Project Report

on
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR POWERED PORTABLE
ELECTRIC MESH TO CHECK THE HARMFUL INSECTS DURING
RAINY AND SUMMER SEASON FOR LIVESTOCK FARMERS

Submitted to the

Department of Industrial and Production Engineering

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology

Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India

Submitted by

Pankaj Sharma (56250)

Pranshul Rana (56252)
Kanchan Kamboj (56253)
Shailly Pandey (56254)
Dheeraj Joshi (56255)
Manya Sindwani (56257)

Guided by

Dr. Rajiv Suman

Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial and Production Engineering

In the Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Industrial and Production Engineering

4 May, 2024

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “Design And Development Of Solar
Powered Portable Electric Mesh To Check The Harmful Insects During Rainy And
Summer Season For Livestock Farmers” submitted to Govind Ballabh Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology during the academic year 2023-2024, is a record of an original
work done by us under the guidance of Dr. Rajiv Suman, Assistant Professor, Department of
Industrial and Production Engineering.

The detailed study embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other university
or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Name Id. No.

Pankaj Sharma 56250

Pranshul Rana 56252

Kanchan Kamboj 56253

Shailly Pandey 56254

Dheeraj Joshi 56255

Manya Sindwani 56257

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 APPROVAL

This project report entitled “Design And Development Of Solar Powered Portable
Electric Mesh To Check The Harmful Insects During Rainy And Summer Season For
Livestock Farmers” is hereby approved a creditable study of an engineering subject, as a
pre-requisite to degree for which it has been submitted.

Name of Faculty Members:

1. Dr. Rajiv Suman (Project Guide and Assistant Professor) ………………………………

2. Dr. Ajay (Professor) ………………………………

3. Mr. Maneesh Tewari (Assistant Professor) ………………………………

4. Mr. Y. K. Singh (Assistant Professor) ………...…………………….

5. Dr. Arun Kumar Chaudhary (Assistant Professor) ...……………………………

6. Mr. Arvind Patidar (Assistant Professor) ……………………………...

7. Mr. Anand Kumar Mandal (Assistant Professor) ………………………………

8. Mr. Devkinandan Sharma (Assistant Professor) ……………………………...

9. Mr. Sandeep Kumar (Assistant Professor) ………………………………

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Design And Development Of Solar Powered
Portable Electric Mesh To Check The Harmful Insects During Rainy And Summer
Season For Livestock Farmers” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Industrial and Production Engineering, College of
Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, is a record of
bonafide research carried out by:-

Name Id. No.

Pankaj Sharma 56250
Pranshul Rana 56252
Kanchan Kamboj 56253
Shailly Pandey 56254
Dheeraj Chandra Joshi 56255
Manya Sindhwani 56257

Under my supervision and no part of this project has been submitted for any other degree
or diploma. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation have
been acknowledged.

Pantnagar Dr. Rajiv Suman

Date: 3 May, 2024 (Assistant Professor & Project Guide)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge the divine blessing that has afforded us the opportunity to undertake this
manuscript. Our heartfelt gratitude is extended to the Almighty for His guidance. The
completion of any project hinges on the cooperation, coordination, and collective efforts
of numerous individuals who contribute their inspiration and energy. We express
profound appreciation to all those directly or indirectly involved in the fruition of this
dissertation.

We are deeply grateful to Dr. Rajiv Suman, our project guide from the Department of
Industrial and Production Engineering at the College of Technology, Pantnagar. His
sincere encouragement, inspiring guidance, constructive criticism, and invaluable
suggestions have been instrumental throughout this project.

We express our gratitude and veneration to the esteemed faculty members, Dr. Ajay
(Professor & Head ), Mr. Maneesh Tewari (Assistant Professor), Mr. Y. K. Singh
(Assistant Professor), Dr. Rajiv Suman (Assistant Professor), Mr. Arvind Patidar
(Assistant Professor) , Mr. Devkinandan Sharma (Assistant Professor) , Mr. Anand
Mandal (Assistant Professor) and Mr. Sandeep Kumar for their valuable suggestions and
encouragement.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Alaknanda Ashok, the Dean of the College of
Technology, for her keen interest and provision of necessary facilities.

We cannot overstate our appreciation for our parents, whose blessings and motivation
have been indispensable to this project. Without their support, this endeavor would not
have been possible. We are also thankful to our batchmates for their unwavering
motivation and moral support throughout this journey.

Place: Pantnagar Pankaj Sharma (56250)

Dated : 3 May, 2024 Pranshul Rana
(56252)
Kanchan Kamboj (56253)
Shailly Pandey (56254)
Dheeraj Joshi (56255)
Manya Sindwani (56257)

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 CONTENTS

DECLARATION….............................................................................................................2
APPROVAL…......................................................................................................................3
CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…..….......................................................................................5
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................8
ABSTRACT….....................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................10-13
1- INTRODUCTION….......................................................................................................10
CHAPTRE TWO…......................................................................................................14-29
2- LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................14
2.1- Organic Poultry Farming….…................................................................................14
2.2- Solar Energy……………….. …...............................................................................18
2.3- Mosquito Repellant Essence …................................................................................20
2.4- Mobile Chicken Coops …........................................................................................23
2.5- Insect Fed Animal Product……………………………………………….…… …..26
2.6- Mosquito Zapper Machine…..................................................................................28
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................30-42
3- METHODS AND MATERIALS.....................................................................................30
3.1- …................................................................................................................................30
3.2- ….................................................................................................................................32
3.3- …................................................................................................................................35
3.4- ….................................................................................................................................37
3.5-.....................................................................................................................................39
3.6- …................................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER FOUR….....................................................................................................43-46
4- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................43
4.1- …..............................................................................................................................43
4.1.1- …....................................................................................................................43
4.1.2-.........................................................................................................................43
4.1.3-...........................................................................................................................44
4.1.4-..........................................................................................................................44

