A

NEW
ANTHOLOGY
OF
ENGLI
SHVERS
E

1
Que
sti
ons
&
Ans
wer
s

2
1
.Le
isur
e

ByWi
ll
iamDa
vie
s

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Wha
tar
eso
meo
fthes
impl
ede
li
ght
swemi
ssi
nourbus
yli
fe?

Answe r:-Int hispo em,” Le isure‘t hepo ettell

susWemus tfo rg
ett hewo r
riesanddares
ofthelife,atle astforso met i
me ,andr edli
sht hebeaut yandc harmso fnatur
a lobj
ect
s.We
cande ri
v eple asuref romo rdinaryo bje
c t
sl i
ket ree
s,pl ants,stre
amsa nds tars
.Wec an
experi
encet hef antasyoft hehi ghestdegreeifwes paretimet oda ncewi t
hbe autyanddrink
from here yes.Thepo e
tha scr ea
tedama gic
a leff
ectbype rso
ni f
yingbe auty.Thosewho
havet i
met ot urna tbe auty’sg lanceenjoyt her i
chne s
sa ndv arietyoflife
.Wemi ssthe
deli
ghtso fg a
z inga tg r
e enbo ughs,shinings t
a rsatnight,flowings trea
msi nt hedayli
ght
andwa t
chings qui r
relshidingnut si ntheg ras
s .Thepo etha sverys ucces
sful
lytaughtusa
mo ra
ll esso
n.Thel ang uagei sa ffect
ing,rhythmi ca ndl yr
ical.Thepo emi ss i
mplebut
thoughtpr ovok i
ng.

Therea
rema nysi
mpledeli
ghts,whic
hwemi ssi
nourr
ushe
dlif
e.W.Davi
eshasver
y
beaut
iful
lye
xplai
nedoutthe
sesimpledeli
ghtsi
nthepoe
m“Le i
sur
e”.thee
xplana
tio
nof
thepoemisver
ymuc hdee
pa ndthoughtprov
o k
ing
.

Fi
rstofal
lthepoethasthrownlig
htonthefol
lowingsi
mpledel
ight
swhic
haremis
sed
bec
a us
eo fali
feo fhurr
ya ndwo r
ry.Thepoetsa
yst hatwedono tenj
oythebe
aut
ya nd
cha
r mo ft
hegreentre
es.Intha
tma nnerev
ena ni
malsa r
ebett
erthanhumanbei
ngasthe
poetsay
sinthepoem.

“Not
imet
ost
andbe
nea
tht
hebo
ughs

Ands
tar
easl
onga
sshe
epo
rco
ws”

Thepo e
tfurthe
rpointsoutsi
mplede li
ght
sofnatura
lbeaut
y.Acco
rdi
ngtohim,we
mis
sthebeauti
fulsc
enesofthesqui
rrelsrunni
nghereandthe
rehidi
ngthe
irnut
sinthe
de
epgras
s.Thepoetlament
sinthefol
lowingli
neso
fthepoem:

“Not
imet
ose
ewhe
nwo
odswepa
ss

Whe
res
qui
rre
lshi
det
hei
rnut
sing
ras
s”

Thepoe
tfur
therpoint
so utanddescr
ibest
hemo s
tbeaut
if
ulsceneswhi
chwemiss
bec
auseofahurr
iedli
fe.Indayti
me ,whenthesunshi
nesa
ndt hro
wsi t
sray
sontothe
sur
faceofwat
ert
heraysscat
terar
o undandthepla
celo
oksl
ikethenig
htful
lofs
tar
s.As

3
wer
eadi
nthef
oll
owi
ngl
ine
s:

“Not
imet
ose
e,i
nbr
oadda
yli
ght

S
tre
amsf
ullo
fst
arsl
ikes
kie
satni
ght
”

Evenwemi sst hedanceofbe autya nditssmil

ebe c
auseo farushedl if
e.Ours ceneshave
becomedull.Wea rebusyino urwo rl
dlyaffa
irs
. Weha v
efo r
gott
ent heme aningsoflei
sur
e.
Leisur
eisofs upremeimpo rta
nc ebecauseitkeepsushealt
hyinbo dya ndmi nd.Butwea re
unfort
unatelybus yinmakingmo neyoraddingtoourma ter
ialgoods.Simpledeli
ghtswhic
h
natureandlifeha vetooff
ere sc
a peourno t
ice.
Thea bovearethesimplede l
ights,
whichwe
missbecauseo flackofti
me .Noo necancanbede niedthatW.Da v
iesha sverybeauti
ful
ly
explai
nedthepo e
m“Le is
ure”.

Que
sti
onno2
.Thepo
etha
sus
edape
rso
nif
ica
tio
n:c
any
oupo
into
ut?

Answer
:--
Yes,i
tistr
uet hatthepoetha
susedper
soni
fi
cat
ionint
hepoem“LEI S
URE”.I
wouldl
iketopointi
to utbutf i
rstofal
lIthi
nkitfi
ttodefi
neper
soni
fi
cat
iont
omak
eit
ea
sytounders
tandpers
o ni
fic
a t
ioncl
ear
ly.

Pers
oni
fi
cati
onisact
uall
ytheprov
isi
onofhuma nQue s
ti
o nnoua
lit
iestonon-li
v i
ng
thi
ngs.Thepoethasus
edIint he9t
ha nd12t
hline
so fthepoem whi
chna meisLe i
sure.
Hereisthee
xampleofor
igi
nalli
nesi
nwhichper
soni
fi
cati
onha sbe
enbeautif
ull
yused.The
poetsay
s:

“Not
imet
otur
natbe
aut
y’sg
lanc
e,

Andwa
tchhe
rfe
et,
Howt
heyc
anda
nce

Not
imet
owa
itt
il
lhe
rmo
uthc
an

Enr
icht
hats
mil
ehe
rey
esbe
gan”

I
nthea bo
veg iv
e nli
nes“Beaut
y”i sabs
tracti
dea.Butthepoe
tha sgi
venthehuman
Que
sti
onno ual
itie
so ff
eet
,da
nce,gl
anceandsmil
ebe a
uty
.S o,attheendofthepoe
m
“Lei
sureCrit
icalSummary
”i sc
lea
rcutpr
o o
fmodern’sma nhol
lownes
s.

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Wha
tar
eso
meo
fthet
hing
syo
umi
ssbe
caus
eofl
acko
fti
me?

Answer
:-S omet
imes
,ther
ei sasmal
lorli
tt
let
hingwhic
hkeepsnoimport
ancef
orama n
butthe
reisama nwhothinkstha
tsmal
landli
tt
lethi
ngsar
ev e
ryimpor
tance
.Act
ual
ly
,it
depe
ndsupontheobs
erva
tionandthi
nki
ngofayperso
n.

Wemi s
ssomanyt
hing
sinourli
feli
keChir
pingofbi
rds
,danc
eo fbought
s,s
hadesof
t
ree
s,f
rag
ranceo
ffl
owe
rs,s
tar
ryni
ghts
,beaut
if
ullak
eswit
hthei
rcoolandbuewater
,buds

4
ofros
es,fli
ghtofsmal
lbirds
,inno
cents
mil
esoffl
owers
,shoreofs
ea,gr
eathei
ghto
f
mount
ains,misc
hie
fso
fa ni
malsandsomanysuc
hthi
ngswhic
hc a
nnotbee
xpre
sse
dina
f
ewwo rds
.

Que
sti
onNo4
:-Wha
tar
eso
meo
fthes
impl
ede
li
ght
swemi
ssi
nourr
ushe
dli
fe? OR

Pointo
utt
hebe
aut
ieso
fna
tur
etha
tca
nbeas
our
ceo
fpl
eas
uref
orma
ninhi
sda
y-t
o-da
y
l
if
e?

Answe
r:-Willia
mDa vi
esi
soneo ftheouts
tandingpoetsofhisera.Heha scompose
ds uch
poemthatrefle
cttheevil
sofmo dernci
vil
izati
on.Hede pi
ctsthedile
mmao fmo der
nma n
in"Leis
ure".Mo der
nma nisto
omuc hbusyinhisdailyli
fethatheha snotimetos pend
wit
hnaturea ndtoenj
oythebeauti
esofnature.
Mo dernma nisleadi
ngav er
ybusyli
fea nd
bec
aus
eo fthishehasnospar
etimet ogi
vev a
luetothecommo no bje
ctso
fna t
ure.

Inrhepoem 'Lei
sur e'thepoerpo intoutthesi
mplede l
ig
htso fourl
ifethatwemi s
s
becauseofourbusyli
fe.Hes ay
sthatweha velos
thappines
sa ndpe ac
eo fmi nd.Weare
busyinourworldl
ypursuits
.Weha v
enor i
metos t
andands t
areatrhebe aut
if
ula ndgr
een
branchesoftre
e s
.Thepo etthenc ompa r
eshumqnbe ingswitha nimalsbys ayingt
hat
ani
ma lsaremoreinde
pe ndentandf r
eet hanhuma nbei
ngs.Hes s
yst ha
tmo dernma nhas
notenoughti
met oenj
oyt helovel
yscenesofnature
.

Man'slif
eisfullofte
nsionsandwo rri
esthatheisnotabletoseesqui
rrel
shidi
ngtheir
nutsi
ng r
ass.I
nv erysimpl
et one,thepoetsat
iresatthehel
ples
sc o
nditi
ono fman.Hes ays
eve
nwedono ttimet osees hi
ningwa terofs tr
eamsduringda ytime ands un.Shines
bri
ghtl
y.Thepo e
tpe rs
onif
iesbeautya ndsaysthatwea r
epr e
occunie
dwi t
hwo rl
dlyaff
a i
rs
tha
twec annotseethecharminge y
e so
fbeautyandhe rdanc
ingfeet.

I
tisafas
inat
ingsi
ghtbutwec annotenj
oyit
.wea r
edepriv
edofthesmil
eo fbea
uty
t
hatstar
tsf
romherli
psandsinkstoherfac
e.Hesayst
hatthi
sisave
rylament
ableli
fet
hat
wea r
eunimagi
nati
veanddul landc anno
tenjo
ylifewit
ha lli
tsat
tra
cti
on,beautyand
cha
rm.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-

“Wha
tist
hisl
if
eiff
ullo
fca
re

Weha
venot
imet
ost
anda
nds
tar
e.”

Di
scus
sbr
ief
lyt
hemess
ageofthepoetgi
vest
hroug
hthes
eli
nes?
OR
De
scri
bei
nyourownwordst
heviewsofWill
iamDavi
esonthel
ifeo
fma
nofmo
der
nag
e?
OR

5
Gi
vei
nfi
ft
eens
ent
enc
est
hes
ubs
tanc
eoft
hepo
em„
Lei
sur
e‟?

Answer:
-Thepo e
m ‘Le isure’ byWi l
li
am Da vi
esisane njoyabl
epo em.Itmo vesus
emoti
onall
y.Ita
lsopr o
v idesusf o
odf orthoug
ht.Thepoethascri
ti
cizedtheli
feofama nof
moderna g
e.Heha sco ndemne dt hema te
ria
lis
ticat
ti
tudeoflifethatma kesituglyand
unpl
easant
. Hethi
nk stha tthedesireformater
ialpr
ogre
sshasgivenma nunnecess
arycar
es
andwo r
riesoflif
e.Her ema i
nsa wful
lybusyda yandnight.Thel o
v eofearni
ngmo ney
makeshimindif
ferenttoa llthecha r
msa ndplea
sure
soflif
e.

Asc omparedwitho t
heranima l
s,ma ncanneverre s
tc ontented.Heha snot i
met o
enj
oyt hebe aut
if
ulscenesofnature
.Beinginnothur
ry,hea lsoignorespleasuresoflooki
ng
atthes mili
ngfaceofac har
mingg i
rl.
Thef eve
randfretofwo rldlyrespo
nsibil
itie
sdepriv
es
himo fs weetmo mentsoflei
sureandr es
t.Ifhumanlifeisno thingbutpa infulcaresand
worri
es,t henitisr e
a l
lypoora ndmi se
rable
.Ma nsho uldg i
v ea smuc hi mpo r
tanceto
ple
a s
urea ndpeaceofmi ndastotheearningofmoneytoraisehiss t
atus.

Ques
ti
onNo6 :-De
finepers
oni
fi
cat
ion.Ca
nyo
upo
into
utt
hepe
rso
nif
ica
tio
nus
edi
nthi
s
po
em,„Le
isur
e‟byDa vi
es?

Answer
:-Personif
ica
tio
ni sali
tera
ryde vi
ce.Iti
susedtoma k
ea nidearic
ha ndbe
auti
ful
.
Poet
softenusethi
sme thodofexpres
sio
n.I fali
fel
esst
hingorideaispre
sent
edasaliv
ing
be
ing,wit
hitsownc haract
erandqua l
it
ies,iti
scal
ledpers
oni
fica
tion.Wil
li
am Davi
eshas
al
soma deuseofpers
onifi
cat
ioni
nhi spoem, ‘Leis
ure’.

Hewa ntstoempha si
zehowbeaut
yo fnaturec a nbesourceofjoya ndpleas
urefor
man.Beautyofnatur
ec anbefoundi
ng r
eentre
e s
,s hinningst
arsandc l
earstrea
ms.Itcan
al
soref
lectit
sel
ffromt hechar
mingf
a c
ea ndattra
c tiveeyesofay oungma id.Theyoung
gi
rli
nthispoemha sbeenusedasasy
mbo lofnatura lbeauty
.Thepo etwantstoshowho w
anobj
ectofbeautyca
tchestheey
eofama nandinflue nce
shisheart
.

Thebeautif
ulyoungg
irli
nt hispoemisshowntobef ul
loflov
e.Thelovefo
undinher
heartisreadyt ospreadt
ohe rf acea ndt oshi
nethr
o ughhe reye
s.Iftheyoungma n
res
pondst oherinvi
ti
ngeye
s,shema ys
tartdanci
ngoutofjoy.Butt
heyoungma nisi
nsuch
hurr
yt hatheignore
ssuchfasci
na t
ingscenesofbe
autya
ndg oestoatt
endtohisbusi
nes
sof
li
fe.

Quest
ionNo7:-“Wi l
li
amDa v
iesl
amentst
hehur
rie
dma nnerinwhi
chwespe
ndo url
ive
s
depr
ivi
ngour
sel
vesofsavo
uringtheri
chnes
sanddive
rsi
tythatli
feo
ffe
rs.
” Dis
cusswi
th
re
fer
encet
ohispoem,„
Leisur
e‟?

Answe
r:-Wil
li
am Daviesl
amentsi
nhispoe
m,“Le is
ure”abo utthehur
rie
dma nnerin
whi
chwespe
ndo url
ive
sdepri
vingo
urs
elv
esofs
avo
ringther
ichnessanddi
vers
it
ythatli
fe

6
hastoo f
fer
.Hei ssorr
yf orthemodernma nwhoi ssomuc ha bs
orbedinhismateri
al
purs
uit
sthatheha r
dlyfi
ndsa nyti
metos e
et hec
olor
sa ndhearthesoundsofl
if
e.Nature
andma ni
fes
tat
ionsofnaturearely
ingbar
ea ndopenforusevery
wherebutweha vec
losed
oureye
sforthe
se.Therearetre
esandpla
nts.Ther
earesquir
rel
sinthewo ods
.

Ther
ea rebri
ghtl
yshinningwa vesinthest
ream.The r
ea retwinkl
ingsta r
sint hesky
.
Beautyi
tse
lfispres
ent.I
tisl ooki
nga tuswit
hitssweetglanc
e.I t
seyesaresmi l
inga ndit
s
li
psareal
sog oi
ngtosmil
e.Itsfeetaregoi
ngtodance.Butwea resostr
ang epersonsthatwe
don’tha veanyleis
ureors pareti
met oseethe“be autyinc
a rnat
e”a nde nj
oys eei
ngit
!
Wea repass
ingav e
rypoorl if
ebe c
ausewema yhavec ol
lec
tedal otofwe al
th,stil
lwelack
theappr
eci
ationofbeaut
yt hatli
esba r
eforuseev
erywhereinthewo rl
d.

Wea r
ea lwaysbusying et
ti
nga ndspendi
ngmo neyanddono tatnaturewhichis
“o urs”a sWo r
dsworthhasputiti
no eofhisso
nnets
.Accor
dingtoDavies
,li
feisnothi
ng
butac onstantcare
sa ndworryifwea r
eunabletofi
ndlei
sureforst
andi
nga ndstar
ingat
naturea ndi t
sma ni
fest
ati
onslikesimpl
eton.Lif
emus tbee njo
yeda ndr e
li
sheda nd
apprec
iatedinal e
isur
e l
ymanner!

Ques
ti
onNo8:-Wi
ll
iamDavi
esinhi
spoem"Lei
sure"e
mphati
cal
lypoi
ntso
utthati
nthi
s
r
ushofl
if
ewedono
thavet
imetoappr
eci
atet
hebea
utyofl
if
eandnatur
e.Dis
cus
s.

Answer:-Wemissmanysimpledel
ight
sinthi
sme chani
calag
e.Weareunabl
etoenj
oythe
si
mplejoys(l
if
ea ndnature)pr
esental!a
roundusbe causeofla
cko ft
ime.Thepoem
"Lei
sur
e"isatruedepi
ctio
no fmo der
nma te
ria
lis
ticworldwhi
chhaspro
ducedaho l
low
i
ma geofman.

Theexc
esi
velov
ef o
rma te
ria
lis
ti
cha stakena wayusfrom nat
urewhichisql
wa y
s
re
adytoof
ferhwrgi
ft
stoma nk
indinav a
rietyofways.Thepoetl
amentsthi
shast
lyl
if
eof
modernmam.Ma nhasbeco
mes omuc haccust
omedt othedul
lrouti
neoflif
ethahehas
note
venali
ttl
eti
mea ndasi
ngl
emo menttopa yat
tenti
ontothebeaut
ieso
fna t
ure
.

The r
ea r
ema nybe auti
fulplantsandt r
eesaroundusbutweha v
enot imet osand
a
mo ngthem.Wec annotrema i
nf r
eefromwo r
rie
sli
k eshe
epo rcowswhoaregrazi
nginthe
f
iel
dsleis
urel
y.Wemi sst heplayfulact
ivi
ti
eso fsmallanima l
slikes
quirr
els
,becauseof
s
horta
g eofti
me.Wec anno tseeshini
ngstre
amswhi chshineinthedayli
ghtasbeautif
ull
y
a
sthes kyatnig
ht,becauseo fourma t
eri
alpursui
ts.Wemi ssdacepart
ies
,mus i
calshows
,
c
omde ypeog
ramme sande venourfavouri
teone.

Wehavebec
omemachi
nesi
nthi
sag
e;s
obe
caus
eofo
urme
cha
nic
alpur
sui
tes
,mi
ssa
ll
t
hes
edel
ig
hts.
Wesho
uldl
ear
nthat
:

“At
hingo
fbe
aut
yisaj
oyf
ore
ver
.

7
At
hingo
fbe
aut
yisaj
oyf
ore
ver”

Que
sti
onNo9:
-Ho
wwo
uldy
oude
finePe
rso
nif
ica
tio
n?Or

Q:
-De
finea
ndi
ll
ust
rat
ethet
erm"
Per
soni
fi
cat
ion"wi
the
xampl
es.

Answer:-Iti
sak indo fmet
aphorandisoneofthemo s
tfreque
ntreso
urceo fpoe
try
.It
pr
esent
sinani
ma t
eo bj
ectso
rthoseobj
ect
so rabs
trac
tideasaspers
onso rendowedwith
pe
rsonalat
tri
bute(huma nqual
it
ies
).Forexample,i
n" Fog"byCa rlSandburg,dogis
pr
esent
edasli
vingcat.

"
Thef
ogc
ome
s

Onl
it
tl
eca
tfe
et.
"

Inthepo e
m,"
Bec
aus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
ath"ByEmi
lyDi
cki
nso
n.'
Dea
th'i
s
pe
rso
nif
ied:

"
Bec
aus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
ath

Hek
indl
yst
oppe
dfo
rme
."

I
n"Le
isur
e"'
Bea
uty'
ispe
rso
nif
ied:

Not
imet
otur
natBe
aut
y’sg
lanc
e,

Andwa
tchhe
rfe
et,
howt
heyc
anda
nce
.

Deathi
sanabst
rac
tide
atha
tisr
epr
ese
nte
dasahuma
nbe
ing
.Itha
sbe
enpr
ese
nte
dasa
l
ivi
ngcr
eat
ure
.

Wil
li
am Davi
eshasus
edpers
oni
fi
cat
ioni
nt hepoe
m'Lei
sur
e'
.Be
aut
y(be
aut
yof
na
tur
e)i
sper
soni
fi
edasabe
aut
if
ulmai
denoragodde
sso
fbea
uty
.

"Per
soni
fi
cat
ion"tra
nsport
susint
oani
mag
ina
rywo
rlda
ndpr
ese
ntsma
nypi
cto
ria
l
i
mag
esint
heimagi
na t
ionofre
ader.

Que
sti
onNo1
0:-Ex
pla
int
hef
oll
owi
ngl
ine
sins
impl
eEng
li
sh:

Not
imet
ose
e,whe
nwo
odswepa
ss,

Whe
res
qui
rre
lshi
det
hei
rnut
sing
ras
s.

Not
imet
otur
natBe
aut
y’sg
lanc
e,

Andwa
tchhe
rfe
et,
howt
heyc
anda
nce
.

8
Not
imet
owa
itt
il
lhe
rmo
uthc
an

Enr
icht
hats
mil
ehe
rey
esbe
gan.
"

Ans
wer:
-Wi
ll
iamDa
vie
s

Ques
ti
onNo1 1:-Davie
sin"Lei
sure",i
nfa
ctt
ell
sustha
titi
souro
wna
tti
tudet
owa
rds
l
if
ethatma
kesitsof
ullofwo
rri
es.
Ho wca
nwepos
sibl
yavoi
dit
?Or

Q:
-Mo
der
nma
nca
n'ts
tanda
nds
tar
e?Ho
wca
nwec
hang
ethi
sat
ti
tude
?

2
.Ta
rta
ry

ByWa
lte
rDeLaMa
re
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1:
-Pi
cko
utt
hef
anc
ifuli
mag
esf
rom“Ta
rta
ry”.

Answer:
-Wa terDel aMa rei
sac le
anpo etregardedasthepoeto
fima g
esa ndimpres
sions.
Hispo e
m “Ta r
tar
y ” isal o
v e
lya ndf ant
asti
calv o
yageint
other e
almo fi
ma gi
nati
o n.
Tartar
yisnotar ealpl
ac e
.Itisthepo et
’so wnc reati
on.Heimagine
sita salandfullo f
j
o y
s,charm,andcomf o
rt.Hee mploysnume rousfancyimager
ytopo r
traythegrandeuro f
thi
sima gi
nedland;fore x
ample“be dofivory”,“pe ac
ocksfl
aunt”,“La mpswo uld
shi
ne,yell
owa shoneya ndreda swi ne”,“Mo r
ningstar
”,“Da rkglades”,“S ilv
e ry
pale
”e t
c.

The s
ei mageshaveawo nde r
fuleffectonthemi ndo ft
her ea
der.Themo stfanci
ful
imagea ppearsinthe3 r
da nd4 thlineo fthelas
ts t
anza:Herflas
hingstars
,herscented
breez
e ,
He rtre
mblinglake
s,li
k efoamlessseas
,”Itistheimageint hewho l
epoemt hatis
widestinitsscope– thepo e
ti magi
ne sruleove
rev ent
hehe av
enlybodies(s
tar
s)andt he
forc
eso fnature(s
cent
edbreezeandla k
e s
)whichisthehei
ghtoflongi
ngformo na
rchy.

Ans we r
:-Wa l
terDeLaMa reisar o
ma nticpoet
. He,li
k eallroma nti
cpo et
s,r
etre
a tsintoan
idea.I nthispoem,t hea ut
ho rfantas
isesofbe comingLo rdo fTa rtary
.Ass ome onea pt
ly
sta
t ed,dreamsa resignif
icantinma n’se xis
tencesincet heya ddc ol
ourtoo uro therwi
se
drearya nd mo notonousl ive
s:Ex is
tencewo uld bei ntolerablei fwewe rene ve
rt o
dream. ”Hef antas
is
e sofbe i
ngt hesingl
er ul
ero fbotht hel a
nda ndtheheav e
nlybo dies
.
Hei ma g i
neshi
ms el
fa stheLo rdofar i
cha ndfruit
fulrea l
m, withapa lac
efil
ledwi thlavi
sh
furnishingsandac our tadornedwithag ol
dent hro
ne .Histe r
ritor
y’sf ores
tsar eteeming
withwi lda ni
ma ls
.Fishs wi
mf re
elyinthepur ewa tero fpools.Thepo etenvi
sionshi msel
f
wea ringroyalrobesa dorne
dwi t
hg emsa ndbe auti
fuls t
ones.Hef anta
sis
esabo utlivi
nga
wea l
thyl i
fe,whichhec anachievebybe c
o mingLo r
do fTa rta
r y
.

9
Ques
ti
onNo3
:-Wha
tco
lourwo
rdsha
sthepo
etus
edi
n“Ta
rta
ry”?Wha
tef
fec
tsdot
hey
cr
eat
e?

Ans wer:
-Wa l
terDeLaMa reisar oma nti
ca ndno bl
epo e
t.Hi spoem “Ta rt
ary”i sa
lovelyandfant
asti
calvoyageintothedo maino fthepoet
’smi nd.Tart
a r
yisanimaginary
land.Itisthewo r
ko fthepo et
’si ma ginati
on.Hei maginesitasal andfullo
fde l
ights
,
charm,a ndcomf o
rt.Toe xpres
sthes plendouro fthefic
tio
na lreal
m,hee mployscolour
phra s
essuchasbe dofivory,thro
neo fhamme r
edg ol
d,peacocksfl
aunt,lampsgle
ami ng
yell
owa shoneyandr e
da swine,mo r
nings t
ar,gl
oo mygl
ades,si
lver
ypa l
e,andsoon.

The s
ec ol
ourwordshaveaf a
ntas
tici
nfl
uenceontherea
der’smi nd.Fr
omt heworld
o
fr eal
it
y,thereade
re nter
sawo rl
do fdr
eams.Forawhi l
e,heforg
etshispro
blemsa nd
c
aresandfindshims
elfinthecompanyofze
bras,
fis
h,t
iger
s,f
air
ies
,for
ests
,andvall
eys
.He
t
hinksTartar
ytobear ealwor
ld.

