktK ns/ ;[xV sohfenK Bkb fJBQK n;wkBsktK ~ xZN eoB
dh e'fµµ eo ;ed/ jB.
ekob wkoe; nB[;ko, n;wkBsk ~ ;G s'_ tZX tXkT[D tkbh uh} j? ;zgsh ns/
id'_ ;zgsh ftu n;wkBsk nkT[_dh j? sK T[j d{ihnK e[dosh n;wkBsktK s/ th jkth j'
iKdh j?. ;kv/ ;wki ftu XBtkB p/te{c th rohp nebwzd nkdwh s'_ f}nkdk nkdo:'r
j[zdk j?. fJe pd;{os nkdwh th nkgDh n;wkBsk ~ g?;/ Bkb YZe ;edk j?. wkoe;
nB[;ko @i' w?_ jK iK i' w?_ eo ;edk jK# fJj w/oh nkgDh µy;hns T[s/ fBoGo Bjh_ j?.
w?_ pd;{os jK go w?_ th nkgD/ bJh ;G s'_ y{p;{os n"os yohd ;edk jK. fJ; bJh w?_
pd;{os Bjh_. feT[_fe w/oh pd;{osh g?;/ Bkb YZeh iKdh j?. w?_ i/ ;ohoe s"o s/ bzrVk
jK go w?_ g?;/ Bkb g?o yohd ;edk jK, fJ; bJh w?_ bzrVk Bjh_ jK.
fJ; dk Gkt j? fe ;wkBsk d/ tZy-tZy gfjb{ j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ; bJh fJe' fijk
ftjko Bjh_ j[zdk j?. fJ; dk noE j? nB[gkse ;wkBsk ;wkB b'eK ftueko ns/ n;kwBsk
n;wkB b'eK ftueko. go ;wkB ns/ n;wkB b'eK ftueko ;zpzX skofee ns/ fBnkfJe j'Dk
ukjhdk j?. n;wkBsk j'o tZX ;edh j? i/eo e[M n;wkB ftneshnK ~ ;wkBsk d/ s"o s/
fbnk iKdk j? ns/ ;wkB ftneshnK ~ n;wkBsk d/ s"o s/. fJBQK ~ ;wMD dk B}ohnk
soe;zrs ns/ fBnKg{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;wkBsk dh fJj ftµ/µsk tZy-tZy ftneshnK bJh
tZy-tZy gZXo s/ jz[dh j?. ;wkfie gfog/y ftu fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wkfie YKuk j't/ fi;
ftu ;G ftneshnK gqsh fpBK fe;/ G/d Gkt s'_ ;wkB fttjko j't/ ns/ ;G ~ ;wkB nt;o
fwbD. j' ;edk j? fe fco th ;G ftnesh fJBQK nt;oK s'_ pokpo bkG Bk T[mk ;eD.
fit/_ fe e[M nwho b'e fJjBK nt;oK s'_ rohp b'eK Bkb'_ tX/o/ bkG T[mk ;ed/ ;B. n;wkB
b'eK tkb/ tor ;wki ftu j' ;edk j? fe ;wkB fttjko j'o tX/o/ n;wkBsk ~ iBw d/
d/t/. fJ; soQK ;gµN j? fe fBZih ;zgsh ns/ ;wkBsk Bkb Bjh_ fBGk ;ed/.
;wkfie gfog/y ftu fJ; dk noE ;wkfie YKu/ ftu nfijk ftseok Bjh_ j'Dk
ukjhdk fi; ftu tZy-tZy ftneshnK Bkb tZy-tZy fttjko j't/ fe fJj w"ek ;G ~ ;wkB o{g
Bkb wdd Bk d/D Gkt nkofEe o{g Bkb ;zgB ftnesh w"fenK dk fJ;s/wkb f}nkdk uzrh
soQK Bkb eo ;ed/ jB T[BQK d/ w[ekpb/ fijV/ rohp jB. fJe tor ;wki ftu n;wkB
ftnesh id'_ ;wkBsk Bkb fttjko eod/ jB sK fJj n;wkBsk ~ pVQktk fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh
fBZih ;zgsh ns/ ;wkBsk fJeZm/ Bjh_ ub ;ed/. j/m fby/ sZs ;wkBsk d/ ;kekokswe o{g
~ gqrN eod/ jB.
1H ;wki ftu ftµ/µ nfXekoK dk ykswk
2H ;G ~ ftneshst d/ ftek; bJh ;wkB nt;o
3H ;G ~ fe;/ fe;w dk ftseok ehs/ p|?o, ;wkB w"e/
4H nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie µ'µD dk ykswk.
T[go fdZs/ rJ/ sZs ;wkBsk dk ;kekokswe o{g g/µ eod/ jB fijV/ fe T[; ;wki
ftu noE g{oD j' ;ed/ jB fiE/ ;wki ;wkBsk s/ nkXkfos (equalitarian) j? go nfij/
;wki ftu th g{oB ;wkBsk Bjh_ j' ;edh. fJ; dk noE e/tb ;wkBsk g{oD fttjko j?.
Gkt nfXekoK ns/ eostK dh ;wkBsk, ek~B nZr/ ;wkBsk ns/ ek~B tb'_ ;[oZfynk ;wkfie
ns/ nkofEe µ'µD dk ykswk, fi; d[nkok fBZih ;zgsh ]sw j't/, fJj w[ZYbhnK b'VK jB fi; Bkb
;wki ftu fe;/ fe;w dh ;wkBsk fbnkJh ik ;e/.
2H2H5H;wkBsk d/ tZy -tZy o{g (Various Dimensions of Equality)
tZy-tZy soQK dhnK ;wkBsktK jB L ek~Bh, okiBhfse, ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe.
2 H 2 H 5 H 1 H ek~Bh ;wkBsk (Legal Equality)
ek~Bh ftµ/µ nfXekoK dh wzr fijVh 18th_ ;dh ftu u[Zeh rJh T[j e[bhB tor
(nobility) ;kwzs ns/ fiwh_dkoK d/ fto[ZX ;h. T[ j fJ; tor dh ftµ/µ ek~Bh ns/ ;wkfie
;fEsh d/ fto[ZX ;h. ek~Bh ;wkBsk dh fJ; wzr nXhB jh fJj wzr ehsh rJh fe ek~B d/
;kjwD/ ;G ~ pokpo ;wfMnk ikt/. fe;/ Bkb rohph nwhoh, iBw, fbzr, B;b iK ozr d/
nkXko s/ e'Jh th ftseok Bjh_ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk.
;wkBsk dh fJ; XkoBk B/ w"fbe ns/ soe;zrs n;{bK ~ nZy'_ T[jb/ Bjh_ ehsk fit/_
pZu/ ns/ tZv/ ftu, fJ;soh ns/ wod ftu iK p[ZY/ ns/ ;ohoe s"o s/ ngzr ftneshnK ftu
coe ~ fXnkB ftu ofynk feT[_fe fJj n;wkBsktK e[M jZd se soe ;zrs jB. Gkt T[jBK ~
fJ; soQK ew}'o torK iK gSVhnK ikshnK ns/ ngzr ftneshnK ~ yk; ;j{bsK fdZshnK ik
;edhnK jB. fJjBK tb ftseok eoB Bkb ;wki ftu ;wkBsk fbnkJh ik ;edh j?.
ek~Bh ;wkBsk s'_ e/tb fJj Gkt Bjh_ fe ek~B s'_ e[M nfXekoK dh wzr ehsh ikt/
fi; Bkb ;wkBsk ~ ;[oZfyns ehsk ikt/ ;r'I fJj th j? fe ;G ~ fJe' fij/ w"e/ fwbD fi;
Bkb T[j fBnK ns/ fBnK e'b'_ ;[oZfynk gqkgs eo ;eD. ek~Bh ;[oZfynk dh nDj'_d ftu
ek~Bh ;wkBsk p/noE j' ikt/rh. i/eo ;wki nfijk j? fi; ftu nwhoK e'b ;kXB ns/
ek~B s'_ ;[oZfynk b?D bJh gj[zu j? ns/ rohpK e'b Bjh_ j? sK nfijk ;wki Bk e/tb
n;wkB j't/rk pbfe n;wkBsk ~ tXkJ/rk th.
2 H 2 H 5 H 2 H okiBhfse ;wkBsk (Political Equality)
id'_ dk ;zrfms ;wki dk iBw j'fJnk j? b'e fJ; ;wki ftu fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g
ftu okiBhfse n;wkBsk ftu oj/ jB. :{BkBh ;w/_ ftu okiBhfse n;wkBsk frnkB s/
nkXkfos jz[dh ;h. ;G s'_ tZX frnkBtkB ftnesh ;G s'_ f}nkdk okiBhfse ;[szsosk wkDdk
;h. wZX ekb ftu fJ; ;z;ko ns/ nfXnkswe ;z;ko ftueko ;zpzX okiBhfse ;[szsosk dk
c?;bk eodk ;h. fJ; tor ftu okik, e[bhB tor ns/ T[j ftnesh fijBK e'b g?;/ dh
skes ;h, nkT[_d/ ;B. B;b ns/ ozr d/ nkXko s/ th okiBhfse ;[szsosk fBoXkfos jz[dh
;h fit/_ dZyDh ncohek ftu, fjNbo dh iowBh ftu ns/ w[;'b'Bh dh fJNbh ftu t'N d/D dk
nfXeko, u'D bVB dk nfXeko ns/ iBse gdthnK T[s/ nfXeko nkfd pko/ ;wkBsk e/tb
20th_ ;dh ftu jh gqkgs ehsh ik ;eh j?. 18th_ ;dh d/ nzs ftu fJ; okiBhfse ;wkBsk
dh wzr ~ w[yfos ehsk frnk ;h go fJj 20th_ ;dh ftu jh g{oh j'Jh.
pj[s ;ko/ wzB/ gqwzB/ b'eszsoh okiK ftu, fit/_ nwohek ns/ fJzrb?_v ftu, th
okiBhfse ;j{bsK e[M µosK T[s/ nkXkfos ;B fit/_ fe ;zgsh ns/ Xow 19th_ ;dh d/ nzs
ftu jh, yk; eoe/ f;tb :[ZX (Civil War) d/ pknd jh, ekfbnK ~ nwohek ftu t'N
d/D dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk. fJzrb?_v ftu 20th_ ;dh d/ µ[o{ ftu jh n"osK ~ t'N d/D
dk nfXeko fwfbnk.
eh t'N d/D dk nfXeko jh okiBhfse ;wkBsk dk w[Zy g?wkBk j? < fJ; dk uzrh soQK
ftµb/µD eoB s'_ fJj gsk ubdk j? fe okiBhfse ;wkBsk dk noE T[d'_ jh ;koEe j[zdk j? id'_
u'DK fBogZy sohe/ Bkb eotkJhnK ikD. t'N d/ nfXeko dk d[o-T[g:'r eoBk iK b'eK ~ nkgD/
t'N d/ nfXeko fJ;s/wkb Bk eoB d/Dk fJ; rZb ~ do;kT[_dk j? fe okiBhse ;[szsosk ~ mhe
soQK Bkb fJ;s/wkb Bjh_ ehsk ik fojk. fJ; s'_ fJbktk rohph ns/ nBgVQsk dk b?tb fizBK
f}nkdk j't/rk T[Bh jh okiBhse ;wkBsk xZN j't/rh. gqµk;B dh µesh, Gkt fpT{o'eo/;h ns/
Bhw-;?fBe pbK dh µesh okiBhfse ekoi-gkbek d/ w[ekpb/ fi; gqeko tZX ojh j?, T[; Bkb th
;wkBsk d/ nfXeko dh tos'_ ek\h jZd se gqGkfts j'Jh j?.
2 H 2 H 5 H 3 ;wkfie ;wkBsk (Social Equality)
;wkfie ;wkBsk s'_ noE j? fe ;wkfie gZXo, iksh, ozr, Xow, B;b, Gkµk,
f;Zfynk ns/ T[wo nkfd d/ nkXko s/ e'Jh ftseok Bjh_ ehsk ikt/rk. ;zy/g ftu ;wkfie
;wkBsk d/ nfXeko s'_ noE j? fe ftnesh fJe ;wki dk w?_po j'D d/ Bks/ fJe' fij/
nfXekoK dk fJ;s/wkb eo/. go eJh ekoDK ftu e[M ftµ/µ nfXeko iK e[M S'NK ngzr