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 4.2- Cost Analysis…..........................................................................................................45
4.2.1-...........................................................................................................................45
4.2.2- …......................................................................................................................45
4.2.3- …......................................................................................................................46
4.3- ….................................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER FIVE…...........................................................................................................47
5- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE….................................................................47
5.1- Conclusions…...........................................................................................................47
5.2- Future Scope.............................................................................................................47
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................48-52

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no. Name Page no.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

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 ABSTRACT

The demand for sustainable and portable energy solutions has surged in recent years,
driven by the need for reliable electricity access in remote and off-grid areas. In response
to this demand, this project report explores the design, implementation, and evaluation of a
solar-powered portable electric coop. This innovative solution integrates renewable energy
technologies with portable infrastructure to provide electricity for small-scale agricultural
operations, particularly in rural and underserved communities.

The project begins with an overview of the current challenges faced by small-scale poultry
farmers, including limited access to electricity and reliance on traditional, non-renewable
energy sources. These challenges underscore the need for a sustainable and portable energy
solution that can enhance productivity, improve living conditions, and promote economic
empowerment among smallholder farmers.

The design phase of the project involves the selection and integration of appropriate
renewable energy technologies, including solar panels, batteries, and inverters, to create a
portable electric coop system. The implementation phase focuses on field testing and
deployment of the solar-powered electric coop in real-world settings.. The deployment
process is iterative, allowing for continuous improvement based on user feedback and
performance monitoring. The evaluation phase assesses the impact and effectiveness of the
solar-powered electric coop in addressing the needs of small-scale poultry farmers. Key
performance indicators include electricity generation, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and
user satisfaction. Data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, and energy
monitoring are utilized to gather quantitative and qualitative insights into the system's
performance and user experience. Preliminary findings indicate that the solar-powered
electric coop has the potential to significantly improve electricity access and enhance
productivity for small-scale poultry farmers. The portability and scalability of the system
make it well-suited for deployment in diverse geographical contexts, including remote and
off-grid areas where traditional electrification infrastructure is limited or unavailable.

The project report concludes that by harnessing the power of renewable energy and
portable infrastructure, this innovative solution has the potential to transform small-scale
poultry farming and contribute to sustainable development goals related to energy access,
poverty alleviation, and rural livelihoods.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

As The Indian Poultry Industry stands as one of the most rapidly expanding sectors within
the nation. Originally perceived as a supplementary income source and provider of
nutritious family sustenance, poultry farming has evolved into a significant commercial
enterprise, vital for generating substantial revenue. With a workforce of 3million
individuals, the industry demonstrates a stable output of poultry meat and eggs, signaling
promising future prospects. This evolution can be attributed to several factors, including
shifting dietary preferences, escalating incomes among the Indian middle class, the active
involvement of private enterprises, and a burgeoning demand for Indian poultry products in
the global market. The Indian poultry sector with 7.3% growth in poultry population, has
witnessed one of the fastest annual growth of about 6% in eggs, 10% in meat production
and 8.35% in broiler production over the last decade amongst all animal based sectors.

The burgeoning middle class in India, accompanied by changing consumer habits, has led
to an increased demand for protein-rich foods, thereby bolstering the growth of the poultry
industry. Additionally, the active participation of private entities has injected dynamism
into the sector, fostering innovation and efficiency. Furthermore, the industry's burgeoning
export market, driven by heightened global demand for Indian poultry products, has
provided a lucrative avenue for expansion.

This rapid expansion has not only contributed to economic growth but has also
incentivized many farmers to transition to poultry farming as their primary source of
income. Despite these strides, the industry grapples with persistent challenges, particularly
in the realm of disease management. Despite advancements in modern poultry farming
techniques, disease outbreaks remain a significant impediment to the industry's seamless
operation. Addressing these challenges effectively is imperative for ensuring the sustained
growth and prosperity of the Indian Poultry Industry.

Poultry Farming provides a stable protein supply as well as food and nutritional security
for a wide range of populations in rural areas around the world, especially in developing

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countries (Vaarst et al., 2015) . It helps to generate employment opportunities to millions
of people across the country, particularly in rural areas. From farmers and laborers to
veterinarians and feed suppliers, the poultry sector creates a diverse range of jobs, thereby
supporting rural livelihoods and socioeconomic development. It provides livelihoods to
millions of people across the country, with estimates suggesting that it employs over 4
million people directly and indirectly. Poultry farming is a crucial component of India's
livestock sector, contributing approximately 33-35% to the total livestock GDP. It
contributes substantially to the national economy through its value chain, including
production, processing, distribution, and retail. It generates revenue, foreign exchange
earnings, and tax revenues, thus contributing to overall economic growth and development.
industrial poultry production, predominantly chicken and to a lesser degree turkey, duck,
geese and others, represents the vast majority (up to 98 % for meat and 92 % for eggs) of
the global poultry production (Mottet and Tempio, 2017). India is currently the world's
third-largest producer of poultry meat and eggs, with an annual production of over 4.78
million tons of chicken and 129.6 billion eggs. The total poultry feed production in the
country stands at 27Million MT/year in 2022.

