HYDRAULICS:

FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID FLOW
1

ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
BY: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO
4 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
DISCHARGE (Q)
the volume, weight, or mass of fluid flowing through a certain
cross-sectional area during a specified time period.

Q = AV Where:
A = cross-sectional area of flow (m 2)
m 3 N kg V = average velocity of flow (m/s)
Q = discharge ( s , s , s )

VOLUME FLOW RATE MASS FLOW RATE

WEIGHT FLOW RATE

CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
when, at any instant, the number of particles passing
every cross section of the stream is the same, the flow is said to be
continuous, or there is continuity of flow.

Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3, etc.

 EXAMPLE 1 Solving the Discharge
QUESTION:
Compute the discharge of water through a 3-inches pipe if the
mean velocity is 8.5 ft per second.
FIGURE: SOLUTION: Q = AV = πr2V
A 1 3
= π( • )2 ft2 (8.5 ft/s)
V 2 12
pipe Q = 0.417 ft3/s (cfs)

EXAMPLE 2 Solving the Mean Velocity

QUESTION:
The discharge of air through a 0.8m pipe is 26 cms. Compute the
mean velocity .
FIGURE: SOLUTION: Q = AV = πr2V ;
A
V 0.8 2 2
pipe 26 m 3/s = π( ) m V V = 51.725 m/s
2
4 WATER FLOW IN PIPES
PIPES

- Is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular

section.
- It is used to convey substance which can flow.
HEADLOSS

- Refers to the measurement of energy dissipated in a system due to friction.

DISCHARGE

The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time.

4
Where:
Q = discharge; also known as volume flow
Q = AV rate.
A = cross-sectional area of flow in m 2 or ft 2
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO V = mean velocity of flow in m/sec or ft/sec
4 WATER FLOW IN PIPES: LOSSES IN PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION)
Darcy Weishbach FOR CIRCULAR/ NON-CIRCULAR
PIPES
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = ; ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴
𝐷2𝑔 𝐷5 𝐷 = 4𝑅 ; 𝑅 =
𝑃
Mannings 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
6.35𝑛2𝐿𝑉 2 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2 ℎ𝑓 = headloss in pipes
ℎ𝑓 = 4 ; ℎ𝑓 = 16 f = coefficient of friction
𝐷3 𝐷3 L =length of pipe (m)
1 2 1 ℎ𝑓 V = velocity of fluid (m/s)
𝑣 =5 𝑅3 𝑆 2 𝑆= g = gravity (m/s2)
𝑛 𝐿 Q = discharge of fluid
D = diameter of pipe
Hazen Williams n = coefficient of roughness
R = hydraulic radius
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 P = wetted perimeter
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87 A = area of pipe
V = 0.8429C𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54 S = slope of hydraulic gradient
C = coefficient
Q = 0.2785C 𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
4 WATER FLOW IN PIPES: LOSSES IN PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION)
HEADLOSS IN NOZZLE

𝑉𝑛 2 1
ℎ𝑛 = 2
−1
2𝑔 𝐶𝑣

HORSEPOWER IN JET

𝑄𝛿𝐸
HP =
746
𝑉𝑛 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
E= Cv = coefficient of Velocity
2𝑔
𝑉𝑛
2𝑔
= velocity head of nozzle
6

ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
EXAMPLE 1 WATER FLOW IN PIPES

QUESTION: 𝑚3
A 0.60m diameter pipeline is 30 m long carries 0.4 𝑠
of water.
Compute the headloss using the following formulas:
a.) Darcy Weishbach f= 0.014
b.) Mannings n= 0.013
c.) Hazen Williams C = 120
b. 6.35𝑛2𝐿𝑉 2 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
SOLUTION: ℎ𝑓 = 4 ; ℎ𝑓 = 16
𝐷3 𝐷3
a. 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2 10.29 0.013 2 (30)(0.4)2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷2𝑔
; ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷5
ℎ𝑓 = 16
(0.60) 3
0.0826(0.014)(30)(0.4)2
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 =0.127m
(0.60)5
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 = 0.071m c. ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶1.85 𝐷 4.87
10.67(30)(0.4)1.85
ℎ𝑓 =
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO (120)1.85 (0.60)4.87
ℎ𝑓 = 0.101m
EXAMPLE 2 WATER FLOW IN PIPES

