DUAL NATURE OF

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER LIGHT

h
de – Broglie wavelength, λ = & 2πr = nλ
nh mv
PLANCK'S QUANTUM • mvr =
2π
THEORY OF LIGHT
This is Bohr quantisation Condition

(1) The energy of one photon is proportional

to its frequency DAVISSON-GERMER EXPERIMENT
(2) E ∝ ν , E = hν
h = Planck’s constant
= 6.62 × 10-34 Js
(3) Energy of any light or radiation is
one integral multiple of hν.
E= nhν
(4) Energy of one photon. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY PARTICLE NATURE OF
1240 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT • The emission of electrons causes flow of LIGHT
E = hν = eV
λ(nm) (1) It is a phenomenon of ejecting electrons electric current in the circuit.
by falling light of suitable Frequency on (1) In interaction of radiation with matter,
a metal. radiation behaves as if is made up of
(2) Ejected electrons are called particles called photons,
photoelectrons. hν
(3) Current Flowing due to the photoelectrons (2) E = hν and p=
PROPERTIES OF PHOTONS is called photoelectric current. c l V = 54 volt

(1) Photon is just a packet of energy. (3) In a photon – particle collision, total
(2) Energy of photon does not change with LAWS energy and total momentum are
medium. (1) No emission takes place below the conserved.
(3) Photon can not be deflected by electric threshold Frequency.
field and magnetic field. (2) Above threshold Frequency, no. of
 h E photoelectrons emitted per seconds is
(4) Momentum of photon P = m × c = = directly proportional to intensity of
λ c radiation.
MATTER WAVE THEORY
EFFECT OF POTENTIAL = 50°
Energy (3) The emission of photoelectrons is an • de – Broglie wavelength
(5) Intensity of light beam = instantaneous process.
area × time (4) Above threshold frequency, K.E (max)
associated with moving • at φ = 50o and accelerating
particles, λ = h potential = 54 V, maxima is
depends on Frequency. ip
p
obtained
1 p2 • This experiment confirmed the
WORK FUNCTION • K.E of particle = mν =
2

ip(Saturation current) 2 2m wave nature of electron.

FORCE AND RADIATION • Minimum energy required for getting a • momentum, p = mv
PRESSURE EXERTAD BY free electron away from the metal –V 0 –V ac
PHOTON EMITTED A LIGHT BEAM surface. 2m × K.E
PER SECOND P P • Work function (φo) = hνo SPECIAL CASE FOR
(1) n 0 max 0
ELECTRON
h hc φo Here, eV K .E. h
(1) E= nhν νo = = threshold frequency
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF 1.227
h
•
(2) Power,P = nhν (2) momentum of one λ= nm
p pλ h INCIDENT V
⇒ = = photon =
λ
momentum and
hν hc imparted per EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC 150.l
V= Volt
• h P o
Number of photon per
second = n× =
λ c
EQUATION –
–
[λ(A)] 2

second = Power
energy of one Photon ⇒ Force exerted = cP • The electron is emitted with maximum K.E
K.Emax = hν - φo
FOR UNCHARGED
(3) Radiation Pressure = hν = Κ.Εmax + φο – – –
–
–
–
– PARTICLES FOR GASEOUS
• Range of K.E.
F P I MOLECULES
= = 0 ≤ K.E.photoelectrons ≤ hν − φo h h
A cA c λ= = 3
PHOTON FLUX EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT mν 2m × K.E K.E = KT
2
• Photon flux is no. of photon STOPPING POTENTIAL ⇒ λ=
h

Photocurrent
incident normally to a FOR ACCELERATED
• Minimum negative potential required to stop 3
surface per seconds I3 > I2 > I1
CHARGED PARTICLES 2m × KT
2
I3
•. the electron of maximum K.E.` I2

•φ= n = P h
I1

λ= h
K.Emax h ⇒ λ=
Stopping potential
A H 2m × qV
Vo = = (ν − ν o ) Volts
e e
–V0
Retarding Potential
O Collector plate
Potential 3 mKT
V = potential difference

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001