Despite its significance, Poultry farming in India faces a myriad of challenges, ranging
from input costs and market volatility to disease outbreaks and regulatory constraints with
us particularly focusing on the effects of mosquitoes on the poultry.

The poultry industry faces health challenges due to mosquito-borne diseases such as
malaria, West Nile virus, and various other infections. Mosquitoes not only cause
discomfort to animals but also affect their productivity and overall well-being. Traditional
methods of mosquito control, such as chemical repellents or insecticides, pose
environmental and health risks.

A groundbreaking solution has been devised to tackle the issue at hand: the Solar-Powered
Electric Scented Mosquito Fly Net. This pioneering system merges the advantages of solar
energy, scent-based mosquito deterrents, and electric netting to establish a sustainable and
efficient method for controlling mosquito populations among livestock and dairy animals.
Introducing electric netting into the system serves to augment mosquito control measures.
The netting emits a mild electric pulse, acting as a deterrent against mosquitoes and other

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insects, thus averting their landing on or proximity to the animals. This humane approach

to insect control prioritizes the safety and well-being of the animals while effectively
curbing mosquito numbers.

Central to the system's design is the utilization of solar panels to harness renewable energy,
rendering it environmentally conscious and economically viable over the long term. By
eliminating the reliance on conventional power sources, operational costs are reduced, and
carbon emissions are mitigated. The solar panels facilitate the charging of a battery system,
ensuring uninterrupted functionality even during periods of diminished sunlight.

A pivotal aspect of the system lies in the incorporation of scented mosquito repellents.
These natural repellents, derived from plant extracts or essential oils, possess the dual
attributes of being harmless to both animals and humans while proficiently deterring
mosquitoes. This strategic integration of scented repellents adds an additional layer of
efficacy to the system's mosquito control measures, thereby enhancing its overall
effectiveness. Utilizing insects as a partial replacement for conventional protein sources in
livestock feed, within a circular economy framework, could mitigate the exploitation of
natural resources associated with livestock farming. However, the ultimate success of this
approach hinges on consumer acceptance of novel insect-fed (IF) animal products

In essence, the Solar-Powered Electric Scented Mosquito Fly Net represents a

groundbreaking solution to the prevailing challenge. By leveraging solar energy, electric
netting, and scented mosquito repellents, this innovative system not only offers sustainable
and efficient mosquito control for livestock and dairy animals but also underscores a
commitment to environmental stewardship and animal welfare.

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 Figure

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

The present chapter deals with the review of the research work carried out in relation to
the objectives of the proposed study. Several research papers are collected from different
sources and the information is used in the proposed study. A brief review on the topics
related to the present study is presented under the different headings:-
2.1- Organic Poultry Farming
2.2- Solar Energy
2.3- Environmental Footprints
2.4- Mosquito Repellant Essence
2.5- Mobile Chicken Coops
2.6- Insect Fed Animal Products
2.7- Mosquito Zapper Machine

2.1- Organic Poultry Farming

Poultry farming has undergone a significant transformation over the years, with organic
poultry farming emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional methods . . Organic
poultry farming prioritizes the welfare of birds, environmental sustainability, and human
health by eliminating the use of synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. It utilizes natural
methods of pest control, such as predator introduction and habitat manipulation, reducing
reliance on chemical pesticides (Alabi et al., 2018). Additionally it incorporates nutrient
cycling and soil-building practices, such as cover cropping and compost application,
promoting soil health and fertility (Mäder et al., 2002). It prohibits the routine use of
antibiotics, contributing to the mitigation of antimicrobial resistance and promoting
healthier farming practices (Seufert et al., 2012).

The roots of organic poultry farming can be traced back to the early 20th century when
concerns about the adverse effects of industrialized agriculture began to surface. The
organic farming movement gained momentum in response to the harmful impacts of
chemical inputs on soil health, biodiversity, and human well-being. Pioneers such as Sir
Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale advocated for natural farming methods that eschewed

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synthetic inputs in favor of organic practices.Organic poultry farming emerged as a subset
of the broader organic agriculture movement, reflecting a growing consumer demand for
ethically produced food. The organic poultry farming ethos emphasizes access to outdoor
space, natural feed, and humane treatment of birds, aligning with principles of animal
welfare and environmental stewardship.

In India, organic poultry farming is still in its nascent stage compared to other countries.
However, there has been a growing interest in organic farming methods in recent years,
driven by concerns over food safety and environmental sustainability. Many small-scale
farmers across the country are adopting organic practices, including in poultry production.
The global organic poultry farming market has witnessed steady growth in recent years,
fueled by increasing consumer awareness about the health and environmental benefits of
organic products. According to a report by Research and Markets, the global organic
poultry market is projected to reach USD 11.2 billion by 2025, with a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2020 to 2025. Organic certification provides a
premium market niche for poultry farmers, offering opportunities for higher prices and
improved market access (Hamm et al., 2015).
Several factors contribute to the rising demand for organic poultry products worldwide.
Concerns about food safety, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability drive
consumers to seek out organic alternatives to conventionally produced poultry.
Additionally, stringent regulations governing the use of antibiotics and pesticides in
organic farming appeal to health-conscious consumers seeking chemical-free food
options. Organic poultry products are often perceived to be more nutritious, with studies
suggesting higher levels of beneficial nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and
antioxidants compared to conventionally produced counterparts (Chinivasagam et al.,
2019).