Quest
ionNo4: -Ex
plain“Ta r
tar
y” byWalterDeLaMarea
sar
oma
nti
cpo
em.ORThe
poe
m“Ta rt
ary”iso fro
ma nt
icte
mper.Di
scuss
.ORThepoe
m“Tar
tar
y”thr
owsl
ig
ht
ontheroma
nticworl
d.Disc
usst
hisst
ate
ment
.

Answer:-“Ta rtary
”i sagre
atexampleofar o
ma nt
ictempter
.Itembodi
esthepinnacl
e
ofsensi
tivi
ty,adventur e
,andimagi
nati
on.Therearewaystogetawayfromthehars
hf act
s
ofl
ife.Fromt hisperspecti
ve,
thepoem“Ta r
tary
”i sroma nt
ic.
Thepo e
timagi
neshimsel
f
asthelordo flo
v e
lyla nd.Asmonar
chof“Ta r
tary,
”t hepoetwil
lhaveaniv
orybeda nda
gol
dent hrone.Hisco urtwil
lhaveanunriv
all
eda t
mo s
phereaspeaco
cksdanceanddispl
ay
t
heirsplendour.

Tiger
swi llr
oamhisj ungles
,andt hegleamingfi
shinhispondswilladdt othecour
t’s
all
ure.Thet i
meo fhisdi nnerwillbeanno uncedbyTrumpeter
s.Multicolo
uredlampswil
l
beturnedo nintheev
e ning.Hisregalatti
rewillbeavar
iet
yo fc
olours
. Zebraswil
ldrawhi
s
chari
ott hroughthef ore s
ts’ o penspa c
e s
.Hea s
pir
est oobtaine very
thingfoundin
“Ta rtar
y .
” Thepo e
ti spur s
uingthi
sa pproach.

Fl
ighti
nthereal
mo fthei
magina
tionNoo
necanho
lds
uchapos
it
ioni
nre
alli
fe.Iti
s
t
hefruitoftheauthor
’si mag
inati
on.Asare
sul
t,t
hepoe
mi sasupe
rbexa
mpl eof
r
omantict
empera
me nt
.

Que
sti
onNo5:
-Thehe
ro’sdr
eamsa
repur
e,i
nno
centa
ndun-
har
mful
.El
abo
rat
e.

Answe
r:- Thepoet
,a sma s
terofro
manticl
and,longstofanta
sis
ea ndr e
li
shallthati
s
magni
fic
entandoccursi
nag re
atmanner
.Hisdre
amsa repure
,harmle
ss,andnon-
ha r
mful.
Theconceal
edmoti
v eissi
mplytoappe
asehisunse
ttl
eda c
tuall
ife
.Hei sgrat
if
yingever
y
nee
dthatisunf
ulf
il
ledintheworl
dofre
ali
ty.

1
0
 Hisdre
amsa r
eno tmotiv
ate
dbyma l
icet
owardot
her
s,butbyast
rongde
sir
etoli
vea
spec
tac
ularli
fe.
Hef a
ntasi
sesaboutbe
ingthesi
ngl
erul
ero
fbo t
hthel
andandthehe
avenl
y
bodi
es.

Heimagineshi
msel
fa stheLo r
do farichandfrui
tf
ulreal
m,withapa l
acefi
ll
edwith
l
avi
shfurni
shingsandac ourtadornedwithag ol
denthrone
.Thefo r
est
sofhisterr
it
ory
a
boundwi t
hwi ldani
ma l
s.Int heclearwaterofpool
s,thefi
shesswimfree
ly.Thepoet
i
magine
stowe arro
yalr
obesfitt
edwi t
hdiamondsandpreci
ousst
ones
.

S
ot hes
eareallple
asur
esandr
oyalfa
cil
it
ieswhic
hthepoe
twishe
stohave
.Innoce
nceis
o
bviouswhenwer eali
setha
teve
ryt
hingispo s
si
bleonl
yindre
amse v
ery
thi
ngc a
nno tbe
a
chi
ev e
dinreall
ife
.

Ques
ti
onNo6 :
-Di
scus
sDel aMa r
easal
overo
fnat
urewi
thr
efe
renc
et ohispoem
‘Tarta
ry’.ORGi
vey ouri
mpr
ess
iono
fWa
lte
rdeLaMarea
sapoetaf
terre
adinghi
s
po
em‘Ta rt
ary
’.

Answe
r:- Wa lt
erDeLaMa rei
sapo etwhowr i
tesint
her omanti
cs t
yle
.Tartar
yha s
bec
omea ni deall
ocat
ionasaresultofthepoet
’spa ss
ionforna t
ure.Hef e
elsthat
nat
ure
’sl o
v e
lyla
ndsc
apesandfas
cina
tings
oundsareapri
cel
esstr
easur
eo fde
li
ghta nd
amaze
me ntforman.

Thepoetwis
he sthatTart
ary,hisrea
lm,wouldhav
eadi v
ers
ena tura
ls oci
ety
.Thick
fo
rests
,dee
pv a
lle
ys,a ndtal
lhi
ll
ssho ul
dbepres
ent.Hi
scount
ry’ss k
ys houldbeadorned
wit
hg l
eamingst
ars.Itshoul
dbeal andwithgl
is
teni
ngri
ver
s,vi
bra
tinglakes,andfoamle
ss
se
as.

Hee nj
oyshavingapl et
horao ffrui
ttree
stha tthri
llt
hebirdsandinspir
et hemtosing
j
o y
ful
ly.Everymo rning,hewo ul
dl ovetor i
det hroughTa r
tary’sda rkglades,admi
ring
natur
e’ss ple
ndour .Hee nj
oysli
steni
ngt obir
dme l
odiesandgazingoutthewi ndo
wa tthe
spl
endouro fthena t
uralenvi
ronme nt.Hisha ppy-li
fefantas
yi semptywi thoutsucha
beaut
ifulpl
easur
e-drivenshape,t
heuni ve
rseofNa ture.

Que
sti
onNo7:
-Di
scus
sthePo
emTa
rta
rybyWa
lte
rDeLaMa
rea
saRo
mant
icpo
em.

Answer:
-Ta r
taryha
sa l
lthefe
ature
sofaroma nti
cpo e
m.Itisa
boutanima g
inaryl
and
somewhe
reint heEast
.Theima gi
nedla
ndi srepl
etewithromanc
e,adve
nture,nat
ura
l
beaut
y,t
hril
l,andmy s
ter
y.Thelandisbea
utif
ul,ric
h,fer
ti
le
,andf ul
lofunheardand
unsee
ndeli
ghts
.

Thismake
sthewholeatmos
pherer
omantic
.Theric
hv a
rie
tyo fe x
oti
ccol
orsispl
eas
ant
.
Theuseofimage
ryisef
fect
iveandcol
orf
ul.Thepoetbel
ie
ve sthatthesc
enicbeaut
yof
nat
ureandenc
hanti
ngsoundsar
eapr e
cio
ust r
eas
ureofdel
ighta ndwonderofman.The

1
1
useofimage
ryi
seff
ect
iveandcol
orf
ul.Thepoe
tha
sgivengo
odpro
ofofhi
sfo
ndnes
sfor
natur
elikeWor
dswor
th.Thispo
emi ssi
mila
rtoCol
eri
dge’spo
em Kubl
aKhan.Colo
rs
andsoundse
vok
eever
yone.

Unli
kemo na r
chsoft hemo der
nwo r
ld,heha te
sl uxuri
esa ndv a
luablevehic
lesr
un
thr
oughme chanic
aldevic
esa ndshowshisprefe
renceforac arr
iagedrawnbys e
ve nZebr
as.
Inthisfer
ti
leland,ther
ewi llbeever
ybl ess
ingofGo d.Thi slando fTarta
rywo uldbea
heave
nlyplaceo neart
h,wi t
hi t
sbeauti
fulhill
sa ndvalle
ys,it
st re
mblinglake
swi thco
ol,
cry
stal
,andcle
a rwater
,ande venfl
oweri
ngr i
vers
.

I
tstr
embli
ngsta
rs,t
hefra
gra
ntbree
zeoftheear
lymorni
ng,ac l
ust
eroft
ree
s,and
be
aut
if
ulbir
dssingswee
tsongsmaki
ngitala ndofchar
mingdelig
hts
.Thepoethas
be
aut
if
ull
ycr
eate
dar oma
nti
catmos
phe
rewit
hthehel
poftheef
fec
tiv
euseofi
mager
y.

Li
keat r
ueromanti
c,Wa l
terDeLaMareesca
pesi
ntoanidealworl
d,wher
eever
ything
i
swa i
ti
ngforhiso
rder.Heimagi
neshi
msel
ftobethema s
terofthatgl
ori
ousla
ndca l
led
Tar
tary
.Inthi
sway,hetr
iest
osati
sf
yhi
sunful
fi
ll
edde
sir
esofre
a ll
if
e.

Ques
ti
onNo8:
-Ho
wdo
est
hepo
ett
akeusi
ntot
her
eal
mofi
mag
ina
tio
nint
hepo
em
Tar
tar
y?

Answer:
-Wa l
ter DeLaMa retak
e sther e
a derintother eal
mo fi
ma gi
nationthrough
col
orf
ulimagesanddicti
on.Hehasus e
dro mant i
ck i
ndo fimageryi
nthispoemt ocreatea
so
othingimpactont hemindsofther eaders.Almo stalltheimagesliketheivorybe d,
beat
eng o
ldthrone
,flaunt
ingpea
coc k
s,sl
antingf i
shes,s
we etmusic
,zebra-
driv
enca r
riage,
et
c,areveryfanci
fulimages
.Butt hemo stfa nci
fulima g
ei sthemag i
caleveni
ngi nhi s
pal
ace.

Thes oundo fthetr

umpe t
s,they e
ll
owa ndredl
ightsofthelamp,theme lo
diousmusic
oftheha rp,fl
ute,andma ndoli
n,etc,cre
atear omanticatmo s
phere
.They el
lowl i
ght
slik
e
yell
owho neygivesweet
ne s
stothesurroundingswhil
eredlightsl
ikere
dwi neintox
icat
edus.
Thepi c
tureofag o r
geo
uslydres
sedupk i
ngmo v
ingaboutinpl e
asi
ngyell
o wandr edl
ight
s,
withmus icfil
li
ngt heatmo s
phereismo s
tr omanti
ca ndf anci
ful
.Therea r
ema nyother
fanci
fulwo r
dsint hepoem.Thefirs
tima gei
ss i
tti
ngonat hroneofpuregold.

Thesecondi
mageiswhe
nt hepoetwi
she
stosl
eeponabedma deofivo
ry.Thethird
i
mageisrel
atedt
oea
tingamealintheli
ghtofl
ampsandthef
ourt
hfanci
fulimageist
he
wea
ringofadres
smadeofcos
tl
ybe a
ds.Wecansaytha
tthepoe
mi sre
ple
tewithfanci
ful
i
mages.

3
.Ne
wYe
arRe
sol
uti
on

1
2
ByEl
iz
abe
thS
ewe
ll
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
.1:
Doy
ouf
indt
huspo
emdi
ff
ere
ntf
roms
omeo
frheo
the
ryo
uha
ver
ead?

Answer
:-Yes,Ifi
ndthispoemdi f
fere
ntfromsomeoftheot
herpo
ems
.Fi
rsto
fallIwould
l
iketodes
cri
bethefi
rstdiff
erenc
eo frhymi
ngsche
me.Inso
meo ft
heo
the
rpoemsrhyming
sc
hemeispre
sent
.Thepo ethasusedrhymesi
nthepoe
m.

“Le
isur
e”f
ore
xampl
e,s
eet
hel
ine
sgi
vebe
low:
-

“Wha
tist
hisl
if
eful
lofc
are
?

Weha
venot
imet
ost
anda
nds
tar
e”

Weno ti
cetheendi
ngwords“care
” a nd“s t
a r
epoem “Ne w Yea
rres
olut
ion”
t
hereisnosuchuseofrhy
mes.Seet
hef ol
lowi
ngli
nes:
-rhymebutintheSec
ondl
yt he
i
magesinot
herpoe
msa r
emost
lyco
ncr
ete,Forex
ampleseet
heli
neso
fthepoemTart
ary”
i
nthisr
espe
ct:
-

“Lo
rdo
fthef
rui
tso
fTa
rta
ry,

He
rri
ver
ssi
lve
rpa
le!

Lo
rdo
fthehi
ll
sofTa
rta
ry”

Butinthepoem“Ne
wYe
arRe
sol
uti
on” mo
stl
yabs
tra
cti
mag
esha
vebe
enus
ed,
See
t
hef
oll
owi
ngline
s:-

“Wi
lll
ieo
’ ni
ght
s

I
nthebo
nya
rmsOfRe
ali
tya
ndbec
omf
ort
ed!
”

Thir
dlythispoe
mi sf
ullofphil
o s
ophica
lidea
swhereastheot
herpoe
msha vewo
rldl
y
i
deasa l
so.
Fourthlyt
hepo em hasonelineinthre
epiece
swhe r
eastheotherpo
emsha v
e
co
mpl et
epo e
ticli
nes
.Soa bovearesomeo fthedi
ff
ere
ncesbe
tweenthepo
e m“Ne wYe ar
Reso
luti
ons”a ndsomeofotherpoems.

Ques
ti
onNo2: -What“NewYearRes
olut
ion” t
hepo
etha
syo
urI
nsumma
ryo
fNe
w
Yea
rReso
lut
ionspo
embyEl
iz
abe
thSewe
ll
.

Answe
r:-Ins
ummaryofNewYe arRes
olut
ionspo
em byEl
iz
abe
thS
ewe
ll
,thepo
etha
s
madethr
eema
inr
eso
lut
ionsi
nthepoe
m.

Fi
rsto
fal
lsheha
sma
deapr
omi
sewi
thhe
r-s
elft
hats
hewo
uldno
tspe
akunne
ces
sar
y.

1
3
S
hehasco
metokno
wtha
t“s
il
enc
eisg
olda
ndi
tca
npur
if
ythepe
rso
nal
it
y.S
hes
aysi
nthe
f
oll
owi
ngli
nes
.

Iwi
lldr
ain

Lo
ngdr
aug
htso
fqui
et

Aspur
gat
ion”

These
condre
sol
uti
onofthepoeti
sthats
hewoul
dl i
ketore
memberwhoisshe
?Wha t
a
reherdut
ies
,andwhet
hersheispe
rfor
mingherdut
iesornot
.Assheex
pre
ssesherv
iews
f
oll
owi
ngli
nes:

“Re
membe
r

Twi
ceda
ily

Thirdre
solut
ionofthepoe
tisthatshewillno
tli
vei
nthewo
rldofdrea
msbe c
aus
ethe
worl
do fdreamsisno tpermanent.Sheha ssometogiv
enli
nes.kno
wt ha
treal
it
yis
pe
rma ne
nt,
soshewo ul
dbereal
istasshesay
sin

Wi
lll
ieo
,ni
ght
s

I
nthebo
nya
rms

OfRe
ali
tya
ndbec
omf
ort
ed”

Thea
bov
ear
ether
eso
lut
ionso
fthepo
et.

Que
sti
onNo
.3:
-wha
tNe
wye
arr
eso
lut
iondoy
ouma
ke?

Ans
wer:
-I tissaidtha
tama nwithoutr
eso
luti
onsa nda i
mi nli
fei
se qualtonothing.
Humanbeingsshoul
dhaveatleas
taf ewr
esol
uti
o nstoli
veon.InPaki
stanli
ketheo t
he r
Eur
opea
nc ountri
est
hearr
ivaloft
heNe wYearisc e
lebr
atedwit
hexci
tementandinter
e s
t.
Onthear
rivalo
fNe wYearIhavema deaf
ewstrongreso
lut
ionswhi
chareasunder.

Firstofa l
lIhavema dether e
sol
utio
nt hatIwouldbeag oodciti
zen.Iwouldli
keto
per
fo r
m mya l
lduti
eswithc a
r ea
ndho nest
y.Iwouldpres
entmyf ul
lcooperat
iontomake
myc ount r
yg r
eat
.AsaMus li
m,Iha vema deupapr omis
ewithmy se
lf,tha
tIwo ul
dbea
hel
pe ro fthepoorandne edypeople
.Asas onIwo uldres
pectandho nourmypa re
nts
.
Thi
r dlyIwo ul
dnevert
elll
iea ndwoul
da l
wa yss
peakthetr
uth.l
ovetheyoungones.

Last
lyIhav
ema deares
o l
uti
ontha
tIwoul
drespe
cttheel
der
sandeac
ha ndeveryy
ear.
Sotheabovear
ethereso
lut
ionswhic
hIrene
watthearri
valo
fNe wYea
rRe s
olut
ionspoem
byEliz
abethSe
well

1
4
Ques
tio
nNo4: -Whatisthemai
nthemeo
rce
ntr
ali
deao
fthepo
em,“Ne
w Ye
ar
Res
olut
ion” byEl
iz
abe
thSe
well
?Ex
pla
in.

Answer
:--
Inherpoem,“Ne wYe a
rRe so
luti
on” thepoe
tes
sha spr
ese
ntedthepro
found
phi
los
ophyofhumanlife
.Wef i
nds omanyt he
mesinthi
spo e
mt hatareaboutpat
ienc
e
,man”slif
epurpo
se,f
acethemusi
c,se
lfre
cogni
ti
onetc.

S
hehasbroughtoutt
hereal
it
yo fman’sli
feandhi
sde
sti
nyinthisworl
dNo
w,we
wi
lldis
cus
sthe
me sonebyonet
hatareunde
rbe
lowinNewYea
rRe s
olut
ions
:-

Ques
ti
onNo5: -Wha
tne
wye
arr
eso
lut
ionsdo
esEl
iz
abe
thS
ewe
llma
kei
nhe
rpo
em Ne
w
Yea
rReso
lut
ions?

Answer:
-Thepoet
essdoe
snotwe l
comethenewy e
arinatradi
ti
onalmanner.Shehasa
f
ir
mbe l
ieft
hatl
if
emustbespe
ntconsci
ousl
yandwit
has e
nseofr
espons
ibi
li
ty.S
heres
olve
s
t
hatshewil
lana
lyzehero
wnmi ndandsoulinor
dertof
indoutherpas
tfoll
ie
sa nds
hort
-
c
omings.

Firs
tl
y,thepo e
tessresol
vesthatshewi l
lr emainsil
ent.Shewi l
lthinkov e
rherpast
wrongs
.Thel ongho ur
so fsi
lencewillhel
phe ri
nc le
aninghe rinnersel
f.Shewantsto
co
mme ncethenewy earinabe t
terandreal
is
ticmanne r
.S hehasnoi nt
enti
ontorepe
atthe
mist
akesshedidlastyear.S
hei sdete
rmineda ndresol
utetoc or
rectandimprovehersel
f
ev
eryday.Sec
ondly,t
hepo et
essreso
lvest
hatshewillthi
nka boutheride
ntit
y.

Shewi l
lthi
nkt wiceadaywhos hereal
lyis?Wha tar
ehe rresponsi
bil
it
iesinthisworl
d?
Thirdl
y,thepo et
esspledge
sthatshewillde
cidet ofacether e
a l
it
yo fherli
fe.Shewi l
lthi
nk
overhers hort
comingsa ndblunder
swithac oo lmind.S hede c
idestofeelashame dofher
mist
a ke
st hatweredo nebefo
r e
.Shewillneverde s
iretor e
ma ininadr eam world.Shewill
fa
cet hebitt
errealit
yo fli
fewithastoutheart.Inthiswa y,shewillwelc
omet hene wy e
ar
wit
hne wz ealandzest.

Que
sti
onNo6:
-Di
scus
sthel
it
era
ryqua
lit
ieso
fthepo
emNe
wYe
arRe
sol
uti
ons

Answer:
-Thepo e
mi sacriti
ci
smo ft
ho s
epe opl
ewhol eadthei
rli
veswit
houtai
ms.Theydo
notmakeplansforthefuture.Thepoemi sas a
tir
eo nthel
a z
ypeople
.Theydonotwantto
fa
cetherea
lityo
ft hisworld.Thepoetexpres
seshervie
wst hatar
ebasedonthere
sol
uti
ons
ofthepoet
ess.Thr o
ughhe rres
olut
ionsa ndde c
isi
ons,Thepo e
tes
swa nt
stoc o
nveythe
moralmes
sageofthepo em.

Shesay
stha
thuma nbe
ing
sshoul
dli
vethe
irl
ive
saccor
dingt
othese
trul
es.Theymus
t
a
nalyz
ethei
rpastandmakegoo
dplansfo
rabette
rfutur
e.Thela
nguag
eoft hepoe
mis
s
impl
ebutimpr
essi
ve.
Thewor
dPurgat
ioni
samedic
alte
rm.

1
5
 Itmeanscl
eaningawoundfr
om ag
erm.Butpoe
tes
shasuse
dthist
ermforcl
eans
ing
t
hehuma nsho
rtc
o ming
swhicha
real
soli
keger
ms.Thepoe
mi sbas
edonrea
lis
ti
csubj
ect
mat
ter.

Acco
rdi
ngtothepoe
tes
s,l
if
emus ts
pendc
onsc
ious
lyandwit
hasens
eo fdi
sci
pli
ne.In
t
hispo
em,Reali
tyhasbe
enpers
onif
iedwit
hasol
acecompani
on.ThePot
esssl
eepsi
nt he
c
ompanyofre
ali
ty.
Thepoemisse
rio
uswithar
eal
is
ti
ctheme

Que
sti
onNo7:
-Wha
tist
hemo
ralo
rce
ntr
ali
deao
fthepo
em?

Answer:-“Ne wYe a
rRe sol
uti
ons”i sathoug
ht-pro
vokingpoem.Int hispo e
m,thepo et
ess
gi
vesusa nimpo r
tantme s
sage
.S hebe l
ie
vest
hatlif
eistempo r
arybutwes houl
ds pe
ndl i
fe
doi
ngpr oducti
vewo r
ks.Shesayst hatwemusttakest
oc kofourpastlife
.Wemus ta na
lyze
ourweak ness
esatthebe gi
nni
ngo fthenewyear.Sel
f-
e xa
minati
onwi llhelpustoc orr
ect
ours
elv
es.Thepo emc ri
ti
ciz
estha tpeopl
earela
z yandha venoaimso rgoa l
sinthei
rlive
s.
Theyareno tdeci
si
vebyna t
ure.

Theydono tma kedec

isi
onsfort
hef utur
e.Theydono twanttofa
cethere
alityoft
his
worl
d.The ydono tma kea i
msa nd r e
sol
utionint heirli
v e
s.Thispoem prese
ntsa
phi
losophica
lles
son.Thepo e
tes
surgesust oexamineo urpastdeeds
.Itadvi
sesustobe
al
wa y
sr eadytocorr
ectours
elve
s.Wemus tf
a c
ethebit
t erthi
ngsinas i
nce
rema nne
r.We
mustwo rkfort
hebette
rmentofourcountryandfel
lowbe i
ngs.

Wemus tanal
yzeo urdee
dstwi
ceinaday.Wemustacc
eptthehars
hreal
it
iesofl
if
ewi t
h
asmil
ingf
a c
e.Wes houldnotbedi
scour
agedaf
terf
aci
ngdif
fi
cults
it
uati
onsinourli
fe.We
mustwel
comethene wy e
arwit
hastouthea
rt.

4
.Wo
manWo
rk

ByMa
yaAng
elo
u
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Ques
tio
nNO.1 :-Wha
tar
eso
meo
fthedo
mes
ti
cchi
ore
sawo
manha
stododa
ilya
s
pr
ese
ntedi
nthepoe
m?

Answe:Ofcourse
,adome s
ti
cwo ma nwhichsheha stope r
formda i
ly.Ofado me st
icwoman.
Ma y
aAng elouhaspres
entedthedo mesti
cwo rksDa il
ydo mesti
cc horesa r
et heparta
nd
parc
elofthedail
yrouti
neFirstofa l
lthemo s
timpo rtantdome s
ticwo r
ki sthetaki
ngcare
ofsmallchi
ldre
n.Theme ndinga ndrepai
rwo rko fthec l
othesisalsoani mpo r
tantdai
ly
workofawo man.Theo t
herdo mest
icrouti
newo r
ki sthec l
eaningoft hef l
oorsandthe
house
holdshoppi
ng.Asthepo e
tes
sha smadeitveryclearinthefollo
wingpo eti
cline
s

1
6
“I’v
ego
tthec
hil
dre
ntot
end

Thec
lot
hest
ome
nd

Thepo et
essf ur
therment
ionsChemo me s
ti
cc horesamongwhichthec
ooki
ngisthe
mostimport
antEv e
ns ometi
me sgues
tsa l
soa rr
iv ewhichisanextr
adomest
ict
hata
womanha st
odo .Press
ingt
hecl
o t
hesi
sa notherre
g ula
rkindofwor
kthatawomanhasto
do
.Seethefol
lowingli
nesoft
hepoēzi
tinthisconnecti
on:-

“The
nchi
cke
ntof
ry

Theba
byt
odr
y

Ig
otc
ompa
nyt
ofe
ed

I
’veg
ott
hes
hir
tst
opr
ess
”

Abo
vea
ret
hedo
mes
ti
ccho
rest
hatado
mes
ti
cwo
manha
stododa
ily
.

Que
sti
onNO2:
-Wha
tar
ethet
heme
soft
hepo
em“Wo
manWo
rk”?

