ISSN: 2641-2039 DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.

000626

Global Journal of
Engineering Sciences

Review Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ibhadode Oisehoemomen

Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam

Pounding Machine

Ibhadode Oisehoemomen1*, Aniekan Essien1 and Adedoyin Adesuji2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
2
Petroleum and Gas Engineering Department, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Department of Mechanical Received Date: June 19, 2020
Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Delta State,
Nigeria. Published Date: July 06, 2020

Abstract
This work is focused on the design and production of a yam pounding machine. This machine consists of a shaft, electric motor, stainless steel
pot, yam beater or blade, pulley and the frame. Mild steel material and stainless-steel sheet were used in the design on its availability, strength,
appearance, and cost and corrosion resistance. A power requirement of 1hp was needed to drive the machine. However, an improvement was
made on the size, making it more portable than the existing ones and the use of dampers to minimize vibration with better reliability and working
efficiency. The machine was designed, constructed, assembled and tested according to specification. The performance of the machine was evaluated
to its highest level of efficiency of 96% and demonstrated by pounding 3kg of cooked yam. The designed machine is far better than the traditional
method of pounding yam. It pounds within a short period and little or no human effort is required for the pounding process.

Background of the Study

Yam belongs to the class of carbohydrate type of food and had the syntax synthesis of cortisone from yam extract. Also, its lower
been one of the oldest recipes known to man. It has been a major glycemic index than potatoes products (kay, 1987) accounts for its
food crop in many of the African/ Caribbean’scountries such as more sustainable energy and better protection against obesity and
Ghana, Ethiopia, Benin Republic and Nigeria in particular. Also, in diabetes (Walsh, 2003). Yam pounding machine can be operated
some other parts of the world such as Brazil, India, Oceania and by electrical, mechanical and solar means. Best performance with
Latin America; yam is a major source of food. The word “yam” was power conversion is possible using Solar technology [1].
derived from the Wolof word “nyam” which is a Portuguese name
According to the food information Network in 2008, it was
meaning “to taste”. Also, in another African language, it means “to
estimated that the world production of yam in 1993 was at 28.1
eat” e.g. in Hausa“nyam” (Mignouna et al, 2003). This perennial
million tons in which 96% of this estimate was from the West
herbaceous crop is of different species such as the white yam
Africa tropical regions and 71% from Nigeria. This figure was later
(Dioscorea.rotundata), yellow yam (Dioscoreacayenensis), water
reviewed in 1998 accounting for about 72.4% of the world total
yam (Dioscoreaalata) and trifoliate yam (Dioscorea. dumetorum)
production of 29.6million tones. Also, according to the Federal
(Amusaet al., 2003). The fruit of yam consists of a membranaceous,
Office of Statistics, Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of
three-wing capsule. The yam family is mostly of the weak-stemmed
yams having the water yam (Dioscoreaalarta) and the yellow yam
vines with large, underground food storage organs-tuber-rhizomes.
(Dioscorearotundata) as her most cultivated species of yam. Yam,
Yam has found its use in the preparation of steroid hormones by
being one of the most sumptuous meals, can be prepared in diverse

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License GJES.MS.ID.000626. Page 1 of 8
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