Europe and North America are leading regions in the organic poultry farming market,
with countries like Germany, France, the United States, and Canada driving significant
growth. However, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are also
witnessing a surge in organic poultry production as consumer preferences shift towards
organic and free-range products.

In India, organic poultry farming is gaining traction as farmers and consumers alike
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recognize the benefits of sustainable agriculture and how it promotes biodiversity, soil
health, and water conservation through practices such as rotational grazing, composting,
and reduced chemical inputs (Tuomisto et al., 2012).
The organic poultry market in India is still in its nascent stage but shows immense
potential for growth. According to the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority (APEDA), India's organic poultry sector is projected to grow at a
CAGR of 12% from 2020 to 2025, driven by increasing consumer awareness and
government support for organic farming initiatives.
One of the key challenges facing organic poultry farming in India is the lack of awareness
and infrastructure. Many farmers are unaware of organic farming methods or lack access
to training and resources. Additionally, there is a limited market for organic poultry
products, which makes it difficult for farmers to justify the transition to organic
production.
Current Scenario of Organic Poultry Farming: The current scenario of organic poultry
farming varies across regions, influenced by factors such as consumer demand, regulatory
frameworks, and agricultural practices. In developed countries, organic poultry farming is
well-established, with certified organic products widely available in supermarkets,
specialty stores, and farmers' markets.
Developing countries face unique challenges in scaling up organic poultry production due
to limited resources, infrastructure constraints, and market access issues. However,
grassroots initiatives and community-led projects are driving the adoption of organic
farming practices, empowering smallholder farmers to transition towards sustainable
agriculture. Growing consumer awareness about food quality, safety, and environmental
impact has led to increasing demand for organic poultry products (Hughner et al., 2007).
In India, organic poultry farming is gaining momentum, supported by government
schemes such as the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and the National
Programme for Organic Production (NPOP). These initiatives aim to promote organic
farming practices, including poultry production, through capacity building, technical
assistance, and financial incentives.
Despite the challenges, organic poultry farming offers numerous benefits to farmers,
consumers, and the environment. By eliminating synthetic inputs and promoting natural
farming methods, organic poultry farming enhances soil fertility, preserves biodiversity,
and reduces the environmental footprint of agriculture. Additionally, organic poultry

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products are free from harmful residues and antibiotics making them safer and healthier
alternatives for consumers.
In our project we have tried to incorporate organic poultry farming at a small level. We
have designed plates that will be installed under the solar powered portable coop to collect
all the organic waste such as insects and waste of hens residing in the coops . In this way
the environmental footprints will be reduced using our project.

2.2 – Solar Energy

Extensive utilization of fossil fuels across diverse human activities has precipitated
unprecedented environmental challenges, notably atmospheric and environmental pollution.
This phenomenon, unparalleled in known human history, has led to the emergence of terms
such as global warming, greenhouse effect, climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acid
rain within scientific literature. Since the 1970s, extensive scientific experimentation and
research have elucidated the close relationship between these phenomena and fossil fuel
usage. Emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from
fossil fuel combustion impede the escape of long-wave terrestrial radiation into space,
consequently resulting in a warming of the Earth's troposphere.

In order to mitigate the adverse impacts of these phenomena, two primary courses of action
have been identified. Firstly, there is a concerted effort to enhance the quality of fossil fuels,
thereby reducing their harmful emissions into the atmosphere. However, the more significant
endeavor entails the gradual replacement of fossil fuel usage with environmentally friendly,
clean, and renewable energy sources. Solar energy emerges as a paramount candidate in this
transition due to its abundance and evenly distributed nature in comparison to other renewable
energy sources such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave, and tidal energies. The preservation of
the environment for the betterment of future generations through sustainable energy
development must be the central and shared objective of humanity.

The recognized limitations of fossil fuels compel societies worldwide to collaborate on their
gradual replacement with renewable energy alternatives, rather than solely focusing on
improving the quality of fossil sources. Solar radiation serves as an integral component of
various renewable energy resources, constituting the primary and continuous input variable
derived from the practically inexhaustible sun. Solar energy is poised to play a profoundly
significant role in the future, particularly in developing countries, while also holding potential

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prospects for developed nations.

Freshwater and energy represent the two fundamental commodities that underpin the
foundations of every human activity, fostering reasonable and high-quality standards of life.
These two resources are intricately interrelated, with water power historically employed as a
major energy source during early civilizations. Solar energy, the most ancient source, serves
as the root material for almost all fossil and renewable energy types. Specialized devices for

harnessing solar energy have been utilized since antiquity, with applications dating back to
before the Christian era.