Answer:
--Thepo e
m “Wo manWo r
k” hastwoma inthe
me s.Centr
alo ft
hepoem moves
ar
oundt hedai
lyroutineoft
helif
e.Therear
es omanytheme st
hatdea lwi
theve
ryhuman
bei
ngo ftheunivers
ei nthi
spoem.Fi r
stofallbor
edomi sthatcausedduetot heda
ily
mechanica
lworkbyawo man.Thist
hemeisquitev
isi
blei
nt hefol
lowingli
neso
fthepoem
wherethepoe
tessshowshercompuls
iontoper
formthemShewr i
tes:
-

“I
’veg
ott
hec
hil
dre
ntr
end

Thec
lot
hest
ome
nd

Andagai
nse
etheg
ive
nli
nes
,whi
cha
lsos
pea
koutt
hef
eel
ing
sofbo
redo
mont
hepa
rt
o
fthepoe
tes
s:
-

“Thec
anet
obec
ut

Ig
ott
ocl
eanupt
hishut
”

These
condimpo
r t
antthe
meo ft
hepoe
mi slo
vefornaturea ndthes
oot
hingi
nfl
uence
ofnatur
eonama nf
ullofboredo
m duetoma chi
neli
keroutine.Thewomani nt
hepoem
makesitcl
earwhensheaft
erfeel
ingbor
edom,wantst
oe nj
o ythec o
mpanyofnatur
e.She
s
a y
s:-

“S
hineo
nme
,suns
hine

Ra
ino
nme
,ra
in

1
7
 Fa
lls
oft
ly,
dewdr
ops

Andc
oolmybr
owa
gai
n

Sheaddres
sesandte
atsthevario
usele
mentsorfor
cesofnat
ure
,thes
un,t
hec
urvi
ng
s
ky,mountai
ns,oce
ans,l
eave
s,cla
imingthest
ones
,thestar
tshi
neandthemoong
lowas
a
nimatet
hings,c
lai
mingt
hattheyallar
eherco
mpanions
.

Thuss hec l
osel
ya s
soc
iat
esherse
lfwiththesebe auti
fulelementso fna tur
ea nd
ide
nt i
fi
eshers
elfwit
ht hem.Tog i
veatouchofjo
ya ndpo et
ryt oherordinaryprosa
iclife
,
sheisverykee
nt olos
ea ndfi
ndherse
lfamongthe
seele
me ntsofnature
.Ins hort,
feel
ingsof
boredom byame c
hanicalworkandrel
iefbynatur
ea rethet woimpor t
a ntthemeo fthe
poem.

Ques
ti
onNo3 :-Whydoest
hewo
rki
ngwo
mani
nthepo
em,Wo
manWo
rkma
kea
pa
ssi
onat
eappe
alt
onat
ure
?

Ans wer:
-Wo ma nWo rkisabeaut
ifulpoe
mwr i
tt
enbyMa y
aAng el
ou.I
nthispoem,shetel
ls
ther e
ade rsa boutas er
iousandimpo rt
antf
acta bouttho s
ewo menwhopa sstheirl
ives
doingho use-holdchores
.Suchawo ma ni
sbei
ngreprese
nt e
dbyt hepo
etes
sherse
lf.S
hec al
ls
thee l
eme ntso fnatur
etog etf
res
hnessfr
omtheircompa ny.Shewant
stoenjoythewa r
mth
ofsunshinea ndt hecool
nessofra
in.

Shewa nt
stofeelcoolandsoft
-t
oucho fdewdr opsonherface.Fal
lgentl
ysnowfla
kes,
Andc o
v e
rmewi t
hWhi t
e,letmefloatacrossthesky,Til
lIc anres
tagain.Thedome s
tic
womanc al
lst
heel
eme nt
so fnat
urebecausetheme mbersofherfamil
ydono ttr
eatherwell
.
Shewishe
stobeinthecompa nyofherpa s
tfrie
ndslikesun,r
a i
n,mountai
n, o
ceans
,leav
es,
st
ar-
shine,
andmoong lo
wf orref
res
hme ntandpe ac
eo fmind.

”Mo
unt
ains
,oc
eans
,le
afa
nds
tone S
tars
hine
,mo
ong
low

Yo
uar
eal
ltha
tIc
anc
allmyo
wn”

Thepo e
tes
sha spe r
sonif
ieddiff
ere
nto bje
ctso fna turetos ho
wt hei
ri mport
a nce.
Therefore,t
heho us
eho l
dwo ma nwa nt
stoenjoyrain,sunshine,mount
ains
,ands no
wfla k
es
toov e
rcomehe rmo notonya ndboredom.Shene edsabr eakt oref
res
hhe r
sel
f.Shekno ws
thatNa turehasahe a
lingeffec
t.Betwee
nt heli
ne s,s
hei sc r
iti
ci
zi
ngthema le
-domina t
ed
world.S heme anst hatt hes
ena turalobj
ectsar ebe ne
ficialforallcre
atureswithout
dis
criminati
on.

Ques
ti
onNo4 :
-Thepo
emWo ma
nWo
rkde
alswi
tht
hebo
redo
mfe
lti
nourda
ilyl
if
eand
es
pec
ial
lybywo
men.Di
scus
s.

1
8
Answer:
-Thispoemha sbe e
nwr i
ttenbyMa yaAngel
ou.Sheisalivi
ngpo et
ess.Mo s
tofher
poet
rydealswiththeproblemsands ta
tusofwomeni nthema l
edo minantsocie
ty.Int
his
poem,shedescr
ibe
sther outi
nelif
eo fadomesti
cwoma n.Ahousewifere
ma insbusyinher
domesti
cc ho
res.Shepe rfor
mshe ra llr
espons
ibi
li
ti
eswi t
houta nyc omplaint
.Buthe r
ro
utineli
fehasmadehe rrebel
.Sheinte
ndstoenj
oythecompanyo fnatur
e.

Sheisnotsatis
fi
edwithherfamil
ymembe rs.
S herej
ect
sthema l
edominants
ocie
tyand
showsherlo vefornat
uralobj
ects
.Shethi
nk sthatonlynatur
ea ndit
saspec
tscanprovide
herwi t
hme ntalandphy s
ica
lpleasur
e.S heinvo k
esna t
uralobje
ctstoenjoyther a
in,
sunshi
ne,dewdrops,andgentl
eflake
so fs
no w.Ado mes
ti
cwo ma ni
ssomuc htir
edo fthe
mo not
onyo fherhouseho
ldli
fethats
hewa ntst
oe scapef
roms uc
hal i
fe.

Sherequest
sthest
o r
mt otakehe rawayf romherdullandco l
orle
sswo r
ld.Shesee
mst obe
t
iredofthedailyr
outineofli
fe.Shewa ntstoreac
hso meremotec or
nero ft
hewo r
ldwhe re
shecanenjoysomemo mentsofrest,
peac e
,andpleas
ureagain.Shedesir
estotakearestfor
sometimeinthecompa nyofna t
ure.Shewi s
hestofl
ywi t
has tormwi ndint
ot heopensky.
Shewishestobeamo ngmountains,oce
a ns,l
eav
esands t
ones,s
tarshi
ne,andmo onl
ight.S
he
wantstochangeherdulla
ndbo ringli
feintoacharmingadventure
.

5
. THEREBEL
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Q1:
-Disc
usst
heel
ement
sofhumo randsat
ir
ei nt
hepoem.Doyo
uthinkt
hepo
eti
sst
ir
ring
t
herebe
lsort
her
idi
cul
oust
ri
vialbehavi
orofthes
o-c
all
ednor
malpe
ople?

Answer:--
Thepo ethasdrawnahumo r
ouspor
tra
itofarebel
.Itismeanttobef unny
,
amusingandc omic
a l
.Ther ebe
lismere
lyasoc
ialoddi
tyandpose
snos er
iousthr
eatto
so
ciet
y .
Hei snotf
ighti
nga g
ainsto
rre
fusi
ngt
oservet
heest
abl
is
hedgove
rnme nt
.Heisnot
re
sis
ti
nga ut
ho r
it
yo rcont
rol
.

There
belismere
lytryi
ngtobediff
erentinsomemi norwa y
sf r
o mthegenera
lcurrent
oftheti
me.”ElementsofHumo randSa t
irei
nRe bel
”i sverymuc h.Hejustwantstobe
di
ffer
entfr
omt hecrowd.Itishi
so wnwa yindivi
dualis
ti
cwa yo fappeali
ngtosociet
yt o
gr
anthimr e
cogni
ti
on.Hei sper
hapspassi
ngthr o
ug hape r
iodoftransi
tio
no fadole
scence
whenheissel
f-
cons
cio
usa ndiswor
riedaboutotherpeople
’so pinio
nso frea
cti
ons.

Thepo ethasexpres
sedhisvie
wpo i
ntthatt
heps e
udo-rebe
ldoesnodoubtbehavein
a
no dd,complexandc o
ntradi
ctor
yma nnerbuthedoessosimplyfo
rhisse
lf-
asse
rti
ona nd
s
elf
-ex
hibit
iona sheisne i
the
rv ic
iousno rdanger
ous.Hes implywantst
obepr ominent
a
mo ngotherpeopl
ethroughhisodda ndcontr
adic
torybeha
viorandconduc
t.

1
9
 Thepo e
tpe r
hapshasallt
hes
ef a
cto
r sinmi ndwhenhetake
sal i
ghthear
tedand
hi
lar
iousvie
wo ftherebe
l.Thehumorresultfr
omt hemannerinwhi
chhea r
range
sthe
pa
irsofopposi
tes
;sho
rthai
r\l
onghai
r;s
un\rain;f
antas
ti
c\s
obe
r;dog
s\c
ats
.

El
eme
ntso
fHumo
randS
ati
rei
nRe
bel
:
-

Itwouldnotbecorr
ecttosaythatthepo e
tissati
ri
zi
ngt herebel
s.Heismo reincl
inedto
makef unofthetri
vialbehavi
oroft hesoc a
lle
dno rmalpe o
ple.Therebelisneithera
rev
olut
ionar
ynorami li
tanttha
tthepo e
tshouldbecenso
r i
ousinhiscas
e.I
tca ntheref
ore
,
besafe
lysa
idthatpi
cturedra
wnbyt hepoetisahumorousrathert
ha nasat
ir
icalone.

Q:2S
umma
ryo
fRe
belpo
embyD.
JEnr
ightorCr
it
icalSummar
yoft
he Rebel
poem byD.
JEnr
ightorWr
it
edet
ail
Summar
yoft
heRebel
poem byD.
JEnr
ight
.

Answe r:
-TheRe belpo e
m Cr iti
calS umma rys uggest
st ha tt
hepo etisinfavorofr e
be ls
.
Thispo em “TheRe bel
”r eve
alsusag li
mps eo ftheo utlooko farebel.Therebelint he
publicisonewhowa ntstobedi f
ferentfromo thers,hei sstrangema n.Hebeli
evesinse lf
-
contenti
on.Whe nthepe opl
ewa ntstoha veshortha ir
,ther ebel’sde si
rehi
shairshoul
dbe
lo
ng .Whe nthepe oplelovetoha velongha i
r,ther ebelha sshorthair
.Whe nthepeoplea re
busyinc onversati
ono rme eti
ng,ther ebe
lsitske epquietly.Butwhe nt wopeopleareloo k
si
lent,hema k
e sadi st
urbancebyma k i
ngano i
s e
.Whe nt hepe opl
edr e
ssinauni f
ormo r
si
mpl edress,therebela l
lowshims e
lftoput sonf a r
-fet
che dco s
tume.Butwhe nthepe ople
beginwe a
ringf ant
a s
ticcl
o t
hes,t
her ebeldres
sess ober
ly.

Whe nt hepe opl

ea dmiredogs ,t
her e
bele x
pre s
sesprefe
renceforc at
s.Buti nthe
compa nyo fca t
-l
overs
,het a
lksi
nfa vorofdogs
.Whe nt hepeopl
epa ytr
ibutet
ot hes un,t
he
rebeldis
cus sesofthewa ntforrai
n.Butwhe nev e
rybo dywe l
comesther a
in,her egret
sat
apologet
ict hede f
ici
encyofthesun.Whe nthepeopleg otoatte
nds omea s
sembly ,hestay
s
atho metor eadabo ok.Butwhent hepeopl
eha nga boutathomet oreadbook s,therebel
preparestog ototheme eti
ng.Whe ne ve
rybodys ays“Ye s
”t os omethi
ng,ther e
bel’s
wo r
di s“No .
” Butwhe nthepeopleutt
er“No ,
” hes a
ys“Ye s
”.I nthee nd,thepo e
t
saysthatitisg oodtohaverebel
s,other
wiseli
fewillbecomedull.

Thesea r
er e
belswhol i
fema kecol
orfulande njoyableotherwi
seli
fewillbec
o medull
anddrub.Itisverygoodweha verebe
ls.
Thepo etha sdrawnahumo rousport
raitofarebel
.
Iti
sme anttobef unny,amusingandcomi c
al.Ther ebelismerelyasoci
aloddit
ya ndpo s
es
noseri
oust hrea
tt osoci
ety
.Hei snotfighti
nga g
a i
ns torr e
fusi
ngtos er
vethee s
tabl
is
he d
gover
nme nt
.Hei sno tresi
sti
nga ut
horityo rc ontrol.Ther ebelisme r
elytryi
ngt obe
dif
fer
entins omemi no
rwa ysfro
mt hegeneralcurrento fthetime.”

Ele
mentso
fHumorandSa
tir
einRe be
l”i sv
erymuch.Hejus
twa
ntstobedif
fer
ent
f
romthecr
owd.Iti
shi
sownwayindi
vidual
is
ti
cwayofappeal
ingt
osoc
iet
ytogra
nthim

2
0
r
ecognit
ion.Heisperha
pspass
ingthroug
haperio
do ftr
ansi
ti
onofadol
esc
enc
ewhe
nhei
s
s
elf
-consc
iousandisworri
eda
bo utot
herpeo
ple
’so pini
onsofr
eac
tio
ns.

Thepo ethasexpr
ess
edhisviewpo intthatt
hepseudo-
rebeldoesnodoubtbehav
ei n
a
no dd,comple
xa ndcont
radi
cto
ryma nnerbuthedoessosimplyfo
rhissel
f-
asse
rti
onand
s
elf
-ex
hibit
ionashei snei
the
rv ic
iousno rdanger
ous.Hes implywantst
obepr ominent
a
mo ngotherpeo
plethr
oughhisodda ndc o
ntra
dic
torybeha
viorandconduc
t.

Thepo etperhapshasallthe
sefac
tor
sinmi ndwhenhet ake
sal i
ghthear
tedand
hi
lar
iousvie
wo ftherebe
l.Thehumorres
ultfr
omt hemannerinwhic
hhea r
range
sthe
pa
irsofopposi
tes
;sho
rthai
r\l
onghai
r;s
un\ra
in;f
ant
a s
ti
c\s
obe
r;dogs
\cat
s.

Q3:-Di
scus
stheele
mentsofhumora ndsat
ir
einthepoem.Doy o
ut hi
nkthepo
eti
s
s
ti
rri
ngt
herebe
lso
rther
idi
cul
oustr
ivi
albeha
vioro
fthes
o-c
all
edno
rma lpe
opl
e?

Ans
wer
:-El
eme
ntso
fHumo
randS
ati
rei
nRe
bel
:
-

Itwouldnotbecorr
ecttosaythatthepo e
tissati
ri
zi
ngt herebel
s.Heismo reincl
inedto
makef unofthetri
vialbehavi
oroft hesoc a
lle
dno rmalpe o
ple.Therebelisneithera
rev
olut
ionar
ynorami li
tanttha
tthepo e
tshouldbecenso
r i
ousinhiscas
e.I
tca ntheref
ore
,
besafe
lysa
idthatpi
cturedra
wnbyt hepoetisahumorousrathert
ha nasat
ir
icalone.

Havingr
eadt
hewholepoe
mTheREBELi tbec
ome
scle
art
hatt
hepo
etsay
sthati
tis
v
erygoo
dweha vere
bel
so t
her
wis
eli
fewi
llbeco
medul
landdr
ub.Andt
hisnar
rat
esthe
‘Cri
ti
calSummar
y”o ft
hepoem“TheRe be
l”

Questi
onNo .
4 :
-Dis
cussandexpl
aint
hemai
nt he meorsubj
ect-mat
terorthecent
rali
dea
ofthepoem, “ TheRe bel
” byD.J.Enr
ight.o r“ Iti
sverygo
odt hatweha v
erebel
s
youma ynotf
inditver
ygo o
dt obeone”.Di scussandexpl
ainwi
thre f
.tothepoem,”
TheRe be
l”byD. J.
Enrig
ht.

Answer
:-Therebeli
snotvi
ci
ousorda nger
ousashisat
tit
udea ndco
nductareharmles
sl
y
moti
vate
deithe
rbyas ens
eo fi
nfe
r i
orit
ya ndins
ecur
it
yo rbyhi ssel
f-
ass
ert
iono rsel
f-
ex
hibi
ti
on.Heis,t
her
efo
re,
notarealrebelbuto
nlyapseudo-
rebel
.Thepoetconc
ludest
he
poembysay
ing:

“I
tisv
eryg
oodt
hatweha
ver
ebe
ls

Yo
uma
yno
tfi
ndi
tve
ryg
oodt
obeo
ne.
’

Thepoe
tha str
iedtoper
suadeandurgeuponust ode
v e
loptol
erancefo
rtherebe
ls
andbe
arwit
ht he
irecc
entr
icat
tit
udetobediff
ere
ntfro
mo therpe
ople,whoaregov
erned
byama s
smind.Ther
eisundoubte
dlyt
heelementofhumorandmi l
ds at
irei
nthepoem,

2
1
butthepo e
tha snots
ati
ri
zedtheps e
udor e
bel,buttheridi
cul
ousl
ynormalorsanepeopl
e
towardstherebel
.Thepo e
tha sexpres
sedhisv i
ewpo intthatt
hepseudo-
rebe
ldoes,no
doubt,behaveinanodd,complexandc ont
radic
toryma nne
rbuthedo e
ssosimplyfo
rhis
sel
f-
asser
tionandsel
f-
exhi
bit
ion,asheisnei
thervic
iousnordange
rous
.

He s
imply wa
ntst o be prominentamo ng ot
he rpeopl
et hr
ough hiso dd and
c
ontr
adi
ctor
ybehavio
ra ndc o
nduct.Thepo ethasa dvi
sedustot ol
erat
et heodda nd
c
ontr
adi
ctor
ybehav
iourofthepse
udo -
rebe
lsandall
owt hemtoshowoffthei
rindi
vidua
lit
y
i
fiti
shar
mlesst
oothermembersofthesoc
iet
yinwhichtheyli
ve.

Attheend,thepoe
tasksustos
eeifar
ebe
lisnotsi
tt
ingi
no uro
wnmi nd,be
causewe
dono
tliket
obear e
bel
.Thisi
sthemai
nthe
meo ft
hispoemwhic
hha sbe
enprese
ntedina
humor
ousandlig
htsati
ri
calve
in.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Br
ingo
utt
hee
leme
nto
fhumo
randi
ronyi
nthepo
em,
TheRe
bel
.Or

Q:
-Doy
ouf
inda
nye
leme
nto
fhumo
rands
ati
rei
nthepo
em,
TheRe
bel
?Or

Q:
-Di
scus
sthee
leme
nto
fhumo
rands
ati
rei
nD.
JEnr
ight
’spo
emTheRe
bel
.

Answer:
-Thepo emTheRe belisre
ma r
kablef
oritsa
musinghumo randmilds
a t
ir
e.Ther
eis
nohatre
do rhiddenill
-wil
lint hehumor.Thehumoristre
a t
edthro
ug ht
hefunnybehavi
or
anda nt
i-
tradi
tionatti
tudeo ft here
bel.Thehumo rinthepo emi sbe
causeofthevery
st
rangeandpe r
sonalwa y
so ftherebel
.Hisdif
fer
entphase
so rst
agesofl
if
ema keusla
ugh.
Hisphysi
calappear
a nc
e,talk,andbehavi
oraresi
mplylaughabl
e.

Hisc ont
radic
torya cti
onsma keuslaugh.Wef i
ndhi m moodybutape a
cefulpers
on.
Thepoe thashumo rouslypres
entedthechar
acte
rofar ebeli
nsoci
ety.Thecontr
astbetween
there
be lands o
ciet
yi sfunnyandr i
dicul
ous
.Thepo e
ms at
ir
ize
sthes e
lf-
ass
ert
ivenatureof
there
be l
.Be s
ides
,itdrawsadul lpic
tureoft
hebehaviorofcommo npeople.
Thema jori
tyof
thepeoplethi
nka nda ctali
ke.Theya r
eli
kerobot
s.Thisishi
ghlycondemnable
.

Thepoemisasati
reonthepeo
ple.Allofusaresel
f-
asser
tiveatcert
ainti
me s.Wewa nt
toshowo f
fouri
ndivi
duali
ty.
Hence,thepoeti
sinreal
it
yc r
it
ici
zingthebehavi
o rofnor
ma l
people
.Therebeli
sa ct
ual
lyinconf
lictwit
htheduplic
ityorfraudo fthes
epe ople
.Hei s
honestanddepe
ndableincompar
ison.Hei safoi
l(pe
rsonwhoma kesprominento rc
lear
thequali
ti
esofa
notherper
sonbycompa r
iso
n)tothedec
eptive
ne s
sofotherpeople.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Di
scus
sthec
ont
radi
cto
rya
tti
tudeo
fther
ebe
l.Or

Q:
-Ex
pla
ina
llt
hato
the
rsdoa
ndr
ebe
ldo
esno
tdo
.Or

Q:
-D.
JEnr
ight
’spo
rtr
aito
far
ebe
lisk
een,
subt
le,
andwi
tt
y.El
abo
rat
e.

2
2
Anwe r:
-Thepo etha sprese
nte
dt hepi
ctur
eo far ebeli
nthispo em.Ther ebelisay o
ung
ma n.Hewa ntstoasser
thimsel
f.Hebehave
sdiffere
ntlyf
romo ther
s.Hea l
wa ysactsaga
inst
t
hes e
ttradit
ionso fsoc
iety
.Hea l
waysvi
olat
e smo r
alvaluesands oci
alno rms.Rebelis
alwaysdi f
fer
entf romo therme mber
so fsoc i
ety.Hisha bi
ts,ma nners
,i nte
rest
s,and
acti
viti
esformo thers
.Fo rexa
mpl e
,whenpe oplegrowlongha ir
,ther e
bell i
kestoha v
e
shorthairandwhe nevery
bodyhasshor
thairheg ro
wshisha i
rlong.

Whe na l
lstudent
sares i
le
ntinthec l
assther ebe
lma kesanois
eandwhe nother
st al
k
duri
ngt hel e
sson,hekeepsquiet
.Whe ne very
bo dyisdres
sedinunifo
rm,t herebelwe ar
s
fanta
sti
cc lot
hes.Wheno therwearbe aut
if
uldr ess
,heputso ntheuni
form.Thepo ets a
ys
thatare beli
sano n-t
raditi
onalper
son.Hel ovesdo g
swhe no t
her
slovecats.Wheno ther
s
showpre fe
rencefordogs,heshowsaf f
ect
ionfo rcats
.Hewi shesf
orrain,whenev e
rybody
li
kessuna ndwhe never
ybodylike
srain,helongsforsuns
hine.

Thepoets aysthatar ebelbr i

ngsnovel
tyino urdul la ndmo noto
nousl i
fe.I
fape rso
n
walkstowardsyo u,andy ouwa lkba ckwar
da wa y,as ituati
onlikethato frebe
la r
ise
s.It
cre
ateshumo randf un.Ther e
be ltr
iestohol
dt hemirro rtothemt oshowt othewo r
ldthat
theyarerespect
a bleinnameo nly.Thepo etsati
rizest heso-ca
lleddecentpe o
ple.These
peopl
eo nl
ypr e
tendt oothersbyk eepi
ngshorthair
, k
ee pingsil
entinclas
ses,weari
ngsimple
andsobercl
o t
hes, a
ndbys peakinga ndbehavi
nginc ourte o
uswa ys.

6
.PATRI
OTI
NTOTRAI
TER

ByRo
ber
tBr
owni
ng
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Wr
it
eaS
umma
ryo
nPa
tri
oti
ntoTr
ait
orPo
em.

Answer:
-Fi r
sto fallIwi l
lexpl
ainthefir
stpar
tofthequest
ion‘ThusIe nter
ed” thi
s
phras
ea ct
uall
yt el
lst hepastoftheleader
.Hewa swarmlywe l
comedwhenhee nter
ed
vi
ctor
iousl
yint heco untr
y.Peopl
ewe l
come dhi
mv e
ryenthusi
ast
ica
lly
.Se
et hefol
lowi
ng
li
nesi
nt hi
sconnect
ion;

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
ses
,al
lthewa
y

Wi
thmy
rtl
emi
xedi
nmypa
thl
ikema
d

Theho
user
oof
sse
eme
dtohe
avea
nds
way
”

Butaft
eri
ttheher
obec
omestoZeroi
ntheey
esofthepeopl
eDramati
cmonolo
gueis
a
ctual
lyafo
rmofpoet
rywher
einasi
ngl
echar
act
erspeak
sinamo odofs
eve
repas
si
ona nd
e
mo t
ionandwit
hhe l
po fi
twewillse
ethesumma r
yo fthepoem “PATRIOTI NTO

2
3
TRAITOR”.Ye s,
the
rei
snodoubtaboutthetruthofthest
ate
menti
ntheque
sti
ont
hat
thes
it
uat
ioni
nthepoemi
sjus
tli
kethepol
it
icals
ituat
ionsi
ntheAsi
anc
ount
ri
es.

Ahereandl e
aderisce l
ebr
a t
edwit
hal o
to floveandenthusi
asm.Iti
sclea
rfromt he
fol
lowingli
neo fthepo em.As i
anpeopl
eo rAsiancountr
iessit
uati
ona l
mo s
tprovetobe
ver
yc rue
lwhe naleadertakesoffhi
spos
iti
on,sameistheca
sec anbesee
nin“ Pa t
ri
otinto
tr
ait
o r”Po l
itic
alCo ndit
ionsina l
lAsi
anc ountr
iesinissamea sinPa t
ri
otintotra
itor
poemj us
ttheyhavediffe
rentnamebutthei
rsyste
ma resame

“Pa
tri
oti
ntot
rai
tor
”

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
sesa
llt
hewa
y”

Ifareadert
a ke
sthispoem“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR” i nthesenseofit
ssumma ry.I
n
thesamema nnerwhe nanAs i
anpoli
ticalherocomesi nac i
tyorareathepeoplecel
ebrate
thea r
riv
alinav erybefit
ti
ngma nner.The ydecor
atet heways t
reet
s,bazaars
.Asi nthis
poemt hepeopl
estando nthewall
sandr oofsoftheho use
sando ntothewa l
lsinthesame
ma nnerpeo
pleinAs iancountr
iesst
ando nt hewa l
lsa ndroof
so ftheho us
es.Theye v
en
cli
mbo verthetre
est ohavealooko ftheirfavo
rit
el eader
.Thes i
tuati
oninthefo l
lowi
ng
li
nesofthepoemisjustli
ketheposi
ti
on, whichprev
ailsintheAsi
anc ountr
ies
;

Al
lAs
ianCo
unt
ri
esPo
lit
ica
lCo
ndi
ti
ons
:

“Thea
irbr
okei
ntoami
stwi
thbe
ll
s,

Theo
ldwa
llsr
ock
edwi
tht
hec
rowda
ndc
rie
s”

Li
ket hesituat
ioninthepoemt hepeopl
eo fAsianc o
untrie
slikePaki
st
a n,andt he
summa r
yo fpoem “PATRI OTINTOTRAI TOR” c a na nalyz
edinthisse
nse.SriLanka,
Bangla
desh,Ne palandIndiaarere
adytodoe verydiff
icultwo r
ko rgiv
eanys acri
fi
ceo n
thecal
loft he
irleader
.ButtheheroofAsia
nc ountr
iesbec omesat r
ait
orli
kethepo li
ti
cal
l
e a
derinthepoe mwhe nanot
herrul
ertak
esoverthegovernme nt.

