Major Project Phase 2

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA
Project Work
on
“STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING SOLAR ENERGY”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
Submitted By
RAKSHAK R 4BD20EE035
RASHMI D 4BD20EE036
SHIVARAJ RAJENDRAPPA AMBIGER 4BD20EE041
SUHAS O 4BD20EE046
Under the Guidance of
Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ
Head of the Department

Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
Shamanur Road, Davanagere-577004, Karnataka
Year: 2023-24
i
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DAVANGERE-577004, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING
SOLAR ENERGY” carried out Mr. RAKSHAK R USN-4BD20EE035, Ms. RASHMI
D USN-4BD20EE036, Mr. SHIVARAJ RAJENDRAPPA AMBIGER USN-
4BD20EE041, Mr. SUHAS O USN-4BD20EE046 bonafide students of BAPUJI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
academic year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental
library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.
Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ Head of the Department

Project Guide
Principal
External Viva-Voce:
Name of the Examiners Signature of the Examiners with Date
1.
2.
ii
Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325, Davangere – 577 004 Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)
Vision and Mission of the Institute
Vision
“To be a center of excellence recognized nationally and internationally, in distinctive
areas of engineering education and research, based on a culture of innovation and
invention”
Mission
“BIET contributes to the growth and development of its students by imparting a broad-
based engineering education and empowering them to be successful in their chosen field
by inculcating in them positive approach, leadership qualities and ethical values”
Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision
“To train globally competent quality students in Electrical Engineering through excellent
academic inputs, innovative ideas and teamwork”.
Keywords: Innovative ideas, Global, Teamwork
Mission
1. To enhance the quality of life of students through continuous learning and state-of-
the-art technical education.
2. To meet the long-term needs of the industry & society.
3. To inculcate leadership qualities &ethical values.
4. To serve the Community for the social economic developments.
Key words: Continuous learning, Ethical values, Leadership.
iii
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
The Electrical & Electronics Engineering graduates are able to:
1. Successful in identifying, analyzing and solving variety of problems in the field of

Electrical & Electronics Engineering.
2. Apply acquired knowledge in solving technological challenges of the industry and
society with professional ethics and accountability.
3. Pursue a continual path of professional development along with advanced education
and continuing enhancement programs, relevant to their specific career goals.
4. Adapt to emerging technologies and opportunities to work as team on multi-
disciplinary projects with effective communication skills and leadership qualities.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Following are the Program Specific Outcomes for Electrical Engineering:
PSO1: Ability to analysis of power systems that efficiently generate, transmit, distribute
and utilize electric power.
PSO2: Able to design, develop and analysis of Modern Electric & Electronics systems
and allied interdisciplinary areas using Conventional methods & Modern tools.
PSO3: Aware of the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal,

environmental context, professional ethics and be able to communicate effectively.
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Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325, Davangere – 577 004, Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ Phone: 091–08192-221461(O)
Professor & Head Fax: 091 – 08192-223261 (O)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Mobile: +919844484767
B.I.E.T. Davanagere – 577004 E-Mail: msndvg@gmail.com
Subject Name: PROJECT WORK PHASE-II

Subject Code: 18EEP83
Semester: 8th Semester - 2023-24
Course Outcomes (COs)

At the end of Project work Phase-II, student will be able to:
CO1: Present the project and be able to defend it.
CO2: Make links across different areas of knowledge and generate, develop and
evaluate ideas and information so as to apply these skills to the project task.
CO3: Habituated to critical thinking and using problem-solving skills.
CO4: Communicate effectively and present ideas clearly and coherently in both written
and oral forms.
CO5: Work in a team to achieve a common goal.
CO6: Learn on their own, reflect on their learning and take appropriate actions to
improve it.
Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ
Ph.D., M.I.E, M.I.S.T.E
Professor and Head
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to acknowledge the help and encouragement of various people during this
project. We are deeply indebted and very grateful for the invaluable guidance given by our
project guide Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ during this project work.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. M. S. Nagaraj, Professor and Head,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BIET, Davangere, for his kind
support, guidance, and encouragement throughout this work.
We are thankful to our beloved principal Dr. H. B. Aravind, for providing an