Energy serves as a continuous driving force for social and technological advancements,
constituting vital and essential ingredients for all human transactions. Human activities of all
kinds hinge upon access to energy sources, without which progress would be severely
hindered. However, the finite nature of energy sources, coupled with a population growth rate
averaging 2%, imposes additional pressure on energy demands.

The sun, an abundant and perennial source of energy, delivers an estimated 173,000 terawatts
of solar radiation to Earth continuously (NREL, 2021). This colossal influx of energy
surpasses current global energy demands manifold, underscoring the vast untapped potential
of solar power (IRENA, 2020). Furthermore, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has
witnessed remarkable cost reductions in recent years, with average PV module prices
plummeting by over 80% between 2010 and 2020 (IRENA, 2021). This precipitous decline in
costs has fueled exponential growth in solar installations, propelling global PV capacity to
over 770 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2020 (IRENA, 2021). Indeed, 2020 marked a
watershed year for solar deployment, with over 127 GW of capacity installed worldwide
(IRENA, 2021).

The plummeting costs of solar energy have catapulted it to the forefront of the energy
transition, making it one of the most cost-competitive sources of electricity generation in
many regions. Utility-scale solar PV projects have achieved levelized costs of electricity
(LCOE) as low as $0.015-0.025 per kilowatt-hour, rivaling traditional fossil fuel-based
sources (IRENA, 2021). This newfound cost competitiveness underscores the transformative
potential of solar energy in driving sustainable economic growth.

Moreover, solar energy has emerged as a formidable engine of job creation and economic
development. The global solar industry employed over 3.8 million people in 2019, spanning
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various sectors such as manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research and
development (IRENA, 2020). This surge in employment underscores the socio-economic
benefits of transitioning to solar energy, catalyzing inclusive and equitable growth.

Beyond its economic prowess, solar energy offers profound environmental benefits compared
to fossil fuel-based energy sources. Solar PV systems produce minimal greenhouse gas
emissions, air pollution, and water consumption during operation, mitigating climate change
and improving air quality (NREL, 2021). Moreover, solar energy deployment fosters
resilience to climate impacts, enhancing energy security and reducing reliance on volatile
fossil fuel markets (IRENA, 2021).

Solar energy's versatility and scalability render it a compelling solution for diverse energy
needs. Solar PV systems can be deployed rapidly and at various scales, ranging from utility-
scale power plants to decentralized rooftop installations (IRENA, 2021). This adaptability
enables solar energy to cater to a wide range of applications, including off-grid and remote
communities lacking access to traditional electricity infrastructure.

Furthermore, advancements in solar technology have bolstered the efficiency and reliability of
solar PV systems. The most efficient commercially available modules boast conversion
efficiencies exceeding 23%, reflecting significant progress in solar cell design and
manufacturing (NREL, 2021). Additionally, solar energy systems boast long lifespans,
typically exceeding 25 years, with minimal maintenance requirements and no fuel costs,
ensuring long-term energy security and cost savings (IRENA, 2021).

The integration of solar energy into existing electricity grids presents both challenges and
opportunities for enhancing grid flexibility and resilience. While intermittency poses
challenges to grid stability, innovative solutions such as energy storage, demand-side
management, and grid modernization can mitigate these challenges and unlock the full
potential of solar energy (IRENA, 2021).

Photovoltaic (PV) cells transform sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. A charge
controller regulates the power generated by the solar panel to prevent potential damage to the
panel. The battery system serves as a storage unit for electric power, ensuring availability
during periods when sunlight is not accessible, such as at night. This system is connected to an
inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into alternating
current (AC).

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Let’s look into the modeling of a PV panel.

The solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, directly converts solar radiation into
electricity. It is composed of different semiconductor materials and typically exhibits two
types: positive and negative charges.This technology is employed to develop solar cells that
offer both cost-effectiveness and high conversion efficiency. When photons from sunlight are

absorbed by the cell, electrons are dislodged from silicon atoms and directed away by a grid of
metal conductors, generating a flow of direct electric current. Solar cell PV comprises a
combination of various chemicals.

A photovoltaic (PV) module comprises solar cell circuits encased within a protective laminate,
serving as the foundational components of a PV system. Typically ranging in size from 60W
to 170W, these modules are commonly arranged in series and parallel configurations to fulfill
energy needs.

A photovoltaic panel comprises one or more PV modules assembled into a prefabricated,

field-installable unit with series-connected PV cells. Solar panels consist of interconnected
individual PV cells.

A photovoltaic array comprises multiple PV cells arranged in series and parallel connections.
Series connections boost the module's voltage, while parallel connections augment the current
in the array. The array can generate a maximum of 180W in full sunlight. Greater total surface
area of the array yields higher solar electricity output.

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2.3- Mosquito Repellant Essence
Poultry farming is a cornerstone of global food production, providing a significant source
of protein through the production of eggs and meat. However, the welfare and
productivity of poultry animals, particularly hens, are threatened by various factors,
including the presence of pests such as mosquitoes and flies. These insects, often
dismissed as mere nuisances, have far-reaching effects on poultry health, welfare, and
production. In this essay, we will delve into the intricate dynamics of how mosquitoes and
flies affect poultry animals, drawing insights from scientific research and peer-reviewed
literature. By examining the physiological, behavioral, and economic implications of pest
infestations in poultry environments, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the challenges posed by mosquitoes and flies and propose evidence-based strategies for
mitigation.