Thenwit
ht heAsi
anpol
it
icalle
aderthebehavi
oroft
hepeopl
ebec
omesj
ustl
iket
he
her
oo fthepoe
m.S o,e
ndofthepo em wecans a
yt ha
tPol
it
ica
lCondi
ti
onsi
na l
lAsi
an
co
untri
esini
ssameasinPat
ri
otintotra
ito
rpoem.

Thisisthemo s
timpo rtantlineofthepo em whichsumsupt hewholestor
yofthe
pol
iti
callea
derinthepoem. Firs
to fal
lIwillexplai
nthefir
stpa
rtoft heque
sti
on‘ThusI
ent
ered” thisphras
ea ct
uall
yt ell
sthepasto fthelea
der.Hewa swa rml
ywe l
comedwhen
heenteredvict
ori
ousl
yint hec ountr
y.Pe
o plewe l
comedhimv er
ye nthus
ias
ti
call
y.Se
ethe
fol
lowingli
nesint
hisconnecti
on;

2
4
“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
ses
,al
lthewa
y

Wi
thmy
rtl
emi
xedi
nmypa
thl
ikema
d

Theho
user
oof
sse
eme
dtohe
avea
nds
way
”

Whe nthele
adercome sint
ot heco
untry
,int hes
amema nne
rwhena nAsianpol
it
ica
l
herocomesinacityorareathepeoplec
ele
bratethearr
ivalinaver
ybe
fitt
ingmanner
.They
decora
tethewaystree
ts,bazaar
s.Asinthi
spoemt hepeoplest
andont
hewa ll
sandroof
sof
thehousesandont othewa l
lsinthesamema nnerpeopleinAsi
ancountri
esst
andonthe
wallsandroof
softhehouses.

Theyeve
nc l
imboverthetree
st ohavealoo
ko fthei
rfavor
it
eleader
.Thesi
tuatio
ni n
thefo
llo
wingli
nesofthepo e
mi sjustli
ketheposi
tion,whic
hpreva
ilsinthepeopl
er ang
bel
lstowel
comehim.Wa ll
swe r
etr e
mblingduetotheo ve
rburdenofthepeopl
es t
anding
onthem.Se
ethefoll
owi
nglinesofthepoemforref
erence;

“Thea
irbr
okei
ntoami
stwi
thbe
ll
s,

Theo
ldwa
llsr
ock
edwi
tht
hec
rowda
ndc
rie
s”

Thes e
c ondpa r
to ft
hes tat
eme nti
s“ThusIg o” whichme anst
hepresentcondi
ti
ono ft
he
lea
de r
.No wt hereisnoc rowd,nor os
es,nobell
sareri
ngingbecaus
eaus ur
perhasgott
en
thec ontro
lo fthec ountry.Heha sannouncedthattheleaderisat rait
or.Peo
pleare
throwingstonesa thim.S othepa s
tandpr e
sentareac
tuall
y“ThusIe nte
redandthusI
go”.Doy outhinkt hes i
tuati
onint hepoem “Pa tri
otintotrai
tor
” i sjustli
kethe
poli
tic
a lcondi
tionsina l
lAsiancountr
ies
?

Que
sti
onNo2:
-Di
scus
sthepo
ema
sadr
ama
ticmo
nol
ogue
.

Q:
-Wha
tdo
est
hepo
etme
anwhe
nint
hepo
emhes
ays“ThusIe
nte
reda
ndt
husIg
o”?

Answer
:- Letusf ir
stofa l
le xpl
aintwoi mpo r
tantwordsname l
y“Dr a
ma ti
c” a nd
“Mo nolo
gue”. Thewo r
ddra mati
cisderi
vedfr
o mthenoundrama.Whichme ansconf
lic
t
andthewo rdmo nol
ogueconsis
tstwopa rt
s“Mo noa ndLogue”.Mo nome ansselfor
si
ngl
eand” Lo g
ue ” meansspeec
h.Soletusfi
rstofal
lpoi
ntoutthemai
nc hara
c t
eri
sti
cof
adramati
cmo nolog
ue.“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR”The yareasunder.I
fwe ,anal
yze
t
hesumma ryofthe“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR” t hen,

Firstofalldr
ama t
icmonolo
gueha
sonlyo
nechar
act
ert
hatspeak
so utthr
o ug
houtthe
st
ory
.Soi nthepo em “Patri
otint
otr
ait
or”thesi
ngl
ePoeti
st here
ject
eda nddeje
cted
pol
it
ica
lleaderwhospeaksi
nthepoem.

S
eco
ndl
yadr
ama
ticmo
nol
ogueha
sas
tor
ywhi
chi
sal
sopr
ese
nte
dint
hepo
em.Thi
s

2
5
s
tor
yisa
boutt
her
isea
ndf
allo
fthepo
lit
ica
lle
ade
r.Hes
umsuphi
st
oryi
nthef
oll
owi
ng
l
ine
.

“ThusIe
nte
red,
andt
husIg
o”

Thir
dlyadra
mati
cmonol
o guei
n“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR” alway
sbeg
inswi
th
s
udde
nnesswhi
chput
sthereaderi
nas us
pense,whic
hcompel
stherea
de rt
oknowmore
a
ndmo re
.Thi
spoemal
sobe
ginswit
hsuddenne
ss.Noti
cet
heli
nesbel
ow;

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
ses
,al
lthewa
y

Wi
thmy
rtl
emi
xedi
nmypa
thl
ikema
d”

Fo
urthl
yinadr amat
icmonol
oguet
hesi
nglecha
ract
ershowsi
nhi
ghe
mot
ions
.Int
he
po
emthepol
iti
call
eaderi
sinhi
shi
ghemoti
onalde
jec
tedl
eader
.

Lastl
yinadra ma t
icmo nol
oguetheso
ulina c
tiona l
waysendshopefull
y.Theo pt
imi
sm
ofthereje
cte
dl e
ade risverydis
tinc
ta ndvi
vid.Keepinginviewa l
lqualit
iesofadr amati
c
mo nol
ogueitbecome sv e
ryc l
earthatthepo em “Pa tri
otintotrai
tor
” i sc o
mpl e
tel
ya
dramati
cmo no
logue. Ye s,thereisnodo ubtaboutt hetrutho fthes t
a t
ementi nthe
quest
ionthatthes ituat
ioni nthepoe misjustli
ket hepolit
ica
lsit
uationsint heAsian
count
ries
.

Ahe reandleaderiscelebr
atedwi
thal o
to floveande nthusi
asm.Iti
sclea
rfromt he
fol
lowinglineofthepo em.As i
anpeopl
eo rAsianco unt
rie
ss it
uati
ona l
mo s
tprovetobe
ver
yc rue
lwhe naleadertakesoffhi
spos
it
ion,sameisthecasec anbesee
nin“Pa t
ri
otinto
tr
ait
o r“Po l
it
ica
lCo ndit
ionsina l
lAsi
anc ountr
iesinissa mea sinPa t
ri
otintotra
itor
poemj us
ttheyhavediffe
rentnamebutthei
rsyste
ma res a
me .

“Pa
tri
oti
ntot
rai
tor
”

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
sesa
llt
hewa
y”

I
far eade rtakest hi
spo em “PATRI OT INTO TRAI TOR” i nthes enseofits
summa ry. I
nt hes amema nne
rwhe na nAsianpoli
tic
a lherocomesinac ityora reathe
peoplec e
lebratet hea rr
ivali
nav erybefi
tt
ingma nner.The ydecor
atethewa ystr
eets
,
bazaars.Asint hispoemt hepeoplest
andonthewall
sa ndroofsofthehousesando ntothe
wa l
lsint hesamema nnerpeopleinAsia
nc ount
ri
ess tando nthewa l
lsandr o
o fsofthe
houses.Theyev enc l
imbo vert
het re
estohavealooko fthei
rfavori
tele
ader.Thes i
tuat
ion
inthef ollo
wingl i
neso fthepo e
mi sjus
tlikethepo si
tio
n,whi c
hpr eva
ilsint heAsian
countr
ies;

Fi
rsto
fal
lIwi
lle
xpl
aint
hef
ir
stpa
rto
ftheque
sti
on‘ThusIe
nte
red” t
hisphr
ase

2
6
a
ctuall
ytell
sthepas
toft
helea
der.Hewaswarml
ywe l
comedwhenheente
redv
ict
ori
ousl
y
i
nt hecountr
y.Peo
plewel
comedhimver
ye nt
hus
ias
ti
call
y.Se
ethefol
lowi
ngli
nesinthi
s
c
onnecti
on.

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
ses
,al
lthewa
y

Wi
thmy
rtl
emi
xedi
nmypa
thl
ikema
d

Theho
user
oof
sse
eme
dtohe
avea
nds
way
”

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Di
scus
sthepo
ema
sadr
ama
ticmo
nol
ogue
.

Answe r
:--Dramat
icmonol
ogueisact
ual
lyaf or
mo fpoet
rywhereinasi
ngl
ec ha
ract
er
spe
a k
si n amo odo fsev
erepa s
si
ona nd e
mo t
ioninthisse
nse“PATRI OT INTO
TRAI TOR” i spoemasDr a
ma t
icMonolo
gue.Letusf
ir
sto fa
llex
pla
intwoimport
ant
wordsna mel
y“Dr amat
ic”a nd“Mo no
logue
”.

Thewo r
ddr a
ma ti
cisderi
vedf r
omthenoundra ma.Whichmeansconf
li
ctandthe
wor
dmo nol
oguecons
ist
stwoparts“Mo noandLogue”.Mo nomeansse
lforsi
ngl
eand”
Lo
gue” meansspeec
h.Soletusfir
stofal
lpoi
ntoutthemainchar
act
eri
st
icofadramati
c
monol
ogue
.“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR” Theyareasunder
.

Firstofalldr
ama t
icmonolo
gueha
sonlyo
nechar
act
ert
hatspeak
so utthr
o ug
houtthe
st
ory
.Soi nthepo em “Patri
otint
otr
ait
or”thesi
ngl
ePoeti
st here
ject
eda nddeje
cted
pol
it
ica
lleaderwhospeaksi
nthepoem.

Se
condlyadra
ma t
icmonol
oguehasas t
orywhi
chi
sals
opre
sent
edinthepo
em.This
s
tor
yisaboutther
iseandf
allo
ft hepo
lit
ica
llea
der
.Hesumsuphis
tor
yinthefol
lowi
ng
l
ine
.

“ThusIe
nte
red,
andt
husIg
o”

Thir
dlyadramat
icmonol
o g
uein“PATRI OTI NTOTRAI TOR” alwa
ysbeg
inswi
th
s
uddenne
sswhichput
sthereaderi
nas us
pense,whi
chcompel
stherea
dertoknowmore
a
ndmo re
.Thispoe
ma l
sobeg
inswit
hsuddenne
ss.Noti
cet
heli
nesbe
low;

“I
twa
sro
ses
,ro
ses
,al
lthewa
y

Wi
thmy
rtl
emi
xedi
nmypa
thl
ikema
d”

Fo
urthl
yinadr amat
icmonol
oguet
hesi
nglecha
ract
ershowsi
nhi
ghe
mot
ions
.Int
he
po
emthepol
iti
call
eaderi
sinhi
shi
ghemoti
onalde
jec
tedl
eader
.

La
stl
yinadr
ama
ticmo
nol
oguet
hes
ouli
nac
tio
nal
way
sendsho
pef
ull
y.Theo
pti
mis
m

2
7
ofthere
jec
tedl
eaderi
sverydi
st
inc
tandvi
vid.Keepi
nginvi
ewal
lquali
ti
eso
fadrama t
ic
monolo
gueitbecomesve
rycle
arthatt
hepo em “Patr
ioti
ntot
rai
tor
” iscompl
ete
lya
dra
ma t
icmonol
ogue.

Ques
ti
onNo4 :
-Do
est
hepo
em Pa
tri
oti
ntoTr
ait
orr
efl
ectt
hemo
odo
ffr
ust
rat
iona
nd
di
si
ll
usi
onme
nt?

Answer:
-Thepo emr e
fle
ctst
hemo odo ffrus
trat
ionanddis
il
lus
ionmentbutthatdoesnot
l
eadtope s
simismintheend.Itst
artswithappare
ntpess
imis
ma ndconcl
udesinoptimi
sm
andther ewardbyGo dint henextlife. Thepoetisjus
tif
iedtoshowt hemo odo f
f
rustr
ati
ona nddis
il
lusi
onmentbecausehedescr
ibest
heatt
it
udeofthepeopl
ea ndthepea
k
oft
heg l
orybeinge
njoyedbytherul
erjustayearago.

Ther ule
ri nt hepo e
m wa sthoughtapa t
ri
otjustay e
a ra g
oa ndthepeoplewe r
e
welcomi
nghi me nthusi
a s
ti
cal
ly.Theywe r
et hr
owingr
o sepe
talsathima ndthest
reet
swe r
e
fil
le
dwitht hepeopletoseethepopularleader
.Sointhiswaythateventhechur
ches(
sacr
ed
place
s)we rea do
rne dwhich,wek now,a reno tado
r nedexcepta ttheti
meo freli
gi
ous
cel
ebrat
ionsa ndeve nt
s.Heha dgreatcareforthepe
o plea
ndwa ntedtodoever
ythi
ngfor
them.

Het ri
edt odowha te
v e
rhec o
uldtohe l
phi speople;evenhecouldbr i
ngthesunand
themo on,i-
e,het r
iedtodoe venimpossi
blethi
ng sf
orhi speopl
ewhe nhewa sinauthor
it
y
butwhe nhewa sde t
hronedpe opledrovehimt owardga l
lowsforpunis
hinghima ndhewa s
call
edat rai
tor.Itwa sjustdisi
ll
usionmentbecausetha tkindoftre
atme ntcoul
dno thave
beene x
pected,thele
a s
t,byt hatrul
erwhowa ss ofamo us.Itwasqui
teunbe l
ieva
ble
.Ay ear
ago,thev e
rype opl
ewe rec r
y i
ngwi t
hj o
y.The r
ewa saj i
ngleofbel
lsandt heyhadspre
ad
flo
we r
so nhiswa y.

Ho wc ouldtheychangethems e
lvessosuddenlyjus tli
keawe atherc
ocka fte
rthecoupe
d’é tat.Tha twa sas uddendi si
ll
usi
onme ntfort hel e
aderwhe nt heve rypeoplewere
throwings t
onesathi ma ndtherewa sno bo
dyt ogree thim.Thef ewpa ls
iedo nesbec
ause
peopleha dgonetos eetherealshowtha twasnears ha mbleswherethepas tpatr
iothadto
beha nged.So,thetoneo ff
rustr
ati
on,dissat
isf
acti
on,a nddi si
ll
usi
onme ntisfoundther
ea l
l
thetimet henarrat
oro fthest
o r
yistell
ingthestor
yo fhisba dl
ucka ndthebe havi
orofthe
worldwi t
hhi m.

Que
sti
onNo5:
-Di
scus
sPa
tri
oti
ntoTr
ait
ora
sadr
ama
ticmo
nol
ogue
?

Q:
-Ist
hepo
emPa
tri
oti
ntoTr
ait
oradr
ama
ticmo
nol
ogue
.Di
scus
s

Q:
-Wha
tisamo
nol
ogue
?

Ans
wer
:-Amo
nol
oguei
sas
pee
chde
li
ver
edbyac
har
act
erwhe
nhei
sal
oneo
nthes
tag
e.I
t

2
8
ise
itheranaddr
esst
ot hea udi
enceort
alki
ngtoo ne
self
.Itcanbec a
lle
ddr amati
cbecause
iti
sr epl
etewit
hdra ma t
icirony.I
nadr amaticmo nol
oguea ls
oc al
ledas ol
il
oquyt he
char
a c
terrev
eal
shisinners el
f.Thepoe
m,Pa tr
iotintoTrait
o ri
sadr ama t
icmonologue
bec
ausethedepos
edruleristal
kingt
ohi
ms e
lf.
Het el
lsabouthispol
it
icalr
iseandfal
l.

Whe nhewa sinpower,peopl

eho noredandc hee
redhim.Butwhenhewa souto fhis
power;theymaltr
eate
dhim,s t
onedhima ndc onsideredhimatrai
tor,a
ndo rde
redt oha ng
hi
m.Hi spla
nswe resi
ncer
e,bo l
d,andt rue.Hedi dnothideany
thing.Hec r
iti
ci
z e
da nd
co
nde mneds e
lfi
shpeopl
e.No whee xpres
s e
shisful lfai
thinGod.Hey ear
nsfo rthefinal
deci
si
o nofGo donthedayo fj
udgmenta ndho pest oberewar
dedforhisgo
oda cti
ons.The
poemi sanexpl
ici
texampl
eo fadrama ti
cmo nolo
g ue.

Ques
ti
onNo6:-Ex
pla
int
hec
ont
ras
tint
hef
ateo
fthehe
roi
ssho
wni
nthepo
em,Pa
tri
ot
i
ntoTra
ito
r.

Q:-Whydi
dthef
oll
owe
rso
fthePa
tri
ot,whe
nhewa
sinpo
wer
,sa
y:Anda
fte
rwa
rd,wha
t
el
se?

Answer:
-Inthispoe
m,thepoetdes
cribesthetr
agicdownfal
lofapol
it
ica
lle
ade
r.Two
pi
cture
so fthesamepe rs
onha v
ebe e
ns hown.Thef irs
tpictur
eisoneyearol
dandt he
se
condpi c
tureisthepres
entone.Thepat r
iotispre
sentedther
einbothofthe
m.people
havetohavealooka thi
m.

Oney e
a rago
,t hepo l
it
ica
ll e
aderenter
e dtheci
tya sav ic
tor
iousfe
llow.Peopl
e
wel
comedhimwho l
eheart
edl
y.Hewa sthei
rhero.
Theylov
edhim.Theyhonor
edhim. The
y
obe
yedhim.Thepa t
hswe r
ede cor
ate
dwi thflowe
rsandt hebel
lswe r
ebeingrungto
wel
coméhim.I
fhewo uldhaveorde
redthepeopl
etobri
ngsunforhi
m,theywouldbr
ing.

Today,peopl
ehavegat
here
da tt
heshambl
e’sg at
ewhereheisg
oingtobehange
don
thecharg
eo fbei
ngatrai
tor
.Heisble
edi
ngduetothest
onesthr
ownbythepubl
ic
.Hewill
bek i
ll
edforhisso-
cal
le
dc r
imebuthehopest
ogethisre
wa r
dinHeavenbythehandso
f
Go d.
Andt hatre
wardwil
lbebett
ert
hanthere
wardofpeopl
e.

Que
sti
onNo7
:-Pa
tri
oti
ntoTr
ait
ore
ndsa
tano
teo
fopt
imi
sm.
Ela
bor
ate
.

Q:
-Thepa
tri
oti
sag
rea
tEx
pla
in.

Answer:
-Inthi
spo e
m,t hepoe
tde s
cri
besapo l
it
icalle
a de
r.Ac t
ual
ly,Rober
tBr owning
bel
ongstoVict
ori
ans o
ciet
y.I
nt heVict
ori
ana ge
,pe o
plewe resel
fi
sha ndgree
dy.The y
re
jec
tedthecal
lofGo d.Evenforthei
rworldl
ya c
hievementstheyre
jecte
dther e
lig
ious
re
str
ict
ions
.

The
ydi
dno
tbe
li
evei
nGo
dandt
hee
ter
nalr
ewa
rdo
fGo
d.Thepo
ett
ri
est
oes
tabl
is
h

2
9
ma n’sfaithinGo d.Thro
ught hi
spoem,t
hepoetadv
isesthepeoplethattheys
houldonl
y
dependonGo da ndHi sbl
essi
ngs.Theworl
dcannotgiv
ea nyt
hingt oitsf
ell
owbeings
.As
thepoli
ti
calheroo ft
hispoem,hefac
esmanypeopleofhisownco untrywhodis
gracehi
m.
Butheisho pe
fulthatGodwi l
lgiv
ehimarewar
df o
rhisgooddeeds.Hene verde
creas
eshi
s
fai
thinGo d.

Ti
sGo
dsha
llr
epa
y:Ia
msa
fers
o.

Thisl
ineshowsthest
rongbel
ie
fo fpol
it
ica
lher
oi nGodandHisme
rci
fulna
tur
e.He
t
hink
sthatre
wa r
do fGodismoreval
uablet
hantha
to fwor
ldl
ypeo
ple
.

7
.TheHunt
sma
n

ByEdwa
rdLo
wbur
y
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:Wr
it
ede
tai
lSumma
ryo
fthe“THEHUNTS
MAN”byEdwa
rdLo
wbur
y.

Answer:
- Thehunt sma nbyEdwa r
dLo wburyisba s
edo naKe nya nfol
dtal
e .Thepo em
teac
hesusamo ra
lless
ont hatwesho ul
da vo
idtal
kingunnec
ess
a ril
y.Thepoetma k
esg ood
useofironyands us
pense.Hede sc
ribeshowKa gawa,theHunts
ma n,bec
omest hepr e
yo f
hisowns pear.Thefacta boutthet al
kingskul
lisfullofsus
pe nse.Thereade rremains
curi
ousaboutitsres
ponse.Ka hwa’se ndisaf i
nee x
ampleofthei ronyoff
ate .Kagwa,a
bravehunter
,usedtohuntlio
nsi nj
ung l
es.

Onc ehef oundasul

lofma n.Hea ske
di thumo r
ouslyhowi tcamethere
.Theskul
l
repl
ie
dt ha tt
alki
nghadbro
ug hti
tt here
.Itme antthatt
a l
kingneedl
ess
lybro
ughtabo
utthe
deat
ho ft hema nwhoses
kullitwa s.Kag wacouldnotunde r
standtheunder
lyi
ngmess
age
andrushedt otheki
ng’scourt.Het ol
dt hekingaboutthetalk
ingskul
l.

Thek i
ngs ai
dtha thehasneve
rhe a
rdo fsuc
has k
ull.Howev
er,hea ppoi
ntedtwoof
hi
sguardst
oa c
compa nyKagawaandf i
ndthet a
lki
ngskull
.Healsoorderedthemtokil
l
Kaga
wai mme di
atel
yifthesk
ullspokenothi
ng.Kagwaandtheguardsl
o o
k edf
o rt
heskul
l
fo
rma nydaysandnights.

Fi nall
y,the
yf oundit.Kagwaa sk
edt heskullhowi tcamethe
re.Thes k
ullspo
k e
not
hing .Heimplor
edr e
peate
dlybutinvain.Theguardbehea
de dKag
awat he
reandthen.
Nowt hes kul
las
kedKa gawahowt he
yc amethere
.Talki
ngbroughtmeherewasKa g
awa's
re
ply.

Que
sti
onNo
2:Di
scus
stheS
uspe
nseo
fthepo
em“TheHunt
sma
n”.

3
0
Answer:
-No wletusta
lkaboutsus
penseint
hispo
em.Thepo emisf
ulloftheel
ement
sof
sus
pense
.WhenKa gwafoundtheta
lkings
kul
lhebeca
mee xc
ite
dandwentintot
hecourto
f
t
hek i
ng.Andtherea
derthoug
htthathewoul
dberewarde
dbutthesi
tuat
ionwasrev
ers
ed.

Thekings enthi
sgua
rdswithhimtofi
ndthetal
kingskul
l,ifitwouldnotspe
akand
nott
obefo und,Ka g
wawo ul
dbek i
ll
ed.Gr
eatel
ement
so fsuspe
nsea r
ec r
eate
dwhe nt
he
re
aderwa
iteda ndsawwhatwo ul
dhappenift
heskul
lwa snotfound.Seetheli
nes
,whi
ch
cr
eat
esus
pens e
;

“The
yro
dei
ntot
hef
ore
st

Fo
rda
ysa
ndni
ghtt
heyf
oundno
thi
ng”

Butthesuspens
ebeco
mese v
e nmo r
e,st
rongwhe
nthes
kul
lisf
oundbuti
tdo
esno
t
s
pea
k.Seetheli
neswhic
haref
ullsuspe
nse;

“Thes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng,
Kag
wai
mpl
ore
d

Butt
hes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng”

Andthesuspe
nseisov
erwhenthegua
rdsorderKagwatok ne e
ldowna ndcutthehead
o
fKagwawit
hs wordandspe
arbutiro
nic
all
ye noughtheskul
ls peak
s.Sok e
epinginvi
ew
t
hea
bove,
iti
sjust
if
iedtos
aytha
tthepoemisfulloft
heele
me ntsofsuspe
nseandirony.

Que
sti
onNo3
.Di
scus
sinde
tai
ltheus
eofe
leme
ntso
fsus
pens
eandi
ronyi
nthi
spo
em?

Thepo
etdr
awso
uta
tte
nti
ont
oat
rag
icf
acto
fli
fe…

Thehunt
sma
nbe
come
sthehunt
ed…Thepr
eyt
ocr
uelr
emo
rse
les
sfa
te.
Dis
cus
s.

Ans
wer
:-Thepo
etdr
awso
uta
tte
nti
ont
oat
rag
icf
acto
fli
fe…

Thehunts
ma nbecomesthehunt
ed…Thepr eytocr
uelremorse
lessf
ate
.Dis
cus
s.Iti
str
ue
thepoethasdra
wna tt
enti
ontowardsat r
agi
cfactofli
feint hepoem.I
nthepoema
hunts
manbecomesthehuntedi
ntheha ndofcr
uelf
ate.Kag
wawa st
hehunt
sman.
Heused
tohuntl
ionandotherwil
dbeas
ts.Hebecomest
hevict
imofhisownfate
.