ways. While the Yoruba tribe may prefer it dried, milled and then minutes. The aim of this study is the design and production of a yam
made into a slightly solid paste called “Amala”, the Igbos prefer pounding machine capable of eliminating the noise and vibrations
cutting the tuber into smaller blocks or bits, boiled and eaten, associated with the traditional method of pounding.
in order to avoid the tedious nature of pounding the boiled yam
Review of Literature on Yam Pounding Machine
which results to bond formation like Nigeria’s locally prepared
fufu (Akissoe et al, 2003). However, the process of meshing or Yam belongs to the class of carbohydrate type of food and had
beating something into pulp or powder with repeated heavy blows been one of the oldest recipes known to man. It has been a major
is known as pounding. Yam has remained one of the most highly food crop in many of the African/ Caribbean’s countries such as
regarded food products in West Africa and particularly Nigeria as Ghana, Ethiopia, Benin Republic and Nigeria in particular. Also, in
virtually all her ethnic groups feed on it; hence its close integration some other parts of the world such as Brazil, India, Oceania and
into the socio-cultural, economic and religious aspect of life such Latin America; yam is a major source of food. The word “yam” was
as marriage where some tubers of yam are presented to the bride derived from the Wolof word “n yam” which is a Portuguese name
family in accordance to the customs of the people [2]. Also, Osueke meaning “to taste”. Also, in another African language, it means “to
prefers a replacement of the unhygienic and the noisy effect of the eat” e.g. in Hausa “nyam” (Mignouna et al, 2003). This perennial
classical machines to the number of strokes during pounding to be herbaceous crop is of different species such as the white yam
uncalled for (Osueke,2010). Design improvement is very important (Dioscorea.rotundata), yellow yam (Dioscoreacayenensis), water
in work operation [2,3]. The production process of “POUNDO yam (Dioscoreaalata) and trifoliate yam (Dioscorea. dumetorum)
YAM‟ consists of simple operations. The unit operations are Yam (Amusaet al., 2003). The fruit of yam consists of a membranaceous,
selection, washing; peeling, slicing and dicing; parboiling; drying; three-wing capsule. The yam family is mostly of the weak-stemmed
milling, sieving, packaging. vines with large, underground food storage organs-tuber-rhizomes.
Yam has found its use in the preparation of steroid hormones by
Nutritional value of pounded yam the syntax synthesis of cortisone from yam extract. Also, its lower
A meal of pounded yam with vegetable soup provides a very glycemic index than potatoes products (kay, 1987) accounts for its
rich and balanced diet. Yam in itself has been hailed as one of the more sustainable energy and better protection against obesity and
most nutritious foods known to man. Apart from being rich in fiber diabetes (Walsh, 2003). According to the food information Network
protecting the bowels against diseases like diverticulitis, it is a great in 2008, it was estimated that the world production of yam in 1993
source of vitamin C, vitamin B6, magnesium, and phosphorus. Yam was at 28.1 million tons in which 96% of this estimate was from
is also rich in protein. Some pounded yam flour contains sulfites as the West Africa tropical regions and 71% from Nigeria. This figure
preservatives. If you are usually allergic to food preservatives, there was later reviewed in 1998 accounting for about 72.4% of the
are chances that you may be allergic to sulfites. A yam pounding world total production of 29.6million tones. Also, according to the
machine is been developed using mainly some locally sourced Federal Office of Statistics, Nigeria is the world’s largest producer
materials. The machine consists of a shaft, pulleys, belt, bearings, of yams having the water yam (Dioscoreaalarta) and the yellow
electric motor, yam beaters, bowl and the frame. The machine yam (Dioscorearotundata) as her most cultivated species of yam.
is developed to enhance the hygienic processing of yam for both Yam, being one of the most sumptuous meals, can be prepared in
domestic and commercial consumption while eliminating the diverse ways. While the Yoruba tribe may prefer it dried, milled
tedious and laborious indigenous process of preparing pounded and then made into a slightly solid paste called “Amala”, the Igbos
yam. The need for a machine that will pound yam to this needed prefer cutting the tuber into smaller blocks or bits, boiled and
quality with less human effort and time becomes expedient. The eaten, in order to avoid the tedious nature of pounding the boiled
main objective of this work, therefore, is to develop a reliable and yam which results to bond formation like Nigeria’s locally prepared
efficient yam pounding machine that would be easy to operate and fufu (Akissoe et al, 2003). However, the process of meshing or
maintain. beating something into pulp or powder with repeated heavy blows
is known as pounding. Yam has remained one of the most highly
Yam pounding machine regarded food products in West Africa and particularly Nigeria as
Yam pounding machine is a machine that is designed to perform virtually all her ethnic groups feed on it; hence its close integration
the task of converting boiled yam into pounded yam. A boiled yam into the socio-cultural, economic and religious aspect of life such
is poured into the pounding chamber and covered; then electric as marriage where some tubers of yam are presented to the bride
current is supplied which powers the induction motor to transmit family in accordance to the customs of the people (Odior et al,
the motion to the pounding blade for pounding the yam. The yam 2012).
pounding machine designed will take over the manual process
of yam pounding commonly employed in various homes, which
Pounded yam production
involves the use of mortar, pestle and human efforts. The machine Yam tuber, which is popular in most part of the world is often
will be designed to do the pounding operation in less than 4 consumed in Africa. This can be processed into pounded yam

Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 2 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

for consumption. Although concentrated in Nigeria, the largest beans, contain glycosides, natural chemicals that breakdown into
producer of yam in the world, the yam eating zones stretch from hydrogen cyanide in the stomach or when it is heated.
western Cote d’Ivoire to Cameroon. This plant is characterized by
a great degree of natural genetic diversity adapted to a wide range Yam varieties
of production conditions within the region (DEGRAS, 1986). Yam Yams are economically useful plants belonging to the
varieties generally achieve high yields (10 to 20 tons per hectare) genus Dioscorea [4]. There are many varieties of yam which are
and many have excellent storage properties in contrast to cassava. differentiated by varying characteristics such as the direction of
They generally have more stringent growing requirements than stem twines (clockwise or counterclockwise), the shape and colour
cassava as concerns both soil quality (high potassium level is of the leaves, stem and tubers, and the cooking quality of the tubers.
needed) and cultivation techniques. Yam growing also has a high The yam tuber is economically the most important part of the plant.
cost in terms of plant material. Using the traditional method, up The structure is extremely variable, depending on the species. Most
to one-third of the harvest must be retained for use as seed-yam yam tubers, however, are cylindrical in shape and the weight of
(Pierre-Marie, 1998). individual tubers range from 200g to 50kg (Asiedu, 1989).

Yam has been relatively neglected by agricultural researchers Types of yam pounding machines
and up to date result that can raise productivity have been far
The Pounding machine applies either torque or reciprocating
limited compared to cassava the other major root crop (Pierre-
force on a piece of solid for the purpose of changing its form
Marie, 1998).
from the solid state to a semi-solid nature. There are two types of
Yam tubers pounding and they are: Impact (Reciprocating) pounding; rotary
(torque) pounding.
Yams are an excellent source of potassium, with twice the
amount as found in a multi-sized banana. They are also a good The impact (reciprocating) pounding modes reciprocate in its
source of Vitamin C, B6, folate, iron, and magnesium. Yams are high operation. The mortar and pestle mode of pounding is classified
in starch and contain an enzyme, alpha amylase, which converts under this class. The design uses the combination of both rotary
starch to sugar as the tuber matures, is stored, or when heated. and the reciprocating mode of pounding with the rotary mechanism
According to researchers at Brigham Young University, curing yams incorporated at the mortar sent. Rotary pounding mode involved
by storing them at 29 °C (85 °F) for four to six days immediately the crushing of boiled yam through rotary twisting force (torque)
after harvest, increases the concentration of this enzyme produced from a motor through pulleys and a propeller shaft
(bringhamyounguniversity.com). Curing also appears to heal small connected to the blades. It is on this principle that the existing yam
surface scratches, decreasing the risk of rotting. Raw yams, like lima pounders are based (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Component Elements of the Yam Pounding Machine (TISRD, 2008).

Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 3 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

The parts of the yam pounding machine: Lightweight from yam flour. In order to facilitate the processing of yam for
materials are necessary for the development of mechanical systems consumption, a yam pounding machine is been developed using
[5,6]. mainly some locally sourced materials. This project thus looks at
the use of stainless steel to produce the parts that will have direct
The shaft: The shaft which is made of mild steel was designed
contact with the yam using the rotary motion of the yam beaters
to transmit power to the yam beaters in the bowl to perform the
that will produce the normal crushing and turning as well as mixing
yam pounding operation.
in order to get the local texture of the pounded yam. All this in other
Pulley: The primary function of the pulley is to reduce the to facilitate healthy processing of yam into of pounded yam.
original speed of the electric motor to the required speed. The
material selected for this pulley is mostly cast iron.
Methodology