excellent academic climate. I am also grateful to our beloved director, Prof. Y.
Vrushabhendrappa, for providing needed support.
We want to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for their kind co-operation during the work. The support
provided by the college and departmental library is greatly acknowledged.
Finally, we are thankful to our parents and friends, who helped us in one way or the
other throughout our project work.
Project Associates:
RASHMI D 4BD20EE036
SUHAS O 4BD20EE046
vi
DECLARATION
We, the student of Bachelor We, the student of Bachelor of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering at Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, hereby declare that
this Project on “STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING SOLAR ENERGY” is an original
and bonafide work carried out by us in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi- 590018,
during the year 2023-24.
To the best of our knowledge and belief, we also declare that the work reported herein does not
form part of any other project report or dissertation based on which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion by any student.
RASHMI D 4BD20EE036
SUHAS O 4BD20EE046
Date:
Place: Davangere
ABSTRACT
This project demonstrates a prototype street-lighting system using photovoltaic source. Street
lighting is required along the road to have safer, comfortable, convenient and efficient movement
of vehicles at night. Solar street lighting system uses the photovoltaic technology to convert the
sunlight into DC electricity through solar cells. The generated electricity can either be used directly
during the day or may be stored in the batteries for use during night hours. The main components
of a solar street light are solar panel, light source, rechargeable battery and charge controller. Solar
street lights offer many advantages over traditional street lights. They are more energy-efficient,
environmentally friendly, and require less maintenance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate ii
Mission and Vision of Institute iii
Mission and Vision of Department iii
PSOs and PEOs iv
Course Outcomes v
Acknowledgment vi
Declaration vii
Abstract Viii
Chapter No. Description Page No.
1 Introduction 1-4
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Existing System 2
1.5 Proposed System 3
2 Literature Survey 4
3 System Requirements Specification 5
3.1 Hardware Requirements Specification 5 – 15
4 Methodology 16-26
4.1 Block Diagram 16
4.2 Internal circuit diagram 17
4.3 Circuit Diagram of ESP32 18
4.4 Working 19
4.5 Code Snippets 20
4.6 Advantages 24
4.7 Disadvantages 25
4.8 Applications 26
Conclusion 27-29
Bibliography 30
Contact Details 31
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING SOLAR ENERGY
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Electricity made a great impact in our world since it was discovered. Electricity can come
from many sources such as thermal energy, kinetic energy, solar energy and more by
energy conversion. Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to
another form of energy. The main source of electricity as of now is the coal, a non-
renewable energy. Solar energy, which is the primary source of renewable energy in the
earth, is considered a better choice as a source of electricity because as stated, it is
renewable. Nowadays, solar energy is being utilized for street lights but most street lights
still run on electric energy.
A solar-powered street lighting system harnesses the sun's energy to illuminate
public spaces, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional grid-
powered systems. In this innovative solution, photovoltaic panels are installed on top of
streetlights to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity. This renewable energy is
stored in batteries, ensuring continuous illumination even during cloudy days or at night.
The system employs LED lights, known for their energy efficiency, providing bright and
reliable lighting. This approach not only reduces carbon footprint but also minimizes
electricity costs, making it a cost-effective and environmentally conscious choice for
urban lighting. The solar street lighting system operates independently of the grid,
enhancing resilience during power outages. Its decentralized nature makes installation
and maintenance simpler, as there's no need for extensive wiring or connection to the
electrical grid. Additionally, the low operational costs make it an attractive option for
municipalities aiming to cut down on energy expenses. As technology advances, smart
features like motion sensors and remote monitoring can be integrated, optimizing energy
usage and further enhancing efficiency. Overall, solar-powered street lighting stands as a
beacon of sustainable urban development, contributing to a greener and more resilient
future. Cities worldwide are increasingly adopting solar street lighting as part of their
commitment to sustainability. This shift aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon
emissions and combat climate change. The modular design of these systems allows for
scalability, making them suitable for various urban environments. Governments and
communities alike recognize the long-term benefits, both environmental and economic, as
solar-powered street lighting not only lowers energy consumption but also promotes a
safer and well-lit public space for residents and visitors alike.
Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 1

 Energy Efficiency: Harnessing solar energy to power street lights reduces

dependence on traditional electricity sources, contributing to energy conservation.
 Cost-Effective: Over time, solar-powered systems prove to be more cost-effective

as they eliminate recurring electricity bills and reduce maintenance costs.
 Sustainability: Utilizing renewable energy promotes a sustainable approach,

minimizing the ecological footprint and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
 Enhanced Safety: Improved visibility during nighttime enhances road safety and
public security, promoting a safer urban environment.
1.2 Problem Statement

 Dust, dirt, and other environmental debris can accumulate on the solar panels over
time, reducing their efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. When the
panels are not generating enough power, the lights may fail to illuminate properly.
 Solar street lights often incorporate sensors and controllers for automated
operation. Malfunctions in these components can result in lights failing to turn on
or off as needed, wasting energy and potentially causing safety issues.
1.3 Objective
The Solar-Powered Street Lighting System project aims to design and implement an
efficient and environmentally friendly solution for street lighting by harnessing solar
energy.
1.4 Existing System

Solar-powered Street lighting systems currently in use consist of photovoltaic panels
mounted on streetlight poles or nearby structures. These panels capture sunlight and
convert it into electricity, which is stored in batteries for use during periods of low
sunlight or at night. LED lights, known for their energy efficiency, are connected to the
batteries and provide bright illumination for public spaces. The system is often equipped
with a charge controller to manage energy flow and prevent overcharging or deep
discharge of batteries. Some systems incorporate sensors like motion detectors or ambient
light sensors for energy optimization. These solar street lighting structures are designed to
withstand environmental conditions and may include remote monitoring for real-time
performance tracking and maintenance. Overall, these systems aim to offer sustainable,

reliable, and cost-effective public lighting solutions while minimizing environmental