Al
though,hewa sve
rybr aveyethewa shel
ple
ssbef
or ehiscr
uela ndr e
mo rs
eles
s
fa
te.
Heret hewrit
erwantstot e
llust hats omet
imesahunt e
rma ypreybyc rue
la nd
re
mo r
sel
essfate
.formor
ede t
ailcl
ickunderbl owandvi
si
to uryout
ubecha nne
lMa nisso
st
rongbutf a
teiseve
nstro
nger.Itisri
ghtt hat“Ma nproposesGoddisposes
”.Ka gwa
wenti
ntothejungl
eandf
oundat alk
ingskullaswereadf
romt hepoe
m.

Butitwa
sthefa
teofKagwathathec
o ul
dnotunders
tandthere
a lmeani
ngso
fthe
s
ent
ence
s.Hecoul
dnotunde
rst
andthat“Speec
hissi
lve
rbuts i
le
nceisgol
d”.Thek i
ng

3
1
s
aid;

“Twoo
fyo
ugowi
thhi
m

Andf
indt
het
alk
ings
kul
l

Buti
fhi
sta
lei
sal
ie

Andt
hes
kul
lspe
aksnowo
rd

Thi
sKa
gwahi
mse
lfmus
tdi
e”

Unfo
rtuna
tel
yhisf a
tewasa g
ains
thim.Hewenti
ntothefor
estag
ainwithgr
eat
dif
fi
cul
ty.The
yfoundthesk
ull
.ButwhenKag
wasa
idtoi
ttos
peak
,itdi
dnotspe
ak.Ag
ain
theki
ngorder
edKa g
wa;

“Kne
eldo
wn

The
yki
ll
edhi
mwi
ths
wor
dands
pea
r”

Af
tertheki
ll
ingofKa g
wat heskul
lspok
eagai
nitwashisc
rue
lfat
e,whi
chdi
dno
t
a
llo
wthesk
ullt
ospeak
. Butaft
erthedea
thofKag
wa,thes
kul
lspo
keout
;

“The
nthes
kul
lope
nedi
tsmo
uth

Hunt
sma
n,ho
wdi
dyo
uco
mehe
re?
”

Buthi
scruelf
ateha
sdonethere
mo r
sel
essa
ct.AndKa
gwawa
sde
ads
il
ent
,ashewa
s
t
hepre
ytohiscr
uelandre
mors
eles
sfat
e.

Que
sti
onNo4
:-Di
scus
sinde
tai
ltheus
eofe
leme
ntso
fsus
pens
eandi
ronyi
nthi
spo
em?

Answer
:-S us
pensemeansthec uri
osi
tytokno
w wha twoul
dhappeninc omi
ngda ysor
moments.Iro
nyme ansthedif
fere
ncebetwe
enappea
ranceandre
ali
ty.
Sothewai
tingsta
te
aboutso methi
ng i
ss uspens
ea nd whatwe thi
nk and whata ct
uall
y happens i
s
i
rony.
SuspenseandI
ronyIn“THEHUNTSMAN” i sontop.

S
uspe
nseAndI
ronyI
nTHEHUNTSMAN:
-

No wi tiseasytot al
kinde t
ailabo uti
ronyands uspenseafterthedefi
nit
iono fbot
ht he
li
tera
r yterms.Thev er
ytit
leofthepo emisir
onic
a lbecauseitisnotthehunts
ma nactual
ly
itist
hehunt edo ne.Beca
useKa gwawa sthehunt
s manbuthehi msel
fbecamethev i
cti
mo f
hiscruelfate
.SecondlyKagwatho ughtt
hathewo uldber e
wa rdedwhenhewo uldtel
labout
thetalkingskul
ltothek i
ngthatwa swhyherantot el
lthek i
ng .

“Ka
gwahur
rie
dho
me;

3
2
 We
ntt
othek
ing
’sc
hai
rands
pok
e

I
nthef
ore
stIf
oundat
alk
ings
kul
l”

Butunfor
tunat
elyheiski
ll
eda
ndno
tre
war
dedbe
caus
ewhe
nher
eac
hedi
ntot
he
f
ore
sttheskul
ldidnotspe
ak.

“Ka
gwas
aidt
oit
,ho
wdi
dyo
uco
mehe
re?

Thes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng,
Kag
wai
mpl
ore
d,

Butt
hes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng

Andt
heg
uar
dss
aid“Kne
eldo
wn”

The
yki
ll
edhi
mwi
ths
wor
dands
pea
r”

S
uspe
nse
:-

Nowletust al
ka boutsuspenseint hi
spo e
m.Thepo emi sfullofthee l
e mentsofsuspens e
.
WhenKa gwaf o
undt hetalkingskullhebecamee xci
teda ndwe ntintotheco urtofthek i
ng.
Andthereaderthoughtthathewo uldberewardedbutt hesit
ua ti
onwa sr e
ve r
sed.Thek ing
se
nthisguardswithhimt ofindthet al
kingskull
,ifi
two uldno tspeaka ndno ttobef ound,
Kagwawo ul
dbek i
ll
ed.Gr e
a tel
eme ntsofsus
pe ns
ea recreate
dwhe nther e
a derwaite
da nd
sa
wwha two ul
dha ppenifthes k
ullwa snotfound.Seethelines,whichcreatesuspense;

“The
yro
dei
ntot
hef
ore
st

Fo
rda
ysa
ndni
ghtt
heyf
oundno
thi
ng”

Butt
hesus
pensebe
comesevenmo r
e,st
rongwhe
nthes
kul
lisf
oundbuti
tdo
esno
t
s
pea
k.Se
ethel
ine
swhic
hareful
lsus
pense
;

“Thes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng,
Kag
wai
mpl
ore
d

Butt
hes
kul
lsa
idno
thi
ng”

Andthesuspensei
sov
erwhentheguardsorderKagwatok neeldownandcuttheheadof
Kagwawithswo r
dandspe
arbutiro
nica
llyenoughtheskullspe
a ks
.Sokee
pinginvie
wt he
abo
ve,i
tisjus
ti
fiedt
osayt
hatthepoemisful
loftheele
me ntsofsuspe
nseandir
ony.

Quest
ionNo5:-Thepo
em Hunt
smanisabl
endoff
unnyandunf
unnyaspe
ctsofli
fet
he
el
ementsofs
uspens
eandiro
nycre
ateashock
ingi
mpact
.Doy o
ua gr
ee?Ex pl
ainyo
ur
ans
wer.

Q:
-Di
scus
sinde
tai
ltheus
eofe
leme
ntso
fsus
pens
eandi
ronyi
nthepo
em.

3
3
Q:
-Wr
it
eano
teo
nthei
ronyi
nTheHunt
sma
n.

Answer:
-Thepo e
m TheHuntsmandeal
swi t
ht heel
ement
sofsuspe
nseandi ro
ny.l
tis
wri
tte
ninav erysimplea
ndluc
idst
yle
.Thesuspens
eandi
ronyi
mprovethel
iter
aryqua
lit
y
oft
hepo em.Suspens
emeansment
alandthr
il
l.ThepoemTheHunts
ma nisf
ullofel
ement
s
ofs
uspense.

Thesuspens
es t
art
sfromthever
ybe g
inningofthepoem whenKa g
wafindsatalki
ng
skul
l.S
uspensegoesonwhenKa g
wareachesthecour
toftheki
ng.Thereade
rscannotgues
s
whatwillhappenwithKa g
wainthefut
ure.Butlate
rsuspe
nseends,whenr
eadersc
o meto
knowthatKa gwahasdiedbyhi
stal
kati
venature.

Ir
onyisal i
ter
aryte
rm,whic
hme a
nsthedif
fer
encebet
weena
ppea
rancea
ndreal
it
yI n
t
hispoem,theironyoffa
teishiddeni
nt hefi
rstl
ine
;Ka g
wahunt
edtheli
on.
Thi
sline
e
xpres
sest
hebravenat
ureofKagwa.

Alt
houghKagwaisphys
ical
lyastr
ongper
sonyeti
nAttheendofthepoe
mheisk
ill
ed
byhisf
ooli
shta
lkat
ivenat
ure.Sohereir
onyre
vea
lsthatKag
waa ppe
a r
stousa
sabrave
per
sonbuthedi
esli
keafool
is
hpe r
son.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Di
scus
sther
oleo
ffa
tei
nthepo
em,
TheHunt
sma
n.

Answer:
-Thepo emhuntsma ndeli
neatesthero l
eoffateinma n’sl i
feinav eryattr
act
ive
way.Itals
orev o
lvesar
oundt hemo reseri
ousa ndimportantt
hinginlife,i
-e,thi
nkbe f
ore
youspeakbutitals
oma kesitcl
earthatma nca nno
tescapefate.Kagwa,nodo ubtwasvery
brav
ea nddaringashehuntedli
onsint hefore
s t
salla
lonebuthef el
lahe l
ple
s spr
eytofate
whenhec oul
dno tunder
standtheme ss
a g
eo ftheskul
l.Theskullex
plic
itl
ytoldKa gwathat
ta
lki
ngbr oug
htitther
e.

Histal
kingfr
ivol
o uslybro
ughta boutthedeathofthatpersonbutKa gwa’sf at
ewa s
a
lsothesame. Hecouldha vegonedirect
lytohishome,hecouldhavetol
da boutthetal
king
s
kulltohiscl
o sef
ri
endo rtohiswifeifheha dcomprehendedtheunderst
anda bl
eme s
sage
o
ft heskull
.Buti twa si nthefateo fKa gwatog otothek i
ngs t
rai
ght.Hewe ntt
ot he
k
ing’ss eatandtoldtheunbe li
evablethingthathehads ee
ns ometal
kingS kull
.Theking
s
urelycoul
dno tbel
iev
et hiski
ndo ffooli
shanda bs
urdtale.

Therule
rsareo
fteno ff
endedeasi
ly
,espe
c i
all
y;whe
nt he
yarebus
yinanimpor
tants
tat
e
matte
rs.Thes
amet hingoccur
redandthekingsentKagwabac
kroyalg
uar
dswit
htheorde
r
t
ok i
llKagwaifhi
ss t
o r
yproved.

Agai
nwe ,thereader
sc o
uldnotunder
sta
ndf at
ewhe ntheskulldidno tut
terasi
ngl
e
wordbe
sidesthereque
stsofKa g
wa.Itwasrea
llyhor
ribl
ea ndastonis
hingbutitwa
sthe
ro
leoffat
et hati
sunavoidabl
e.Kag
waha dtome e
thisfat
e,dea
t h,inthisway
,sohewas

3
4
una
blet
ounde
rst
andt
heme
ssa
geo
fthes
kul
l.

Que
sti
onNo7
:-Ho
wdi
dtheHunt
erg
ethunt
edi
nTheHunt
sma
n?

Q:
-TheHunt
sma
ndo
esdi
sco
verhi
sbl
unde
rbutt
ool
ate
.El
abo
rat
e.

Q:
-Wha
tisKa
gwa
’ss
tor
yinTheHunt
sma
n?

Answe
r:-Thepoem TheHunt
sma
ne xpl
ainst
heuncer
taint
yofhumanli
fe.I
tprove
stha
t
l
if
eisful
lofune
xpecte
dtur
ns.
Manispla
yingbal
landpuppeti
ntheha
ndsoffat
e.

“Asf
li
esa
ret
othewa
nto
nbo
ys

Ar
ewet
ogo
ds?

The
yki
llusf
ort
hei
rspo
rts”

S
hak
espe
are

Iffat
eturnshost
il
e,itde
stro
y sman.Kag
waf e
llav
ict
imt
oac
rue
lfa
te.Fa
tec
ons
tant
ly
plo
tte
da g
a i
nsthi
ma ndbroughtabo
uthi
sdea
th.

Itisanironyoffat
ethathewa skil
le
dwi t
ht hes
ames pe
arands wordwit
hwhi c
hhe
use
dt ohuntt heli
ons
.Hishost
ilefat
earrang
edame etingwithhima ndthetal
kingskul
l
tha
tpr ov
edkilli
ng.Howma nyinno
centpeopl
elik
eKa gwaf al
lpre
ytoc r
uelf
ate.
Theirony
ofthepoemi sthatabrav
ema nwhohunt edl
ionsmorepo werf
ultha
nhi mse
lfwashunted
mercil
ess
lybyfate.

Que
sti
on8
:-Di
scus
sthemo
rall
ess
ono
rba
sict
hemeo
fTheHunt
sma
n

Answe r
:-Thepo em ur
gesther e
a derstothi
nkaboutthev a
lueands i
gnif
icanceo fhuman
l
ife.IsI
treall
ysowo rt
hles
sa ndfutil
e?Do est
helossofhuma nlif
ebringnor emorse(
atall
?
Isma nsohe l
ples
sinfrontOfuns e
ens av
agefor
cesofna tur
e? The seque s
tionsnatur
all
y
l
e a
dt oc e
rtai
nmo ralconcl
usio
ns .Firs
tl
ythepoemt e
a chesusthatwes houl
dt hinkbefor
e
wes pea
k .S
econdl
y,weshouldno tspeaktoomuch.Thirdlyweshouldnotma keha st
e.

Somet i
mesbyo urhastynature,webecomethevict
imofune
xpecteddange
r s
,Soones
hould
bev e
r ycar
efulinhi
stalki
nga nda c
tio
ns.Someti
mesal
itt
lecar
ele
ssnes
sresult
sinaho
rri
ble
dis
aster.Ama nshouldbev erycauti
ousa bo
utwhathesaysa ndtowho m hesays
.He
should ber eadytof acet hec o
nsequenc
eso fhiswordsand deeds.Hemus tacc
ept
res
po nsi
bil
it
yf orhi
sbehavi
o r.

8
.OneAr
t

ByEl
iz
abe
thBi
sho
p

3
5
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Ques
tio
nNo1 :-Thepoe
tes
sEli
za be
thBis
hopi
nherpoe
m‘OneAr
t’s
tre
sse
supo
nthe
r
eadertol
ear
nthear
toflos
ingt
hings.Doy
ouag
reewi
thher
?Or

Q:
-Doy ouagr
eewi
tht
hepo
ete
sst
hatt
hea
rto
flo
singi
sno
tha
rdt
oma
ste
r?Ho
wca
nwe
mas
tert
hisa
rt?Or

Q:
-Ho
wca
nwema
ste
rthea
rto
flo
sing
?Di
scus
s.Or

Q:
-OneAr
tist
hea
rto
flo
sing
:Ho
wca
nwema
ste
rthi
sar
t?Ex
pla
in.

Ans
wer
:-Thepoet
esshasrepeat
edt
heli
nethear
tlos
ingi
sn’thardt
oma st
erfourti
mesin
t
hepoe
m. Sheadv
isesust
ha tt
hemostt
ri
fl
ingi
nci
dentsa
ndtheg
reat
estdi
sas
ter
ss ho
uldbe
f
ace
dwithoutt
ears
.

Thearto
flosingpr
epare
sust of
acedif
fi
cul
ti
eswit
hasmil
ingfa
ce.Hert
o nea
nd
a
tti
tudear
emo c
king,non-
ser
ious
,andfri
vol
ousbuttheme
ssa
gei ss
eri
ous
,sane,a
nd
s
ensi
ble
.

Wea g
reewit
hthepo
etes
sthatthea
rtoflos
ingisnothardt
omast
erbeca
useitisnot
o
nlyanart
.Iti
sjus
tacar
ele
ssat
tit
udetowa
rdsli
fe.Li
feisf
ullo
fha
rds
hips
,obst
acle
sa nd
l
oss
es.

Onl
yourca
rel
essatt
itudeca
nesc
apeusfro
mt hem.Fore
xa mple
,thel
ossofnearand
de
arone
sort
hepre
ciousobjec
tsc
anno
tbefac
eda se
asi
lyandl
ightl
yasthepoet
essc
lai
ms .

Buttheques
tio
ni s
,whatwec a
ndof ort
hel
oss
esove
rwhic
hwehavenoc
ontro
l?The
wis
ea ns
weristhatweshoul
dlearnt of
org
ett
hem.I
sther
eanybe
stwayex
ceptit
?We
sho
uldhaveacc
eptanc
eandres
ignati
on.

Thiswil
lprov
ebett
erforus.Wecanbema s
tere
dinthisar
teasi
lyi
fwefacethebi
tte
r
r
eali
ti
esofli
fewit
hastouthea
rt.Weshoul
dneverf
orge
tthatt
hro
ughsuff
eri
ng.Thear
tof
l
osi
ngprepare
sustobe
arwiththegr
eate
stl
osse
asil
y.

Que
sti
onNo2
:-Br
ingo
utt
hee
leme
ntso
fsa
tir
e,humo
r,a
ndi
ronyi
nthepo
em.

Answer:
-Inherpoe
mOneAr t,Eli
zabet
hBis
hopha
sbea
utif
ull
yexpl
aine
dthee
leme
ntso
f
sa
tir
e,humor,
a ndi
rony
.The
seele
me nt
sareg
ive
nbe
lowonebyone
.

S
ati
re

Thepo e
tes
ssa t
iri
zest
hosepeopl
ewhobe comesadoverthel o
ssofpett
ythingsorfo
rge
t
names.Theyruinthei
rheal
thandhappines
s.Theyc
annotg i
veupthishabi
t.Shewantst
o
te
llt
hepe o
plethatthe
yshoul
dnotpanicatthel
osso
ftri
vialthi
ngs
.

3
6
Humo
ur

Thehumo ri
nthepoemi sharmles
s.Whe ns headdre
ssesherlov
erandtell
shimt hat
shewon’tfinditdi
ffi
culttoli
vewi t
hhi slos
s.Heresheseemstobebluff
ing.Sheis
onlybei
nghumo r
oustoinc r
eas
et hea ppealofherpo e
m.Wes i
mplylaugha tthat
ti
mewhe npoet
esssa
ystha tapers
o nshouldloseonethingever
yday.Wea ls
ol aug
h
atsuchaper
sonwholearnstheartoflo s
ingthi
ngsbypr ac
tic
e.

I
rony

I
ronymeansthedif
fer
encebet
weena ppear
anceandr e
a l
it
y.Thepoet
esssay
sThea rtof
l
osi
ngis
n’tha r
dtoma s
ter.I
fwea nalyz
ethisst
atement,wecansaythatsheiss
aying
t
heartofl
osingthi
ngsi
sv e
rydif
fi
cult.Apers
o ncannotbema s
ter
edinthea r
tofl
osing
t
hing
seasi
ly
.

I
naniro
nicwa y
,thepoet
esste
ll
susthatt
heartofl
osi
ngthi
ngsi
snotdi
ff
icult
.A
per
soncanl
earnthi
sa r
teasi
ly
.Inshor
tfro
m beg
inni
ngtoend,t
hepoe
misful
lo fthe
el
ement
sofsat
ir
e,humor,a
ndi r
ony.

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Ac
cor
dingt
othepo
ete
ss,
los
sesc
anno
tbr
inga
nyy
oua
gre
e?

Answer:-Yes,Iagreewiththepoete
sstha
ta rtofl
osi
ngisnotha
rdtoma st
er,beca
use
ev
erythi
ngispossi
bleinthi
swo r
ldandwec anlea
rnthi
sa r
twit
hef
fec
ta ndst
ruggl
e.Iti
s
al
sotruethatlo
ssescan’tbringanydis
ast
erifwema s
terthea
rto
flosi
ng.Onewhoha s
pat
ience
,canhavewha thewil
l.Weshoul
daccept

Ques
ti
onNo4:-Wha
tist
hec
ent
rali
deao
rba
sict
hemeo
fthepo
em “OnoAr
t” by
El
iz
abet
hBi
sho
p?

Answer:
-I nthispoem,thepoetes
sha sdisc
ussedav eryimportantandseri
ousthemebut
t
hea t
ti
tudeissomewhatmo cki
ngandno n-seri
ous.Shehasurge
dust olear
na ndma st
erthe
artofl
o si
ngthings
.Wes houldproduceinusas pir
itofacce
ptancea ndres
ignati
on.The
l
esscfthedoork ey
sorlossofane mpireshouldbea cc
eptedwithas mil
eono urface.I
tis
onlyi
nt hi
swayt hatt
helosesi
tsbit
ternes
sa ndwef ormahe al
thya t
ti
tudetofacetheodds
ofourl
ifeisf
ullcipai
ns,
t r
ouble
s,l
o s
sesdisa
stersandsucc
ess.

Shebeli
evesthatl
if
eisfullo fhardshi
psa ndmise
ries
-Thea r
tofacc
epti
ngdiff
icul
ti
es
isnotdif
fic
ultbutrequi
respatienceendr es
ignati
on.Wes ho
uldover
cometheproble
mso f
li
fei
fwewa nttol i
veape ace
full i
fe. Wes ho ul
dnotbes adovert
helossoft
hings.The
poet
essadvise
sust olos
es omethingev e
rydaye ndthe
nde vel
opthecour
agetotole
rateit
.
Sometimeswefeelgri
eve
de ndruinedo verl
it
tleloss
esandma keo
urli
femiser
abl
e.

Buti
fwema
kei
taha
bitt
olo
sea
ndno
tca
rea
bouti
t,i
two
uldde
vel
opi
nusahe
alt
hy

3
7
approa
cht o
wardstheupsanddownsofl
if
e.Thepo
emc a
rri
esamessag
e.Itte
achesust ha
t
weshouldprac
tic
el o
singt
hing
squick
lyandfre
que
ntl
y.Weshoul
dno tcryoverthelo
ssof
pett
yloss
es.Wecanliveha
ppie
randinourli
fei
fwear
ema s
ter
sintheartofl
osing.

9
.TheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r

ByWi
ll
iamWo
rds
wor
th
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Questi
onNo1: -TheSoli
tar
yRe ape
rWill
iam Wor
dswort
hsumma r
yorWrit
enot
ecri
ti
cal
summa r
yofthepoe
mTheS ol
it
aryReape
rWi l
li
amWo r
dswor
th.orBri
efnot
eTheSo
lit
ary
ReaperWi l
li
am Wo r
dswort
h.o rAsf arasTheS ol
it
aryRe a
perpo e
m by Wi l
li
am
Wo r
dswort
hsumma r
yisconc
erned

Answe
r:- “TheS ol
it
aryReape
r”i so neofthebestl
yri
cswr i
tt
enbyWi l
li
amWo r
dswo r
th
i
tisbys weets
o ngsofWo r
dsworth.Apa rt
icula
ro c
casi
oninat ranqui
lmo odg a
vebirthto
t
hispoem.Wo rdswort
hwa sinthet endencyofha v
inglonglonel
ywa lk
st hr
ought hehil
ls.
Onceheha ppe
nst ocros
sadist
a ntva l
leyi
nS cotl
and.Thereheobservesalonel
yhi g
hland
gi
rl
.Theg i
rlwasfunct
ioni
ngbyhe rse
lfinthefiel
dandwa ssing
ingag l
oomys ong.

Thel onelysinge
rlookedtobea pa rto fthel ov
e l
inesso
fNa tur
e.Thewho le
atmospher
ewa sfullofhe
rc ut
et one
.Fo rWo r
dsworth,i
twa saple
asa
nte x
pe r
ienceof
beauty.Wordswo r
thli
nksthesweetsongo ft
heg ir
lwi t
htho seoft
henig
hti
nga l
ea ndthe
cuckoo.Hec onsi
derst
hesongofthegi
r lwasmo r
ee xc
iti
nga ndchar
mingtha
nt hesongsof
thes
etwobir ds.
Wo rds
wort
hisofthesolit
aryusualt
ot hesong.

Thepo etdoesnotknowthesubj
ectma tte
ro fthepoe
m.Hec a l
cula
testha
tt heso
ng
co
ncernsolddejec
tedthi
ngs.I
tma yspeaka boutsomebatt
leso
ft hepa s
t,orsomedaily
r
elat
ionshi
psoflif
e,orsomesor
row,los
so rpain.Anyho
w,thepoetisabletowel
co methe
melo
dyi nthetunes
.Thesongimpre
ssesthepoe ts
omuc ht
hathek eepsmusici
nhi smi
nd
f
oralo ngt
ime.

Ques
ti
o nNo.2:Thepo e
m deal
swit
hac ommo nbeaut
ifull
yinvers
e.Cant o
uident
if
y
ex
peri
enceofli
fe‚ti
llpoe
treco
unt
sittheart
ist
icmeri
to ftheve
rse
s‚whichmake
sthe
whol
epo e
m athingofbe
auty
?Thetheme‚l
anguage
‚rhymingandmetapho
rsandsi
miles
us
edinthepoe
m.

Answe r
:-The
reisnodoubtaboutt
hestate
me ntoftheques
ti
on,whi
chsta
testhet
hepoem
dealswit
hacommo nex
peri
enceofl
ifebuttre
a t
mento ft
hecommonexper
ienc
ebythepoet
hasma dejat
hingofr
ealbeaut
y”: Iacc
epttheideafull
yandwoul
dlik
etoprovet
hetrut
h
ofthestat
eme
nt.

3
8
 Fir
stofal
lle
tust al
kabo utthethemati
cvalueofthepo e
m. Weno ticethatthecutt
ing
ofthecropbytheHi ghl
andg ir
lisverycommo nda yt
o da
ye xper
ience.Buti tiscl
earthat
thepoethasnottalk
eda boutthes i
ze,co
lour
,he i
ghtande xt
ernalfe
a turesoftheg i
rl
.He
hasonlytal
kedaboutthemo veme nt
so ft
hegir
lwi t
hhe rsong.Asitisc l
earfromt heli
nes
writ
tenbel
owbyt hepoet
:-

“Be
hol
dhe
r,s
ing
lei
nthef
iel
d

Yo
nso
lit
ary
,Hi
ghl
andl
ass

Re
api
nga
nds
ing
ingbyhe
rse
lf”

Besi
des
,thetheme,whate
v e
ritis,i
sv e
rycharmi
nga ndattrac
tiv
ebe ca
usethevoi
ceof
t
hegir
lisact
uall
ythesoulandspir
itofnature
.Soitisbecaus
eforhim, nat
ureisamo t
her
,
t
eac
herandfrie
ndf o
rthepoet.Sothethemeisofgre
a ti
mpo r
tanceforthepoettha
tiswhy
t
hesongist
hevoiceofnat
ure.Aboutthethemati
cvaluethepoethimsel
fsays:
-

“Wha
tev
ert
het
heme
,theMa
ide
nso
ng

Asi
fhe
rso
ngc
oul
dha
venoe
ndi
ng”

No wl e
tust alka boutt hel anguageus e
dbyt hepo e
t,whi chg i
vesabe auti
ful
impress
iona nddres
st oac ommo ne xper
ienceoflif
e.Thelang uageofthepoe
mi sv ery
si
mpl e
,thoughtprovo
k i
nga ndc har
mi ng.AsWi l
lia
m Wo rds
wor thhimsel
fsay
sinhismo st
cele
bratedpoet
icbook“TheLy ri
calBa l
lads”t hat“thelangua g
eo ft
hecommo nvil
lage
peopleshoul
dbet helangua g
eo fpo etry
”.Heha spr e
sent
edt hesames i
mpleanddirect
languageint
hepo e
m. Forexampl eseetheline
sgivenbel
ow:-

“Wi
llnoo
net
ellmewha
tshes
ing
s?