Mosquitoes and flies are ubiquitous pests found in poultry environments, attracted by the
warmth, moisture, and organic matter present in these settings. Mosquitoes, belonging to
the Culicidae family, are well-known vectors of various diseases that can affect poultry
animals. Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., and avian pox, caused by
avipoxviruses, are among the diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, leading to increased
morbidity and mortality rates in affected birds (Allan et al., 2009). Additionally,
mosquitoes can transmit viruses such as West Nile virus, posing zoonotic risks and
economic burdens on poultry producers (Benelli & Beier, 2017).

The impact of mosquitoes on poultry health extends beyond disease transmission to

include stress-induced physiological responses and reduced productivity. Continuous
blood loss due to mosquito feeding can lead to anemia, weakness, and
immunosuppression in hens, compromising their ability to resist infections and maintain
optimal health (Coles et al., 2017). Furthermore, the presence of mosquitoes in poultry
environments can induce stress responses in birds, including increased heart rate, elevated
levels of stress hormones, and altered behavior, ultimately affecting egg production,
hatchability, and growth performance (Dhiman et al., 2019).

Flies, including houseflies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), are
another common pest found in poultry environments, posing significant challenges to
poultry health and welfare (Kaufman et al., 2001). These flies are attracted to decaying
organic matter, manure, and spilled feed, providing ideal breeding grounds in and around

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poultry facilities. As they feed on blood and organic debris, flies can inflict physical harm
on hens by causing skin irritation, lesions, and open wounds. These injuries not only
compromise the welfare of poultry but also serve as entry points for pathogens, increasing
the risk of secondary infections and disease outbreaks within flocks (Ezenwa et al., 2020).

Furthermore, flies can transfer bacteria, fungi, and parasites from contaminated areas to
egg surfaces, leading to egg-borne diseases and economic losses for poultry producers
(Machado et al., 2018). The presence of mosquitoes and flies in poultry environments can
profoundly impact egg production and quality, further exacerbating economic losses and
food safety risks. Stress-induced hormonal changes and disturbances in egg-laying
behavior, triggered by pest infestations, can lead to reduced egg production rates and
increased rates of egg abnormalities, including soft-shelled eggs, misshapen eggs, and
double-yolked eggs (Raghavendra et al., 2019).

Addressing the impact of mosquitoes and flies on poultry health and productivity requires
a multifaceted approach that integrates pest management strategies with sound husbandry
practices. Environmental management, encompassing measures such as removing
standing water, managing manure, and maintaining clean bedding materials, serves as a
cornerstone for controlling mosquito and fly populations in poultry facilities (Li et al.,
2021). Additionally, physical barriers, biological control agents, and targeted insecticide
applications can complement environmental measures, forming an integrated pest
management (IPM) approach tailored to the specific needs and challenges of poultry
operations (Machado et al., 2018).

Lactic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid produced by the fermentation of

carbohydrates, commonly found in various foods and beverages. In recent years, lactic
acid has garnered attention for its potential as a mosquito attractant, particularly in the
context of mosquito control programs. Its efficacy in attracting mosquitoes, combined
with its availability and relatively low cost, make lactic acid an attractive option for use in
traps, baits, and other mosquito surveillance and control strategies.

Lactic acid is a known attractant for mosquitoes, particularly species belonging to the
Aedes and Culex genera, which are vectors of diseases such as dengue, Zika,
chikungunya, and West Nile virus (Logan et al., 2008). Studies have shown that lactic
acid can elicit strong attraction responses from mosquitoes, either alone or in combination

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with other chemical cues such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (Xue et al., 2018).
Lactic acid is detected by specialized olfactory receptors located on the antennae and
maxillary palps of mosquitoes, triggering neuronal responses that guide mosquito
behavior towards the source of the attractant (Leal, 2014).

The effectiveness of lactic acid as a mosquito attractant has been demonstrated in

laboratory experiments, field trials, and epidemiological studies. For example, researchers
have conducted olfactometer assays to quantify the attraction responses of mosquitoes to
lactic acid under controlled laboratory conditions (Xu et al., 2018). These studies have
shown that lactic acid can significantly increase the attraction rates of mosquitoes,
particularly when combined with other attractants such as CO2 and octenol. Similarly,
field trials conducted in endemic regions have demonstrated the efficacy of lactic acid-
based traps and baits in reducing mosquito populations and mitigating the transmission of
mosquito-borne diseases (Mboera et al., 2010).

The mechanisms underlying the attractiveness of lactic acid to mosquitoes are

multifaceted and involve complex interactions between chemical, physiological, and
behavioral factors. Mosquitoes are highly sensitive to changes in environmental odors,
including the presence of lactic acid emitted by hosts, microbial communities, and
decaying organic matter. Lactic acid serves as a metabolic byproduct of various
biological processes, including anaerobic respiration in bacteria and fungi, fermentation
in plants and fruits, and lactate metabolism in animals and humans (DeGennaro, 2020).
The abundance of lactic acid in natural environments makes it an attractive target for
mosquitoes seeking sources of blood meals and oviposition sites.