impact.
1.5 Proposed System

In the proposed solar-powered street lighting system, a key emphasis is placed on cost
optimization through innovative financing models and advancements in manufacturing
processes. Public-private partnerships and government incentives can be leveraged to
reduce the initial installation costs, making solar street lighting more accessible for
municipalities and organizations. Research and development efforts should prioritize the
creation of cost-effective yet high-performance photovoltaic panels, batteries, and LED
lights to enhance overall affordability. To address intermittency challenges associated
with sunlight dependency, the proposed system integrates advanced energy storage
solutions. This involves exploring next-generation battery technologies or alternative
storage methods, ensuring a reliable and continuous power supply during periods of low
sunlight or adverse weather conditions. Additionally, the implementation of smart grid
integration enables seamless connectivity with the existing electrical grid, providing
stability and flexibility in energy distribution. This interconnected approach enhances the
reliability and effectiveness of solar street lighting systems, contributing to their overall
efficiency. A focus on energy efficiency is maintained through the continuous
improvement of LED technology. The proposed system seeks to develop brighter and
longer-lasting LED lights, reducing operational costs and maintenance requirements. The
inclusion of adaptive control systems with sensors and automation optimizes energy
consumption based on real-time factors such as ambient light levels and pedestrian
activity. Furthermore, the modular and scalable design of the system ensures easier
maintenance and allows for efficient upgrades, customization, and expansion based on
specific urban environments and changing energy needs. By incorporating these elements,
the proposed solar street lighting system aims to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and
technologically advanced solution for public illumination.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
With increasing problems regarding the use of the conventional streetlights, possible
alternatives have been provided to solve the issue. Solar-powered streetlights as a
replacement for the conventional one. This chapter presents the work done by the various
researcher in the field of solar energy for street lights.
[1] Silpa Baburajan, Faisal Amin Al Zarooni, Dr.Ahmed Osman describes an

intelligent street lighting system with integrated solar energy resources and mobile
application. Based on the rate of 0.45 fils/KW.hr, it cost AUS (American University of
Sharjah) AED 373,852 per annum due to the usage of conventional high pressure sodium
lamps in their street lighting. In our project, the proposed solution is to replace all of the
conventional lamps with LED lamps in AUS and then control them using motion sensors
and further develop a mobile application, using which we can control the switching
ON/OFF of the LEDs and at the same time check for defected unit.
[2] Sumanth B. R and Lakshmipathy N presents the system they provide gives
electricity to street lights to prevent accident, robberies and safety at night remove
educational literacy and improve human life style. They also presented the complete
analysis of our project regarding initial cost, including LED lights, street light poles,
batteries, inverter, its installation and transportation cost.
[3] Badri Narayan Mohapatra discuss the effectiveness of the proposed street light
model can be considered as a best proposal from energy saving point of view. Though the
initial investment is very high, still it can be considered as to be economic if we will think
about a long-term period, because we are using here the solar energy, which is available
free of cost. Hence it will not only save the electricity bill but also will illuminate the path
in an eco-friendly way.

Chapter 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

The hardware and software specification sheets provide comprehensive details on the
design of a solar-powered street lighting system. The hardware specification sheet covers
critical dimensions, electrical specifications, power requirements, temperature thresholds,
environmental considerations, and service clearances necessary for efficient solar energy
collection. Simultaneously, the software specification sheet outlines the intricacies of
control algorithms, and user interfaces tailored to control of day/night sensor.
3.1 Hardware Requirements Specification

The construction, working and specification of components used in the project is
explained in the following sections.
3.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery
Fig.3.1.1 Lithium-ion Battery
A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible
intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In
comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are
characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a
longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life. Also noteworthy is a dramatic improvement
in lithium-ion battery properties after their market introduction in 1991: within the next
30 years, their volumetric energy density increased threefold while their cost dropped

tenfold.
A 10,000 mAh lithium-ion battery is a relatively common type of rechargeable battery

used in various electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, portable chargers, and
even some small appliances. "mAh" stands for milliampere-hour, which measures the
capacity of the battery to store electrical energy.
In simpler terms, it indicates how much charge the battery can hold and how long it can
power a device. For example, a 10,000 mAh battery can theoretically supply 10,000
milliamperes (or 10 amperes) of current for one hour, or 1 ampere for 10 hours, though
actual performance varies based on factors like device efficiency and power consumption.
Lithium-ion batteries are popular due to their high energy density, relatively light weight,
and the fact that they don't suffer from the "memory effect" seen in some other types of
rechargeable batteries. However, they also require careful handling to prevent damage,
overheating, or even fire hazards.
The invention and commercialization of Li-ion batteries may have had one of the greatest
impacts of all technologies in human history, as recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry. More specifically, Li-ion batteries enabled portable consumer electronics,
laptop computers, cellular phones, and electric cars, or what has been called the e-
mobility revolution. It also sees significant use for grid-scale energy storage as well as
military and aerospace applications.
Lithium-ion cells can be manufactured to optimize energy or power density. Handheld

electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer gel as an electrolyte), a
lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode material, and a graphite anode, which together
offer high energy density. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide
(LiMn2O4 spinel, or Li2MnO3-based lithium-rich layered materials, LMR-NMC), and
lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) may offer longer life and
a higher discharge rate. NMC and its derivatives are widely used in the electrification of
transport, one of the main technologies (combined with renewable energy) for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles.

3.1.2 PIR Sensor
Fig.3.1.2 PIR Sensor
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based
motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic
lighting applications. PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information
on who or what moved. For that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required. PIR sensors
are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector".
The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for detection
purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or
reflected from objects. A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of
people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and
automatically activated lighting systems.