The yam beaters: The yam beaters are two blades made of Operational principle
stainless-steel material and they are the main components that The Principle of yam pounding machine is like that of blender
do the real pounding of the yam. These are two bars designed and and digester. It comprises majorly of a prime mover which is mostly
joined together at angle 90° to each other at the center and they an electric motor and a transmission mechanism to transmit power
rotate together through angle 360° while pounding the cooked and also to reduce speed. Belt and pulley are used for transmission
slices of yam. and reduction of speed at the same time. This power is transmitted
The bowl: The bowl consists of the yam beaters which perform to a shaft with a blade able to both cut the yam and mix it. The
the pounding operation in a chamber of the bowl. It is made of yam pounding machine is designed and developed to hygienically
stainless-steel material with a volume of 0.018 m3. process yam and it is designed to pound variable weight of cooked
yams for domestic consumption. The machine consists of the
The frame: The frame forms the housing of the whole following major components: the shaft, bearings, automatic gear
components, including the electric motor. It has to be rigid to electric motor, yam beater, bowl and the frame. The yam beater or
withstand all the forces generated in the components during the blade is located on the upper edge of the shaft which is connected
pounding operation. directly to the electric motor system. During the pounding
operation, the slices of already cooked yam are loaded into the pot-
Effect of healthy yam processing
like pounding chamber and covered with the pounding chamber
Jimoh, et al., [7] presented an analysis of the medicinal effect of cover. The electric motor transmits power directly to the shaft
healthy carbohydrate processing. through its armature section, as the shaft rotates it actuates the
The effect of yam processing was studied, and it is discovered yam beater, which starts pounding the yams in the yam pounding
to have an effect on the glycemic response to white yam (Dioscorea chamber. The pot or pounding chamber bears the shaft and the
rotunda) meals. Postprandial glycemic response to food can be beaters. The operational stages in yam pounding include; washing
affected by the method of food preparation. The effect of processing the yam tuber, peeling, slicing, parboiling and pounding using the
on yam, a staple food in Nigeria, was studied in 24 healthy non- pounding machine before packing the pounded yam [8].
diabetic Nigerians. The postprandial glycemic indices of peak
Machine components and material selection
plasma glucose (PPG), maximum increase in plasma glucose
(MIPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose level (2HPPG), The machine components are the unit components of the
incremental area under glucose curve (IAUGC) and glycemic index machine that are assembled to form the entire machine. This
(GI) were determined for boiled yam, pounded yam and yam includes frame, stainless pot, pulleys, shaft, electric motor, pounding
flour (amala) after eating a measured amount of 50 g of digestible blades, switch, cable wires etc.
carbohydrate as recommended by FAO/WHO. Despite undergoing For material selection, the major component of this machine
more processing, food prepared from yam flour showed better and its material selection are:
postprandial glycemic response indices as compared with other
study foods. Yam flour submitted to more processing showed better • Pulley material selection: The main aim of the pulley
indices than the other yam-based product compared. Yam based is to reduce the original speed of the electric motor. The material
products, particularly yam flour, can be recommended for diabetic selection for the pulley is steel.
Nigerians as a substitute to eating monotonous beans-based • The machine frame: It gives the entire system support;
products. The above analysis shows that well-processed yam can be the frame is known for housing the entire components of the
a good supplement in the fight against widespread diabetes. After machine. The frame withstands all the vibrating effects from the
thorough examination and analysis, this project aims to provide component of the machine during operation. Angle bars are used
this project presents the processing of yam to produce pounded for constructing the frame.
yam using a pounding machine an alternative to the pounded yam

Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 4 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

• Belt material selection: The main aim of the belt is to T = NI X db (4)

