nuclei

NUCLEAR RADIUS
01 R∝ A
1/3
R = R0 A
R0 =1.2 fm
1/3

MASS DEFECT BINDING ENERGY BINDING ENERGY BINDING ENERGY CURVE

PER NUCLEON
B.E = Mc Ebn = Eb /A
NUCLEAR COMPOSITION P+n nucleus B.E = M (in amu) x 931 MeV As Ebn increases the nucleus
Na23 mass number = p+n=A A + B C + D mR > mP becomes more stable

02
11
NUCLEAR VOLUME

{
{
Atomic number = Z mR mP The curve has a maximum of about
V∝A mass of nucleus< (Z)mp + (A-Z)mn B.E / nucleon given 8.75 MeV for A=56
Z = proton = 11 A1 A2 A3 A4

Neutron = 23-11=12
m = mR - mp A + B C + D For nuclei of middle mass number (30<A<170)
M=[Zmp +(A-Z)m n]-mnucleus B.E = m x 931 MeV
B.E / nucleon EA EB EC ED Ebn is a constant

Q value = (ECA3 + EDA4) - (EAA1 + EBA2) Ebn is lower for both light nuclei (A<30) and
NUCLEAR DENSITY Q valve = B.Ep - B.ER heavy nuclei (A>170)

03 Independent of A
It is same for all atoms
ρ=2.3 x 1017 kg/m3

If radius of the 13
27
Al nucleus is taken to
be RAl, then the radius of 53
125
Te nucleus is nearly Alpha Decay Beta Decay
A
X A-4
Y+ particle + Q Decay law at radio activity
(a)
53
RAl
1/3
(b)
5
RAl (b)
3
RAl (a)
13
RAl
1/3 Z Z-2
Shortcut
13 3 5 53 Q= [mx-my-m ]C 2
-
Decay +
Decay dN =λN N0
dt Undecayed =
2n
Momentum Conservation
- Nt= N0e-λt (N No. of undecayed nuclei)

NUCLEAR FORCE 0 = vy (A-4) - v 4 vy =

v 4
A-4
Decay +
Decay t = nt1/2
- +
n p+ p n+ Activity Decayed Undecayed Time
K.E
A
X
A
Y+
- A A + A= A0e - λt
N0 N0 t1/2
Q = K.E + K.Ey
Z Z+1
X Y+
Strongest force A=-dN
Z Z-1
2 2
Atomic number increases Atomic number decreases
P2 ; 1 K.E of particle is more
dt
K.E = K.E by one and mass number by one and mass number
m
existing in nature 2m than daughter nucleus
remains same remains same 3N0 N0 N
A= λN = 02 2t1/2
4 A-4 4 4 2
K.Ey =
A
xQ K.E =
A
xQ Gamma Decay Time at which ratio of nuclei will
No change in atomic number & mass number be 1/e
Nuclear force is No.of alpha decays n =
A-A‛
N
7N0 N0 N
= 30 3t1/2
4 8 8 2
short ranged t = 2.303 log 0
N
λ
r>0.8 fm - attractive 0.693
r<0.8 fm - repulsive t1/2 = No. of undecayed nuclei:
Penetrating power : Gamma > Beta > Alpha Ionizing power : Alpha > Beta > Gamma λ N0
N = 2t/t1/2
Nuclear force is In the uranium radioactive series the initial nucleus A nucleus of uranium decays at rest into
Two radioactive materials A and B have decay
charge independent is 92U238 and final nucleus is 82Pb206. When the uranium
nucleus decays to lead, the number of a-particles
nuclei of thorium and helium. Then:
(a) The helium nucleus has less kinetic (c) The helium nucleus has less momentum
constants 10 λ and λ , respectively. If initially
they have the same number of nuclei, then the
Half-lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20

F= F = F
minutes and 40 minutes, respectively. Initially, the
emitted is and the number of -particles emitted = energy than the thorium nucleus. than the thorium nucleus. ratio of the number of nuclei of A to that of B samples have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes,
P-P n-n P-n will be 1/e after a time: the ratio of decayed number of A and B nuclei will be:
(d) 6, 8 (d) 8, 6 (d) 16, 6 (d) 32, 12 (b) The helium nucleus has more kinetic (d) The helium nucleus has more momentum
1 1 11 1 (a) 1 : 4 (b) 5 : 4 (c) 1 : 16 (d) 4 : 1
energy than the thorium nucleus. than the thorium nucleus. (a) (b) (c) (d)
9λ 11λ 10 λ 10λ

NUCLEAR FISSION

t1 t2 Age of rock
1
0 n+ 235
92 U → 236
92 U 56 Ba+ 36 Kr+3 0 n
→ 144 89 1

Method 2 Two deuterons undergo nuclear fusion to form a Helium nucleus.

Time interval between 33% (1/3) & N0 a m+n Energy released in this process is: (given binding energy per nucleon
Undecayed N1 N2 67% (2/3) is t1/2
X Y (Y is stable)
N
=2 = m for deuteron-1.1 MeV and for helium=7.0 MeV) NUCLEAR REACTOR NUCLEAR FUSION
Method 1 Multiplication Factor k=1 critical
N1 (a) 30.2 MeV (b) 32.4 MeV (c) 23.6 MeV (d) 25.8 MeV 4 H + 2e 2 He + 2 + 6 + 26.7 MeV
1 - 4

2.303 Age= at1/2

t 1 - t2 = log
1

Nx m Moderator : water,heavy water (D2 O),

= N0=Nx+Ny=m+n
λ N2 Ny n graphite and beryllium oxide.
Control rods : Boron, cadmium
Four hydrogen atoms combine to form an 24 He
atom with the release of 26.7 MeV of energy
A radioactive nucleus (initial mass number A and atomic number Z
m+n The half life of a radioactive isotope 'X' is 20 years.
t= 2.303 log ( m
Time interval between 20 % and 80% decay , or b/w 40 % and 85 % decay (t2 - t1) is 2 t1/2 ( Achieved at very high temperature in order to
It decays to another element "Y" which is stable. emits 3 α - particles and 2 positrons. The ratio of number of Coolant : CO2, water, nitrogen
λ The two elements 'X' and 'Y' were found to be in overcome electrostatic repulsion
The half-life of a radioactive substance is 30 min.
the ratio 1:7 in a sample of a given rock. The age
neutrons to that of protons in the final nucleus will be
The time (in minutes) taken between 40% decay & 85%
of the rock is estimated to be
decay of the same radioactive substance is: A-Z-8 A-Z-4 A - Z - 12 A-Z-8
(a) 40 years (b) 60 years (c) 80 years (d) 100 years (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 15 (b) 60 (c) 45 (d) 30
Z-4 Z-8 Z-4 Z-2