3.1.3 ESP-32
Fig.3.1.3 Microcontroller ESP-32

The ESP32 is a powerful microcontroller developed by Espressif Systems, widely used in
IoT and embedded systems projects. It features dual-core processors running at up to 240
MHz, offering excellent performance for various applications. With built-in Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth connectivity, the ESP32 enables seamless communication with other devices
and the internet. Its rich peripheral set includes GPIO, SPI, I2C, UART, ADC, DAC, and
touch sensor interfaces, providing versatility for diverse projects. Furthermore, its low
power consumption and advanced features make it a popular choice among developers for
creating smart and connected devices.
3.1.4 Capacitor
Fig.3.1.4 Capacitor
In electrical engineering, a capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by
accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each
other. The capacitor was originally known as the condenser, a term still encountered in a
few compound names, such as the condenser microphone. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals. The utility of a capacitor depends on its capacitance.
While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a
circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The physical

form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of capacitors
are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors, often in the
form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be
a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The non conducting dielectric
acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a
resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do
dissipate a small amount (see non-ideal behavior). When an electric potential difference
(a voltage) is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is
connected across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net
positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other
plate. No current actually flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge
through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current
through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of
the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and
discharging cycles of the capacitor.
3.1.5 Transistor
Fig.3.1.5 Transistor 7805
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and

power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of
semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more in miniature form are found
embedded in integrated circuits. Because transistors are the key active components in

practically all modern electronics, many people consider them one of the 20th century's
greatest inventions.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain
other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind
of charge carrier in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in
bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are
generally smaller and require less power to operate.
3.1.6 Buck Converter

A buck converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which decreases
voltage, while increasing current, from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a
class of switched-mode power supply. Switching converters (such as buck converters)
provide much greater power efficiency as DC-to-DC converters than linear regulators,
which are simpler circuits that dissipate power as heat, but do not step-up output current.
The efficiency of buck converters can be very high, often over 90%, making them useful
for tasks such as converting a computer's main supply voltage, which is usually 12 V,
down to lower voltages needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU, which are usually 5,
3.3 or 1.8 V. Buck converters typically contain at least two semiconductors (a diode and
a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second
transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element (a
capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination).
To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with

inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input
(supply-side filter). Its name derives from the inductor that “bucks” or opposes the
supply voltage. Buck converters typically operate with a switching frequency range from
100 kHz to a few MHz. A higher switching frequency allows for use of smaller
inductors and capacitors, but also increases lost efficiency to more frequent transistor
switching.

Fig.3.1.6 Buck Converter
The two circuit configurations of a buck converter: on-state, when the switch is
closed; and off-state, when the switch is open.
The basic concept of a buck converter is:
 Use the higher-than-needed voltage of the source to quickly induce a
current into an inductor ("on" in fig. 2 and 4).
 Disconnect the source and use the inertia of the current in the inductor to
provide more current than the source delivers ("off" in fig. 2 and 4). To
close the circuit with the source disconnected, a second switch, usually a
diode, is needed.
During on-state, the source may need to momentarily provide more current than its rating
for constant load allows, but the on-time is too short for the source to take damage.
During off-state, no current is drawn from the source, and the components can cool down.
The average current draws over both states needs to be below the source specification. To
even out voltage spikes from the switching between on-state and off-state, a capacitor is
used on the output side. A mechanical analogy for a buck converter would be to pedal a
bicycle in single, strong bursts (Force ~Voltage), and let the bicycle roll in between
(inertia ~ inductor).
The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled by two
switches. In a physical implementation, these switches are realized by a transistor and a
diode, or two transistors (which avoids the loss associated with the diode's voltage drop).
3.1.7 Solar Panel

Fig. 3.1.7 Solar Panel

Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert them
into electricity or heat. A solar panel is actually a collection of solar (or photovoltaic)
cells, which can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic effect.
A 12V 120W solar panel is a type of photovoltaic (PV) panel designed to convert sunlight
into electrical energy. Here's what each specification signifies:
 12V: This indicates the nominal voltage of the solar panel. It's designed to work
optimally with a 12-volt battery system, which is common in many off-grid and
small-scale solar power setups.
 120W: This represents the power output of the solar panel, measured in watts. A
120W solar panel can generate up to 120 watts of electricity under standard test
conditions (STC), which typically include full sunlight (usually around 1000 watts
per square meter) and a temperature of 25°C (77°F).
 Here's a brief overview of its specifications:
 Voltage: This solar panel is designed to operate at a voltage of 12 volts, which is

common in smaller off-grid and mobile applications such as RVs, boats, and
cabins.
 Power Output: The solar panel has a power output of 120 watts under standard test
conditions (STC). This indicates the maximum power it can produce when
exposed to optimal sunlight conditions.
A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV)
cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light.
The electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which
can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also
known as solar cell panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules. Solar panels are usually
arranged in groups called arrays or systems. A photovoltaic system consists of one or
more solar panels, an inverter that converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC)
electricity, and sometimes other components such as controllers, meters, and trackers.
Most panels are in solar farms, which supply the electricity grid as can some rooftop
solar. Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean source of
energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower electricity bills. Some
disadvantages are that they depend on the availability and intensity of sunlight, require