b'eK bJh iK T[jBK bJh fijVk fe;/ ekoD eoe/ fJjBK nfXekoK ~ j'oBK d/ w[ekpb/
fJ;s/wkb Bjh_ eo ;ed/, fdshnK iKdhnK jB.
20th_ ;dh ftu fJj rZb ;gZµN o{g Bkb wzBh rJh j? fe ;wkfie ftek; d/
d"okB pj[s ;ko/ ;wkiK ftu ;wki d/ e[M fjZf;nK d/ fjZsK ~ fpbe[b nZy'_ T[jb/ eo
fdsk frnk j? fit/_ fe nwohek ftu o?&Zv fJzvhnB, poskBhnk ftu gqtk;h, dZyDh n\ohek
ftu ekb/ ns/ Gkos ftu nB[;{fus ephb/ d/ pokpoh d/ nfXeko Bjh_ wkD ;e/. fJjBK
torK ~ id'_ yk; okiBhfse nfXeko fdZs/ iKd/ jB sK T[j ;wki dh ;koEesk ~
do;kT[_d/ jB.
fJjBK torK ~ ftµ/µ nfXeko d/D Bkb fJj nk; ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j th
;wkfie ;[szsosk d/ nfXekoK ~ wkD ;ed/ jB. jkbKfe ;wkfie ;wkBsk d/ nfXeko ~
;wkie YKu/ ftu T[d'_ jh wkfDnk ik ;edk j? id'_ ;G bJh ;wkfie nt;o gqkgs eoB
d/ T[fus ;kXB j'D. ;wki ~ fJj nfXeko Bjh_ j'Dk ukjhdk fe T[j iBse ;EkBK d/
fJ;s/wkb eoB ftu iks, Xow ns/ ozr dk G/d Gkt eo/. rohph dk ykswk eoBk pj[s
}o{oh j? fijVh ;wkBsk d/ nfXeko d/ fJ;s/wkb ftu pj[s o'Vk nNekT[_dh j?.
2 H 2 H 5 H 4 H nkofEe ;wkBsk (Economic Equality)
nkofEe ;[szsosk bJh ;G s'_ wjZstg{oB nfXeko ;wkBsk dk j?. fJ; dk noE
j? fe nkofEe gZXo d/ nkXko s/ T[; ~ ;wkBsk s'_ tKfMnK Bjh_ oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?.
T[; ~ nkgDk feZsk u[DB dk g{ok g{ok nfXeko j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt fe fJe b[jko dk p/
Nk vkeNo iK fJziBhno pD ;edk j?. fJ; dk noE fJj th j? fe e'Jh th XB dk
;jkok b? e/ fe;/ ~ r[b kw Bjh_ pDk ;edk ns/ e'Jh fezBK th rohp feT[_ Bk j't/ nkgD/
nkgD/ nkg ~ t/u Bjh_ ;edk.
ft;fsqs f;XKse gZy'_ fJj y[bQh nkofEe gqDkbh (laissez faire) ns/ fBZih ;zgsh
d/ f;XKs s'_ goQ/ Bjh_. gozs{ fi; rZb tb fXnkB fdZsk frnk T[j fJj j? fe torK ftu
tzv/ ;wki ftu nkofEe ;wkBsk e'Jh noE Bjh_ oZydh. nkofEe ;wkBsk dk e'Jh noE sK
jh j? i/ fJ; ~ ftnkge noEK ftu fbnk ikt/. fi; ;wki ftu T[sgkdB d/ ;kXB e[M
yk; b'eK d/ jZE ftu jB T[E/ pj[ws dk µ'µD j[zdk j?. nfij/ ;wki ftu nkofEe
;wkBsk Bjh_ j' ;edh. fJ;/ bJh wkoe; B/ fBZih ;zgsh ~ ]sw eoB dh g'qVsk ehsh
ns/ okijhB ns/ torjhB ;wki dh Bh_j oZyD dh XkoBk fdsh sK fe nkofEe ;wkBsk
gqkgs ehsh ik ;e/.
nkofEe ;wkBsk dk T[j gZy fi; ftu ftnesh nkgD/ nkg dk g{ok ftek; eo ;e/,
T[dkotkdhnK tb'_ fdZsk frnk ;h. T[j ;wMd/ ;B fe gZSwh ;wki, nkofEe ;wkBsk d/D d/ bJh
;woE Bjh_ jB. r/bpo?E (Galbraith) nB[;ko, ;wki ftu ;zgsh d/ tXD Bkb ;wki ftu
nkofEe ;wkBsk dk T[d/µ g{ok Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk. fJjBK nwho ;wkiK ftu g{zih ~ fJe;ko
sohe/ Bkb Bjh_ tzfvnk iKdk. Gkt/_ fJ; Bkb rohph ~ xNk fdsk ikt/ go fJ; dk noE fJj
Bjh_ fe nkofEe ;wkBsk gqkgs j' rJh j?. nkofEe n;wkBsk, ;wkfie n;[oZfynk, B;btkd ftu
tkX/ ns/ eZNVtkd ~ iBw fdzdh j?. fJ;/ bJh T[dkotkdh ftukoe th nkofEe ;wkBsk T[s/ }'o
fdzd/ jB.
nkofEe ;wkBsk dh nDj'_d ftu okiBhfse, ek~Bh ns/ ;wkfie nfXekoK dk e'Jh wjZst
Bjh_ j?.
2H2H6H ;wkBsk ns/ ;[ s zs osk ftu ;zp zX (Relationship between Liberty
and Equality)
fit/_ gfjbK fejk frnk j? fe ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk dh wzr GoksohGkt d/ Bkb
fwbe/ coK; dh eqKsh ftu w[yfos j'Jh. fJj wzfBnk frnk ;h fe ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk
ftueko pj[s r{VQk ;zpzX j?. ;wkBsk s'_ pr?o ;[szsosk ~ mhe soQK Bkb Bjh_ wkfDnk ik
;edk ns/ fJ; gfog/y ftu ;wkBsk ~ e/tb ek~Bh gZy'_ jh t/fynk frnk. µk;B eoB tkb/
tor ~ fi; ftu e[bhB, ;kwzsh tor nk iKd/ jB, fiBQK ~ e[M ftµ/µ fonkfJsK fwbhnK
j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK T[BQK d/ iBw-gZX o ns/ B;b Bkb ;zpzfXs jB, n;wkBsk c?bkT[D tkbk
;wfMnk frnk. n;wkBsk d/ fJ; ;o's d/ ]ksw/ d[nkok jh fJj ;wfMnk frnk fe ;G ~
;[szsosk fwb ;edh j? feT[_fe fJ; soQK ek~Bh s"o s/ ;G pokpo j'Dr/.
19th_ ;dh ftu th ;wkBsk s/ ;[szsosk dhnK XkoBktK ftu e'Jh fto'Xsk Bjh_
;wMh rJh. t'N d/ nfXeko ns/ ek~B ;kjwD/ ;G ~ pokpoh d/ nfXeko ~ fJjh nkXko
T[s/ ;woEB fwfbnk. fJj wzB fbnk frnk ;h fe ek~Bh ns/ okiBhfse ;wkBsk d/D
Bkb ftnesh dh ;[szsosk ;[oZfyns j't/rh ns/ gqikszsoh gqDkbh dhnK iVQK w}p{s
j'DrhnK ns/ ;wK phsD Bkb fJj j'o f}nkdk w}p{s j't/rh. 19th_ ;dh ftu jh ;wkfie
ns/ nkofEe ;wkBsk dh wzr d/ Bkb ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk dh nzso fto'Xsk wfj;{;
ehsh ikD bZrh. y[bQ/ tgko ftu :ehB eoB tkb/ ftukoeK tb'_ fJ; dh fJzBh f}nkdk
nkb'uBk j'Jh fe fJj fejk ikD brk fe nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;wkBsk okiBhse
;[szsosk d/ fybk\ j? s/ fBZih ;zgsh th ;[szsosk dk fto'X th eodh j?. ;wkBsk ns/
;[szsosk ftu ;wkBsk ns/ fto'X d/ gfog/y ftu d' c/} nkT[_d/ jB. fJe T[j fi; ftu
fJBQK dofwnkB ;wkBsk T[&Zs/ }'o fdsk d{ik, fi; ftu fJBQK ftu fto'X gkfJnk iKdk j?.
n;h_ j[D fJj ftuko eoKr/ fe eh ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB iK
g{oe.
2 H 2 H 6 H 1 ;[ s zs osk ns/ ;wkBsk fJe d{i / d/ g{o e jB L- (Both are
Complementary and Supplementary to each other)
j?fozrNB, w/Nb?_v, fjT{w, o{;', pkoeo, bk;eh nkfd d/ ftuko ftu fJj d't/_ fJe
d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. wkoe;tkdhnK dk th fJj' ftuko j?. T[j sK fJ; s'_ th nZr/ iKd/ jB fe
;wkBsk ;[szsosk bJh pj[s }o{oh j?. fJ; tor d/ b/yeK d/ ftuko fJ; gqeko jB.
1H fJ; ;wkBsk d/ w"fbe nfXeko dh nDj'_d ftu e[M ftneshnK iK ftneshnK d/
tor ~ ftµ/µ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. nfij/ ;wki ftu fe;/ fe;w dh ;[szsosk
Bjh_ j't/rh. i/eo fJj gqdkB th ehsh ikt/rh sK th T[; dk ;o{g e[dosh Bjh_
phH J/ Gkr gfjbk 19 okiBhsh ftfrnkB
j't/rk. ;kwzstkdh ;w/_ ftu th ;[szsosk ~ Gkt/_ gqdkB ehsh rJh ;h go e[M ~
;kwzstkdh j'D eoe/ ftµ/µ w"e/ fdZs/ rJ/ ;B. fJj ;[szsosk ~ fpbe[b Beko d/
D fijk ;h. T[; ;w/_ g{zihgsh tor fijVk j'_d ftu nkfJnk T[; B/ nkgD/ fjZsK
dh gqkgsh bJh ;wkBsk dh wzr ehsh, Gkt/_ T[BQK ~ ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk dk
fto'X sk dk frnkB Bjh_ ;h.
19th_ ;dh d/ wZX ftu ;wkBsk d/ ;wkfie gZy T[s/ }'o fdsk frnk
feT[_fe fJj poi{nk tor dh ;[szsosk d/ fto[X ;h fJ; eoe/ eJhnK tb'_
fJ; rZb s/ }'o fdsk frnk eh ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk d'jK ftu e'Jh w/b
Bjh_ j?. go eJh b/yeK tb'_ fJ; rZb T[&Zs/ }'o fdZsk frnk fe n;wkBsk
T[s/ nkXkfos ;wki ftu e[M ~ ;[szsosk gqdkB eoB Bkb pj[ws ~ ;[szsosk
s'_ tKfMnK ofjDk g?_dk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; rZb T[s/ }'o fdZsk frnk fe i/eo
;[szsosk ~ e[M noEg{oB pDkT[Dk j? sK nkofEe ;wkBsk d/Dh gt/rh. bk;eh
B/ fJ; pko/ ftu fejk j? fe, @;[szsosk ftu b'eK dh o[uh T[d'_ µ[o{ j[zdh j?
id'_ T[BQK ~ nkgDh j'_d dhnK n"eVK Bk j'D. fJj T[d'_ jh ;zGt j? id'_ T[BQK
~ nkokw dk w"ek fwb/HHHHHnkofEe }o{osK ~ g{ok eoB dh ;woEk ns/ ;'uD
dk g{ok ;wK ns/ nkokw-fJj fJe nk}kd nkdwh dhnK w[ZYbhnK µosK jB.#
fJ; soQK T[; ;w/_ ftu ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk ftu nkg;h w/b d/ ftuko Bkb
;fjwsh fdZsh rJh.
