« JR.

CHEMISTRY 1
BABY BULLET-Q «

1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
In this First Chapter, 'Atomic Structure', we learn about
various atomic models that reveal the
discovery, history and structural developments of
Atom and Sub-atomic particles ( Proton, Electron, Neutron)
We learn three basic principles
(Aufbau Principle, Hund's rule, Pauli's Exclusion Principle)
that describe the configuration of electrons.
We learn many Intermediate Developments, Phenomenon

- Q
[ Black Body Radiation, Zeeman effect, Stark effect, Planck's Quantum theory,
Einstein's Photoelectric Effect, de'Broglie's 'dual nature of matter'....]

T
that challenged, questioned ( the limitations) but ultimately lead to establish

E
a better Picture about the 'Structure of atom'.

L L
We learn about Electro Magnetic Radiation(EMR).....
(Hydrogen Spectrum- Emission and Absorption Spectrum)

U
We learn about Four Quantum Numbers which describe the
Size, Shape, Orientation of Orbitals and ofcourse 'Spin of Electrons'.

B
BULLET MASTER'S

YCHEM BEATS!
B
ATOMIC STRUCTURE [ 1 LAQ ]

A
q‰×Þq*ìý# ㄬ„¬OKÇO Õ =°‚¬ð J^ΰĝ`Ç Pq+¬ø~¡}

KÍuH÷ zH›øx, H›B

'STRUCTURE OF ATOM'
O\÷H÷ H›#„¬_Èx ATOM †³òH›ø x~Œà} ~¡‚¬ìª¼#° KÍkOKÇ_¨xH÷.......
=O^Î ‹¬O=`Ǟ~Œä›½ ̄á|_ (1808- Dalton's Atomic Model `Ë "³ò^Î ÿá .....
1913 Õ Bohr's Model of Atom..... 1926 Õ Quantum Mechanical Model =~¡ä›½)
ㄬ„¬OKÇ KÇiã`Ç Õ<Í 'J`ǼO`Ç "Í°^¥q =~¡¾OÑQê À„~¡° `³KÇ°ó䛽#ß
=O^Î ìk Super Scientists...... "Œ~¡° H›#°Qù#ß qq^Î q#¶`Çß Pq+¬ø~¡}°...
Planck's E= hn, Einstein's E=mc2......
`Ç^¥Þ~Œ "Œ~¡° ‡ÚOk# ㄬu‘“`ÇàH› Noble Prizes......
=°^Î¼ Õ ~¡H›~¡Hê Punching Postulates (ㄬu‡^Î#°) "Œ\÷H÷ Counter Punches .....
W ì XH› Super Hit Mystery Movie #° `ǁ„²OKÍ ~¡H›~¡Hê =°°„¬ô`Ë,Z^ΰ~¡° KǶ„¬ô`Ë......
^Ή§ƒìí `Ç~ŒÞ`Ç ^ùiH÷# ‹¬O`Ç$„²ëH›~¡ ‹¬=¶^¥<Œ`Ë, ^¥^¥„¬ô XH› HùeH÷ø =zó#>ÿØÁ......
q‰×Þq*ìý# gk Õ q[†Ç°öH`Ç#O ZQ®°~¡"͋²# =°‚¬ð ‰§ã‹¬ëAý q[†Ç°q‚¬ð~¡ q*ìý# ㄬ†³¶Qê ‹¬=¶‚¬ð~¡"Í° D
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
« JR. CHEMISTRY 2
BABY BULLET-Q «

STUDY NOTES
1. Atom: Atom consists of Protons and Neutrons located at the Nucleus and
Electrons revolve around the Nucleus with high Velocities(angular) and Energies.
2. Orbit: It is the 'circular path' of the revolving electrons around the Nucleus.
Orbital: It is the 'spacial electron cloud' of the 'surrounding electrons around the Nucleus'.
3. Shapes of Orbitals: Shape of s-orbital is spherical.
Shape of p-orbital is dumb-bell. It contains 3 sub-orbitals px,py,pz.
Shape of d-orbital is double dumb-bell. It contains 5 sub-orbitals dxy, dyz, dzx, dx2–y2, dz2.
4. Three principles that describe the arrangement of electrons in their orbitals.
(i)Auf-bau principle:‘The orbitals of atom (in the ground state) are filled with electrons,
in order of their increasing energies’ from low to high.
Rule 1: Orbital with lower (n+l ) value contains lower energy.
Rule 2: If orbitals have same (n+l) value then orbital with lower ‘n’ value has lower energy.

- Q
(ii) Hund’s rule: ‘In degenerate orbitals (like px,py,pz) of equal energy, first fill the available
orbitals with 'one electron each' and then start 'Pairing the electrons'.
(iii) Pauli’s exclusion principle:
T
L E
"No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers".
5. Black body: It is an ideal absorber of all incident electromagnetic radiation.
6. Zeeman effect: It is the splitting effect of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field.

