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    Ch1 2024 Crypto History

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    Mohsen Shahabi
    This document provides an overview of the history and development of encryption from ancient times to modern cryptography. It discusses early manual ciphers used by ancient Greeks and Romans and covers important developments through each era such as the invention of public key cryptography and the emergence of quantum cryptography.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ch1 2024 Crypto History

    Uploaded by

    Mohsen Shahabi
    6 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview of the history and development of encryption from ancient times to modern cryptography. It discusses early manual ciphers used by ancient Greeks and Romans and covers important developments through each era such as the invention of public key cryptography and the emergence of quantum cryptography.

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    Ch1.2024.Crypto.History

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    This document provides an overview of the history and development of encryption from ancient times to modern cryptography. It discusses early manual ciphers used by ancient Greeks and Romans and covers important developments through each era such as the invention of public key cryptography and the emergence of quantum cryptography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views21 pages

    Ch1 2024 Crypto History

    Uploaded by

    Mohsen Shahabi
    This document provides an overview of the history and development of encryption from ancient times to modern cryptography. It discusses early manual ciphers used by ancient Greeks and Romans and covers important developments through each era such as the invention of public key cryptography and the emergence of quantum cryptography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 21

    Chapter 1 of Data Security and Cryptography

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 1


    Chapter 1. A Very Brief History and Prospect of Encryption

    • Cryptography development during different historical periods


    1. Ancient time (2000 BCE – Roman Empire)
    2. Medieval and Renaissance
    3. Cryptography from 1800 to World War I
    4. Cryptography during World War II
    5. Modern encryption algorithms (1946 – )
    6. Public key cryptography (1976 – )
    7. Post-quantum cryptography (Recent – )
    8. Quantum cryptography (Recent – )

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 2


    1.1. Ancient time (2000 BCE – Roman Empire)

    • Two representatives from ancient time:

    1. In ancient Greece, the Spartan army used scytale cipher.

    2. Ancient Romans are known to use the Caesar cipher in

    battlefield.

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 3


    Scytale Cipher (Spartan Cipher)

    Scytale Cipher (aka. Spartan Cipher)

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 4


    Caesar Cipher and Shift Cipher

    Caesar Cipher and Shift Cipher

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 5


    1.2. Medieval and Renaissance

    • Arabic mathematician Al-Kindi used frequency-


    analysis method and broke all shift ciphers and
    monoalphabetic substitution ciphers.

    • So French Bellaso devised more sophisticate


    Vigenère cipher:
    ▪ One of the first polyalphabetic ciphers

    ▪ Later it was used in American Civil War


    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 6
    Vigenère Cipher

    • Vigenère Cipher

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 7


    1.3. From 1800 to World War I
    • Dutch Auguste Kerckhoffs proposed in 1883:
    o Kerckhoffs’ principle laid the foundation of cryptography:

    The security of a cryptosystem must depend only on


    the key, and not on the secrecy of any other part of
    the system.
    -- Still valid today.

    • Playfair cipher
    o Invented by English C. Wheatstone in 1854
    o Probably the best cipher used in WWI
    o Also used in WWII

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 8


    Playfair Cipher

    • Playfair Cipher

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 9


    1.4. World War II Cryptography

    • Enigma
    o An electromechanical rotor machine used by German army.

    o Broken by a group of British and Polish mathematicians


    with help from French.

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 10


    Enigma Machine

    • Enigma Machine

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 11


    1.5. Modern Cryptography

    • After electric computer was invented in 1946,


    all classical ciphers were soon broken.
    • More complex ciphers were in a need for
    secure communication.

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 12


    Modern Cryptography
    • Two representatives:
    o DES (Data Encryption Standard):
    ▪ Standard cipher used by US government (1975-2000)
    o AES (Advanced Encryption Standard):
    ▪ Encryption algorithm standardised by NIST and IEEE
    around 2000 and adopted by many governments.
    ▪ Regarded as the current most secure encryption
    algorithm.
    ▪ AES will be covered in Chapter 5.
    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 13
    1.6. Public Key Cryptography
    • Extremely important in network security:
    o Provide new network security services, for example, key
    distribution, digital signature, etc., in addition to
    encryption
    • The first PKC was invented in 1976.

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 14


    Public Key Cryptosystems
    • well known public key cryptosystems:
    o Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange:
    ▪ Invented in 1976

    o RSA:
    ▪ Invented in 1977

    o ElGamal:
    ▪ Invented in 1985

    o Elliptic Curve:
    ▪ Invented in 1986

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 15


    Public Key Cryptography Concept

    • Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange


    o (starts at 2.08 min)

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 16


    1.7. PQC: Post-Quantum Cryptography
    • As quantum computer is about to be available,
    many existing cryptosystems become
    vulnerable to quantum attacks.
    • PQC designs systems that are immune to
    quantum attacks.
    o NTRU system

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 17


    Why Post Quantum Cryptography?

    • Post-Quantum Cryptography

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 18


    1.8. Quantum Cryptography

    • Cryptography based on quantum mechanics


    o Different from PQC

    • Use qubit
    • Quantum cryptography systems
    o Quantum key distribution

    o Bounded quantum storage

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 19


    Quantum cryptography concepts

    • A Qubit in the Making


    (a qubit is a quantum bit, used in quantum computing.)

    • Quantum Key Distribution

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 20


    Note
    • Picture and videos used in the set of slides
    courtesy to YouTube and Google Image.

    Data Security & Cryptography (2024W) Huapeng Wu @ U. Windsor 21

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