2H ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk ftueko w/b d/ ;zpzX ftu }o{os j? T[BQK w"fbe
nt;EktK dh fi; Bkb g{ok frnkB gqkgs j' ;e/. µKsh ftt;Ek ns/
;[oZfynk T[j nt;EktK jB fijVhnK ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk ~ wjZstg{oB
pDkT[_dhnK jB. i/eo ;wki ftu nB[µk;B dh xkN ns/ n;fEosk j't/rh
sK ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk ~ wkDBk b'eK bJh n;zGt j' ikt/rk. fiE/
n;wkBsk j? T[E/ bVkJh MrfVnK dk j'Dk bk}wh j?. fJ; µ'µD eoB tkb/
;wki ftu fiE/ nwho ns/ rohpK d/ tor jB i/eo e'Jh ftt;Ek j't/rh
sK fJj µesh ns/ ipod;sh T[s/ nkXkfos j't/rh. nfij/ ;wki ftu
;[szsosktK ~ wkBDk pj[s n"yk j't/rk. wkoe; B/ torjhD ;wki ~
;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk ~ wkDB bJh jh gq:'r ehsk j?. fJj ;gZµN eodk
j? fe ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk ftueko v{zxk ;zpzX j?.
3H ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d't/_ nkg; ftu i[V/ j'J/ jB. fJ; rZb s'_ th f;ZX
j[zdk j? fe d'jK d/ j'D Bkb jh ftnesh nkgDk g{oD ftek; eo ;edk
j?. fJj wB[Zy dk ;wkfie gfog/y jz[dk j? fi; ftu fJj wB[Zy dh }o{os
pD iKdk j?. fJe d/ j'D Bkb d{;o/ ~ wkDBk w[µeb j' ikt/rk. ni'e/
T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh fJ; rZb T[s/ }'o fdzd/ jB fe nkofEe ;wkBsk
;[szsosk d/ fJ; w/b bJh }o{oh j?.
4H ;wkBsk gqikszso bJh pj[s }o{oh nt;Ek j? ns/ e/tb fJj gqikszso ftu jh
;zGt j?. bk;eh nB[;ko @fJe µpd ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe gqikszsoh oki
;wkBsk s'_ pr?o Bjh_ j' ;edk ns/ ;wkBsk gqikszsoh oki dh Bh_j j?.# fJe
n;wkB ;wki ftu e[M b'e nwho j[zd/ jB. T[j okiBhse µesh gqkgs eoB
ftu ;woE th j' iKd/ jB. bk;eh nB[;ko fJe oki fijVk e[M nbgws nwho
b'eK ns/ pj[ws rohp b'eK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk j[zdk j? T[jdh nfijh ;oeko ~
pDkT[D bJh ;woE j' iKdk j? fi; ftu nwho b'e nkgDh ;zgsh d/ nkXko s/
nkgD/ fjZsK dh oZfynk eoB ftu ekw:kp j' iKd/ jB. okiBhfse ;[szsosk fJ;
bJh ed/ th ;Zuh Bjh_ j' ;edh id'_ se T[j nkofEe ;wkBsk Bkb j't/.
okiBhfse µesh fJ; bJh jw/µK nkofEe ;wkBsk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;wkBsk
d/ nXhB oj/rh. okiBhfse ;wkBsk gqikszso T[s/ fBoGo eodh j? ns/ okiBhfse
;wkBsk T[s/ nkXkfos j? ns/ ;wkBsk ;[szsosk ~ gqikszso ftu fJe noE fdzdh
j?. fJ; bJh ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk d'B'_ fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe jB.
2 H 2 H 6 H 2 ;wkBsk ;[ s zs osk ftu e'J h ;zp zX Bjh_ j? L
bkov n?eNB (Lord Acton) ns/ vh Nkeftb (De Taqueville) nB[;ko,
;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk fJe d{i/ d/ fybk\ jB. bkZe s/ p/ijkN fij/ okiBhfse ftfrnkBh
fjnke (Hayak) ns/ cokfJvw?B (Friedman) tor/ noE µk;soh ns/ wkJheb w";ek
ns/ g?o?N' f;XKseko nkfd fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEe jB. fJBQK ftdtkBK d/ fJ; pko/ ftuko
fJ; gqeko jB L
1H ;[szsosk e[dosh jz[dh j? fi; dk noE j? wB[Zy nk}kd g?dk j'fJnk j?. fJ;
soQK ;G wB[Zy jo gZy s'_ ;wkB Bjh_ jB. eJh gZyK s'_ T[j e[dosh s"o s/
n;wkB jB. Gkt e[dos B/ e[M b'eK ~ tX/o/ skesto, p[XhwkB, ;[zdo s/
us[o pDkfJnk j? idfe pkehnK ~ xZN. fJ; bJh n;wkBsk th e[dosh
j?. ;wkBsk ;wki d[nkok pDkJh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh e[dosh Bjh_ j?. fJ;
bJh ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB.
2H fJBQK ftukoeK nB[;ko ;[szsosk fBy/Xtkue j[zdh j?. fJ; dk Gkt j?
pzdµK dk Bk j'Dk. id'_ fe ;wkBsk nfij/ sohfenK T[s/ fBoGo j? fijV/
wB[Zy dhnK e[M rshftXhnK T[s/ ezNo'b oZyD sK fe ;wkBsk ~ ekfJw
ehsk ik ;e/. fJj pzdµK ;wkBsk ~ ;[szsosk fto'Xh pDkT[_dhnK jB. fJ;
s'_ fJbktk wB[Zy dh nkofEe nt;Ek T[; dh ;woEk T[s/ nkXkfos j?. fJe'
fij/ w"e/ d/D Bkb th d' nZv nZv ftnesh T[BQK w"fenK dk fJe' soQK
fJ;s/wkb Bjh_ eoBr/. fJ; bJh ;wkBsk d/ bJh ;[szsosk ~ feT[_ pzdµK
ftu pzfBQnk ikt/. fJ; soQK ;zgsh dh ;[szsosk wB[Zy dk e[dosh nfXeko
j? fJ; bJh fJe ~ ;hfws Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk. ;wkBsk fJ; soQK
;[szsosk fto'Xh j?.
3H nkw s"o s/ ;[szsosk dh tos'I oki nkgD/ ekoiK d[nkok eotkT[Idk j? Gkt
oki ~ fJj nfXeko j[zdk j? fe T[j ;wkBsk ~ fBµfus eo/. fJ; dk noE
j? fJ; Bkb oki dh µesh ftu tkXk j[zdk j?. b'eK dh nkofEe nt;Ek ~
tXkT[D d/ BK s/ oki dh ;Zsk ftu tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJj ;[szsosk dh XkoBk
d/ fto[X j?. ;[szsosk ns/ ;Zsk fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB.
4H fJe ;wo{g ;wki pDkT[D bJh ;kg/y (positive) oki dh }o{os j[zdh j?.
fJ; dk noE j? fe b'eK tb'_ oki b'eK dh GbkJh bJh n?eµB b?_dk j?.
;[szsosk bJh ;G s'_ tXhnk T[j oki j[zdk j? fijVk iK sK e'Jh d]b Bjh_
fdzdk iK xZN s'_ xZN dyb fdzdk j? fi; Bkb b'eK dh nkgDh ;woZEk T[s/ SZv
fdsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk noE fJe Bkekokswe (negative) oki s'_ j?. fJ; soQK
i/eo okiBhfse µesh pko/ d'jK ;zebgK-;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ ftuko d{i/ d/ J/
B/ fto[ZX jB sK fJj d't/_ ;zebg fJe d{i/ Bkb w/b Bjh_ yk ;ed/
g{zihtkd dk ftek; gkpzdh ofjs ;[szsosk T[s/ fBoGo eodk j? fi; dk noE j?
oki wB[Zy dh nkofEe ;[szsosk ftu xZN s'_ xZN dyb d/t/rk ns/ fJ;/ soQK
T[E/ g{oD ;[szsosk j't/rh. d{i/ µpdK ftu g{zihtkd ftu ;[szsosk g{oB o{g Bkb
;[ofyns j[zdh j? go ;wkBsk bJh, g{zihtkd dh ;[szsosk T[&Zs/ pzdµK dk j'Dk
bk}wh j?. fJ; soQK fJj d't/_ XkoBktK ~ fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe Bjh_ fejk ik
;edk.
6H gqikszso dk tfµµN torh (elitist) f;XKs (fi; ~ gqi kszso pko/ ro[g
f;XKs th fejk iKdk j?) th wB[Zy dh ;wkBsk ftu :ehB Bjh_ oZydk.
n;wkBsk ~ tfFFNtorh f;XKs d/ ;woEe ;wki dh }o{os wzBd/ jB. tfµµN
tor Gkt b'eK ftu'_ ;G s'_ tXhnk b'e jh jw/µK µk;B eod/ jB ns/
;[szsosk ns/ gqikszso dh oZfynk eod/ jB. fJBQK nB[;ko, n;wkBsk dk
gqikszso iK b'eszso dh XkoBk Bkb ;pzX j?, ;wkBsk dk Bjh_. fJ; soQK
;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk fJe d{i/ s'_ tZyo/ jB.
2H2H7H;koK;a (Conclusion)
;zy/g ftu n;h_ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ ;zpzX pko/ n;h_
d'jK fXoK d/ ftukoK dk nfXn?B ehsk j?. fJjBK d'jK d/ jh nkgD/ nkgD/ r[D ns/ d'µ
jB. ;wkfie ;zpzXK ns/ nwb ftu fJj ;gµN j' iKdk j? fe ;wki ftu ;[szsosk ns/
;wkBsk ~ tZy-tZy eoe/ Bjh_ t/fynk iKdk. ;kekokswe ;[szsosk, fi; dk jo gqikszso
ftu nwb j[zdk j?, ;wkBsk dh fto'Xh Bjh_. fJ; ;kekokswe ;[szsosk ~ g{oB o{g Bkb
gqkgs eoB bJh ;wkfie, nkofEe, ek~Bh ns/ okiBhfse ;wkBsk w[ZYbh }o{os j?.
2 H 2 H 8 ;t? nfGnk; bJh gq ; aB K d/ T[ Zs o
(1) ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk s/ Grsh Gkt 2H dZyDh ncohek ftu
(2) g{oe jB 2H g{oe BjhI jB.
2H2H 9 ;[ M kJhnK g[ ;seK
(iii) Sushila Ramaswamy : Political Theory
(iv) O.P. Gauba : An Introduction to Political
Theory
(v) www.wikipedia.org
(vi) www.ou p.com
gkm BzH 2H3
fBnK dh XkoBk -noE, fJ; d/ ftfGzB gZy ns/