Pe
rha
pst
hepl
aint
ivenumbe
rsf
low

Fo
rol
d,unha
ppy
,fa
r-o
fft
hing
s

Andba
ttl
esl
onga
go”

Thepo e
tha sus e
dav e r
ybe auti
fulrhymi ngs c hemei ndepo em,whi chhasma det he
commo nexperi
enceo flif
ev eryme lodi
ousa ndc harmi ng .Seethewo rdsg i
venbelowwhi ch
gi
v ealotofmusicali
tytot hecommo nexperienceo flif
e. Lass,pass
,gra i
n,st
rai
n, pr
ofound,
sound,chant
,bands ,sands,heard,bird,seas.He brides,s i
ngs,thi
ngs,flow,ago,lay
,toda y
,
pain,agai
n,ending,bending ,st
il
l,hill
,bore,mo r e
.Thepo etha salsous e
dv erybeauti
ful
me ta
phorsands imile
si nt hepo em,whi c
hg ivet hec o mmo ne x
perienceoflifeas pec
ial
tr
e at
ment,whic
hha sma det hepo em athingo fbe a ut
y .Be l
owa retheme t
aphorsandt he
si
mi l
es.
Thefoll
owi ngli
ne sha v
ebe auti
fulme tapho ri nthe m:-

3
9
“Ol
is
ten:
fort
heVa
lepr
ofo
und

I
sov
erf
lowi
ngwi
tht
hes
ound”

I
nt heabov
elinest
hev al
leyhasbeenmeta
phori
call
yca l
le
dac upwhic
hisove
rfl
owing
wi
tht
hev oi
ceoftheg i
rl.S
eethefoll
owingl
ineswhic
ha refullo
fsimil
esandt
hev o
iceof
t
hegi
rlhasbee
nc a
lle
ds uper
iortot
hev o
iceo
fnight
ingal
ea ndcuckoo
:

“Noni
ght
ing
alee
verc
hant

Mo
rewe
lco
meno
test
owa
ryba
nds

Av
oic
esot
hri
ll
ingne
v’rwa
she
ard

I
nspr
ing
-ti
mef
romt
heCuc
koobi
rd”

Que
sti
onNO3
:-Wr
it
eane
xpl
ant
ionwi
ther
efe
renc
etot
hec
ont
exto
fthef
oll
owi
ngl
ine
s

Ans
wer
:-

“Themus
ici
nmyhe
artIbo
re,

Lo
nga
fte
ritwa
she
ardnomo
re.
”

Re
fer
enc
e:

The
sel
ine
sha
vebe
ent
ake
nthepo
em“TheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r” byWi
ll
iamWo
rds
wor
th.

Co
nte
xt:

Inthispoemthepoe
thaspr
esente
dhisbea
uti
fule
xper
ienceofhismee
tingwit
haHi ghl
and
gir
linS co
tla
nd.Thepo
etissomuc himpr
ess
edbythes i
ngi
nga ndworkingac
tiv
iti
est
hat
thebe a
uti
fulpoe
m.Thesongo fthegi
rli
sverymel
odioust
ha nthesongsofCuckooand
night
ingal
e.

Ex
pla
nat
ion:

I
nthesegi
v enli
nes,t
hepoetsaystha
ttheso
ngo fthegi
rlwassosweettha
tthepoets
tor
ed
t
hesonginhisme moryandhear
t. Manyy
earshavebee
ng onebyye
tthepoetst
il
lenj
oyst
he
s
weet
nessa ndmelodyoftheso
ng .Act
ual
lyt
heseli
nesshowtheimporta
nceofmemo r
yand
i
magi
na t
ionsinhuma nl
ife.

Memoryplay
svi
talrol
einwordswo r
th’spoetr
y.Hesaysthatmanyyea
rshavebee
n
pa
ssedawa
yy e
tthesongofgir
l,whic
hwa st
hesoulofnat
ure,isst
il
lfr
esh-
inhi
s,hear
t.
Evenno
wwhe nherecount
sthesongo fthegi
rl
,hef e
elsi
mme nsepl
eas
ureItsa
ppealis

4
0
pe
rma
nentf
ort
hepo
et.

Que
sti
onNo4
:-Thepo
emde
alswi
thac
ommo
nex
per
ienc
eofl
if
e.Di
scus
s.

Q:
-De
scr
ibet
hes
cenepr
ese
nte
dint
hispo
em.

Answer:
- TheS oli
taryRe aperisape rs
o nalpo emi nwhicht hepo ethasna r
rate
dhi s
pers
onalexperi
ence.Dur i
nghistourtoScotla
nd, hehappenedtoseet hesol
it
aryrea
per.S
he
wasreapingthecropa ndsingi
ngas ong.Shea ppearedapa r
to fthebe a
utyofnature
.He r
lo
velypresenc
ea nde nchanti
ngvo i
ceforce
dt hepo ettowritethisvisi
tinv e
rse
.Thepo et
comparedtheme lodyoftheg i
rl
’sv oic
ewi ththa tofthesi
ngingnighti
ngale
.Hersongwa s
mo r
esoothi
ngtha nthatofthenighti
ngale
.

He rvoicewa sthr
ill
ing.Itwasmo rethri
ll
ingt hanthev o
iceofthecuckoobirdwhich
brokethes i
lenceoftheseasinthespri
ngseason. Thoughthepo etc
ouldnotunders
tandthe
songoft heg i
rlyethegue s
sedthatsongwa strueinitsna t
ure.Thepoetwasimpressedby
thesongt ha thec o
uldno tfo r
getitinhisfut ureli
fe.Shewa sas i
mpler us
ticgi
rl.Her
prese
ncea ndphy s
icalappearanceweresi
mple.S hewasno tamo der
nlady.Butthepoetwas
inspi
redbyt hesongshepr e
sented.

Hec onsider
edherapa rtofna t
ure
.Shewa sa sbeauti
fulasnat
uralsurr
o undi
ngs.Her
so
nga ppea redtobeunendingtot hepoet
.Fo rallthes
erea so
nswecansa ytha tt
hepoem
dealswitht hecommo nexperi
enceo fl
ife
.Mo sto fthewo rdsus
eda r
efrome ver
ydayli
fe
experi
ences,fiel
d,l
ass
,cuts
,thril
li
ng,ma t
ter
,sorrow,ma i
den,music
,etchavingmus i
calas
wellasthril
lingmatt
er,s
orrow,maidenaspict
o r
ialquali
ti
es.

Que
sti
onNo5:
-Wha
tist
hes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
hes
ongi
ntheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r?

Q:
-Di
scus
sthec
ent
rali
deao
fthepo
em,
TheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r.

Q:
-Thepo
eml
eav
esal
ast
ingi
mpr
ess
iono
nthepo
et’smi
nd.
Dis
cus
s

Q:
-Whydo
esWo
rds
wor
thc
allt
heS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r’ss
ongAme
lanc
hol
yst
rai
n?

Q:
-Ho
wha
sthepo
etus
edt
hei
deao
fas
soc
iat
iona
ndme
mor
ies
?

Answer:-Thes o
lit
aryreaperinthepoem wa sreapingo rcutt
ingthecropandt hens i
nging
beaut
ifull
ywhileconti
nuingherwork.Shewa sallaloneinthemo untai
nv a
lleyando nlythe
poetcoulds eehera ndlist
entohe r.Wo rdsworthwa sar omanticpoet
.Hewa shighly
imagi
na ti
veandc oul
df ee
lthebeauti
eso fnatur
ei nunus ualways.Hecoulda ppreci
atethe
fi
nesha desofas i
ngingv o
iceinroma nti
cmo unt aino
uss urro
undings
.Thev o i
ceo fthe
hig
hlandg ir
lleftaso ot
hingimpactont hepo e
t’smi nd.Themo stfor
cefullinesofthis
poema re:

4
1
“Themus
ici
nmyhe
artIbo
re

Lo
nga
fte
ritwa
she
ardnomo
re”

Wo r
dswort
hf e
ltthattheS cot
ti
s hgir
lwa ssi
ng i
ngame l
ancholysong.Againhec al
ledher
ver
sesorsongplaint
ive.Hedi dno tunders
tandherl anguage
.Hedi dnotk nowwha tthe
so
ngwa sabout.Helike
di tbecauseofit
ssada ndse
riousa ndsweettoneormus i
c.Thepoet
wassomuc himpress
edbyt hemus icofthegirl
’ss ong.Altho
ug hhisme e
tingwiththegir
l
wastemporar
yy ethereme mberedhersonga ndmusici nhislat
erlif
e .Hersongandv o
ice
bec
amet heper
ma nentsourceofpleas
ureforthepoet
.

Itwasanunfor
get
tabl
einci
dento
fhisl
if
e.Heremember
edhe
rper
sona
lit
yandsongi
n
hi
srushedli
fe.Thi
sme moryga v
ehim as o
othi
ngimpact
.Thegi
rl
’ss ongcre
ateda
co
nnect
ionbe
tweenit
snoteandthepoe
t’sinners
adne
ss.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-TheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
rbyWo
rds
wor
thi
sar
oma
nti
cpo
em.
Dis
cus
s.

Q:
-Wha
tar
ethee
leme
ntso
fro
mant
ici
smi
nTheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
r?El
abo
rat
e.

Answer
:- TheS
oli
tar
yRe
ape
risar
oma
nti
cpo
em.I
tha
sal
lthee
leme
ntso
fro
mant
ic
poe
try
.

Firstl
y,thepo emde al
swiththel i
feofcommo npeo ple.I
nt hispoem,ahi ghlandgi
rli
s
acommo ng i
rl.Sheisinnocentandl ovel
y.S
econdl
y,thepo e misfullofroma nticimagesa
s
t
hef i
eld,reapinga ndsingi
ng ,aloneshecuts,hi
ghlandl a s
s,Ar abi
ans ands,s pri
ngt
ime,
et
c.Thirdly,thepo emi swr it
tenins i
mplea nddirec
tl a
ng uage.Fourthl
y,theg i
rlisa
r
epre s
entativ
eo fpurenaturalbeauty.Sheappear
sint hepo e ma sano bje
ctofna t
ure
.As
Wo rdsworthisaf amo uspoeto fnaturesohedescri
best hee ff
ectofna t
ureo nt hehuman
mind.

Accordi
ngtohim na t
ureneve
rbe tr
aystheheartofal o
v e
rwholove
sa l
l-
natur
al
beaut
ifulsc
enes
.Natur
eisalway
sas our
ceofple
asur
eandjo
yf orhuma
nbei
ngs.
Thepo e
m
isoneo fthemo s
tbe aut
ifula
ndr omanti
cpo emsofWo r
dsworthasa
lmostallmain
cha
r a
cteri
st
icso
fro
ma nti
cis
ma r
efoundinit
.

Li
kealltheroma nti
cpoet
sWo r
dswort
halsohasake e
ni nt
ere
stint
helo
ngago
,remot
e,
andfa
roffplaces
. Hereheponde
rsonthethe
meo fthesongbutisatal
osst
ounder
sta
ndit
.
Heli
kest
ot hinkthattheso
ngma ybeabouts
omeba tt
leslongago.

“Fa
rol
d,unha
ppy
,fa
r-o
fft
hing
s

Andba
ttl
esl
onga
go”

Thea
tmo
sphe
reo
fthes
urr
oundi
ngswhe
ret
heg
irli
ssi
ngi
ngi
sful
lofs
tra
nge

4
2
lo
nelines
s.Theval
leyi
nwhi c
htheyounggi
rli
sreapi
ngandsi
ng i
ngasadso
ngisaf a
r -
off
plac
e. I
tisbey
ondthec
o mmonexpe
rienc
eofli
fe.
Theyoungg
irlhasas
weetvoi
cebutsheis
si
ngingame l
ancho
lysong.

“Av
oic
esot
hri
ll
ingne
v’rwa
she
ard

I
nspr
ing
timef
romt
hec
uck
oobi
rd”

Thes ubje
cti
vefee
li
ngs,l
oveo fnat
ure
,a ndsadmo o
do fthepoe
tindi
cat
ethatitisa
romanticpoem.Lyri
ci
sm,pic
tori
alqua
lit
y,ro
ma nt
icatmo
spher
e,andsa
dsent
iment
sa r
e
thema i
nf e
atur
eofthi
spoem.

1
0.Al
lthewo
rld'
sas
tag
e

ByWi
ll
iamS
hak
espe
are
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1:
-Al
lthewo
rld’ss
tag
ede
tai
lsumma
ry.

Answer:-Wi l
li
amS hakespear
ei sagreatwr i
teranda r
tis
to fthe16thc entury.Hes t
udie
d
humanna turec o
mpr ehensi
vely.Heha ss t
udiedhuma nna tureandl if
equi teo bj
ect
ivel
y.
Shake
spearecalledthiswo rl
das t
agea nda l
lhuma nbe i
ngsa rejusttheircha rac
ter
s.All
humanbe i
ngspe rfo
r mt hei
rrespect
iverol
esa ndquitthiswo r
ld.Thispo em de s
cri
besthat
li
feisli
keaj ourneya nda l
lhuma nbe i
ngsa retra
v e
lers
.Heha sc overs e
v enstage
sto
comple
tethisjourney.Whe nhec omplet
eso nestag
eo rgoal
,hee nter
sintoa notherstageor
goal
.Everybodyinthiswo rl
dpe rf
ormssevenr ol
esandcompl et
esthejourneyo fli
fe.

Inthefirs
tstage,ama na ppea
r sasac hil
di ntheworl
d.Asac hil
d,hei sahelpl
ess
cr
eatur
e.Hec r
iesi
nt hear
mso fthisnursef
o ronereas
onortheot
her.Hecrie
sa ndvomit
s.
Inthesec
onds tag
eo fli
fe,hebecome saschoo l
-go
ingbo
y.Heg oestoschoolwithabag
hangi
ngaroundhisshoul
de r
s.Hego estosc
ho o
lc r
eepi
ngl
ikeasnai
l.Heg oe
stot hes
chool
unwil
li
ngl
y.

Inthethir
ds ta
ge ,ama nplay
sthero l
eo fal o
ve r
.heg r
o wsi
ntoayoungma nfullof
des
ire
s.ambit
ionsa nddreams.Hebe c
ome sar oma nti
cyoungma n.Hefall
sinlovea nd
si
ghsli
keafurnaceI nthefour
thsta
ge,hebe co
me sas ol
die
r.Inthi
sst
age,heise
mo t
ional
andjeal
ous
.Hei sreadytodoanytaskforfamea ndreputat
ion.Hequar
rel
swithot
hersfor
gra
ceandhonor.

Int
hefi
ft
hs t
age,hebec
ome saj
udge.I
nt hi
sstage,hebecomesmatureandex
peri
ence
d.
Thehe
atofhisyouthcomple
telyc
ool
eddo wna ndhebe comesver
yre a
lis
tic
.Hewantsto
ge
tmoneyandwa ntstober i
ch.hebegi
nst oa c
ceptbribesandthusa ddsmuchtohis

4
3
mate
ria
lcomfor
t.Hi
sbe
ll
ybe
come
sro
und.Hee
atshe
alt
hyf
owl
sandc
ock
spr
ese
nte
dto
hi
ma sbri
bes
.

Inthesi
xthsta
ge,mangrowsold.helook
squit
eri
dic
ulousinhi
smo v
ements
.Hewe ar
s
g
lass
esbeca
usehisey
esi
ghtiswe
ak .Hiss
hoesbec
omewideforhi
sfee
t.Hisv
oices
uff
ersa
c
hange.I
tbeco
me sashr
il
landqui
v er
ingwhis
tl
e.

Thenma nplay
st hefi
nalrol
eo fhi
sli
fe.her
ewef i
ndhimt ur
nedintoac hil
do nc
e
agai
n.Hes e
emstoforgeteve
ryt
hing.Hebec
ome st
oothle
ss.Hise
yesi
ghtweakensandheis
depri
vedoftas
te.
Hei srea
dytoleavethi
sworl
d.Inthisway,mancomple
testhejourne
yof
li
fe.

Que
sti
onNo2:
-Wha
tar
ethes
eve
nst
age
sofma
n?

Answer:
--Wil
li
amS hak
e s
pearei
stheuniv
ers
alwritero
fEngli
shli
ter
ature
.Hehi msel
fwa s
ana ct
ora ndtookpartinma nyo fthestag
edr amasofhistime.Hisa pproachand
obse
rvati
onsareverysharpands o
und.Inthispoem “SEVEN S TAGE IN ALLTHE
WORLD’SAS TAGE”,heha sprese
ntedt
hes e
v e
na g
eso
fma n’sl i
fewhi
c haresoreal
andbeli
evabl
ethatnoonec a
nrefutet
hem.Accordi
ngtohi
mma nhasthefo
llowingsev
en
st
ages.

Fi
rstofallhesay
sma n’sfi
rsts
tag
eistheageofamil
ksuc
kingc
hil
d.Andthi
sstag
e
i
sve
ryrealanda c
cept
abl
e.Se
ethel
ineso
fthefi
rsts
tage
,whi
char
esore
alandimpre
ssi
ve;

“Atf
ir
stt
hei
nfa
nt

Me
wli
nga
ndpuk
ingi
nthenur
se’sa
rms
”

These
condst
ageisal
sover
yimpr e
ssi
veandacc
ur at
e.Inthes
eco
nds
tag
ethepo
et
c
onv e
yst
here
luc
tanc
eofasc
hoolg
oingboyinabe
aut
ifulmanne
r;

“Andt
hent
hewhi
nings
cho
olbo
y,wi
thhi
ssa
tche
l,

Ands
hini
ngmo
rni
ngf
acec
ree
pingl
ikes
nai
l

Unwi
ll
ingt
osc
hoo
l”

Thethir
dstag
eisthest
ageoftheint
ensi
tyofemo
tioninwhi
chthelo
vers
howshi
s
e
mo t
ion.
Thelov
erlove
shi
sbelo
vedwit
hg r
eatemo
tio
ns.S
eethet
hir
dst
a g
ebySha
kes
pear
e
i
nthefol
lowi
ngl
ines
;

“Andt
hent
hel
ove
r,

S
ighi
ngl
ikeaf
urna
cewi
thawo
efulba
lla
d”

4
4
 Thef o
urthst
ageisthestag
eo fmaturi
tywhe
nma nbehav
esli
keasol
die
r.Hei
srea
dy
t
oquarrelwit
ha l
lfornothi
ng.Hebecomesthebl
indsee
kero
freput
ati
onandfame
,whic
h
l
ikeabubbleofwate
r.Se
et hegi
venli
nesinthi
sre
spec
t.

“The
nas
oldi
er,

Ful
lofs
tra
ngeo
athsa
ndbe
arde
dli
ket
hepa
red

J
eal
ousi
nho
nors
udde
nandqui
cki
nqua
rre
l

S
eek
ingt
hebubbl
ere
put
ati
on”

Thefif
thst
ag ei
sthest
ageofe
mo ti
onalandmentalmatur
ity
,whe
nape r
sonbeco
mes
ve
ryser
iousinallaff
air
sli
keajust
ice
.Heus esworl
dlyref
erenc
einhiss
peech.Heuse
s
pr
ove
rbsinhiss
peech.Hehasal
otofexper
ienc
eofr
eallif
e;

“Andt
hent
hej
ust
ice
,

Wi
thg
oodc
apo
nLi
n’d

Ful
lofwi
ses
awsa
ndmo
der
nins
tanc
es”

Thesi
xthands
eco
ndl
asti
.
e .
thesix
thsta
gei
sofanoldman,whe
nma nbec
ome
soldand
e
xperi
enc
ed.Hewear
spa
ntsandsl
ippers
.Hehasg
las
sesonhi
snose
;heuse
sasmal
lbagal
l
t
hetime.

“Thes
ixt
hag
eshi
ft
s,

I
ntot
hel
eana
nds
li
ppe
r’dpa
nta
loo
ns”

Thesev
enthandlasts
tag
eisthestageofver
yoldag
e,whenma nlose
steeth,ey
esig
ht,
t
ast
eandevery
thi
ng.Whenma nbe c
ome ssec
ondti
meac hi
ld.Heisdependedo nother
s.
Andul
ti
matel
yhedies
.Thepoethasconv
e y
edthe
sei
dea
sinthefol
lowi
nglines

‘I
sse
condc
hil
dis
hne
ssa
ndme
reo
bli
vio
n

S
anst
eet
h,s
anse
yes
,sa
nst
ast
esa
nse
ver
ythi
ng”

Abo
vea
ret
hes
eve
nag
eso
fthema
nac
cor
dingt
oSha
kes
pea
re.

Que
sti
onNo3:
-Whi
cha
gei
nyo
uro
pini
oni
smo
sta
ccur
ate
lyde
scr
ibe
d?i
nALLTHE
WORLD’SASTAGE?

Answer
:-S
hakes
pearein‘ ALLTHE WORLD’SA S TAGE’ e xpl
ainsv
e r
ybr i
efl
y
human’sage
s.Hismetho
dofexplana
tio
ni sve
ryl
uci
dinthis‘ALLTHEWORLD’SA
STAGE’ Accor
dingtomyopi
nion,Iams uret
hefi
nals
evenths
tag
eisthemostbea
utif
ul

4
5
s
tag
e,whi
chha
smo
sta
ccur
ate
lybe
ende
scr
ibe
dint
hepo
em “ALLTHEWORLD’SA
S
TAGE”.

Thisi
sactual
lyt
hesec
o ndchi
ldi
shnes
s.Atthesta
gema ng etsabs
olut
elyoppos
it
e
s
tag
et othefi
rsta
ndyoungone.I
nthisstag
emanbe c
ome shel
ple
ss.Helooksthehel
po f
t
heotherfa
milymember
s.Hi
sinde
pendenceofmov
ementistak
ena way.

Seve
nthageisv er
ymuc hawf
ul.Helose
shisa llt
eet
hhe ncetas
tei
sals
olos
t.His
e
yes
ightiswea
kened.Helose
sthewarmtho
fli
fe.Hismo ve
me ntbec
omesve
ryli
mit
ed.As
S
hakespe
a r
ehasaptl
yexpr
ess
edthi
side
aint
hefoll
owingli
nes;

“La
sts
ceneo
fal
l

Tha
tendst
hiss
tra
ngee
vent
fulhi
st
ory
,

I
sse
condc
hil
dis
hne
ssa
ndme
reo
bli
vio
n?

S
anst
eet
h,s
anse
yes
,sa
nst
ast
e,s
anse
ver
ythi
ng,
”

Keepi
nginv
iewthe
mde e
po bs
erv
ati
onoft
hepoetint
heabovel
ines,
Ithinkt
hatIa
m
hundre
dperce
ntsur
ethats
eve
nthagei-
smos
taccur
ate
lyde
scr
ibe
dbyt hepoet
.

Que
sti
onNo4:
-Asay
oungpe
rso
ndo
esy
oua
gre
etoS
hak
espe
are
’sde
scr
ipt
iono
fthel
ove
?

Answer:
-Ye s,asayo ungpe
rso
nIf ul
lyagr
eetoShakes
peare
’sde sc
ript
ionofthelov
er.
Shake
spear
eha spre
sentedadeepandv al
idcha
rac
terofthelove
r.Ayoungloverisa
lways
ful
lofwo r
rie
sa ndtensio
nsaboutthebelov
ed.Al ov
era l
wayssee
ksthec ompanyofhis
bel
oved.

Allthetime
,hewantsthesi
ghtofhisbel
ovedbef
orehi
sey
es.Hesingsbe
a ut
if
uls
ong
s
f
orthes akeofhisbe
loved.Healwaysheavessi
ghsandiss
oho tasaf urnace
.Sose
e
S
hakespea
re’sg i
venl
ine
s,whic
hbeauti
ful
lysumupal o
ver
’scharac
ter.

“Andt
henal
ove
r

S
ighi
ngl
ikeaf
urna
ce,
wit
hawo
efulba
lla
d,

Ma
det
ohi
smi
st
res
sey
ebr
ow”

S
othes
ighi
ngl
ikefur
nacei
sacle
arc utproo
fo ft
heemoti
onali
ntens
it
yofalov
er.
Ke
epi
ngi
nvi
ewtheabov
eline
soft
hepoet
,Ifull
yagre
ewithhi
sdes
cri
pti
onofalo
ver
.

Que
sti
onNo5:
-Whydo
esS
hak
espe
arec
allt
hewo
rldas
tag
e?

Wr
it
eano
teo
nSha
kes
pea
re’sa
ccur
ateo
bse
rva
tio
nofl
if
einAl
ltheWo
rld’saS
tag
e

4
6
Answer:
-S ha
k e
spear
eha sdes
cribedtheseve
ns tag
esofman’sl i
fe.I
neachst
age,man
imagi
neshimsel
fasgrea
ta ndi
mpo r
tant
.Shakes
pearehasdes
cri
bedeachs
tag
eofma n’s
li
fewithag reatc
hoiceofwo rds.Heus e
sl i
vingandbeauti
fuli
ma g
estodes
cri
bethe
dif
fer
entst
agesofl
if
e.

Theperio
do fchi
ldhoodhasbe
endeli
nea
tedinafunnymannerwit
ht hehel
po f
i
mage
sme wl
ingandpukingi
nthenur
se’sarm.Thesc
hoo
lgoest
ohissc
hoolunwil
li
ngl
y.
Hehasde
scr
ibedt
obecreepi
ngli
keas
nail
.

Thelov
ersi
ghtsl
ikeafurnace
.Asol
die
risbear
dedl
ikethepar
d.Af e
wo t
herwo
rds
maynotbeoutofpla
cetome nti
onfo
rthedes
cri
pti
onofdif
fer
entst
age
so fman’sl
ife
.
Cho
iceofwor
dsi
ssoappro
pria
t e
.