transmit power from one level to another in the machine. A35
Substituting the value force acting on the surface area of the
Belt was selected for the pulley because it has a considerable high
beater in contact with the yam (Ni) and the distance of the beater
coefficient of friction and strength.
from the centre of pivot (db) = 0.11m into eq.3, T = 5.09 Nm
• Shaft material selection: The shaft is made up of
The power requirement to operate the machine. Power (P) =
stainless steel; the shaft is a major component of the machine which
Torque (T) x Angular speed (w)
transmits power from one unit of the machine to another.
Where: w = 2πN/60 (5)
• Yam beaters: The yam beaters are two blades made of
stainless-steel material and they are the main components that P = T x (2πN/60) (6)
do the real pounding of the yam. These are two bars designed and For a better performance, an optimal speed of 450rpm was
joined together at angle 180° to each other at the center and they chosen and a factor of safety 3.0 was also chosen for reliability
rotate together through angle 360° while pounding the cooked purpose. Substituting the valve of optimal speed(450rpm) and
slices of yam. torque(5.09Nm) into equation 6, P = 240 watt. Also, by considering
• Pounding bowl: The pounding bowl consists of the yam the chosen factor of safety, which is 3.0, the minimum power
beaters which perform the pounding operation in a chamber of the requirement for the design is P = 720 watts.
bowl. It is made of stainless-steel material. Recall that,1 horsepower = 746watts.
• Switch: this is the component that regulates the electric Therefore, an electric motor of 1hp with speed 1440rpm was
supply, it controls the on and off of the machine. chosen.
• Wire: materials that conducts electricity into the motor
Machine frame design
for the functioning of the machine.
The main purpose of the frame is to house the whole
Design analysis of the components component, creating an attachment for the motor to hold it from
In order to analyze components, we first determine the extreme vibration and a compartment for the pot to seat. Angle bars
density of yam, which are 1250kg/m3 and 1950kg/m3 before and of 40mm x 40mm x 30mm made of mild steel was used throughout
after boiling respectively. This figure has been experimented and and thoroughly welded.
determined by Osueke, 2010 and have been used in various works
such as that of Odior et al, (2012) analysis of production capacity of Belt design
yam flour for producing firm using a mathematical model. The major use of the belt is to transmit motion from the pulley
on the motor to that on the shaft connected to the pounding pot.
Determination of crushing force and power requirement
The center to center distance of both pulleys is determined by
The crushing force is the force required to masticate the yam equation 7.
to fine desired texture. Let the crushing pressure be denoted by py
 3D D 
Then crushing pressure, py = ρ(b×g×h) (1) =x max  e + b  (7)
 2 2 
Where: ρb = density of boiled yam = 1950kg/m3s, g =acceleration
due to gravity =9.81m/s2 Substituting the value of the diameter of electric motor pulley,
h = height of the beater =0.11m, pressure (py) =1950 x 9.81 x De (0.075m) and diameter of bowl pulley, Db (0.230m) into equation
0.11, py = 2.104 x 103 n/m2 7. De = 75mm = 0.075m; Db= 230mm = 0.230m: x= 227.5mm

The force acting on the edge of the beater in contact with the However, a center distance of 300mm was chosen for better
yam is given by equation (2) performance: x = 300mm = 0.3m

Ni = py x Ae (2) Then the length of the belt is given by the mathematical

expression,
Where: Ni = force acting on the surface area of the beater in
contact with the yam, Substituting the value of pressure (py)= 2.104 π ( De + Db ) ( De + Db ) 2
=L + 2x + (8)
x 103 n/m2 and area of beater from beater design (Ae)= 0.022m2 2 2
into equation (2),
Substituting the value of De (0.075m) and Db (0.230m) into
Ni = 46.3N (3)
equation 8, L =1125mm
Torque T = force x distance of the beater from the Centre of
Hence A35 Belt was selected for the pulley.
pivot,

Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 5 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

Shaft design: The shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting Dw=26.03mm

moment and as a result, shearing stress is produced in the shaft.
The maximum bearing load Qmax is given by equation 16
The shear stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum at the
outside surface of the shaft. The shear stress produced in the solid Qmax= k0 × Dw2 (16)
circular shaft is given as:
Substituting the value of ko= 12.3 and Dw=26.03mm into
σ max I p
Tmax = (B) (9) equation 17
R
Tmax = maximum twisting moment (Nm), 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum shear
Qmax= k0 × Dw2 =8333.33N (17)

stress (MPa), R = radius of shaft (mm). A bearing of 6204 was selected with outer diameter of 47mm
and inner diameter of 20mm.
Beater design

The effective area of the beater is calculated thus;