;[szs osk, ;wkBsk ns/ ;zgsh Bkb fBnK dk ;zpzX
(Justice-Meaning Its various dimensions and relationship of Liberty
Equality, and Property with Justice)
gkm dh o{g o/y k
2H3H1 gkm dk T[d/;a
2H3H2 G{fwek
2H3H3 fBnK dh gfoGk;ak ns/ noE
2H3H4 fBnK d/ tZy-2 gZy
2H3H4H1 ekBz{Bh fBnK
2H3H4H2 okiBhfse fBnK
2H3H4H3 ;wkfie fBnK
2H3H4H4 nkofEe fBnK
2H3H5 fBnK dh ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ ;zgZsh Bkb ;zpzX
2H3H5H1 fBnK ns/ ;[szsosk
2H3H5H2 fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk
2H3H5H3 fBnK ns/ ;zgZsh
2H3H6 ;koz;
2H3H7 ;t?-nfGnk; bJh gq;aB
2H3H8 ;[MkJhnK g[;seK
2H3H1 gkm dk T[ d /;a L- fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU, fJ; gkm ftZu n;h_ fBnK d/ ft;a/ T[go
uouk eoKr/. fJ; gkm ftZu wZ[y o{g Bkb s[jkBz{ fJj ;wMkfJnk ikt/rk fe fBnK dh XkoBk fet/_
ftef;s j'Jh fBnK dk noE eh j?, fBnK d/ ;wkfie, okiBhfse ekBz{Bh ns/ nkofEe gfjb{nK dk
eh noE j? ns/ fBnK, ;zgZsh ns/ ;[szsosk Bkb fet/_ ;zpzfXs j?.
2H3H2 G{ f wek (Introdution) L okiBhfse f;XKs d/ y/so ftu @fBnK# dh XkoDk
dk fJe ftbZyD ;EkB j?. oki s/ ;oeko d/ ;ko/ ekoiK ftu'_ fBnK gqdkB eoB dk ;dk s'_ jh
fJe wjZstg{oB ekoi wzfBnk iKdk fojk j?. po/µ (Brecht) B/ fBnK gqdkB eoB d/ ekoi dh
wjZssk fJBQK µpdK ftu fpnkB ehsh j?, @d' f;XKs fiBQK pko/ okiBhfse ftukoeK ftu e'Jh wsG/d
BjhI jB L gfjbk, ;oeko d/ nkgD/ ekoi fBnKg{oD j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ d{ik L ek~Bh ndkbsK
fijhnK ;oekoh ;z;EktK ~ fBnK dh ;[oZfynk eoB bJh ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j?.
2H3H3 fBnK dh gfoGk;ak ns/ noE (Meaning and Definition of
L
Justice) go okiBhfse ihtB dh J/Bh wjZstg{oD ;ukJh j'D d/ pkti{d th, fBnK dh ;jh
s/ ;gµN gfoGkµk eo ;eDk ;zGt Bjh_. fBnK dh gfoGkµk Bk f;oc tZy-tZy ;fwnK s/ jh tZy-tZy
ehsh iKdh ojh j? ;r'_ jo ftnesh fBnK gqsh nkgDh XkoBk d/ nB[;ko fJ; dk tZy-tZy noE
b?_dk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh rshµhb XkoBk j'D ekoB fBnK dk noE th ;w/_ ;w/_ pdbdk fojk j?,
fJ; soQK i' eZb Q fBnK g{oD ;h, j' ;edk j? T[j nZi nfBnKg{oD j't/ iK i' eZbQ nfBnK ;wfMnk
iKdk ;h, T[j nZi fBnK g{oD j't/. fJ;h soQK nkT[D tkb/ ;w/_ ftu fBnK dh XkoDk ftu
gfotosB nk ;edk j?. fJjh Bjh_ fBnK dh ;{yw XkoBk dk fBnK d/ nwbh o{g Bkb ;[w/b
eoBk th fJe efmB ekoi j?. T[dkjoD ti'_ n;h_ d?th ek~B iK B?fse ek~B dh rZb sK eod/
jK, go fJ; d/ wkgdzv eh jB s/ fJ; ~ nwbh o{g fet/_ fdZsk ikJ/rk < fJj fBµfus eoBk
fJe efmB ezw j?. fJ;/ bJh jh g"N o (Potter) B/ fejk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ b'e fJj ;'ud/ jB
fe T[j fBnK dk noE ;wMd/ jB, go n;b ftu T[BQK d/ ftuko n;gµN jh j[zd/ jB. fBnK dh
gfoGkµk eoB ftu fijVh w[Zy n"eV nkT[_dh j? T[j fJj j? fe (fBnK) fJe ;[szso XkoBk Bjh_,
;r'_ fJj ;wki ftu gqufbs edoK ehwsK ns/ ;wkfie YKu/ d/ nwbh fttjko Bkb r{VQh soQK
i[Vh j'Jh XkoBk j?.
gb?N ' (Plato) B/ fBnK ~ fJe T[&Zsw r[D (virtue) ti'_ gfoGkµs ehsk j?. T[; dk
wZs ;h fe fBnK dk T[d/µ jo fJe ftnesh ~ T[; dk jZe (Due) d/Dk wkso Bjh_ j? ;r'_
;wki d/ ftfGzB GkrK ftu ;jh ;zs[bB (right proportion) ekfJw eoBk j?. J/;/ soQK fBnK ~
;wkBsk dh XkoDk ti'_ b?D tkb/ ftukoeK d/ eEB nB[;ko, fiE/ th ;wkBsk ~ ;op T[&Zu ;EkB
gqdkB ehsk iKdk j?, T[E/ fBnK w"i{d j?. T[d kotkdhnK (Liberalists) nB[;ko, @@fBnK s'_ Gkt
j?, ;[szsosk dh j'_d##. T[g :' r sktkdhnK (Utilitarianists) nB[;ko, tZX s'_ tZX b'eK dk
tZX s'_ tZX efbnkD (Greatest good of greatest number) jh fBnK j?. J/;/ soQK e[M b'e
fBnK s'_ Gkt @eost# s'_ b?_d/ jB s/ e[M @ek~B s/ ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk# s'_. e[M nB[;ko @fBnK
ek~Bh ftt;Ek s/ ;}k Bkb ;pzfXs j?# sK e[M nB[;ko @ftneshrs nfXekoK dk ;wkfie doik
fBoXkos eoB Bkb.# J/;/ soQK ;wkitkdh fBnK dh XkoBk dk nkXko @b'V s/ w"fbe ;wkBsk#
wzBd/ jB. rZb eh, fBnK eh j?, fJ; pko/ eJh ;ko/ s/ fJe d{i/ s'_ fpbe[b jh tZy-tZy
fdqµNhe'D jB.
2 H 3 H 4 fBnK d/ tZy -tZy gZy (Various dimensions of Justice)
fit/_ fe n;h_ j[D/ gfjb/ th d/fynk j?, fBnK dh XkoBk ;fEo Bjh_, ;r'_ fJj ;wki dhnK
;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse b'VK nB[;ko, pdbdh ofjzdh j?. n;b ftu fBnK oki d[nkok
ek~B okjh_ bkr{ ehsh rJh fJe gqDkbh wkso Bjh_ j?, ;r'_ fJ; dk ;zpzX ;w[Zuh okiBhfse gqDkbh
d/ okiBhfse, nkofEe s/ ;wkfie ;ko/ jh gZyK Bkb j[zdk j?. fBnK dk ;w[Zuk s/ ;jh noE ;wMD
bJh fJj }o{oh j? fe fJBQK tZy-tZy gZyK pko/ g{oh ikDekoh gqkgs eohJ/. fJj gZy jB L (1)
ek~Bh fBnK (2) okiBhfse fBnk (3) ;wkfie fBnk ns/ (4) nkofEe fBnK.
fBnKgkfbek dh ;[szsosk th fBnKgkfbek dh fBogZysk fizBh jh wjZstg{oD j?. fBnKgkfbek
dh ;[szsosk dk noE fJj j? fe fBnKgkfbek ;oeko d/ d{i/ nzrK (ftXkB gkfbek s/ ekoi
gkfbek) d/ fB:zsoD s'_ ;[szso j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ ;oeko d/ fe;/ th nzr e'b J/Bh µesh Bjh_
j'Dh ukjhdh fe T[j fBnKgkfbek d/ c?;fbnK ~ nkgDh fJZSk nB[;ko pdbtk ;e/. fBnKgkfbek
~ iBsk d/ nfXekoK dh oZfyne (guardian) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJj ekoi T[j sK jh Gbh-GKs
fBGk ;edh j?, i/eo T[j g{oh soQK ;[szso j't/. iZiK dh fB:[esh dk Yzr ns/ T[BQK dh B"eoh
dhnK µosK nfijhnK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB fiBQK okjh_ T[BQK bJh ;[szsoskg{ote ekoi ;zGt j't/.
fJ; d/ Bkb jh ek~Bh fBnK nkw rohp iBsk bJh sK jh bkj/tzd j' ;edk j? i/eo
ek~Bh gqfeqnk ;\b, f;ZXh ns/ ;;sh j't/. Gkos ;w/s pj[s ;ko/ d/µK ftu fBnKfJe gqfeqnk ek\h
wfjzrh ns/ r[zMbdko j?, fi; ekoB nkw b'eK ~ fBnK gqkgs j' ;eDk ;zGt Bjh_.
iZi K dh fBogZysk (Impartiality of Judges)
fBnK d/ fBnKg{oD ;kµB dk fJe j'o noE fJj th j? fe fBnK gqdkB eoB
tkb/ iZi iK fBnKXhµ fBogZy jB ns/ T[j nkgD/ ;kjwD/ g/µ ehs/ rJ/ wkwfbnK dk
c?;bk ftneshrs ckfJfdnK (fit/_ fe B"eoh dh ;[oZfynk iK fe;/ fJBkw dh nk; nkfd) ~
w[Zy oZye/ Bjh_ eod/. iZiK dk eost f;o\ fBnK gqdkB eoBk jh Bjh_ ;r'_ fJj fXnkB
th oZyDk j? fe T[BQK d/ c?;b/ d/µ d/ wkBsk gqkgs ek~B nB[;ko j'D. Gkt d/µ d/
ek~BK s'_ i' noE nkw iBsk b?_dh j?, T[; ~ ;Bw[Zy oZye/ jh iZiK ~ c?;b/ eoB/ ukjhd/
jB. nkw iBsk ftu fJj ftµtk; j'Dk bk}wh j? fe T[BQK ~ fBnK gqkgs j' fojk j? ns/
ndkbsK fBnKg{oD ek~B d/ f;XKsK nB[;ko ekoi eodhnK jB.
2H3H4H2 okiBhfse fBnK (Political Justice)
okiBhfse fBnK s'_ Gkt j? ;G bJh ;wkB okiBhfse nfXeko ns/ fBoD/ b?D dh
okiBhfse gqfeqnk ftu oki dh µesh ftu nkw iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ ;fj:'r fBnK dk
fJj gZy T[dkotkdh b'eszso dh d/D j? fi; nXhB ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ nfXeko d/
;zdoG ftu oki s/ ftnesh d/ ;zpzXK ~ w[V gfoGkµs ehsk.
fi; soQK n;h_ gfjbK th dZf;nk j?, okiBhfse fBnK dk gfjbk noE j? ;ko/
BkrfoeK bJh ;wkB okiBhfse nfXeko. e[M w[Zy okiBhfse nfXeko jB, ;op pkbr ws-
nfXeko, u'DK ftu yVQ/ j'D dk nfXeko, nj[dk XkoB eoB dk nfXeko, x[zwD fcoB dh
nk}kdh, nkgD/ ftuko gqrNkT[D ns/ GkµB d/D dh nk}kdh ns/ ;oeko dh nkb'uBk eoB
dk nfXeko.
fJ; d/ Bkb jh okiBhfse fBnK dk nkXko iBsk dk fJj ftµtk; j? fe ;Zsk
dk nkXko b'eK dh ;fjwsh j? ns/ n;b ftu b'e jh µesh dk ;'wk jB. okiBhfse
fBnK dk noE fJj th j? fe okiBhfse µesh iBsk iK µkfµsK d[nkok µk;eK ~ ;'_gh
rJh fJe nwkBs (Trust) j? ns/ µk;e nkgD/ ekoiK bJh iBsk nZr/ itkpd/j jB.
okiBhfse fBnK d/ fJe j'o gZy dk ;zpzX okiBhfse gZXo s/ c?;b/ b?D dh
gqfeqnk Bkb j?. fJ; gZy s'_ okiBhfse fBnK s'_ Gkt j?, okiBhfse gqfefonk ftu b'eK dh
Gkr/dkoh, iBsk dk g{ok ;BwkB ns/ ;ko/ nfjw w;fbnK T[s/ nkw ;fjwsh.
fJ; d/ Bkb jh, d/µ dhnK gqµk;fBe ;/tktK ftu fpBK fe;/ G/d d/ Gosh
okiBhfse fBnK dh j'o }o{oh b'Vh_dh µos j?.
2H3H4H3H ;wkfie fBnK (Social Justice)
;wkfie fBnK s'_ Gkt j?-iksh, B;b, ozr iK fbzr d/ G/d Gkt s'_ fpBK ;kfonK bJh nkgD/