cleaning, and have high initial costs. Solar panels are widely used for residential,
commercial, and industrial purposes, as well as in space, often together with batteries.
Solar panels are systems made of semiconductor materials. The fact that solar energy
is an inexhaustible resource and is free in abundance is shown as the most economical
system compared to traditional energy sources. These solar panels typically consist of
multiple solar cells interconnected to form a single unit.
They're constructed with materials like silicon, glass, and aluminum to withstand outdoor
conditions and ensure durability. Solar panels like these are used to charge batteries in
off-grid systems or grid-tied systems with battery backup. They can also power small
appliances directly or feed electricity into the grid, depending on the system configuration
and application.
Solar panels are made up of multiple solar cells connected in series and/or parallel to
achieve the desired voltage and power output. They are commonly used in various
applications, including residential and commercial solar power systems, off-grid cabins,
RVs, boats, and remote telecommunications systems.
This 120W Monocrystalline solar panel kit is perfect for 12V battery charging or multiple
panels can be wired in series for 24/48-volt battery charging or for grid-tied applications.
Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun. Energy
from the Sun is referred to as solar energy. Technology has provided a number of ways to
utilize this abundant resource. It is considered a green technology because it does not emit
greenhouse gases. A 120-watt solar panel can supply power to various appliances and
equipment as long as their power is less than 120 watts per hour. First, the operating time
assumes that solar panels produce at least 100 watts of power per hour. If the output is
lower, the runtime will be shorter. A 120W solar panel can supply between 6 and 7.5
Amps on a sunny day, for most of the sunlight hours of the day. If we assume that only
1/3 of the day is sunlight hours then it is safe to assume that the panel can supply between
6 and 7.5 Amps for this period.
12v solar panels convert solar energy into DC electricity, which is then converted to AC
power to be used by domestic appliances. Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells (PV),
convert solar energy into electric power.
3.1.8 LED

Fig.3.1.8 Light Emitting Diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of
light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as
those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were
of low intensity and limited to red.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and
in seven-segment displays. Later developments produced LEDs available in visible,
ultraviolet (UV), and infrared wavelengths with high, low, or intermediate light output,
for instance, white LEDs suitable for room and outdoor lighting. LEDs have also given
rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology with applications as diverse as aviation lighting,
fairy lights, strip lights, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic
signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power
consumption, a longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller sizes, and faster
switching. In exchange for these generally favorable attributes, disadvantages of LEDs
include electrical limitations to low voltage and generally to DC (not AC) power, the
inability to provide steady illumination from a pulsing DC or an AC electrical supply
source, and a lesser maximum operating temperature and storage temperature.
LEDs are transducers of electricity into light. They operate in reverse of photodiodes,
which convert light into electricity.
A 50W LED (Light Emitting Diode) refers to a light fixture or bulb that consumes 50
watts of electrical power to produce light. LEDs are known for their energy efficiency
and longevity compared to traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. A 50W LED can
produce a significant amount of light output, suitable for various applications including

residential lighting, commercial spaces, outdoor lighting, and even some industrial
settings. The actual brightness and illumination coverage of a 50W LED depend on
factors such as the design of the fixture, the quality of the LED chips used, and any
additional optics or reflectors employed to direct or diffuse the light.
3.1.9 Day/ Night Sensor

A day/night sensor integrated with a microcontroller serves a fundamental role in
automated lighting systems. This sensor detects ambient light levels and provides
feedback to the microcontroller, enabling it to make intelligent decisions based on
environmental conditions. During daylight hours, when ambient light is sufficient, the
microcontroller can instruct the system to conserve energy or operate in a different mode.
Conversely, in low-light or nighttime conditions, the sensor signals the microcontroller to
activate lighting elements, ensuring optimal visibility and functionality.
The day/night sensor's seamless integration with the microcontroller enhances the
system's efficiency and user experience. By automating lighting control based on ambient
light levels, it not only promotes energy conservation but also enhances safety and
convenience, making it a vital component in smart lighting solutions.

Chapter 4
METHODOLOGY
Solar-powered Street lighting systems currently in use consist of photovoltaic panels
mounted on streetlight poles. This chapter deals with the design of street lighting system
using solar energy.
4.1 Block Diagram
Fig. 4.1.1 Street Lighting System using Solar Energy

 Solar Panel: The solar panel captures light energy from the sun and converts it
into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect occurs
when photons (light particles) hit the solar panel and knock electrons loose from
their atoms. These free electrons flow through the panel, generating electricity.
 Light/Dark Sensor: The light/dark sensor detects the ambient light level. When it
gets dark, the sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller.
 Microcontroller: The microcontroller is the brain of the system. It controls the
entire system based on the signals it receives from the light/dark sensor and

potentially other sensors. In this case, when the light/dark sensor tells the
microcontroller that it’s dark, the microcontroller turns on the LED light.
 PIR Motion Sensor (optional): The PIR (passive infrared) motion sensor detects
infrared radiation emitted from objects in its field of view. When it detects
motion, it sends a signal to the microcontroller.
 Buck Converter: The buck converter regulates the voltage from the solar panel to
a level that is appropriate for the LED light. Solar panels produce a variable
voltage depending on the amount of sunlight. The buck converter ensures that the
LED light receives a consistent voltage regardless of the sun’s intensity.
 Rechargeable Li-ion Battery: The rechargeable lithium-ion battery stores the
electricity generated by the solar panel. At night, the microcontroller draws power
from the battery to run the LED light. The battery is charged by the solar panel
during the day.
4.2 Circuit Diagram
Fig.4.2.1 Circuit Diagram of Street Lighting System