QUESTION: 𝑚3
A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2 at a headloss of 5m per km
𝑠
length of pipe. Compute the diameter of the pipe using the following:
a. Hazen William C = 120
b. Mannings n = 0.012
c. Darcy Weishbach f = 0.021
b. 6.35𝑛2𝐿𝑉 2 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
SOLUTION: ℎ𝑓 = 4 ;ℎ =
𝑓 16
𝐷3 𝐷3
a. 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 10.29 0.012 2 (1000)(1.2)2
ℎ𝑓 = 5= 16
𝐶1.85 𝐷 4.87 (𝐷) 3
10.67(1000)(1.2)1.85
5 = (120)1.85(𝐷)4.87 D =0.858m
8 D = 0.839m
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
c. ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷2𝑔 ; ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷5
0.0826(0.021)(1000)(1.2)2
5=
(𝐷)5
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO D = 0.870 m
EXAMPLE 3 WATER FLOW IN PIPES

QUESTION: A 1m diameter pipe new cast iron is 845m long and has a headloss
of 1.11m. Find the discharge capacity (Q) using the following formulas:
a. Mannings n = 0.013
b. Darcy Weishbach f = 0.021 Q = AV
c. Hazen Williams C = 130
SOLUTION:
2 1
1
a. V= (0.25)3 (0.00131)2
0.013
Q = AV V = 1.105m/s
1 2 1 Q= AV
V = n R3 S 2 𝜋
9 Q = 4 (1)2 (1.105)
hf
9 S = ; D = 4R 𝑚3
L
1.11 Q = 0.868
S= = 0.00131 𝑠
845
𝐷 1
R = 4 = 4 ENGR.
= 0.25
M.YMOSCOSO ℎ𝑓 =
6.35𝑛2𝐿𝑉 2
; ℎ𝑓 =
10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
4 16
𝐷3 𝐷3
EXAMPLE 3 WATER FLOW IN PIPES

QUESTION: A 1m diameter pipe new cast iron is 845m long and has a headloss
of 1.11m. Find the discharge capacity (Q) using the following formulas:
a. Mannings n = 0.013
b. Darcy Weishbach f = 0.021 Q = AV
c. Hazen Williams C = 130
SOLUTION:

b. 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2

ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷2𝑔 ; ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷5
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷5
0.021(845)𝑉 2 0.0826(0.021)(845)𝑄2
1.11 = 1.11= (1)5
(1)(2)(9.81)
10
V = 1.108m/s (1.11)(1)5
10 Q=
Q = AV 0.0826(0.021)(845)
𝜋 𝑚3
Q = (1)2 (1.108) Q = 0.870 𝑠
4
𝑚 3
Q= 0.870ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
𝑠
 HYDRAULICS:
PIPES NETWORKS
11

ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
BY: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO
1 PIPE NETWORKS

SERIES A When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form a pipe
line, they are said to be in series.
The total loss of energy (Or head) will be the sum of the losses in each pipe plus local
losses at connections.

❑ The DISCHARGE (Q) in all pipes are equal.

❑ The total HEAD LOST is equal to the sum of the individual head loss

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑
HL = 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑
1 PIPE NETWORKS
13
PARALLELA Pipes are said to be parallel when they are so connected that the flow from a
pipe branches or divided into two or more pipes and reunite into a single pipe.

❑ The DISCHARGE (Q) is equal to the sum of the individual discharge in each pipes
❑ The total HEAD LOST in all pipes are all equal

𝑸 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒉𝟑

ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
1 PIPES (SERIES AND PARALLEL)
14

ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO
1 PIPES (SERIES AND PARALLEL)
QUESTION: Three concrete pipes are connected in series as shown. If the rate of flow in the
𝑚3
pipe is 0.10 .
𝑠
a. Determine the total headloss of the pipe.

FIGURE: Solution

a. HL = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
1 2 3 HL = 𝐷5

0.0826(0.0248)(360)(0.10)2 = 23.045m
ℎ𝑓1 =
(0.2)5
1 2 3 ℎ𝑓2 =
0.0826(0.0242)(300)(0.10)2 = 78.97m
L = 15
(0.15)5
360m L = 300m L = 600m 0.0826(0.0255)(600)(0.10)2
ℎ𝑓3 = = 12.94m
D = 0.2m D = 0.15m D = 0.25m (0.25)5
f = 0.0248 f = 0.0242 f = 0.0255 HL = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑
ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO HL = 23.045+78.79+12.94
HL = 114.78m
1 PIPES (SERIES AND PARALLEL)
QUESTION: Pipeline 1,2, and 3 are connected with parallel to each other with pipeline 1
having diameter of 450mm, 600m long. Pipeline 2, 400mm diameter, 800m long and
pipeline 3, 500mm diameter, 700m long. The three pipes carries a combined discharged
of 0.86m^3/s. assuming f = 0.02 for all pipes.
a. Discharge at pipe 1, 2 and 3

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ENGR. M.YMOSCOSO