ftneshst d/ ftek; bJh ;wkB ;wkfie nt;o iK w"e/. ;wkfie fBnK ftnesh d/ fjsK ns/
;wki d/ fjZsK ftu ;[w /b ;Ekgs eoB dk fJe :sB j?. fJ; dh nkXko-G{s XkoBk fJj ftµtk;
j? fe rohpK s/ b'VtzdK dh GbkJh s/ ftek; ftu ;ko/ ;wki s/ GkJhuko/ dh GbkJh j?, ;' fJ;
bJh T[go'es soe ofjs G/dGktK d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ ~ th T[j ;wkfie jkbks gqdkB eoB s'_
fJBeko Bjh_ eoBk ukjhdk i' T[; d/ ;opgZyh ftek; bJh b'Vh_d/ jB. ;wkfie fBnK dk wzst
:'i BkpZX Yzr Bkb fJe' fij/ ;wkB nt;o gqdkB eoBk j? sK fe nkwdBh s/ XB d/ p/soshp/
gq;ko ~ fB:zfsqs eoBk ;zGt j' ;e/.
;wkfie fBnK e/tb nfij/ ;wki ftu jh ;zGt j?, fi; ftu wB[Zy d[nkok wB[Zy dk
;'µD Bjh_ j[zdk ns/ e[M e[ b'eK dk n?µ'-nkokw s/ ;[y ;wki d/ fJe tZv/ Gkr d/ d[ZyK dk ;pZp
Bjh_ pDdk. ;' ;wkfie fBnK xZN frDshnK d/ nfXekoK dh oZfynk, S{s-Sks, rohph, nBgVQsk ns/
ijkbs d/ yksw/ dh wzr eodk j?. fJ; dk (;wkfie fBnK dk) ;wkfie pokpoh ns/ nkofEe
nfXekoK Bkb th v{zxk ;zpzX j?, feT[_fe e/tb fJBQK okjh_ jh ;wki ftu'_ µ';D ]sw eoBk ;zGt
j? .
2H3H4H4H nkofEe fBnK (Economic Justice)
;wkfie fBnK dk nkofEe fBnK Bkb pVk r{VQk ;zpzX j?. fJj ;zpzX J/BK v{zxk j?
fe fJBQK ftu'_ fe;/ fJe dh uouk eod/ ;w/_, d{i/ dk f}eo nkT[Dk bk}wh jh j?. fJE/
fJj ;wM b?Dk th }o{oh j? fe Gkt/_ ;wkfie p[okJhnK dh iVQ n;b ftu nkofEe y/so
ftu jh j[zdh j? (fit/_ fe g{zihgshnK d[nkok ekfwnK dk µ'µD iK okµNoh XB dk e[M e[
jZEK ftu jh e/_dfos j' ikDk.) fJ;/ bJh id'_ n;h_ nkofEe fBnK d/ gZy s'_ ;[szsosk dh
rZb eod/ jK sK fJ; ;[szsosk dk y/so okiBhfse Bk ofj e/ ;wkfie s/ nkofEe pD
iKdk j?. fJj nkw jh fejk iKdk j? fe, @T[j ;[szsosk i' nkofEe fBnK gqkgs eoB d/
okj ftu o[ektN pDdh j?, ci{b j?.# fJe G[Zy/ ftnesh bJh iK fJe nfij/ ftnesh bJh
fi; ~ wB[Zy ti'_ ;BwkB gqkgs eoB bJh b'Vh_d/ ;kXB gqkgs jh Bjh_, okiBhfse ;[szsosk
fJe noEjhB µpd j?.
;kXkoB µpdK ftu nkofEe fBnK s'_ Gkt j? fe nkofEe edoK ehwsK d/ nkXko
s/ wBZ[yK ftu n;wkBsktK dk Bk j'Dk. ;kekokswe gZy s'_ nkofEe fBnK s'_ Gkt j? ;wki
d/ b'eK dhnK w[YbhnK nkofEe }o{osK dh g{osh. fJ; nXhB ;ko/ ;ohoe s/ wkBf;e s"o
s/ szdo[;s b'eK ~ o'Nh, egVk, wekB ns/ o'}rko w[jZJhnk ehsk iKdk j?. fe;/ th ehs/
rJ/ ezw bJh fpBK fe;/ soQK d/ G/d Gkt d/ :'r ;/tk cb p[ZfYnK, p/;jkfonK ns/ p/
o[}rkoK bJh b'Vh_dh ;wkfie ;[oZfynk ns/ fJe nfijh eo gqDkbh i' nkwdBh s/ XB s/
nzso :'r ;hwktK ftu oZy ;e/, nkofEe fBnK d/ e[M j'o }o{oh b'Vh_d/ bZSD jB.
;' nkofEe fBnK ;wki d/ fJe nfij/ ;wkitkdh YKu/ dh wzr eodk j? fi;
nXhB oki :'iBkpzdh (planning) okjh_ nkw b'eK d/ efbnkD dk T[d/µ gqkgs eoB dk
:sB eodk j?. fJ; bJh toswkB oki d/ ;kjwD/ fJe wjZstg{oD w;bk fJj j? fe T[j
ftnesh ~ oki dh tXdh j'Jh µesh dk r[bkw pDkJ/ pr?o ;wkfie s/ nkofEe fBnK
gqdkB eoB dk T[d/µ fe; soQK gqkgs eo/.
2H3H4H5H fBnK dk ;[ s zs osk, ;wkBsk ns/ ;zg sh Bkb ;zp zX
(Relationship of Justice with Liberty, Equality and Property)
fit/_ fe
pkoeo B/ th fejk j? fe wB[ZyK d/ ;zrfms ;w{zj Gkt oki ftu e[M edoK-
ehwsK (values) ~ wkBsk d/Dh ns/ T[BQK dh go;go wjZssk fBµfus eoBh bk}wh j[zdh j?.
;[szsosk, ;wkBsks/ ;zgsh, fJzBQK ftu'_ ;G s'_ wjZstg{oB ns/ ;wki ftu w"i{d edoK ehwsK jB.
go fJBQK dh fJe d{i/ Bkb ;zpzX dh gq;go wjZssk dh wksok (degree) skbw/b (adjustment
and readjustment) ;w/_ d/ Bkb Bkb pdbdh ofjzdh j?. n;b ftu fJBQ K tZy -tZy edoK dh
wjZssk d/ gq;go dknftnK ftu skbw/b (adjustment and readjustement) ;Ekfgs eoB
dh fJe fBozso gqfefonk ikoh ofjzdh j? fi; ekoB ;wkBsk d/ dknftnK (claims) ;[szsosk d/
dh gqkgsh dk fejVk Yzr fBnKg{oB j? < fJ; gqµB pko/ ftukoeK d/ tZy-tZy ftuko jB.
ns/ fJBQK d'jK d/ dknftnK dk ;zgsh d/ dknftnK Bkb ;wk:'iB eoB g?_dk j?. fBnK jh T[j
;kXB j?, fi; okjh_ fJBQK fszB wjZstg{oD okiBhfse ehwsK ftu skbw/b fpmkT[D dk ekoi ehsk
iKdk j?. fit/_ pkoeo B/ th fejk j?, fJBQK fszB wjZstg{oD ehwsK ftu fJe;[osk g?dk eoe/ fJBQK
~ fJe ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu g/µ eoBk fBnK dk jh fJe ekoi j?.
j[D n;h_ fJjBK fszB XkoBktK d/ fBnK Bkb ;zpzXK dh uouk eoKr/.
okiBhfse soe nXhB fBnK ~ tzvD dh gqfeqnk dk fJe r[D iK ftµ/µsk wzfBnk
iKdk j?. e'p (Kolb) nB[;ko, fBnK µpd d/ d' noE jB L (1) ftnesh ~ T[; dk
nfXeko d/Dk (2) ;}k iK w[nkt}k d/ e/ rbsh ~ ;[XkoB dk :sB eoBk.
r[oftu (Gurvich) nB[;ko, @fBnK µpd dh tos'_ d' noEK ftu ehsh iKdh
j?. gfjbk, d/µ d/ gqufbs ek~BK ~ wB wkB/ Yzr Bkb Gzr Bk eoe/, fJjBK dh fBµfus
s/ ;jh Yzr Bkb gkbDk ns/ d{ik T[j nkdoµ, i' jo ek~B dk nkXko j[zd/ jB fiBQK dh
gkbDk jo ek~B dk T[d/µ jz[dk j?. r[oftu nZr/ fJj th ;gµN eodk j? fe @fBnK#
µpd dk ftbZyD s/ wjZstg{oD noE iK Gkt fJj d{ik s/ ftt;fEs noE jh j?, fi;
nXhB fJ; ~ @B?fsesk# ti'_ fbnk iKdk j?.
;"y/ µpdK ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe fBnK µpd jh gfoGkµk ;ze[fus s/
ft;sfos noEK ftu ehsh ik ;edh j?.
ft;sfos noEK ftu (broadly) fBnK s'_ Gkt j?, T[fussk ns/ B/eh
(righteousness and virtue) fJ; noE ftu fBnK dh tos'_ fB:wK, edoK ehwsK,
wkBt-fttjko s/ ;z;EktK ~ goy e/ T[BQK ~ @uzrk iK p[ok# mfjokT[D bJh ehsh iKdh j?.
J/E/ fBnK s'_ Gkt ;ukJh, B?fsesk, nkdoµK s/ B/eh s'_ fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; ~ n;h_ fBnK
dh nzsow[Zyh (subjective) iK f;XKse XkoBk th efj ;ed/ jK, fi; nXhB fBnK s'_
Gkt fBnK d/ e[M fBµfus s/ ;op gqtkfBs f;XKs j? i' ed/ Bjh_ pdbd/. Gkt fJj j? i'
fJj eZbQ iK G{s ftu ;B T[jh nZi jB s/ T[jh nkT[D tkb/ ;w/_ ftu th ofjDr/. fJ;
ft;sfos noE ftu fBnK dk ;zpzX ftnesh Bkb Bk j' e/ ;w[Zu/ ;wki Bkb j?.
;ze[fus noEK ftu fBnK s'_ Gkt j? fBnkfJe gqfefonk ns/ fBnkfJe YKuk. fJ;
noE ftu fBnK dk tX/o/ ;zpzX ftnesh Bkb j? Gkt fJ; nXhB fBnK ~ ftnesh d/
;zdoG ftu goy e/ fJj ikDB dk :sB ehsk iKdk j? fe ftnesh ~ fBnK fwb fojk j?
iK Bjh_. fJ; noE ftu fBnK ~ ek~B pDkT[D dh gqfeqnk ti'_ fbnk iKdk j?. ;' fBnK
g{oB ek~B, ;[szsosk s/ fBogZy ndkbs, ek~B ;kjwD/ ;wkBsk, ;G bJh ek~B dh ;wkB
;[oZfynk nkfd, fJ; (;ze[fus) noE ftu fBnK d/ e[M wjZstg{oB bZSD jB. fJ; ~ n;h_
fBnK dk pkjow[Zyh (objective) ns/ nwbh (empirical) noE th efj ;ed/ jK.
fJE/ fJj rZb th ;gZµN o{g ftu ;wM b?Dh }o{oh j? fe fBnK d/ d' gZy iK o{g
jw/µK Bkb Bkb ubd/ jB Gkt fJj ek~Bh th j? s/ B?fse th. fJ; dk ;zpzX ftneshrs
nfXekoK Bkb th j? s/ ;wkfie nfXekoK Bkb th. fJj gozgoktkdh th j? s/ ;[Xkotkdh th.
2H3H4H1 ek~Bh fBnK (Legal Justice)
ek~Bh fBnK s'_ Gkt j? @ek~B d/ nB[;ko fBnK#. fJ; dk ;zpzX ;wki ftu w"i{d
ek~Bh YKu/, dhtkBh s/ c"idkoh ek~B, fBnKfJe ;z;EktK ns/ fBnK dh gqfeqnk Bkb j?.
ek~Bh fBnK d/ d' w[Zy ns/ fJe d{i/ Bkb v{zxh soQK ;zpzfXs sZs jB. (1) fBnK g{oD
ek~B (Just Laws) (2) fBnK dk fBnKg{oD µk;B (Just administration of
Justice) .
fBnKg{oD ek~B fBnK o'; iK tk;sfte sZs jB. fJ; s'_ Gkt j? fe ftXkB gkfbektK
d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ ek~BK dk nkXko soe s/ ;wkfie ns/ B?fse edoK ehwsK j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;'
e'Jh ek~Bh i' ;wki ftu gqufbs otkfJsK s/ gozgoktK dh T[bzxDk eodk j?, fBnK d/ fto[X iK
nfBnK g{oD fejk ikt/rk.
fBnK g{oD ek~BK d/ Bkb jh i[Vh j'Jh d{ih wjZstg{oD XkoBk fJj j? fe e/tb
fBnK g{oD ek~BK dh j'_d jh ek\h Bjh_ ;r'_ T[BQK ~ fBnK g{oD Yzr Bkb bkr{ eoBk
th }o{oh j?. feT[_fe i/eo ek~B d/ µk;B ftu e'Jh xkN j? iK ek~B jh n;gµN j? iK
T[; dh mhe ftnkfynk Bjh_ ehsh ns/ i/ fBnK gqdkB eoB ftu pj[s d/o ehsh iKdh j?
sK ftnesh d/ ihtB s/ ;zgsh dh oZfynk eoBk w[µfeb j' ikt/rk.
fJ;/ bJh jh sK pokJh; B/ fejk j? fe fe;/ th ;oeko dh :'rsk ~ goyD
bJh T[; d/ fBnkfJe YKu/ s'_ tXhnk j'o e'Jh e;'Nh Bjh_, feT[_fe nkw Bkrfoe dk
efbnkD s/ ;[oZfynk T[; d/ fJ; nfj;k; s/ fBoGo eod/ jB fe T[j fJe fBµfus s/
c[oshb/ (prompt) fBnK d/ µk;B d/ nXhB j?.
fBnK dk fBnKg{oB µk;B eJh ;ko/ sZsK s/ fBoGo eodk j? fit/_ fe fBnK d/