The system works by capturing sunlight with a solar panel, which converts it into
electricity. This electricity is then stored in a lithium-ion battery. A microcontroller
manages the system, using a light sensor to determine when it is dark and turning on an
LED light accordingly. Optionally, a PIR sensor can be used to detect motion and further
conserve energy by only turning on the light when someone is around. A buck converter
regulates the voltage from the solar panel to a level that is appropriate for the LED light.
4.3 Circuit Diagram of ESP32
Fig.4.3.1 Connection ESP32
 ESP32 Chip: This is the heart of the board and integrates various functionalities
like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, a microcontroller core, and input/output (GPIO) pins. The
circuit diagram will show how these elements are connected.
 Power Supply: The board typically requires a 5V power supply, often provided
via a USB connector. The schematic will detail how the power is filtered and
regulated to ensure stable voltage for the ESP32 chip and other components.

 Crystal Oscillator: This tiny crystal provides a precise timing signal that the
ESP32 chip uses for various operations. The schematic will show how the crystal
is connected and any associated capacitors needed for stability.
 Program Flash Memory: This external flash memory stores the program code
that the ESP32 chip executes. The schematic will illustrate the connection
between the flash memory and the ESP32.
 USB Interface: This section allows you to program the ESP32 chip and
communicate with it using a computer. The schematic will detail the resistors and
capacitors used for signal conditioning and data transfer.
 Voltage Regulators: These components ensure a steady voltage supply for
different parts of the circuit, such as the ESP32 core and I/O pins. The schematic
will show how these regulators are connected and the voltage levels they provide.
 Input/Output (GPIO) Pins: These pins allow the ESP32 to interact with external
components like sensors, LEDs, and displays. The schematic will detail the
functionality of each pin and how it's connected to the rest of the circuit.
 Status LEDs: These LEDs provide visual cues about the board's activity, such as
power and programming status. The schematic will show how these LEDs are
connected and the resistors that control their brightness.
 Bypass Capacitors: These tiny capacitors placed close to the power and ground
pins of ICs help to filter out noise and ensure stable operation. The schematic will
likely show these capacitors scattered throughout the diagram.
 Optional Components: Depending on the specific development board, the
schematic may include additional components like buttons, voltage measurement
circuits, or headers for connecting external modules.
4.4 Working
 Power Generation and Storage
The system utilizes a 70-watt solar panel to convert sunlight into electricity. While the
voltage might be mentioned as 12V, the actual voltage output of a solar panel fluctuates
based on sunlight intensity. This electricity charges a 10000mAh lithium-ion battery. This
high-capacity battery stores the generated solar energy for nighttime use. Lithium-ion
batteries are a popular choice due to their lightweight design, long lifespan, and efficient
recharging capabilities.

 Microcontroller and Programming
An ESP32 microcontroller acts as the brain of the system. It's a powerful chip with built-
in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities, but in this case, it's used for simpler tasks. For
program the ESP32 to control the entire system's operation. This program likely includes
logic to monitor battery voltage, detect night time using a day/night sensor, and activate
the LED light based on these conditions.
 Buck Converter and Power Distribution
A buck converter steps down the voltage from the battery (likely higher than 3.7V, the
nominal voltage of a lithium-ion cell) to a constant 5V. This stable 5V supply is crucial
for powering the ESP32 and the sensors. The 5V supply from the buck converter is then
distributed to the LED light, the PIR sensor (passive infrared sensor), and the day/night
sensor.
 Light Control with Motion Detection
The day/night sensor detects the ambient light level. When it's dark, the program instructs
the ESP32 to turn on the LED light, providing illumination during nighttime hours. The
PIR sensor detects motion within its designated range. If the program detects motion
while it's nighttime (based on the day/night sensor), the LED light will likely turn on at
full brightness to illuminate the area. Once the motion subsides, the program might
instruct the ESP32 to turn off the LED light after a set delay, saving energy.
 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
This system prioritizes energy efficiency. The PIR sensor ensures the LED light only
turns on when motion is detected, minimizing power consumption. Additionally, the
system relies solely on solar power, making it a sustainable lighting solution with
minimal environmental impact. In essence, this design utilizes solar energy to create a
smart lighting system that illuminates during darkness and upon detecting motion,
offering a balance between functionality and power conservation.