Thewhol
epo
emhasbee
nwri
tt
enwit
haful
ldr
amati
cst
yle
.Weseee
verys
tageo
flif
e
g
oingbef
oreo
urey
es.
Thepo
emiswri
tt
eni
nbl
ankve
rse
.Therhy
mesc
hemeismis
si
ngfro
m
t
hepoem.

Thepo ethasdi
videdhuma nli
fegene
ral
lyint
os ev
enperi
odso
rst
ages
.These
ven
s
tag
esde sc
ribedbySha ke
spea
rea r
es y
mboli
co fever
yma n’sli
feo
neart
h.Aninf
ant
a
lwaysbehavesint
hewa yhedoesi
nthepoem.

Mo s
tbo ysa ndgi
rlsareunwil
li
ngt ogoo utofho mefo rs
tudi
eso rsomeregul
ar
a
cti
vit
ies
.Allyoungpeoplear
emo v
edbyt hepa
ssionforlov
ea ndse
xa ndlik
etobelover
s
a
ndbeloved.
The ywanttofi
ghtf
ororstr
uggl
eforthei
rcountr
yinthei
rspir
itofpa
tri
oti
sm.

Lateri
nli
fe,
the
ywa ntinares
ponsi
blepos
iti
onli
kethatofajudge.
Thel
astt
wost
age
s
o
fo l
da ndver
yoldmena ndwome narecommo ntoallhumani
ty.Thepoemisi
nfa
ctan
e
leg
yo nman’suniver
salst
ateo
fhe l
ple
ssne
ssandult
imatede
str
uc t
ion.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Al
ltheWo
rld’sAS
tag
einf
actdi
scus
sest
hej
our
neyo
fli
fe.
Ela
bor
ate
.

Answer:
-Inthi
spoem,Wil
li
amShak
espe
arehasbe
a ut
if
ull
yexpl
aine
dseve
nphase
so f
humanlife
.Hecompar
est
hewor
ldwit
habigst
ageanda l
lhumanbei
ngsa
reac
tor
sa nd
act
res
ses.

Fi
rst
ly,
ama
nappe
arso
nst
agea
sani
nfa
ntwhoc
rie
sandv
omi
tsi
nthea
rmso
fanur
se
o
rmo t
her.

Secondl
y,heiss
eenasascho
olboywi
thashi
ningmo r
ningfa
ce,wa
lki
ngs
lowl
yand
unwi
ll
ingl
ytos c
hool
.Thi
rdl
y,hebeco
mesayoungburni
ngwi t
hthepas
sio
noflov
eand
si
ngi
nginprai
seofhi
sbel
ove
d.

Thef
our
ths
tag
eist
hato
fapa
ssi
ona
tes
oldi
erwhoi
sre
adyt
ounde
rta
kea
ny

4
7
a
dve
ntur
eino
rde
rtog
ainho
nora
ndf
ame
.

Fi
ft
hly,
heplay
shi
spartasawi
seandser
enejus
ti
ce.
Six
thl
y,wef
indhi
masa
nol
dma
n
wi
thspec
tac
leso
nthenos
ea ndaba
ginhishand.

Hissi
zeshr
inksa
ndhisma nl
yvoi
cet
urnsi
ntoat
hinchi
ldi
shvo
ice
.Hisl
aststa
geisver
y
pi
tiabl
eashelose
salmos
tallhiss
ens
esandjo
ysofl
if
e.Thepoemsho
wsasada ndre
a l
is
ti
c
pi
ctureofhuma nlif
e.Thepo etex
pre
ssestousthatama n’ss t
ayint hi
swo rl
di s
te
mpo rar
y.

Aft
erperf
ormingther
oleall
ott
edtohimbyGod,hel
eav
esthewor
ld.Ifa
ct,thepoem
dis
cuss
esthej
our ne
yofama ninthi
sworl
d.Inf
act
,humanbei
ngspl
ayt
he i
rpart
sinlif
eas
chara
cter
spla
yt hei
rro
leso
nt hes
tage.

Lif
eisadr ama,astheworldisas t
ageandwehuma nbei
ngsa reac
tor
s.They
int
oxica
tethe
msel
veswi
thpower,
beaut
y,a
ndwe a
lth.
The yr
ema
inf
orge
tfuloft
helas
ttwo
phasesoft
hei
rli
ves
.Sot
hissho
wstheendofhumanli
fe.

Que
sti
onNo7
:-Whi
chs
tag
e,i
nyo
uro
pini
oni
smo
sta
ccur
ate
lyde
scr
ibe
d?

Answe
r:-I
nthispoem,thepoe
thasdiv
idedhumanl i
feintos
evenst
ages
.Theses
tag
esare
bas
edonhuma nacti
vit
iesf
rominf
ancytool
da ge.Heha sgi
venart
is
ti
cdetai
lso
fvari
ous
ag
es.I
tshowshisk
eenobser
vat
ionandwonder
fulunder
standi
ngofhumanli
fe.

Thede
scr
ipt
ionofvar
iouss
tag
esi
squit
eacc
ura
teandtruthf
ulbutthedesc
ript
ionof
thel
o v
er’sst
ageismar
vel
ous.Thepo
etsa
ystha
tduri
ngyo
ut hti
meal o
v ebur
nswiththe
pass
ionofl
ove
.

Heisf
ullo
fdeepemot
ions
.Whenhebr e
a t
hs,hesoundsl
ikeafur
nace
.Hea l
sosi
ngs
lo
vesong
sinprai
seoft
hebeaut
if
uley
ebrowsofhisbel
oved.Hi
ss o
ngsar
efullo
fgri
efand
patho
sashewis
hest
ogethi
sbel
ovedass
oona sposs
ibl
e.

Thedescr
ipti
ono fayoungma ninthi
spo emisac
cur
ate
.Thedeepf
eel
ing
sa ndpass
ions
i
naloverareana turalt
hing.Infact
,se
x ualpas
si
onisatit
spea
kduetoa dultag
e.The
s
imi
leofsi
gningli
keaf ur
naceisaptandsuit
able
.

Thethi
rds t
a g
eo ft
helo
verinman’sli
feisthemo s
tappeal
ingint
hepo e
m.Iti
sa
c
ommone xper
iencetofi
ndlov
ersi
nthe
iry
ouththir
sti
ngforlo
vea ndsa
tis
fac
tio
ninthe
c
ompanyofthei
rbe l
ove
d.

Shake
spe
arehasdeli
neat
edthisthi
rdstageofma n’slif
eine ve
rya t
tra
cti
vea nd
i
nte
res
ti
ngwaybeca
useheprovi
desat r
uepic
tureofalove
ranxi
oustogethi
sbe l
ove
d.A
y
oungmancanno
tdisa
greewi
thShake
spear
e’sde s
cri
pti
onoft
helove
r.

4
8
Que
sti
onNo8
:-Wr
it
eano
teo
nthef
our
tha
ndf
if
ths
tag
eso
fma
n’sl
if
e.

Q:
-Ex
pla
int
hef
our
tha
ndf
if
ths
tag
eofl
if
easde
pic
tedi
nAl
ltheWo
rld’saS
tag
e

Answer:
-Will
iamShakes
pear
eha sshownusthemo s
treal
is
ticandac
curat
epi
ctur
eo ft
he
four
thstag
eo fman’slif
e.I
nt hi
stimema nbeco
me sapassi
onat
esol
die
r.Heisre
adyto
undert
akeanyadv
entur
einorde
rt ogai
nhonor,
glor
y,andfame.

Inf act
, att
hissta
g e,
ama nha sal
lthequa li
tiesofafitsol
dier
. Heisatthepe akofhis
yo
utha ndphy s
icalst
rength.Hisprac
tic
a lli
febe gi
nsatt hi
sstage.Hes e
tshi ghaimsand
makesg reatvowswithhissmallbear
d,hel o
o k
slikeal e
opa r
d.Powe ri
nhisbo dyforce
shim
t
oa ccepta nychall
enge.Hewa ntstosurpassothers.Evenfortempo r
aryfame ,heisrea
dy
t
ot a
k er i
sksinhisli
fe.Forthesakeofreputati
o n,heisreadytojumpi nt
oThec annon’s
mouth.

Throug
hthemet
aphorofcannon,t
hepoetbri
ngstheir
onyoft
hesol
die
r’ssit
uat
ion.
Hewantst
obeco
mefamousbutheisnotre
me mber
edlongaft
erhi
sac
tofbrav
eryore
ven
de
ath.
Thebubbl
ere
puta
tio
nmus tburs
torendinnot
hingne
ss.

I
nt hefif
thst
age,amanpla
yshisrol
ea sawis
ea ndseri
ousj
usti
ce.Now,heismat
ure
inmind.Hebe co
me sagoodj
udgeofthi
ngs.Hecanwi s
elyte
llri
ghtfr
o mwrong.Hi
sbel
ly
bec
ome sroundduetoeat
ingf
atcoc
ks.Hisbear
disfas
hionabl
e.

Hepaysful
latt
ent
iontot
hedetail
so fe
ver
yma tt
er.Hisc
onve
rsa
tio
nisful
lofpr
ove
r bs
andwis
esaying
s.I
nhisconver
sat
ion,heusesins
tance
so fpas
tandpres
entev
ents
.Inthis
way,
hepla
y saver
yimport
antandusefulro
lei
nsocie
ty.

Thefift
hstag
eofma n’sli
fedesc
ribedbyShakes
pear
eissowellknowntousa
ll.We
se
ej udg
eso flawcour
tsinthei
rma tureage.The
ya resur
elyver
yt r
uet ot
hepoet’s
del
ineat
ion.Thej
udg
esofthehi
ghes
tcourtse
njoyal
lki
ndsoffac
il
it
ieso
flif
e.

Theyli
v eing
ra ndhouse
s,eatfi
nefo
od,a
ndhavese
rvantso
fa l
lki
nds.Thei
rbe
ll
ie
s
a
refullofchick
ena ndotherric
hf o
od.Theyke
epi
ne x
cell
entheal
thwhic
hc omesf
rom
t
hei
rmo desofli
fea
nds at
isf
acti
on.

Thef our
tha ndfif
ths
tagesofma n’slif
earethus,v
e r
yimpo rt
antforso
cialand
cul
turalcont
inui
tya ndnat
ionalint
egri
ty.On t
hemt hewe l
l-
being
,digni
ty,andtrue
progr
essofallst
ate
s.Thea
bsenceofjudge
sinourco
untryshooktheveryfo
undati
onsof
oursoci
ety
.

1
1.De
par
tur
eanda
rri
val

ByT.
S.El
iot

4
9
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Quest
ion1:How doe
sthepo
em De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
alde
scr
ibeT.
S.
Eli
ot’sf
ait
hin
i
dea
lis
ma ndo
pti
mism?or

Themostr
ema
rka
blequa
lit
yofT.
S.El
iot
’spo
em De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
ali
sit
side
ali
sm.
Dis
cus
s?or

Wha
tindi
cat
ionso
fho
pedoy
ouf
indi
nthepo
em?

De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
albyT.
S.El
ioti
sano
pti
mis
ti
cpo
em.
Dis
cus
s?

Answe r
:-De partureandAr r
iva liso neo fthee arlypo emso fEl io
t.Thepo emi sa
combinationo fideal
is
ma ndopt i
mism.Thepo etiso pt
imisti
ca bo utthebr i
ghtfutureof
comingg ener
a t
ions.I
nhi svie
w,wec anma kethe2 0t
hc enturygrea t
,ifwewo rkselfl
essl
y
ands i
nc e
relyfort heprogres
so fhuma ni
ty.Hea dvisesust oa cc e
ptt hemo stdiff
icul
t
chal
lengesofl i
fe.Heurg e
sust hatwes houl
dstruggl
et oa c
hieveo urg oal
s.Wes houldnot
hesi
tatetofacet hedif
fi
culti
eso fli
fe.Thepo emi nf
usescour a
gea ndf ort
itudeinthee age
r
heart
so fthosewhor eal
lywantt ochang ethe
irfate.

Thepo e ts
ay sthatli
feisal onglanefullofrosesandha wt
ho r
n.Thepoemi ns
pir
e si
ts
readerstoa cc
epte ve
r ychall
engeoflif
e.De part
ureisamus tfo
rf i
nalar
rival
.Thestr
ug g
le
toma k
et hiswo rl
dabe tterpla
cea ccor
dingt oourideol
ogyisag r
eatvi
rtue
.Thefutureis
bri
g htandpr ogres
siv
et oama nwhoha sstr
o ngf
a i
th,opt
imis
m, andcour
age.Bei
ngapo tof
ide
a li
sma ndo pti
mism.T. S.
Elioturgesthatwes ho ul
dleaveal ega
cyo fbene
fit
sa nda
bri
g htfut
ur etotheco minggener
a t
ions.

Wes houldstr
ugglehopefull
y.Wes houl
dfaceandtr
yt oover
comea l
lkindsofpainsand
tr
oubl
esa swepe r
for
mo urdutie
s. Her e
comme ndsal
if
eo fc
onstantre
adinessandstr
uggl
es
tomakethepr e
sentbett
erthana llthepa s
t.Inthi
sway,heconnect
sourpresentandfut
ure
happi
nesswithourprese
nts tr
ugglea ndwo r
k.

T.S.Eliotwa nt
st ha
tme nshouldbecomemenofa ct
iona swellasofi
deastosta
rt
li
vingawe ll-
propor
tione
do rbalancedli
fe.Hewantsthebe s
te ff
o r
tsonourpart
,co-
operat
iona ndmut ualhel
p.Theest
abli
shmentofamorals
ocia
lis
ticwo r
ldo
rde
rwitho
utthe
poiso
no finjuri
ouscompetit
iona
ndt hedi
rtofcomme
rci
a l
is
mi sneeded.

Quest
ion2:Wha tdoe
sT.S.El
iotmeanbys t
a ndi
nguponthesho
reo
fa l
lwek no
wi n
Depart
ureandArri
val
?orEl a
borat
ethemetaphorofhuma
nlif
easavoy
age,a
susedby
T.
S.El
ioti
nhispo
e mDepa
rtureandArri
val
.

Ans
we r
:-I
nthispoem,thepo
ethasuse
dt hemeta
pho
rofvo
yag
efo
rhuma
nl i
fei
nt hi
s
wor
ld.Hesay
st ha
tma n’ssojo
urni
nthisworl
disve
rys
hor
tande
phe
mer
al.Hecomes

5
0
i
ntothi
sworl
dfo
ras
hor
tti
me.Hepe
rfo
rmshi
sre
spo
nsi
bil
it
iesa
nda
fte
rtha
t,hel
eav
es
t
hiswor
ld.

Duringhi
sstayi
nt heworl
d,t
hema ns
etss
ailontheoce
a noft
ime
.Hehasamis
si
on
a
ndo
bjecti
vet
oa c
hiev
ei nthi
swor
ld.Hedec
ide
shisfutur
ecours
eofac
tio
n.Hema
keshi
s
o
wngoa
lsandaimstofulf
il
lhi
sgoal
sandai
ms.

Hewo rksha r
d.Hea lsoget
sg uidancefromt hekno wledgeande x
peri
enceofothe
r
humanbe i
ngs.Hes ta
ndso ntheshoreo ftheknowl e
dgeoft hisworl
d.Hea s
pire
stopl
unge
int
otheseao fthisknowledge.Heha ssomef earsanddo ubts.Het r
iestoover
comethes
e
fea
rsa nddo ubts
.Af t
ert i
dingoverhi sf ea
rsa nds us
picions,hedivesintothese
ao f
knowle
dgeo fthisworldandma r
cheso nt hejo
ur neyofsuc c
e s
s.Hishig
ha i
msa ndgoal
s
ser
veasasour c
eo fi
nspir
atio
nt ohim.

Hek nowst hatt herearema nyha rds

hipsa ndda ngerso nhiswa ytor e
achhis
des
tinati
on.Heha snoma pf o
rg ui
da nceduringhisunkno wnv oy
a g
e.Heha snolig
htor
knowledgetokno w how ma nyrocksa relyi
nga heado fhi m.Hef acesthedang
ersand
har
ds hi
pswiththef orceo fhisfai
tha ndideal
ism.Her eachestheharborwhic
hi shi
s
des
tinati
onandgo al
,de s
pit
ethediff
icultie
sofhispath.
Thi spo e
me ncour
agesmantomove
opt
imi s
ti
cal
lyandpo si
tive
lyinli
fetoat t
a i
nbigaims.

Questi
on3:Discussthethemeo fDepar
tur
eandArri
valbyT.S.
Eli
ot.wri
teanot
ethe
mora
lme s
sag
eo fthepoem.Whata r
eEli
ot’svi
ewsa
boutthepr
ese
ntgener
ati
ona
ndwhat
do
eshehopeforthecominggene
rati
on?

Answer:
-De par
tureandArriv
a li
satho ught-
provok
ingands e
riouspoem.Inthi
spo e
m, t
he
poetdescr
ibesade e
pmo r
alme ss
aget ot heyoungg e
nerat
ion.Thepo ettel
lstheyoung
peopl
etose tai
msforthe
irfutureli
fe.Futureli
fecanbepurposefuli
ftheyoungpeoplese
t
bef
o r
ethems omehighgoalsanda i
ms .Theymus tst
ruggl
etoa chi
evethe
irloft
ya i
ms.The
poetgiv
esame s
sagetotheyoungg enerati
ontowo rkself
les
slyforthebett
ermentofthe
fut
ure.

Theseao fli
fema ybefi
ll
edwithfear
s, dange
rs,doubt
s,andha r
dship.Butwet heyo uth
ofthisc e
nturys houldnothesit
atetopl ungeint otheseao flif
e.Wemus tacceptt he
chall
engesofl i
feboldl
y.Abrightfut
ureisl y
inga headofus.The2 0thc e
nturywithalli t
s
hopes,chal
lenges,andposs
ibi
li
tie
sidlyi
ngbe foreus .Wethey o
utho fthiscent
urycana dd
totheknowledg e
, e
xperi
enc
e,andskil
lofthec omingg e
ner
a t
ions.Wesho uldnotworryifwe
dono tatt
aino urgoals
.

Wemus tsac
rifi
cetobuil
dt hefutureofthenextg
enerat
ion.
Thecominggene
rati
onwil
l
c
ert
ainl
yr e
membe rusforgoodde eds.Thattimewes hal
lrememberthepl
aceswherewe
s
erv
edo urti
mea ndenerg
yf orthepr ogr
essofthepeopl
eandt hel
and.Thepeopl
eofour

5
1
ce
nturysho
uldha v
ethes
ens
etounder
sta
ndwha
tispr
esentandhowtosha
pethefut
ure
.
Theyshoul
dk nowhowthepeo
pleinthepa
stage
shavedonesomet
hinguse
fulf
orour
pre
sentwel
l-
being
.

Theimpe
rfe
cti
onsofthel
ive
so fot
herpeopl
epr
ese
ntl
yli
vingt
hepoe
tma kehim
t
hinkabo
uthowtheyal
lcanhav
ebe t
terl
ive
sandhowthe
ycanl
iveamuchbet
terl
if
ein
t
hefut
ure.

Ques
ti
onNo4:
-Howdoe
sthepo
em De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
alde
scr
ibeT.
S.
Eli
ot’sf
ait
hin
i
dea
lis
mando
pti
mis
m?

Q:
-Themo s
tr ema
rka
blequa
lit
yofT.
S.El
iot
’spo
em De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
ali
sit
s
i
dea
lis
m.Di
scus
s?

Q:
-Wha
tindi
cat
ionso
fho
pedoy
ouf
indi
nthepo
em?

Q:
-De
par
tur
eandAr
riv
albyT.
S.El
ioti
sano
pti
mis
ti
cpo
em.
Dis
cus
s?

Answe r
:-De partureandAr r
iva liso neo fthee arlypo emso fEl io
t.Thepo emi sa
combinationo fideal
is
ma ndopt i
mism.Thepo etiso pt
imisti
ca bo utthebr i
ghtfutureof
comingg ener
a t
ions.I
nhi svie
w,wec anma kethe2 0t
hc enturygrea t
,ifwewo rkselfl
essl
y
ands i
nc e
relyfort heprogres
so fhuma ni
ty.Hea dvisesust oa cc e
ptt hemo stdiff
icul
t
chal
lengesofl i
fe.Heurg e
sust hatwes houl
dstruggl
et oa c
hieveo urg oal
s.Wes houldnot
hesi
tatetofacet hedif
fi
culti
eso fli
fe.Thepo emi nf
usescour a
gea ndf ort
itudeinthee age
r
heart
so fthosewhor eal
lywantt ochang ethe
irfate.

Thepo etsaysthatl
ifeisalonglaneful
lo frosesandha wt
ho r
n.Thepoemi ns
pir
e si
ts
readerstoa cc
epte ve
rychall
engeoflif
e.Departureisamus tfo
rf i
nalar
rival
.Thestr
ug g
le
toma k
et hiswo r
ldabetterplac
ea cco
rdi
ngt oo urideol
ogyisag r
eatvi
rtue
.Thefutureis
bri
g htandpr ogre
ssiv
etoama nwhoha ss
trongfa i
th,opt
imis
m, andcour
age.Bei
ngapo tof
ide
a li
sma ndo pti
mism.T.S.El
ioturgest
hatwes ho ul
dleaveal ega
cyo fbene
fit
sa nda
bri
g htfut
ur etothecominggener
a t
ions
.

Wes houl
dstr
ugg
lehopeful
ly
.Wes houl
df aceandtryt
oo v
erc
omea llk
indsofpa
ins
a
ndt ro
ublesasweperf
ormo urduti
es.Her ec
omme ndsali
feofcons
tantrea
dine
ssand
s
trug
glestomaket
hepre
sentbet
tert
hana l
lthepast
.

I
nthiswa y,hec o
nne ct
sourpre
se ntandf ut
urehappines
swithourpres
entst
rugg
leand
work.T.S.El i
otwa ntsthatmensho uldbe c
omeme no fa c
tio
na swellasofide
astos t
art
li
vingawe ll-
proport
ionedo rbal
anc edlife
.Hewa ntsthebe s
teffort
sono urpart,co-
operat
iona ndmut ualhelp.Thee
stablis
hme ntofamo ralso
cial
is
ti
cwo rl
dorde
rwithoutthe
poiso
no finjuri
ouscompe ti
ti
onandthedi rtofcommerci
a l
is
mi snee
ded.

5
2
Ques
ti
onNo5 :
-Wha tdo
esT.
S.
Eli
otme
anbys
tandi
ngupo
nthes
hor
eofa
llwek
nowi
n
Depar
tur
eandArr
iva
l?

Q:
-El
abora
tet
heme t
apho
rofhuma
nli
fea
sav
oya
ge,a
sus
edbyT.
S.
Eli
oti
nhi
spo
em
De
par
tur
eandArr
iva
l.

Answer
:-Inthi
spoe
m,thepoe
thasus
edthemet
aphoro fvoyagef
orhuma nlifei
nt hi
s
worl
d.Hesay
sthatman’ssoj
our
ninthi
swor
ldisver
ys hortandepheme
r a
l.Hec omes
i
ntothi
sworl
dforashor
tti
me.Heper
for
mshisr
espo
nsibil
it
iesandaft
erthat,hel
eav e
s
t
hisworl
d.

Dur
inghisst
ayinthewo r
ld,t
hema nset
ssai
lontheo c
eanofti
me.Hehasamis
si
on
a
ndobj
ect
ivetoachi
evei
nt hi
swo r
ld.Hedec
ide
shisf
uturecour
seo
fa c
tio
n.Hema
keshi
s
o
wngoal
sanda i
mstoful
fi
llhisgo
alsandai
ms.Heworkshard.

Healsog
etsgui
dancefro
mt heknowl
edg
ea nde
xper
ienceofothe
rhuma nbe
ing
s.He
s
tandsonthes
horeoftheknowle
dgeofthi
sworl
d.Heas
pirestopl
ungeint
othese
aofthi
s
k
no wl
edge
.Hehassomefearsanddoubt
s.

Het r
iest
ooverc
o methes
ef ea
r sa
nddo ubts
.Afte
rtidi
ngove
rhi
sfe
arsa
ndsus
pic
ions
,
hedi
vesi
ntothese
ao fk no
wle
dg eofthisworl
da ndma r
cheso
nthej
our
neyofs
ucc
ess
.His
hi
ghaimsandgoa
lsse
rv easasourceofins
pirat
iontohi
m.

Hek nowsthatthe
rea r
ema nyha r
dshipsandda nge
rsonhiswa
ytorea
chhi s
des
tinati
on.Heha snomapf o
rguidanc
eduringhisunknownvo
yage
.Hehasnol
ighto
r
knowledgetokno
who wma nyr
ock
sa r
elyi
nga hea
do fhi
m.

Heface
sthedang
ersandhards
hipswiththefor
ceofhisfai
tha ndi
deal
is
m. Here
ache
s
t
hehar
borwhichishi
sdest
inat
ionandg o
al,despi
tethedif
fi
cult
iesofhi
spath.Thi
spoem
e
nco
urage
sma ntomoveopti
mist
ica
llyandposit
ive
lyinli
fetoatt
ainbigai
ms.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Di
scus
sthet
hemeo
fDe
par
tur
eandAr
riv
albyT.
S.
Eli
ot

Q:
-wr
it
eano
tet
hemo
ralme
ssa
geo
fthepo
em

Q:-Wha
ta r
eEliot
’sv
iewsa
boutt
hepr
ese
ntg
ene
rat
iona
ndwha
tdo
esheho
pef
ort
he
co
mingge
nerat
ion?

Answer
:-Depar
tur
ea ndArriv
alisathoug
ht-
pro
v ok
ingandse
riouspo
em.I
nthispo
em,the
poe
tdescri
besadeepmo r
alme ss
agetotheyounggener
ati
on.Thepoe
tt e
ll
stheyo
ung
pe
opletose
taimsforthe
irfut
ureli
fe.

Futur
eli
fecanbepurpo
sefuli
ftheyoungpeoplese
tbefo
rethe
mso
mehig
hgoal
sand
a
ims
.Theymusts
trug
glet
oa c
hievet
heirl
oftyai
ms .Thepo
etgiv
esame
ssa
get
othey
oung

5
3
g
ene
rat
iont
owo
rks
elf
les
sl
yfo
rthebe
tte
rme
nto
fthef
utur
e.