µk;B dk ekoi eoB tkb/ b'e, T[BQK dh fB:[esh dk Yzr s/ B"eoh dhnK µosK ns/ T[j
fi; okjh_ T[j nkgD/ nkg ekoi eod/ jB.
fBnK d/ fBnKg{oD µk;B dk fJe j'o noE j? @e[M ftneshnK dk Bjh_ ;r'_
ek~B dk µk;B.# ;' fJ;d/ w[Zy bZSD jB L (1) ek~B dk µk;B (2) fBnKekoK dh
fBogZysk ns/ (3) fBnK gkfbek dh ;[szsosk.
ek~B dk µk;B (Rule of Law)
ek~B d/ ;kµB s'_ Gkt j? fe ek~B dhnK B}oK ftu ;G ;wkB jB ns/ fe;/
oki ftu ofj oj/ ;ko/ BkrfoeK T[s/ fJe' ek~B bkr{ j[zdk j?. d{i/ µpdK ftu, ek~B d/
;kµB s'_ fJj Gkt j? fe Xow, iksh, fcoe/, XB iK nj[d/ d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ Bkb e'Jh G/
d-Gkt Bjh_ ehsk ikt/rk.
ek~B d/ ;kµB dk noE wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb fdZsh e?d s'_ w[esh th j? Gkt/_ id'_ se
ek~Bh s"o s/ ;Ekfgs ndkbs ftu fJe fBµfus ek~Bh gqfenk okjh_ fe;/ dk i[ow ;kps Bjh_ j'
iKdk, T[; ~ fjok;s ftu Bjh_ fbnk ikt/rk. ek~B d/ ;kµB d/ f;XKs d/ w[Zy ;woEe vkfJ;h B/
fJ; f;XKs dk noE fJ; soQK ehsk j?, @;wki d/ ;ko/ torK dh d/µ d/ nkw ek~B, fi; ~ fe
T[E'_ dhnK ndkbsK bkr{ eodhnK jB, ;kjwD/ nXhBsk.# fJ; f;XKs dk wzst ek~B okjh_ w"fbe
ftneshrs ;[szsosktK ~ ;[oZfyns eoBk j?.
2H3H5H1 fBnK ns/ ;[s zs osk (Justice and Liberty)
ni'eh T[dkotkdh b'eszsoh gqDkbh ftu gqufbs fBnK dh ;w[Zuh XkoBk nXhB ;[szsosk dk
fJe pj[s jh wjZstg{oB ;EkB j?. r[bkwh s/ skBkµkjh fto[X g[oksB s/ wZXekb ftu ehsh rJh
id'_-ifjd ~ fJ;/ bJh ikfJi wzfBnk iKdk j? feT[_fe fJ; nXhB ftneshrs ;[szsosk ~
ftneshrs s/ ;wkfie fBnK ~ nkXko wzfBnk frnk. 1688 dh fJzrb?_v dh µkBdko eqKsh, 1776
dh nwoheB eqKsh, 1789 dh \oK; dh eqKsh, 1917 dh o{;h eqKsh ns/ ;kwoki s/ p;shtkd fto[X
20th_ ;dh ftu ehs/ rJ/ nB/eK okµNoh nzd'bB fJ; rZb dk gqwkD jB fe ftneshnK, ;w{jK iK
okµNoK dh r[b kwh ns/ T[BQK T[s/ ;kµB ;wkfie s/ nkofEe ns/ ;fGnkukoe gZy s'_ nfBnKg{oD
jB.
T[dkotkdh, ;[ssz osk ~ fBnK dh w[ZYbh ns/ wjZstg{oD µos wzBd/ jB. bke s/ n?vw ;fwE
tor/ µ[o{ d/ T[dkotkdh ftukoeK B/ nfXekoK s/ ;[szsosk ~ gqkfeqse wzfBnk j?. T[BQK dk fJj th wZs
j? fe oki dh j'_d sK jh ikfJ} j? i/eo oki nfXekoK s/ ;[ssz osk dh oZfynk eo ;e/.
;[szsosk ~ fBnK dh gfjbh µos wzBD dh gqzgok 20th_ ;dh ftu Bk f;oc ikoh jh ojh j?
;r'_ j'o th fdqV s/ ftµkb j' rJh j? feT[_fe j[D fJ; ftu ;wkfie s/ nkofEe gZyK ~ th µkfwb
eo fbnk frnk j?. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftu fBnK dh XkoBk dh ;G s'_ w[Zy ;wZf;nk ftneshrs ;[szsosk s/
;wkfie GbkJh ftu ;[wb / ;Ekfgs eoB dh j?. ikjB okb} (John Rawls) B/ nkgDh g[;se " A
Theory of Justice" (1971) ftZu ;[szsosk ~ Bk e/tb fBnK d/ f;XKsK ftu jh µkfwb ehsk j?,
;r'_ fJ;~ fBnK dh fJe wjZstg{oB µos th wzfBnk j?. T[j fBwBfbys ;wkB w"fbe ;[szsosktK ~
fBnK dk nXko wzBdk j? L
1H okiBhse ;[szsosktK fit/_ fe wsdkB ns/ iBse gd gqkgs eoB dk
nfXeko ns/ GkµD dh s/ fJeZm/ j'D dh ;s[zsosk.
2H ;'uD dh s/ e'Jh th Xow s/ ftµtk; XkoB eoB dh ;[szsosk.
3H ftneshrs ;[szsosk ns/ fBZih ;zgsh dk nfXeko.
4H wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb frqcskoh s'_ ;[szsosk Gkt f;o\ ek~B d[nkok fBoXkfos
Yzr okjh_ jh fe;/ ~ fjok;s ftu fbnk ik ;edk j?.
okb} dk ws j? fe fJBQK ;[szsosktK ftu'_ fe;/ th fJe T[s/ f;o\ T[d'_ jh s/
f;oc T[; jZd se jh o'e brkJh ik ;edh j? id'_ T[j fe;/ j'o ;[szsosk Bkb NeokT[_dh
j't/, go fJBQK ftu'_ fe;/ ~ th y'fjnk Bjh_ ik ;edk.
2H3H3H5H2 fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk (Justice and Equality)
fBnK s/ ;wkBsk dk gq;go ;zpzX ek\h fttkdg{oB ftµk fojk j? L n;b ftu
;wki ftu eJh gqeko dhnK n;wkBsktK w"i {d jB. fit/_ T[wo, fbzr, f;Zfynk, :'rsk,
;wkfie gZXo ns/ XB nkfd dh n;wkBsk. fJBQK ftu'_ e[M e[dosh jB s/ e[M wB[Zy
d[nkok pDkJhnK j'JhnK. XB s/ ;wkfie gZXo dh n;wkBsk, µesh dh n;wkBsk ~ ns/
fJe nfijh ;fEsh ~ iBw fdzdh j? fi; nXhB ;wki dk fJe tv/ok Gkr e[M e[ b'eK dh
fJZSk dk r[bkw j' iKdk j?. bzpk wkBt fJfsjk; fJ; sZE dk rtkj j? fe ;wki ftu
gqufbs fJBQK n;wkBsktK ~ Bk f;o\ }kfJ} jh mfjokfJnk iKdk fojk j? ;r'_ T[sµkfjs th
ehsk iKdk fojk j?. T[dkjoD ti'_, :{BkBh dkoµfBeK B/ dk;-gqEk dk ;woEB ehsk, J/;/
soQK ;kwzsµkjh nXhB iBw s'_ iks d/ nkXko T[s/ ns/ T[dkotkd nXhB y[b Q/ nkofEe
w[ekpb/ d[nkok j'_d ftu nkJhnK n;wkBsktK dk, fBZi h ;zgsh dk ns/ ;wM"sk (contact) eoB d/
nfXeko dk ;woEB ehsk frnk.
;wki ftu w"id { k n;wkBsktK fto[X ;zxoµ ;dk s'_ jh fBnK dk fJe wjZstg{oD sZs
fojk j?. fBnK Bkb ;zpfz Xs jo fJe f;XKs ;wkBsk d/ jZe ftu nktk} p[bd z eodk j?. fBnK s/
;wkBsk dk nkg; ftu pj[s v{x z k ;pzX j? feT[f_ e fBnK nXhB ;dk jh ;wkB b'eK Bkb fBnK
g{oB s/ wBwkBh ofjs (Non-arbitrary) fttjko dh wzr ehsh iKdh j? L ("fair and non-
arbitrary treatment for equals-Godwin) fJ; dk Gkt j? fe ;wki ftu wB[y Z dhnK
pDkJhnK j'JhnK n;wkBsktK Bjh_ j'DhnK ukjhdhnK. d{i/ µpdK ftu fBnK s'_ Gkt j? G/dGkt dh
fBnK dh fJj th wzr j? fe okiBhfse gqDkbh nfij/ Yzr Bkb ekoi eo/ fe w"fenK, fttjko
ns/ uhiK dh ;wkB tzv ;zGt j' ;e/. fJ; dk noE fJj th j? fe okiBhfse gqDkbh dk nkXko @fJe
ftnesh fJe t'N# (One person one vote) j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
fBnK dk noE j? L (1) ek~B d/ ;kjwD/ pokpoh ns/ (2) ;G bJh ek~B dh ;wkB
;[oZfynk. feT[_fe fJBQK d' f;XKsK okjh_ jh fe;/ ftnesh ~ fJ; rZb dk g{ok :ehB j' ;edk j?
fe T[; ~ ;wki d/ pkeh b'eK d/ pokpo jh ;wfMnk ikJ/rk.
fJE/ fJj ;gµN eo d/Dk th }o{oh j? fe Gkt/_ f;XKse o{g ftu ;k~ fJj ikgdk j? fe tzv
fBnKg{oD j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJe' fij/ jkbksK ftu tZy-tZy soQK dk ;b{e rbs j?. go nwbh s"o
s/ fJj' fijk fttjko jw/µk fBnKg{oD Bjh_ j[zdk ns/ eJh tkoh fBnK gqdkB eoB bJh e[M b'Vtzd
b'eK ~ yk; ;j{bsK d/Dk ns/ ;wki d/ ftµ/µ nfXekoK tkb/ s/ nwho b'eK T[&Zs/ e[M pzdµK
brkT[DhnK }o{oh j' iKdhnK jB. Gkosh ;zftXkB okjh_ fgSVhnK ikshnK, gSV/ ephfbnK ns/ nB[;{fus
ikshnK bJh okyt/_ ;kXBK dh Bhsh ns/ ;zgsh d/ nfXeko s/ brkJhnK rJhnK pzdµK dk nkXko
@fBnKg{oD fttjko# dk jh f;XKs j?.
2H3H5H3 fBnK ns/ ;zg sh (Justice and Property)
fBnK s/ ;zgsh dk th fJe d{i/ Bkb pj[s B/V/ dk ;zpzX j? go fJj ;zpzX jw/µK s'_ jh
tkd fttkd dk ftµk fojk j?.
;zgsh gqkgs eoB d/ nB/eK Yzr jB fit/_ ftok;s okjh_, :'rsk d[nkok, fwjBs eoe/, e/tb
uzrh fe;ws ekoB, ftfdnk okjh_, ubkeh Bkb. ;wki ftu nfij/ b'eK dh th ewh Bjh_ i/ ;jh brB,
JhwkBdkoh s/ fwjBs Bkb i[N/ ofjD d/ pkti{d th XB s/ ;zgsh gqkgs eo ;eD ftu n;cb ofjzd/
jB. fJ; rb s'_ th fJBeko Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk fe ;wki ftu j' oj/ nfBnK dk fJe w[Zy ekoB
uh}K s/ ;kXBK (;zgsh) dh n;wkB tZv j?. fJ; bJh fJj pj[s }o{oh j? fe ihtB ftu fwbD tkb/
;[y s/ ;zgsh dk nkXko :'rsk j't/. go ;zgsh w[Yb/ T[dkotkdh fBZih ;zgsh s/ fBnK ftueko e'Jh
fto'X Bjh_ ;B wzBd/. T[BQK nB[;ko, ;wkfie s/ nkofEe fBnK dh fJjh wzr j? fe d{finK dh ;zgsh
ftu e'Jh d]b-nzdk}h Bk ehsh ikJ/. ;wkfie fBnK d/ BK s/ d{finK dh ;zgsh ~ y'jD ~ T[j
nB?fse wzBd/ jB.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gq; aB -.
1 gb?N' d/ fBnK B{z fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHHti'I gfoGkfFs ehsk j?.
2H T[g:'rsktkdhnK nB[;ko fBnK eh j?<
3H ;wkitkdhnK nB[;ko fBnK dh XkoktK d/ eh nkXko jB<
4H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHnB[;ko ;[szsosk fBnK dh fJe wjZstg{oB Fos j?.
2 H 3 H 6 ;koKF (Conclusion)
nzs ftZu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fBnK dh XkotK nZi d/ b'eszsoh :[Zr ftZu pj[s
wjZstg{oB j? feT[Ife ;jh fBnK (Fair Justice) s'I fpBK ;[szsosk s/ ;wkBsk dk nkgD/ nkg
ftZu e'Jh noE BjhI j?. fBnK dh XkoktK F[o{ s'I b? e/ j[D sZe okiBhse ftfrnkBhnK dh fyZu dk
e/Ido ojh j?.
2 H 3 H 7 ;t?-nfGnk; bJh gqF BK d/ T[Zs o (I)
1H T[Zsw r[D (Virtue)
2H tZX s'I tZX b'eK dk tZX s'I tZX efbnkD
3H b'V s/ w'fbe ;wkBsk