In addition to its role as a mosquito attractant, lactic acid has practical advantages for use
in mosquito control programs. Lactic acid is readily available, inexpensive, and relatively
safe for humans and non-target organisms, making it an attractive alternative to synthetic
chemical attractants. Unlike CO2, which requires specialized equipment for production
and delivery, lactic acid can be easily obtained from commercial sources or produced
through fermentation processes using inexpensive substrates such as carbohydrates
(Bansal et al., 2014). Furthermore, lactic acid is biodegradable and environmentally
friendly, minimizing the ecological impact of mosquito control activities.

Several commercial products containing lactic acid as the active ingredient are available
on the market for mosquito surveillance and control. These products include attractant
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lures, mosquito traps, and bait stations designed to capture and kill adult mosquitoes or
disrupt their reproductive cycle. For example, BG Sentinel traps, developed by Biogents
AG, utilize a combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and other attractants to lure
mosquitoes into a capture chamber where they are subsequently killed or collected for
surveillance purposes (Achee et. al., 2019). Similarly, lactic acid-based attractants are
incorporated into mosquito baits and oviposition traps, where they serve as cues for blood
feeding and egg-laying behaviors.

Despite the promise of lactic acid as a mosquito attractant, challenges remain in

optimizing its efficacy, stability, and scalability for large-scale mosquito control
programs. The concentration and formulation of lactic acid-based attractants must be
carefully calibrated to maximize attraction while minimizing costs and environmental
impacts. Furthermore, the variability in mosquito species and populations, as well as
environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed, can influence the
effectiveness of lactic acid-based attractants in different settings (Chen et al., 2020).
Therefore, continued research and development are essential to refine lactic acid-based
attractants and integrate them into integrated mosquito control strategies.

2.4- Mobile Chicken Coops

Mobile chicken coops, known by various names such as chicken tractors or pasture pens, have
witnessed a significant rise in popularity as an alternative housing system within the poultry
industry. In contrast to traditional stationary coops, these innovative structures are
purposefully designed to be relocated periodically across pastures or ranges. This inherent
mobility offers several advantages, notably granting poultry access to fresh vegetation for
foraging while simultaneously providing protection from potential threats such as predators
and adverse weather conditions. This flexibility in relocation allows farmers to manage their
poultry flocks more efficiently, optimizing their utilization of pasture resources and
minimizing environmental impact.

The design considerations for mobile chicken coops encompass various factors, including
structural stability, ease of movement, and provision of essential amenities for the poultry
such as nesting boxes and feeders. Additionally, the materials used in construction must be
durable yet lightweight to facilitate transportation and withstand outdoor conditions. Mobile

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coops are often equipped with wheels or skids for ease of movement, and some models may
include features such as adjustable ventilation to ensure optimal comfort for the poultry.

In terms of anticipated benefits, mobile chicken coops offer a holistic approach to poultry
management that aligns with principles of sustainability and animal welfare. By allowing
poultry to graze on diverse pasture vegetation, mobile coops promote natural behaviors and
contribute to the health and well-being of the birds. Furthermore, the rotational movement of
coops across pastures helps prevent overgrazing and soil erosion while enhancing soil fertility
through nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Overall, mobile chicken coops
represent a promising strategy for integrating poultry production with sustainable agricultural
practices, offering benefits for both farmers and the environment.

Mobile chicken coops exhibit a diverse array of designs tailored to meet the specific needs and
preferences of poultry farmers. While the fundamental structure typically comprises a
lightweight frame, variations in size and configuration abound. These coops are ingeniously
crafted to optimize functionality and mobility, with considerations for ease of assembly,
transportation, and maintenance.

In addition to the lightweight frame, mobile chicken coops are often equipped with practical
features aimed at enhancing the welfare and productivity of the poultry flock. These may
include adjustable ventilation systems to regulate temperature and humidity levels within the
coop, ensuring optimal comfort for the birds in varying weather conditions. Furthermore,
some coops may incorporate removable panels or partitions to facilitate cleaning and
sanitation, promoting hygienic conditions essential for poultry health.

The choice of materials for constructing mobile coops is another critical aspect that influences
their performance and longevity. Manufacturers often prioritize durability, weather resistance,
and sustainability when selecting materials such as metal alloys, high-density plastics, or
treated wood. These materials are chosen for their ability to withstand outdoor exposure and
frequent movement, ensuring the structural integrity of the coop over time.In terms of
mobility, mobile chicken coops offer flexibility in transportation methods to suit the
preferences and resources of the farmer. While some coops are designed to be towed behind a
tractor or utility vehicle, others are manually movable, relying on human or animal power for

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 relocation. This versatility allows farmers to adapt their management practices according to
…… the scale of their operation, available equipment, and terrain conditions.

Overall, the design and construction of mobile chicken coops reflect a harmonious blend of
innovation, functionality, and practicality aimed at optimizing poultry management while
promoting sustainability and animal welfare. As advancements in technology and agricultural
practices continue to evolve, mobile coops are poised to play an increasingly integral role in
modern poultry production systems.

The design of mobile chicken coops is influenced by various factors, including the size of the
poultry flock, the available pasture or range area, and the desired level of mobility and
flexibility. Coop size and configuration should accommodate the specific needs and behaviors
of the poultry species being raised, including space requirements, roosting preferences, and
access to feed and water. Additionally, coop construction materials should be durable,
weather-resistant, and easy to clean and maintain to ensure the health and welfare of the
poultry flock (Sherwood et al., 2019).