Fig.1 Working Model
Fig.2 PCB Connection

Fig.3 Complete Model of Street Lighting System
Fig.4 Fixed Model in our Branch

Fig.5 Project Associates
4.5 Code Snippets

#include <Arduino.h>
#include "MCP_ADC.h"
MCP3201 mcp1; // use HWSPI
float vdc = 5.007; //change according to your Vdd value.
int conn = 0;
String url ;//= meterdata();
int flag = 0;
int intervel = 5;
unsigned long int t = 2;
String ai1,ai2,ai3,ai4;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println(_FILE_);
Serial.print("MCP_ADC_LIB_VERSION: ");
Serial.println(MCP_ADC_LIB_VERSION);
pinMode(5,INPUT); //Motion Sensor
pinMode(23,OUTPUT);// buck boost output
pinMode(22,OUTPUT); // led on/off output
SPI.begin();
}
void loop() {
float pv =data();

if(pv < 11 ) // need to boost as the voltage is low

{
analogWrite(23, pv * 1.23);
}
else
if(pv > 12 ) // need to boost as the voltage is low

{
analogWrite(23, pv * 0.85);
}
if(digitalRead(5)==1)
{
digitalWrite(22,HIGH);// turn on led
delay(60000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(22,LOW);// turn on led
}
if(millis() > (t +(intervel*1000)))

{
t = millis();
url = meterdata();
if(millis() > 300000)

{
ESP.restart();
}
float data() // read solar panel voltage, battery voltage

{
int c = 0,f,val=0;
float x = 0;
mcp1.begin(5);

digitalWrite(23, HIGH);
delay(100);
Serial.print("mcp1:\t");
val = 0;//mcp1.read(0);
x = 0;
for(int i =0;i<1000;i++)
{
val = mcp1.read(0);
x += (val * vdc)/4095.00;
}
x/=1000.0;
x = x /0.315;
//x*=1.004;
Serial.print(x,3);
Serial.print("\t");
url.concat(String(x,3));
url.concat("&val1=");
ai1=String(x,3);
delay(1000);
mcp1.begin(23);
delay(100);
x = 0;
for(int i =0;i<1000;i++)
{
val = mcp1.read(0);
x += (val * vdc)/4095.00;
}

x/=1000.0;
x = x /0.313;
//x*= 1.002;
Serial.print(x,3);
Serial.print("\t");
url.concat(String(x,3));
url.concat("&val2=");
ai2=String(x,3);
Serial.println();
delay(1000);
mcp1.begin(4);
delay(100);
x = 0;
for(int i =0;i<1000;i++)
{
val = mcp1.read(0);
x += (val * vdc)/4095.00;
}
x/=1000.0;
return url;
}
4.6 Advantages
1. Energy Efficiency: Solar street lights operate entirely off-grid, utilizing sunlight to
generate electricity. They do not draw power from the electrical grid, thus
reducing energy costs and promoting energy independence.

2. Cost Savings: Although the initial investment for solar street lights might be
higher compared to traditional grid-connected street lights, in the long run, they
provide significant cost savings due to reduced electricity bills and minimal
maintenance costs.
3. Easy Installation and Maintenance: Solar Street lights are relatively easy to install
since they don't require complex wiring or connections to the electrical grid. Once
installed, they have lower maintenance requirements compared to conventional
street lights, which can lead to additional cost savings.
4. Versatility and Flexibility: Solar Street lights can be deployed in remote or off-
grid locations where traditional grid-connected lights are not feasible. They are
suitable for various applications, including rural areas, parks, pathways, and
parking lots, providing lighting where it's needed most.
5. Safety and Security: Well-lit streets contribute to improved safety and security by
reducing the risk of accidents and deterring criminal activities such as theft and
vandalism. Solar street lights help create well-lit environments, enhancing
visibility and ensuring safer public spaces.
6. Scalability and Modularity: Solar Street lighting systems can be easily scaled up
or down depending on specific requirements. Additional lights can be added or
removed without significant infrastructure changes, providing flexibility to adapt
to changing needs.
4.7 Disadvantages
1. High Initial Cost: Installing a solar street lighting system requires an upfront
investment in solar panels, batteries, and other components. This can be
significantly more expensive than traditional grid-connected lighting.
2. Weather Dependence: Solar panels rely on sunlight to generate electricity. In areas
with frequent cloud cover, rain, or limited daylight hours, the system's
effectiveness can be hampered.
3. Limited Brightness: Solar street lights typically use LEDs, which are energy-
efficient but may not provide the same level of brightness as traditional high-
wattage street lights.
4. Battery Maintenance: The battery stores solar energy for nighttime use. These
batteries have a lifespan and will need to be replaced periodically, adding to the
ongoing maintenance costs.

5. Theft Vulnerability: Solar panels and batteries can be more susceptible to theft
compared to traditional wired lighting systems.
6. Snow and Dust Impact: Solar panel efficiency can be reduced by dust buildup or
snow covering the panels, especially if they are positioned flat. In areas with
frequent snowfall, this can be a significant concern.
4.8 Applications
1. Roadways and Highways: Solar Street lights are commonly used to illuminate
roads and highways, providing lighting for drivers and pedestrians, especially in
areas where grid power is unavailable or unreliable.
2. Urban and Suburban Streets: In urban and suburban areas, solar street lights can
be installed to provide lighting for streets, sidewalks, and bike paths, enhancing
safety and visibility for residents and commuters.
3. Rural and Remote Areas: Solar Street lights are particularly useful in rural and
remote areas where grid infrastructure is limited or nonexistent. They can provide
lighting for villages, farm roads, and remote communities, improving safety and
quality of life.
4. Parking Lots and Garages: Solar Street lights are used to illuminate parking lots
and garages, providing visibility and security for vehicles and pedestrians during
nighttime hours.
5. Military Bases and Installations: Solar Street lights are used in military bases and
installations for perimeter lighting, access roads, and checkpoints, providing
security and visibility in remote or sensitive areas.
6. Industrial and Commercial Sites: Solar Street lights are installed in industrial and
commercial sites to provide lighting for warehouses, factories, construction sites,
and remote facilities, improving safety and security for workers and assets.