L
7. Stark effect: It is the splitting effect of spectral lines in the presence of electric field.

U
BULLET MASTER'S

B
CHEM BEATS!
You Know! Atom Õ Electron H›O>è Proton ̋á*˜ 1836 ï~@°Á Z䛽ø= !
J ìöQ
Y
Nucleus J<Ík XH› ̄^Îí Football Stadium JO`Ç LO>è Electron XH› z#ß Marble JO`Ç LO@°Ok!!

B
Orbit: Sun KÇ°@¶“ =°# ƒ’¶q° Elliptical Orbit Õ Rounds Hù_È°`Ç°O>è....
=°# Earth KÇ°@¶“ Moon, Satellites 䛀_¨ Elliptical Orbits Õ<Í KÇH›ø~¡°Á Hù_È°`Ç°<Œß~ò!!
A
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 䛽 =òO^ΰ Orbit J<Í „²eKÍ "Œ\÷x

B
P `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç #°O_ Orbital / Shell / Orbit? Jx „²=_ÈO "³ò^Î ÿ\ì“~¡°.
Pauli’s D.No Principle: U ï~O_È° Wˆ×¤H÷ XöH D.No LO_È^ΰ H›^¥?!
Same Town, Same Peta, Same Street Õ ã„¬Hø› ㄬHø› # =ô#ß Wˆ×¤ä›½ 䛀_¨
Yzó`ÇOQê "Œ\÷ Door Numbers "Í~°¡ Qê LO\ì~ò H›^¥!
Auf-bau-Bus Seating Rules: Mìm |‹¬°ž ÕH÷ ZöHø@„¬ôæ_È° Window Seats Õ =òO^ΰ z#߄²Á 䛽 Preference W"ŒÞe!
XH› "Íˆ× W^Îíi =†Ç°‹¬°ž ‹¬=¶#OQê LO>è =òO^ΰ z#ßQê, ‹¬#ßQê LO_Í"ŒiH÷ Preference W"ŒÞe!!
Hund’s Hotel-Lodge Rooms filling Rule:
Hotels Õ Rooms #° xOÀ„@„¬ôæ_È° =òO^ΰ Single Person H ö Room W"ŒÞe!
XHËø Room Õ XH›ø~¡° Kù„¬ôæ# xO„²# `Ç~ŒÞ`Í P Rooms Õ Double Accommodation W"ŒÞe!!
'Black Hole' is the Best Example for Black Body in the entire Universe !
`Ç# ÕH÷ =zó# Light Rays "³ò`Œëxß PªO`ÇO Absorb K͋°¬ HË=_È"°Í Hê䛽O_¨....
Jk ̄^Îí ̄^Îí ãQ®‚𬠁#° ̋`á OÇ J ìQê¾ q°OöQ‹¬°Oë k !!!
Zeeman effect Õ m for magnetic field J#°HËO_! WH› Z„¬æ\÷H© =°ió‡é~¡°!
Stark effect Hˋ¬O g° Kitchen Õx Gas Lighter #°O_ =KÍóElectric Sparks #° Q®°~¡°O ë KÇ°HËO_ KŒ°!!
« JR. CHEMISTRY 3
BABY BULLET-Q «

8. Quantum & Photon:

Quantum: 'Quantum' is just 'an energy packet' and it has 'no mass'. It is the 'smallest
Quantity of Energy' emitted or absorbed in the form of Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR).
Photon: Quantum of Light rays is called Photon.
9. Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR): Light is a form of EMR.
Light rays have wave nature (Maxwell’s Electro Magnetic Theory)
Light rays have particle nature (Planck’s Quantum theory)
Microscopic particles possess both wave nature & particle nature (de Broglie’s Hypothesis)
10. Planck’s Quantum Theory: It supports the Particle nature of EMR.
It explains the Black Body Radiation. It explains Photoelectric effect.
11. de Broglie’s Hypothesis: Micro particles like electrons exhibit dual behaviour.
h h
Electrons have both particle and wave nature. de Broglie's wavelength O .

- Q mv p
12. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: It is impossible to determine simultaneously

T
the 'exact position and exact momentum' of the moving electron around the nucleus.

E
13. Rutherford’s Planetary Model of Atom: Electrons revolve around the nucleus, just like the

L
planets revolve around the sun. This model could not explain the stability of atom.
14. Bohr’s atomic model: It explained the Stability of atom and line spectrum of Hydrogen.

L
15. Schrodinger's Quantum Mechanical Model: 'Classical Mechanics' based on Newton's laws of

U
motion deals with Macroscopic bodies like Orbiting planets, Falling bodies. But it fails at Micro particles.

B
'Quantum Mechanics' deals with Microscopic Particles based on dual nature of particles. The
'state of the electron' is given by the wave function Y in the Schrodinger Electron Wave Equation.

