Genetics and Heredity - Biology - 9th Grade

9th grade
Genetics and
Heredity - Biology
Som-O tutor
Table of contents
01 02 03
chromosome Mendel’s laws
You can describe the topic
of the section here
04 05
Human
06
Genetic variation inheritance Technologies
You can describe the topic You can describe the topic You can describe the topic
of the section here of the section here of the section here
Why do humans, animals, and
other living beings have different
characteristics? These
differences are related to what
inside the cells?
Activity
1
1
2
2
3 3 ?
Activity
1
1
2
2
3 3 ?
Activity
1
1
2
2
3 3 ?
Definition of genetics
The characteristics passed from parents to

offspring, or from one generation to another,
are called genetic traits
1
Which characteristic is not a genetic trait?

a. Tongue rolling
b. Smiling
c. Having tattoos
d. Forehead hairline pattern
2
The girl A has single-layered eyelids, which is

an inherited trait from which of the following
individuals?
a. Aunt b. Father c. Mother d. Uncle
3
Genetic material is found in
which structure of plant and
animal cells?
A.Nucleus B. Cell membrane
C. Vacuole D. Cell wall
Chromosome
Your body is made up of trillions of
cells. Each cell is a copy of a
single cell that divided itself to
make all of the cells in your body.
Your cells need instructions to
create who you are. Your DNA,
genes and chromosomes work
together to tell your body how to
form and function.
Question and Answer
Consider the statements numbered 1-3:
1. Chromosomes consist of many genes.
2. DNA and proteins are components of chromosomes.
3. 3. DNA throughout the strand is the gene that controls hereditary traits.
Which statement is correct?

Number............................................................................................................
Which statement is incorrect?
Number...............................................................................................................
Because...............................................................................................................
Question and Answer
Have the students arrange the following words from

larger units to smaller units:
Chromosome, cell, DNA, base, gene, nucleus, body
…………………………….……………………….…………………………..
Gregor Johann
Mendel
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Mendel's pea plants:
To find out these discoveries, Mendel needed to
conduct lots of experiments. He wanted to use pea
plants and their distinctive characteristics to look at
the patterns of inheritance.
He chose pea plants as they had lots of distinctive
features and traits that were easy for him to study.
He looked at the seed shape, seed colour, plant
height, pod shape, pod colour, flower position and
flower colour.
Why was Pea Plant Selected for
Mendel’s Experiments?
He selected a pea plant for his experiments for the following reasons:
1. The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained.
2. They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated.
3. It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time.
4. It has several contrasting characters.
Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were:
1. Monohybrid Cross
2. Dihybrid Cross
While experimenting, Mendel found that certain factors were always being transferred down to the
offspring in a stable way. Those factors are now called genes i.e. genes can be called the units of
inheritance.
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
In a dihybrid cross experiment, Mendel considered
two traits, each having two alleles. He crossed
wrinkled-green seed and round-yellow seeds and
observed that all the first generation progeny (F1
progeny) were round-yellow. This meant that
dominant traits were the round shape and yellow
colour.
He then self-pollinated the F1 progeny and obtained

4 different traits: round-yellow, round-green,
wrinkled-yellow, and wrinkled-green seeds in the
ratio 9:3:3:1.
Conclusions from Mendel’s
Experiments
• The genetic makeup of the plant is known as the genotype.
On the contrary, the physical appearance of the plant is
known as phenotype.
• The genes are transferred from parents to the offspring in
pairs known as alleles.
• During gametogenesis when the chromosomes are halved,
there is a 50% chance of one of the two alleles to fuse
with the allele of the gamete of the other parent.
• When the alleles are the same, they are known as
homozygous alleles and when the alleles are different they
are known as heterozygous alleles.
Mendel’s laws
The two experiments lead to the formulation of
Mendel’s laws known as laws of inheritance
which are:
1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Dominance
This is also called Mendel’s first law of

inheritance. According to the law of
dominance, hybrid offspring will only
inherit the dominant trait in the
phenotype. The alleles that are
suppressed are called the recessive traits
while the alleles that determine the trait
are known as the dominant traits.
Law of Segregation
The law of segregation states that during the

production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary
factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor
from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative
form of the gene) pairs segregate during the formation
of gamete and re-unite randomly during fertilization.
This is also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance.
Law of Independent Assortment
Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent

assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another
pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort
independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.
Key Points on Mendel’s Laws
• The law of inheritance was proposed by Gregor Mendel after
conducting experiments on pea plants for seven years.
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance include law of dominance, law of

segregation and law of independent assortment.
• The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two

alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring.
• The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one

pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1
What are the three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel?
Q2
Which is the universally accepted law of inheritance?
Q3
Why is the law of segregation known as the law of purity of gamete
Q4
Why was the pea plant used in Mendel’s experiments?
Q5
What was the main aim of Mendel’s experiments?
Q6
In mussels, brown coloring (B) is dominant, and blue coloring (b) is recessive.
A homozygous brown mussel crosses with a blue mussel.
What percentage of offspring are expected to be blue?
Q7. In guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant to brown hair (b) and short
hair (H) is dominant to long hair (h).
A black, long-haired guinea pig (Bbhh) is crossed with a brown, short-
haired guinea pig (bbHh).
What percentage of the offspring will be black with long hair?
Worksheet time

Genetics and Heredity - Biology - 9th Grade

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Genetics and Heredity - Biology - 9th Grade

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Genetics and Heredity - Biology - 9th Grade

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

9th grade

The characteristics passed from parents to

Which characteristic is not a genetic trait?

The girl A has single-layered eyelids, which is

Which statement is correct?

Have the students arrange the following words from

Chromosome, cell, DNA, base, gene, nucleus, body

He then self-pollinated the F1 progeny and obtained

This is also called Mendel’s first law of

The law of segregation states that during the

Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent

• Mendel’s laws of inheritance include law of dominance, law of

• The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two

• The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one

You might also like