4H ikB okb} (John Rawls)
2 H 3H8 ;[ M kJhnK g[ ;seK
(iii) Sushila Ramaswamy : Political Theory
(iv) www.wikipedia.org
(v) www.ou p.com
31
Democracy : Meaning, Characteristic and Types
(Introduction)
Concepts
(Meaning and Definition of Democracy)

32
Basic Democracy
Guided Democracy
33
(Lincoln)
(G Sartori)
imputs
outputs
Values of Democracy
34
Mayo
Ballots for bulletin and counting instead of

cracking the ehads
value
35
Characterstics of Democracy
Types of Democracy
i ii
Direct Democracy
36
Recalls
Indirect Democracy
Representative Democracy
(Modern Interpretation of Democracy)

37
(Conclusion) :
Class exploitation
38
(1) Harry, D. Mayo : Introduction to Democratic Theory, p. 23

(2) Crick, Bernard : In Defence of Politics, p.31
(3) H.J. Laski : Democracy, p.76-84.
(4) C.D. Burns : Political Ideals. p.p. 276-289.
(5) J.S. Mill : On Liberty.
(6) Carole Pate Man : Participation and Democratic Theory, p.22.
(7) Giovanni Sartori : Democracy : Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences,
Vol, p. 112.
(8) Austin Renney : Government of Meu, p.342.
(9) W.W. Rostow : Politics and Stages of Growth, p.26.
(10) Mayo : Introduction to Democratic Theory, p;.218.343
(11) V. Douglas : The Analysis of Politcal System, p.p. 103 113,
178.
(12) Sartori : Democratic Theory. p. 33.
(13) Deol : Liberalism and Marxism
(14) E.H. Carr : The New Society
(15) Harvey Whelers : Democracy in Revolutionary Era, 10,
Encyclopaedia of Sciences, Vil. V.
(16) J.S. Badyal : Political Theory (Punjabi)
(17) S.S. Nanda : Political Theory (Punjabi)
(18) www.wikipedia.org
(19) www.oup.com
39
(Theories of Democracy : Liberal and Marxist)
(Objectives of Lesson)
(Introduction)
40
Meaning and various aspects of Democracy