Manufacturing Processes of the Yam Pounding
Machine
A = BH + bh (10)
The Manufacturing processes of the yam pounding machine
Where: A= effective area of the beater, B= width of beater, h = includes the processes involved in using various production
height of beater methods in producing the yam pounding machine. Various
H= total length of beater and to calculate the value of b we use manufacturing processes were carried out during the fabrication,
equation production and assembling of the component’s parts of this
machine. The processes involved in producing the machine are
b = (H-B)/2 (11) as follows: Marking out operation or procedure, cutting, welding,
Where B = 0.08m, H = 0.2m, b = 0.06m and h = 0.11m; A= BH machining and assembling operation [10-15].
+ bh • Marking out operation is done to get the required shape and
The volume of space occupied by the beater inside the bowl is size of the design according to our dimensions in order to meet
given as: our expectation or aim; it is done or carried out by using tapes,
marker, squares, Vernier caliper etc.
Vb = Ah (12)
• Cutting Operation: Hacksaw: for cutting rectangular plates
V= 2.42x 10-3 m3
and circular bars and angle bars.
Bearing design and selection: Ball radial bearing was chosen
• Guillotine machine: for cutting of mark out sheet of
for this work because of its capability and suitability towards the
stainless steel and mild steel into the required dimension or
load. The specific static load rating or capacity is given by
measurement.
1 Welding, Machining and Assembling Operation
C0 = × k0 × i × z cos α Dw2 (13)
5 The welding process is the system of using electric welding
and electrode to join the material into shape. Machining operation
Where: C0 = specific static load rating or capacity=10KN; K0=
was performed using a lathe machine was used in the machining
factor depending on the type of bearing = 12.3; Dw= diameter of the
operation; the shaft was machined to the required shape so that it
ball; α = Nominal angle of contact = 0; i = number of rows of ball in
can fit properly for use [15-20].
any one bearing = 1; z = number of balls per row in the groove = 6
Assembling operation has to do with bringing together all the
Q required part components to form a unit or a complete machine. The
k0 = max (14)
Dw2 various materials are put in place in its various stipulated places.
The angle bar used for the framework, the stainless-steel pot, the
Qmax= maximum bearing load electric motor, the shaft, the pulley, the aluminum sheet used for
And the above data [9] the ball diameter can be calculated covering the framework were all assembled in their various ways
and positions.
C0 x5
Dw = (15) Safety Considerations
k0 xi xz cos α
The safety considerations in this work stem up from the fact
that as an electromechanical device, injuries and damages are
Substituting the value of C0 = 10KN, K0=12.3, i = 1, z = 6, ∝ =0
bound to occur, thus the safety precautions are as follows:
into equation 15

Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 6 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

• Ensure that all the electric components are thoroughly earthed Conflict of Interest
• Avoid hand contact with the pounding blade No conflict of interest.

• Avoid opening the pounding chamber when the machine is on. References
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Conclusion and Recommendation
13. DeutschmanD, Aron A (1985) Machine Design: Theory and System
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14. Gbasouzor AI, Mbunwe JM (2015) Development of a Motorized Yam
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The materials used for the fabrication were selected at a reasonable Economic Development in Nigeria. World Congress on Engineering, Vol.
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15. Harbart (2007) Kenwood: Power Splitters, Patent & Design Journal
materials performed their function satisfactorily. The volume of
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16. Hans M (1984) Kolstee: Machine Design for Mechanical Technology,
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pounded yam thereby saving them from the strenuous and the Mechanical Engineers. 4(3): 36-41.
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graduates should be made to undergo training on technological arrangements, New York.
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Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 7 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.
 Global Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6-Issue 1

22. Oweziem BU, Chinwuko EC, Ezeliora CD, Obaseki E (2015) Design, 24. Redford GD (1973) Mechanical Engineering Design, Macmillan Press,
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Citation: Ibhadode Oisehoemomen, Aniekan Essien, Adedoyin Adesuji. Development of a Modular and Sustainable Yam Pounding Page 8 of 8
Machine. Glob J Eng Sci. 6(1): 2020. GJES.MS.ID.000626. DOI: 10.33552/GJES.2020.06.000626.