CONCLUSION
This innovative street lighting system integrates various components, including a 70-watt
solar panel and a 10000mAh lithium-ion battery, to harness solar energy for nighttime
illumination. A buck converter regulates the fluctuating voltage output of the solar panel,
providing a stable 5V supply for powering an ESP32 microcontroller. This
microcontroller monitors battery voltage, detects day/night cycles, and controls LED light
activation, ensuring efficient energy utilization. Intelligent light control is achieved
through a day/night sensor for ambient light detection and a PIR sensor for motion
detection. The LED light activates during nighttime hours, with motion triggering full
brightness to minimize power consumption. Emphasizing sustainability, this system
reduces reliance on grid electricity while optimizing device performance and extending
battery life. Motion-based activation and LED dimming further enhance energy
efficiency, presenting a comprehensive solution for eco-friendly outdoor lighting.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
References Papers:
[1] Silpa Baburajan, Faisal Amin Al Zarooni, Dr.Ahmed Osman,“Solar Powered Led
Street Lighting System- Case study”, American University of Sharjah, Vol. 8,
Issue 1, January-2017, pp.1002, ISSN 2229-5518.
[2] Sumanth B.R and Lakshmipathy N, “Design of Street Lights Powered by Solar
Power System”, International Journal of Current Advanced Research, ISSN: O:
2319-6475, Vol. 6; Issue 3, May 2017, pp. 3887-3891.
[3] Badri Narayan Mohapatra, Aishwarya Dash, Bipin Prasad Jarika, “Power Saving
Solar Street Lights,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in
Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2017), ISSN: 2454-
6410.
Textbooks:
[1] Toyoki Kozai, Kazuhiro Fujiwara, Erik S. Runkle, “LED Lighting for Urban
Agriculture”, Springer, 1st Edition, 2016.
[2] David Wagman, “Renewable Energy: A Nontechnical Guide”, Pennwellbooks, 2 nd

Edition, 2023.
[3] Martin Saunier-Plumaz, “Practical guide book - Solar Streetlights - International

Solar Alliance”, INES, 2nd Edition, 2019.
CONTACT DETAILS
Name RAKSHAK R
USN 4BD20EE035
1 Email-Id 20rakshak@gmail.com
Mobile No. 8147554320
#2301/576,1st main 1st cross Chikkamani

Address
Layout Devraj urs Davangere,577005
Name RASHMI D
USN 4BD20EE036
2 Email-Id rashmid.sg@gmail.com
Mobile No. 9108674473
Rashmi D D/O Dhanavendra Somaguddu,

Address
Challakere taluk Chitradurga,577522
Name SHIVARAJ RAJENDRAPPA

AMBIGER
USN 4BD20EE041
3
Email-Id Shivarajambiger248@gmail.com
Mobile No. 8792474587

Main Road, Honkana, Tq.Hanagal,

Address
Dist.Haveri- 581102
Name SUHAS O
USN 4BD20EE046
4 Email-Id osuhas045@gmail.com
Mobile No. 9449018031
Address #535/225 Dolors Colony, Devarabelakere

road Shamanur Davangere, 577004

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA

Head of the Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Dr. M. S. NAGARAJ Head of the Department

Vision and Mission of the Institute

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Vision and Mission of the Department

The Electrical & Electronics Engineering graduates are able to:

1. Successful in identifying, analyzing and solving variety of problems in the field of

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO3: Aware of the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Subject Name: PROJECT WORK PHASE-II

Course Outcomes (COs)

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. M. S. Nagaraj, Professor and Head,

We are thankful to our beloved principal Dr. H. B. Aravind, for providing an

SHIVARAJ RAJENDRAPPA AMBIGER 4BD20EE041

SHIVARAJ RAJENDRAPPA AMBIGER 4BD20EE041

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 1

 Energy Efficiency: Harnessing solar energy to power street lights reduces

 Cost-Effective: Over time, solar-powered systems prove to be more cost-effective

 Sustainability: Utilizing renewable energy promotes a sustainable approach,

1.2 Problem Statement

1.4 Existing System

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 2

reliable, and cost-effective public lighting solutions while minimizing environmental

1.5 Proposed System

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 3

[1] Silpa Baburajan, Faisal Amin Al Zarooni, Dr.Ahmed Osman describes an

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 4

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 Hardware Requirements Specification

3.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery

Fig.3.1.1 Lithium-ion Battery

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 5

A 10,000 mAh lithium-ion battery is a relatively common type of rechargeable battery

Lithium-ion cells can be manufactured to optimize energy or power density. Handheld

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 6

3.1.2 PIR Sensor

Fig.3.1.2 PIR Sensor

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 7

Fig.3.1.3 Microcontroller ESP-32

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 8

Fig.3.1.5 Transistor 7805

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 9

3.1.6 Buck Converter

To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 10

Fig.3.1.6 Buck Converter

3.1.7 Solar Panel

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 11

Fig. 3.1.7 Solar Panel

 Here's a brief overview of its specifications:

 Voltage: This solar panel is designed to operate at a voltage of 12 volts, which is

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 12

Dept. of E&E, BIET, Davanagere Page | 13