Democracy
Demos Cratia
(Democracy
is a government in which every one has a share).
2. (Lord Bryce)
(That
from of government in which ruling power of the state is vested not its
particular class or classes but in the members of the community as a
whole).
(Lincoln). (De-
mocracy is a government of the people, by the people, for the people).
(Dicey)
(Democracy is a form of government is which governing body is
comparatively a large fraction of the entier nation).
(Hall)
(Democracy is a form of Political organisation in which public opinion
has control.)
(Various aspects of Democracy)

41
(Democratic state) :
(Democratic Government)
(Democratic Society)
(Dicey)
Democratic economic order)
(Democracy as a way life)
I
Democracy
(Classical Liberal Theory of Democracy)

42
j?
. fJ; bJh ; wki ~ fJ; / T[d/F ~ ; kj wD/ oZ
y e/ pDkfJnk i kDk ukj hdk j ?
. (Thomas
More)
(Hobbes) Leviathan,
(Law of Land)
(Separations
of Power) (General will)
43
(Utilitiran School)
Protective Democracy
(representative)
(personal) (Collective)
44
: (Characterists of Classical Democracy)
(Sovereign with the people)
(Faith in the rational and moral

nature of man) : (rational)
.4.3. (State and government are taken

as means)
(end) (means)
(Plurastic character of the society) :
(Evolutionary Nature)
(Importance of liberty equality and Fraterity)

45
(Rule of Law)
(Rule of Majority)
(Periodic Elections)
(Fundamental Rights)
46
(Independent and Impartial Judiciary)
(Faith in peaceful and constitu-

tional methods)
(bullet) (ballot)
(Independent means of communication) :-
(Open competition for political power)
(Responsibility of Government)
47
II
(Critical Evaluation of the Classical

Theory of Democracy)
48
democratic humanism
49
III
Marxist theory of democracy
(Conclusion)
dynamic
50
Demos (Cratia)
(i
(ii
(iii
(i
(ii
(iii
3 (i
(ii
(i)
(ii
(iii
(iv
(v
(III
(i
(ii
(iii
(iv
IV
i
51
ii
iii
iv
(Suggested Readings)
•
• Political Theory - J.S. Badyal (Pbi. Medium)
• Modern Political Analysis- N. Jayapalan (Eng Medium)
• www.oup.com
• www.cup.com
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Democracy : Meaning, Characteristic and Types

(Meaning and Definition of Democracy)

Ballots for bulletin and counting instead of

(Modern Interpretation of Democracy)

(1) Harry, D. Mayo : Introduction to Democratic Theory, p. 23

(Theories of Democracy : Liberal and Marxist)

Meaning and various aspects of Democracy

(Various aspects of Democracy)

Democratic economic order)

(Democracy as a way life)

(Classical Liberal Theory of Democracy)

: (Characterists of Classical Democracy)

(Sovereign with the people)

(Faith in the rational and moral

.4.3. (State and government are taken

(Plurastic character of the society) :

(Importance of liberty equality and Fraterity)

(Independent and Impartial Judiciary)

(Faith in peaceful and constitu-

(Independent means of communication) :-

(Open competition for political power)

(Critical Evaluation of the Classical

Marxist theory of democracy

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