One of the primary benefits of mobile chicken coops is their ability to promote sustainable and
regenerative agricultural practices. By allowing poultry to forage on fresh pasture vegetation,
mobile coops help improve soil health, nutrient cycling, and pasture biodiversity, reducing the
need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides (Kremen & Miles, 2012). Poultry grazing also
helps control weeds, pests, and insect larvae, contributing to integrated pest management and
reducing reliance on chemical pesticides (Littell et al., 2020). Additionally, mobile coops can
be integrated into rotational grazing systems, where poultry follow ruminant livestock such as
cattle or sheep, further enhancing soil fertility and pasture productivity (Peters et al., 2017).

Mobile chicken coops also offer advantages in terms of poultry welfare and behavior. By
providing access to fresh air, sunlight, and natural forage, mobile coops promote natural
behaviors such as pecking, scratching, and dust bathing, which are essential for poultry health
and well-being (O'Dea et al., 2020). Poultry raised in mobile coops exhibit lower levels of
stress and aggression compared to birds confined in conventional housing systems, leading to
improved overall welfare and productivity (Daigle et al., 2018). Additionally, mobile coops
allow poultry to exhibit natural flock dynamics, including social interactions and hierarchy

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formation, which are important for maintaining behavioral stability and reducing aggression
and cannibalism (Campbell et al., 2016).

Another benefit of mobile chicken coops is their versatility and adaptability to diverse
agricultural systems and environmental conditions. Mobile coops can be used in a wide range
of climates, landscapes, and production systems, from small-scale backyard operations to
large-scale commercial enterprises. They can be easily customized and modified to meet
specific management goals and production objectives, such as pasture-based egg production,
meat production, or integrated crop-livestock systems (El-Lethey et al., 2003). Additionally,
mobile coops can be integrated into agroforestry systems, where poultry forage under tree
canopies, contributing to shade, shelter, and soil conservation (Herrero et al., 2014).

2.5- Insect Fed Animal Products

Jedrejek et al. (2016) discusses the status of animal by-products in the feed industry
within the European Union.In recent years, there has been growing interest in the
utilization of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed. With concerns
over the environmental impact of traditional protein sources such as soybean meal and
fishmeal, as well as the need to meet the rising demand for animal protein in a resource-
constrained world, insects offer a promising solution. In this section, we will explore the
concept of insect-based animal feed, its nutritional value, environmental benefits,
challenges, and potential applications in sustainable agriculture.

Insects have long been recognized as a natural and abundant source of protein, vitamins,
minerals, and essential fatty acids. They are highly efficient converters of organic matter
into biomass, requiring minimal resources such as land, water, and feed to produce high-
quality protein. Furthermore, insects can be reared on various organic substrates,
including agricultural by-products, food waste, and manure, thus contributing to the
valorization of organic waste streams and the circular economy (van Huis et al., 2013).
These inherent qualities make insects an attractive and sustainable alternative to
conventional protein sources for animal feed.

The nutritional composition of insects varies depending on factors such as species, life
stage, diet, and rearing conditions. In general, insects are rich in protein, with some
species containing comparable or higher protein content than conventional protein sources

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such as soybean meal and fishmeal (Makkar et al., 2014). For example, the black soldier
fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae have been found to contain protein levels ranging from 40%
to 60% of dry matter, making them an excellent source of dietary protein for livestock
and poultry (Newton et al., 2015). In addition to protein, insects also provide essential
amino acids, vitamins (e.g., B vitamins), minerals (e.g., iron, calcium), and bioactive
compounds (e.g., antimicrobial peptides), contributing to overall animal health and
performance (van Huis, 2013).

The environmental benefits of insect-based animal feed are manifold and extend across
various dimensions of sustainability. Firstly, insects have a significantly lower
environmental footprint compared to conventional protein sources. They require less land,
water, and feed to produce the same amount of protein, resulting in lower greenhouse gas
emissions, land use, and resource depletion (Oonincx et al., 2010). Furthermore, insects
can be reared on organic waste streams, thereby reducing the environmental burden
associated with waste disposal and contributing to the circular economy (Diener et al.,
2009). Additionally, insects can be integrated into existing agricultural systems, such as
aquaculture and poultry farming, where they can serve as a sustainable protein source
while reducing reliance on finite resources and minimizing environmental degradation
(Barragan-Fonseca et al., 2017).

Despite the numerous environmental and nutritional benefits of insect-based animal feed,
several challenges and barriers to adoption remain. Firstly, there are regulatory constraints
and legal barriers related to the use of insects in animal feed, particularly in regions where
insects are not recognized as an approved feed ingredient (EFSA, 2021). Additionally,
there are concerns regarding food safety and quality, including the presence of
contaminants such as heavy metals, pathogens, and pesticides in insect-based feed
products (van Huis, 2020). Furthermore, there is limited research and knowledge about
the long-term effects of feeding insects to livestock and poultry, including potential
impacts on animal health, performance, and product quality (Rumpold & Schlüter, 2013).
Addressing these challenges will require interdisciplinary collaboration between
researchers, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers to develop evidence-
based regulations, standards, and guidelines for the safe and sustainable use of insects in
animal feed. However they can be recycled for other purposes, such as: animal feed;

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organic fertilisers and soil improvers; technical products for leather; or for the chemical
industry

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