YCHEM BEATS!
BULLET MASTER'S

B
Quantum: Universe
A
Õ Mass L#ß ã„¬u ^¥xH÷ Yzó`ÇOQê Energy(E=mc2) LO@°Ok.

B
Hêh Mass è䛽O_¨ Energy x H›ey L#ß UïHáH› '‰×H÷ë ‹¬Þ~¡¶„¬OÑ Quantum(E=hn).
Quantum H÷ P À„~¡° ̄\÷“# "Œï~=~Ë `³°ª?: P†Ç°# =°ï~=~Ë Hê^ΰ Mr. Planck
EMR Õ H›O\÷H÷ H›x„²OKÍ Visible Light Rays Õ LO_Í Quanta À„ö~ Photons .
Planck’s Quantum Theory Õ P for Particle Nature Jx Q®°~¡°ëOKÇ°HËO_ KŒ°!
de Broglie's Hypothesis Õ d for Dual J#°HËO_ KŒ°!!
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle:
''XH› coin x Toss "͋²#„¬ôæ_È° XöHªi Head „¬_È@O =°i†Çò Tail „¬_È@O Impossible''
Z=ï~á<Œ „¬iïQ`Íë@„¬ôæ_È° "Œi "ÍQêxß Hù=KÇ°ó Hêh |~¡°=ô#° Hù= è=ò!
J ìöQ x|_L#ß "Œ_ |~¡°=ô#° Hù=KÇ°ó Hêx "ÍQêxß Hù= è=ò!!
J ì P ï~O_O\÷x XöHªi Hù=_ÈO Jª^Î¼O Jx Heisenberg K³‡æ_È°!
You Know! J.J.Thompson t+¬µ¼_È° Rutherford !
P Rutherford t+¬µ¼_È° Niels Bohr; Q®°~¡°=ô#° q°Oz# t+¬µ¼_È° Bohr !
Electron †³òH›ø Wave Equation H›#°Qù#ßO^ΰ䛽 Schrodinger QêiH÷ 1933 Õ Noble Prize =zóOk!
« JR. CHEMISTRY 4
BABY BULLET-Q «

16. QUANTUM NUMBERS TABLE-I:

S.No. Quantum number Significance notation Values Remarks
1. Principal Quantum no. Size & energy 1,2,3,4.... no.of electrons
(Bohr) of the orbit n K,L,M,N.... in nth orbit =2n2
2. Azimuthal Quantum no. Shape of the 0,1,2,...(n-1) Angular momentum
h
(Sommerfeld) orbital l (n values) mvr l(l  1).
2S
3. Magnetic Quantum no. Orientation of -l....0...l Explains the
(Lande) the orbital m (2l+1)values Zeeman&Stark effect
4. Spin Quantum no. Spin of the n for clock wise spin
1 1
(Uhlenbeck & Goud smith) electron s + ,– p for anti clock wise
2 2
17. QUANTUM NUMBERS TABLE-II:
Principal(n) Azimuthal(l) Magnetic(m)
-
Spin(s)Q No. of Electrons
n=1 (K Shell) l=0 (1s) ml=0 (1s) T
+1/2, –1/2 2
l=0 (2s) ml=0 (2s)
L E +1/2, –1/2 2 ½
°
L
n=2 (L Shell) l=1 (2p) ml=+1 (2px) +1/2, –1/2 2
¾ 2+6=8
ml=–1 (2py) +1/2, –1/2 2 °

U
ml=0 (2pz) +1/2, –1/2 2 ¿

l=0 (3s)
l=1 (3p)
B
l=0 (3s)
ml=+1 (3px)
+1/2, –1/2
+1/2, –1/2
2
2
½
°

Y ml=–1 (3py) +1/2, –1/2 2 °

°
B
ml=0 (3pz) +1/2, –1/2 2
°
¾ 2+6+10=18
A
n=3 (M Shell) l=1 (3d) ml=+2 (3dxy) +1/2, –1/2 2
ml=+1 (3dyz) +1/2, –1/2 2 °

B ml=–1 (3dzx)
ml=–2 (3dx2–y2)
ml=0 (3dz2)
+1/2, –1/2
+1/2, –1/2
+1/2, –1/2
2
2
2
°
°
°
¿

Imp. Formulae for IPE Problems

c
1. Quantum Energy E hQ h u ; h 6.626 u 1034 Js , c 3.0 u 108 ms 1
O
c c
2. Wave length O ; [' c = nl ] 3. Wave Frequency Q
Q O
h h ª 1 1 º 1
4. Wave length O (de-Broglie) 5. Wave number Q R «  » ; Q
H« 2
p mv n n2 » ¬ 1 2¼
O
h
6. 'x. 'p  [Heisenberg’s Uncertainty]
4S
7. Mass of electron m=9.11´10–31 kg; Charge of electron e = 1.6´10–19 C;
8. Increasing order of energies of various orbitals : 1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f......