Theseaofli
femaybef
il
ledwit
hfear
s,da nge
rs,
doubts
,andhar
dshi
p.Butwet
heyouth
o
fthiscent
uryshoul
dnothesi
tat
etopl ung ei
ntotheseao fl
if
e.Wemus tac
ceptthe
c
hal
leng
esofli
febol
dly
.Abri
ghtf
utur
eislyingaheadofus
.

The20t
hcentur
ywi t
halli
tshopes
,cha
lle
nges,a
ndpo s
sibil
it
iesidl
yi
ngbef
oreus
.We
t
heyout
ho ft
hiscentur
ycanaddt otheknowl
edge,ex
peri
e nc
e,a nds
kil
loft
hecoming
g
ener
ati
ons
.Weshouldnotwor
ryifwedonotatt
ainourgoa
ls.

Wemus tsac
rif
icet
obuildthefut
ureo fthenex
tg e
ner
ati
on.Theco
minggener
ati
on
wi
llce
rtai
nlyre
me mberusforgooddeeds.Thatti
mewes ha
llr
ememberthepl
aceswhe
re
wese
rvedourti
mea ndener
gyforthepr
o g
r e
sso
fthepeopl
eandthela
nd.

Thepe o
pleofourcent
urysho
uldhavet
hese
nsetounde
rst
a ndwhati
spre
senta
nd
howt
os hapethefut
ure
.The ys
houldkno
who wthepeo
plei
nt hepastag
eshavedone
so
met
hingusef
ulfo
rourpres
entwel
l-
bei
ng.

Theimperf
ect
ionso
ftheli
veso
fo t
herpe
opl
epre
sent
lyli
vingt
hepo
etmakehi
mt hi
nk
a
boutho
wt he
ya l
lcanhavebe
tte
rli
vesandhowt
heycanl
iveamuchbet
terl
if
einf
uture
.

1
2.APo
iso
nTr
ee

ByWi
ll
iamBl
ake
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
1:-Ho
wappr
opr
iat
eist
het
it
leo
fthepo
em?

Di
scus
sthes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
het
it
leApo
iso
nTr
ee.

Answer:
-Will
iamBlake’spo emAPo i
sonTreeiss
ymboli
c.Theti
tl
eo ft
hispoemi
squit
e
appro
priat
e.I
tsuit
sthesubj
ectmatt
ero
fthepoem.Thetr
eeofhatr
edisnouri
she
dbyfe
ars,
t
e a
rs,hy
pocri
sy,
ma l
ice
,anddecei
tf
ulwi
les
.Thefrui
tofs
uchat r
eei
sfullo
fpoiso
n.

Thepo ettell
susho we vi
ldesi
gnsa ndug l
yt r
ickslea
dt odestr
ucti
v eresult
s.Thepo e
t
saysthathewa sangrywithhisfrienda ndhet ol
dhi ma boutit.Ther esultwastha thi
s
angercamet oa ne ndandt heybecamef rie
ndsa g
a i
n.Aftersomet i
me ,onceheg ota ngr
y
withhisenemy ,hedidno ttel
lhim,a sar esult,hisangerbegantog r
o wa ndutbe camea
tre
eo fhatred.Thepo ethadbe enwa t
eri
ngi tda yandni ghtwit
hhi sf ea
r sandt e
ars.To
harm hisenemy ,hetri
edt oconcealhisfeelingsofg rudgeunderthec l
o ako fci
vil
ityand
smili
ngface.Hishy poc
rit
icalbeha
vio rwithhi senemys er
vedassunshinefo rthegrowthof
thepois
onoust re
eo fhat
red.

5
4
 Thetreeputfort
habr i
ghtappl
ethatlook
edswee
ta ppar
entl
ybutwasver
ypois
onous
i
nrea
lit
y.Hisenemyc o
uldnotr
esis
tthete
mptati
onandplannedtos
tea
lthatf
rui
t.Heate
t
hefr
uitanddied.
Inthispo
em,thepoethasus
edtwosy
mbo l
sthatar
eoftr
eeandappl
e.

Fi
rst,
thepoetha
suse
dt hesymbolo
fat r
ee.Thi
sisno
tar e
alt
reet
hatwes
eedai
lyar
ound
us
.Itisat r
eeofhat
reda ndenmit
ythatcannotbes e
en.Be
caus
ethi
str
eeex
ist
sinour
mind.Se
condl
y,t
hepoethasuse
dtheapplea
sas y
mbol.

Appl
eisafruitthatwegetfr
omt hetreeaf
teralo
ngproc
esswhent
het r
eebecome
s
mature
.Thisappleisnotswe
etbutpo i
sonous.I
tmeansthef
ri
endshi
pofthepoetisno
t
t
ruebecaus
eaftereati
ngthebri
ghtapple
,thepoet’senemydi
esatthes
pot.Asthepoe
t
s
ays:

Andi
ntomyg
arde
nst
ole
,

Whe
ntheni
ghtha
dve
il
’dt
hepo
le.

Af t
erreadi
ngthepoe
mc are
full
y,wecans
aythatt
heti
tl
eofthepoemAPoi
sonTr
eeis
qui
teappropri
atetot
hest
oryofthepoem.Acc
ordi
ngtot
hepoettr
ustbe
twe
ent
wofel
lows
mustnotbecolor
edbymisg
ivi
ngs,
fears
,ands
uspi
ci
on.

Que
sti
onNo2:
-Po
iso
nis
,inf
act
,une
xcus
eda
nge
randwr
ath.
Ela
bor
ate

A po
iso
nTr e
er i
ght
lyde
scr
ibe
sthepo
et’sme
nta
lande
mot
iona
lat
ti
tudet
owa
rdshi
s
e
nemy.Ela
borat
e

Ans wer:-APo i
sonTr eeisri
ghtlyanex
tendedme t
aphortode s
cribethepoet’sme nta
la nd
emotiona lat
ti
tudet owardshise ne
my.Weus eame t
aphorwhe nweus ewordst ome an
somethingdiff
erentfromt hethingdes
cri
bed.Thus,thepo e
tha susedthewo r
dtreeno tto
desc
ribet hecommo ngreentreeswit
hgreenlea
v e
sandbr anches
. Heha suse
dittoshowt he
gr
eatha tredthatheha df orhisenemy.Thepo e
textendstheme t
aphorthususe
dt osho w
hi
sg rowinghatre
df orhisenemy .

Heprovidedthewa terhisfearsandtearstothetree.Hepr ov i
deditthesunlig
htofhis
hatef
ulsmil
e sandc unningtrick
s .Tree
sde vel
opo nt hebrights un’sl i
ght.Buthe r
et he
pois
ontreegrewo nthepo et
’sha tef
ulsmile
sandt ri
cksorpla nstoda magethee nemy.
The
fr
uitofana ppl
et reeisheal
thful,hereitwaspo i
sonous.Then,a tnight,t
hepo et’senemy
wentintohi
sg ardens ec
ret
lya nddiedso o
na ft
ere at
ingit.Thes y mbolofthea pplei
salso
connect
edtothea ppleinParadis
ewhi chAda ma ndEv eate.

The
yateitagai
nstGod’sorder
,pois
onedthe
irl
ive
s,bec
a mebad,andweretur
nedout
.
Her
ethepo
e tatt
ract
edhi
senemytothepois
onedappl
e.Hisenemydiedoneati
ngit.I
twas
t
hepoet
’se vilac
t.Thepoeti
scons
ciousofi
t.Thepoetdi
scuss
edhisdif
fer
ence
swi t
hthe

5
5
fr
iendope
nly
.Hef or
gothi
sanimos
it
yandannoyance
.Itol
dmywr ath,mywr
a t
hende
d.
Butwithanenemy,t
hepoetc
onti
nuedwi
thhisenmitya
nda ng
er.Theang
erandenmi
ty
wentongr
owinginhi
m.Ito
ldi
tnot,mywr
athdidgro
w.

Hea ndhise
ne mydi
dnote
xcus
eeachot
her
.Thepoethadnewerf
earsandworr
iesin
thequarrelinhi
m.Hewe ntonpro
mo t
ingt
heminwar
dly.Hewe nto
nma ki
ngpla
nst o
dest
royhisenemy.Thepoe
mshowshowunex
cus
edange
ra ndhat
redbetwee
nt woper
sons
endtrag
icall
y.

Ques
tio
nNo3: -Whatmes
sagedoesthepoe
twa
nttogiv
ehisr
eade
rsi
nA Po
iso
n
Tr
ee?
Criti
cal
lye
valua
tet
hemai
nidea
so ft
hepo
emAPoi
sonTr
ee.

Answer:
-APo isonTreeisamoral
ist
icpoem.Wi l
li
amBl akeg i
vest
heme ss
ageo funive
rsal
brot
herhood,s
elf
les
sness
,andlo
veforhuma nit
y.Heisfull
ya wareandconsc
iouso ft
heevil
res
ult
so fange
r,hatr
ed,andhypoc
r i
sy.I
nhi svi
ew,ang
e r
,ha t
red,a
nds el
fl
ess
nesse mbi
tter
humanr el
ati
ons.I
ffeel
ingso
fangerareall
owedtonouris
h,theyproduc
eha t
reda ndmalic
e.
Asar e
sult
,theydes
troyhumanrel
ations
.

Infac
t,thepoetwishest
opr omotet
rus
t,harmony,lo
ve,a ndfrie
ndshi
pa mong
humanbe i
ngs
.Hea dvi
sesustopro
duceinusaspi
rito
floveforourf e
llo
whuma nbei
ngs
.
Loveisthebasi
cne e
do fhuma nhappine
sswhi
lehatre
di spois
o nandda ma g
ehuma n
peac
e.Humanlif
ecanbecomepeace
fuli
fpeopl
ebegi
ntoloveandtrustoneanot
her.

Wil
li
am Bl akeha selo
que nt
lye xplai
nedthisme s
sagethroughapa rabl
e.Hes ays
fri
endsfor
giveandr emo v
eha t
reda mongt hemwhi l
eenemie
snur setheirg
rudgesa
ndt a
ke
pleas
ureinde s
tro
yingo neanother.Afterreadi
ngthepoem,we ,ther e
aderscometoknow
thatther esul
to fha tredisa l
wa y
sde s
truc
tive
.S othepo e
ta dvi
sesust or e
mo v
e
misunder
standi
ngs.Inthisway,wec anliveaprosper
ousandpeacefulli
fe.

Que
sti
onNo4:
-Di
scus
sthepo
emAPo
iso
nTr
eea
sas
ymbo
licpo
em.
Ela
bor
ate

Answe r:
-Thepo e
mi sv e
ryphil
o s
ophicalands y mboli
c.Thepo e
twa ntst oc o
nveyv er
y
deeperme ani
ng stous.Heha stoldag ol
denpr inci
pleo flif
et hroughs ymbo ls
.The reis
enoug hdiff
erencebetweenthea pparenta ndt hehidde nme a
ni ngso ft hewo rds.The
poiso
no usappletreeisas y
mbo lo fha t
e,a ng
er,de c
eit,ma l
ice,c unningness,cl
evernes
s,
hypocris
y,ands uc
ho t
hernegat
ivefeel
ingsinhuma nbeings.Thea ppletr e
ei snouri
shedby
hatred,fe
ar,anddoubts.

Thepoethasusedtheappl
ea sasymbol
.Appleisnotapoisonoustre
ebutasweetone.
andweg etfr
uitfro
mi t
streethroug
hal ongprocesswhent hetreebecomesma t
ure.It
meansthefri
endshi
po fthepo etisnottr
uebe c
a useaft
ere at
ingt hebrig
htapple,the
poe
t’se nemydiesatonce
.Andi nt
omyg ar
densto
leWhe nthenighthadv e
il
’dt hepole.

5
6
 Theappleisas ymbo lofwic
kedplanso fe vilthatconti
nuethei
rma ni
pul
ationti
ll
downfal
l.Thee vilplansi
nt hispoe
ma reve r
yc olorfulapparentl
y.Theprot
agoni
stasse
rts
thathewa t
eredthisplantofha t
redwithsmilesa ndbe auti
fulsnares
.Theactofste
althis
committ
e datnig
ht .Thenightisati
meo fdarknesst hatisassoci
atedwit
hevi
l.Sha
kespeare
hasdesc
ribeditastisnowwi tchi
ngti
meni ght.Int hela s
tli
neo fthepoem,t
herei
sas ense
ofrel
ie
fa ndtr
iumpht hatindicat
eshatr
edha swo n.

Thi
spo e
mg i
vesagreatmoralmessag
e.Itte
llsustha
tt hesuppre
ssio
no fthef
eel
ings
o
fha t
redanda ngerl
eadsustodestr
ucti
on.So,i
tisbett
erforustoe x
pressal
lthenegat
ive
f
eel
ingsofangerandhatr
ed.Ifwedos o
,wec a
ng etri
dofit.gar
den,appleandthetr
eesare
t
herepre
senta
tiveoftheEve,Adama ndtheEden.

S
ymbo
lis
m

I
nthispoe
mheha se
mploye
dthesy
mboloft
reea
side
nti
fi
edwi
tht
hewr
atha
ndt
hea
nge
r.
I
tkeptongro
wingwi
thi
nthehea
rtoft
hepoe
t.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Whe
reha
sbe
ende
riv
edt
het
it
leo
fthepo
em?

Answer:
-Theori
gi
na lti
tl
eo ft
hepoemAPo i
sontre
ewas‘’ Chr i
st
ianforbea
rance’’
thathasbeenwri
ttenbyWi l
li
am Bl
ake.Thus,A poi
sontreesummary,themea ndand
themes
,meaninga ndatt heendcri
ti
calanalys
isbyWi l
li
am BlakeA po i
sontreeisa
symbol
icpoe
mi nthispoe
mt hepoe
twantstotel
luswhati
swr at
handwha tisi
tsef
fect
son
humanit
y.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Wha
tist
het
hemeo
fthepo
em"
APo
iso
nTr
ee"
?

Answer:
-AlthoughWilli
am Bla
ke'
s" APoisonTre
e"isaboutanger
,thece
ntr
a lthemea nd
messa
geisaboutthesuppres
si
ono fanger
.Thepoema r
guesthatli
keatre
e,angergrowsif
onesuppre
ssesit
.Thea ll
egor
ywithinthepo e
me mphasi
zesthatwhenapersonhi de
so r
deni
esthei
remo t
ions
,theywil
lbec
o mepois
onedwit
hbitt
ernes
sandmo rev
engefulne
ss.

Que
sti
onNo7
:-Ho
wappr
opr
iat
eist
het
it
leo
fthepo
em?

Q:
-Di
scus
sthes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
het
it
leApo
iso
nTr
ee.

Answer:
-Wi l
li
amBl ake’spo e
mAPo is
onTreeissymbol
ic
.Thet i
tl
eo ft
hispoemi
squit
e
appro
priat
e.I
tsuit
sthesubj
ectmattero
fthepoem.Thetre
eo fhat
redisnouri
she
dbyfe
ars,
t
e a
rs,hy
pocri
sy,
ma l
ice
,anddeceit
fulwi
les
.Thefrui
tofsuc
hat re
eisfullo
fpoiso
n.

Thepoe
tte
ll
sushowevilde
signsa
ndug l
ytri
cksl
eadtode
str
uct
ivere
sul
ts
.Thepoe
t
s
aystha
thewasangr
ywithhisfr
iendandhet ol
dhima bo
uti
t.Theres
ultwast
hathi
s
a
ngercamet
oanendandt
heybecamefri
endsag
ain.

5
7
 Afte
rsometime,onc
ehegotang
rywit
hhi
senemy,hedidnott
ellhi
m,asar e
sul
t,hi
s
angerbe
gantogr
o wandutbeca
meatre
eofha
tre
d.Thepoethadbee
nwa te
ringi
tdayand
nig
htwithhi
sfe
arsandtear
s.

Tohar
mhi se
nemy,hetri
edtoc once
alhisf
eel
ing
sofgr
udg
eundert
heclo
ako fc
ivi
li
ty
a
nds mi
li
ngface
.Hishy poc
rit
ica
lbe havi
orwithhise
nemyser
vedassuns
hineforthe
g
rowtho
fthepoi
sono
ustreeofhat
red.

Thetre
eputfor
thabri
ghtapplethatl
ookedswe
etappare
ntl
ybutwasver
ypois
onous
i
nre
a l
it
y.Hise
nemycoul
dnotresi
stthetempt
atio
nandplannedtos
tea
lthatf
rui
t.Heate
t
hef
ruitanddi
ed.
Inthi
spoem,t
hepo ethasus
edtwosymbol
sthatar
eoftr
eeandappl
e.

Fi
rst
,thepoethasusedthesy mbolofat re
e.Thi
sisnotar e
altre
ethatwese
eda i
ly
a
roundus.I
tisatreeofhatr
eda ndenmitythatcannotbese
en.Bec
auset
hist
reee
xis
tsi
n
o
urmind.Sec
ondly
,thepoethasusedtheappleasasymbol
.

Appleisafrui
tthatwegetfro
mt het r
eeaft
eralongpro
cesswhent
het r
eebecome
s
matur
e.Thisa
ppleisnotswe
etbutpo i
sonous
.Itmea
nst hef
rie
ndshi
pofthepoetisno
t
t
ruebecaus
eaft
ereati
ngthebri
ghtappl
e,thepoet
’se ne
mydi e
satthes
pot.Asthepoe
t
s
ays:

“Andi
ntomyg
arde
nst
ole
,Whe
ntheni
ghtha
dve
il
’dt
hepo
le.
”

Aft
erreadi
ngt hepoe
mcaref
ully
,wec ansaythattheti
tl
eofthepoem APoi
sonTreeis
qui
teappropr
iatetot
hes
tor
yo fthepoem.Acc
ordingtot
hepoe
ttrus
tbetwe
entwofe
ll
o ws
mustnotbecol
o r
edbymi
sgi
vings
,fear
s,ands
uspi
cion.

Que
sti
onNo8
:-Po
iso
nis
,inf
act
,une
xcus
eda
nge
randwr
ath.
Ela
bor
ate

Q:-Apoi
sonTre
eri
ght
lyde
scr
ibe
sthepo
et’sme
nta
lande
mot
iona
lat
ti
tudet
owa
rdshi
s
enemy
.El
abor
ate

Ans
wer:-APo i
sonTreei
sri
ght
lyanexte
ndedmeta
pho
rtodes
cri
bet
hepo
et’smenta
land
e
moti
ona la
tti
tudetowar
dshisenemy.Weus eamet
apho
rwhe nweus
ewordstomean
s
omet
hingdiff
erentf
romthet
hingdes
cri
bed.

Thus,thepoethasuse
dt hewor
dtreenottodesc
ribethec
o mmo ngr
eentre
eswi
thg
reen
le
avesandbranches
.Heha susedi
ttoshowthegrea
tha t
redthathehadforhi
sene
my.The
poetex
tendsthemetapho
rthususedtosho
whi sg
rowinghatr
edf o
rhisene
my .

Hepr ov
idedthewate
rhisf
earsandt e
arstothetr
ee.Hepr ov
ide
ditt
hesunl
ig
htofhi
s
hat
efuls
milesandcunni
ngtri
cks
.Tr e
esde v
eloponthebr i
ghtsun’sli
ght
.Buther
ethe
po
isontr
eegrewonthepoet
’sha t
efulsmil
esandtri
cksorplanst
odamaget
heenemy
.

5
8
 Thefrui
tofa nappl
etreei
shealt
hful
,hereitwaspoi
sonous
.Then,atni
ght
,the
poet
’se nemywentint
ohisg
arde
nsecr
etl
yanddiedso
onaft
ereat
ingit
.Thes
ymbolo
fthe
appl
eisals
oconnec
tedtot
heappl
einParadi
sewhi
chAdamandEv eate
.

Theyat
eitagai
nstGod’so r
der,poi
sone
dthei
rliv
es,
becameba
d,andwe
retur
nedout
.
Her
ethepoe
ta t
tra
ctedhi
sene
myt othepois
onedappl
e.Hise
nemydie
doneat
ingi
t.I
twas
t
hepoet
’se v
ilact
.Thepoeti
sconsc
iousofi
t.

Thepo e
tdis
cus
sedhisdi
ff
ere
nce
swi t
ht hefr
iendope
nly.Heforgo
thisa ni
mo s
it
yand
annoya
nce.Ito
ldmywr at
h,mywrat
he nded.Butwithanenemy,thepoetcont
inuedwi
th
hise
nmityandange
r.Theange
randenmitywentong r
owi
ngi nhi
m. It
olditnot
,mywr a
th
didgr
ow.

Hea ndhisenemydidnotexc
useea
cho t
her.Thepoethadne
werfe
arsandworr
iesin
thequarrelinhi
m.Hewe nto npromot
ingthemi nwa
rdly
.Hewentonma ki
ngpla
nst o
dest
royhisenemy.Thepoe
ms howshowunexcuse
da nge
randhat
redbe
twee
nt woper
sons
endtrag
icall
y.

Que
sti
onNo9
:-Wha
tme
ssa
gedo
est
hepo
etwa
ntt
ogi
vehi
sre
ade
rsi
nAPo
iso
nTr
ee?

Q:
-Cr
it
ica
llye
val
uat
ethema
ini
dea
soft
hepo
emAPo
iso
nTr
ee.

Answer:
-APo is
onTr eeisamoral
is
ti
cpoem.Will
iamBlakegi
vest
hemess
ageofuniv
ers
al
brot
herhood,
sel
fle
ssness
,andl
oveforhumani
ty.
Hei sf
ull
yawareandc
ons
cio
usoftheevi
l
re
sult
so fa
nger,
ha t
red,andhy
pocr
isy.

Inhisvie
w,ange
r,hat
red,a
nds e
lfl
ess
nesse
mbit
terhumanre
lat
ions
.Iffe
eli
ngsofang
er
a
rea l
lowedtonouri
sh,t
heyproducehatre
da ndmali
ce.Asares
ult
,theydes
troyhuman
r
ela
tio
ns .

I
nf act
,thepoetwi
she
st opromo
tetrus
t,harmony,lov
e ,a
ndf r
iends
hipamonghuman
beings.Hea dvi
sesust
oproducei
nusas pi
ritoflov
ef o
ro urfel
lowhuma nbei
ngs
.Lovei
s
theba si
cneedofhumanhappines
swhil
ehatredispoi
sonandda magehuma npe
ace.

Huma nli
fecanbecomepeac
efuli
fpeoplebeg
intoloveandtr
ustoneanot
her.Will
iam
Blak
eha sel
oquentl
yexpl
aine
dthismess
agethro
ughapa rabl
e.Hesaysf
ri
endsfo
r g
iveand
re
mo veha t
reda mongthem whileenemie
snur s
et he
irg r
udge
sa ndtakepleasurein
des
troy
ingoneanother
.

Afte
rr e
a di
ngthepoe
m,we ,thereade
rsc
ometok nowthatt
heres
ultofhat
redis
a
lwaysdes
tructi
ve.S
othepoeta
dvisesust
oremovemi
sunde
rst
andi
ngs
.Int
hisway,
wec a
n
l
iveapro
sperousandpea
cef
ulli
fe.

5
9
Que
sti
onNo1
0:-Di
scus
sthepo
emAPo
iso
nTr
eea
sas
ymbo
licpo
em.
Ela
bor
ate

Answer:
-Thepo emisveryphi
los
ophi
calands y
mboli
c.Thepo e
twa nt
st oconve
yv er
y
dee
perme a
ningstous.Hehastoldago l
denpri
nci
pleofli
fethroug
hsymbo l
s.Ther
eis
enoug
hdiff
erenc
ebet
we e
ntheappar
entandthehi
dde
nme ani
ngsofthewords
.

Thepois
onousappletreei
sas ymbolofhate,a
nge
r,de
cei
t,mali
ce,c
unning
nes
s,
cl
ever
ness
,hypo
cri
sy,andsuchot
herneg
ati
vefe
eli
ngsi
nhumanbei
ngs
.Theappletr
eeis
nouri
she
dbyhatre
d,fe
a r
,anddo
ubts
.

Thepoethasusedtheappl
easasymbo
l.Appl
eisnotapoi
sonoustr
eebutasweetone.
andweg etfr
uitfro
mi t
stre
ethro
ughalongproces
swhe nt
het r
eebecomesmature.It
meansthefri
endshi
po fthepoetisnott
ruebecaus
ea f
tere
atingthebri
ghtappl
e ,the
poe
t’se nemydie
sa to
nc e
.

“Andi
ntomyg
arde
nst
oleWhe
ntheni
ght

ha
dve
il
’dt
hepo
le”

Theappl
eisas ymbo
lo fwicke
dpla nsofevi
lthatcont
inuethe
irmani
pul
ati
ont i
ll
downfal
l.Theev
ilpla
nsinthi
spo e
ma rev e
rycol
orf
ulappare
ntly
.Thepr
otag
oni
stass
ert
s
thathewat
ere
dthispl
antofhat
redwithsmile
sandbeaut
if
ulsnare
s.

Thea ctofs
tealthisc ommitt
eda tnight.Thenig
htisat imeofdarknesst
hatis
a
s s
oci
atedwit
hevil
.Sha k
espearehasdes
cri
beditasti
snowwitchi
ngti
menig
ht .I
nthel
ast
l
ineofthepoe
m,thereisasenseofrel
ie
fandt r
iumphtha
tindi
cate
shat
redha
swo n.

Thi
spo e
mg ive
sag rea
tmo ralmess
a g
e.Itte
llsustha
tt hes
uppre
ssi
ono
ft hef
eel
ings
o
fha t
redanda ng
erlea
dsust odestr
uct
ion.So,i
tisbett
erforustoex
pres
sal
lthenega
tiv
e
f
eel
ingsofange
randha t
red.Ifwedoso,wec a
ng e
tr i
dofit
.

1
3.Be
caus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opDe
ath

ByEmi
lyDi
cki
nso
n
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
:1Di
scus
sBe
caus
eIc
oul
dno
tst
opf
orde
athme
ani
ng.
or

Wr
it
enoteo
nS ummar
yoft
hepo
em “BECAUS
EICOULD NOTS
TOPFORDEATH
”Emil
yDicki
nso
n.

Des
cri
bec
rit
ica
lanal
ysi
sa ndSumma
ryo
fthepo
em BECAUS
EICOULD NOTS
TOP
FORDEATHEmi lyDic
kinso
n.

6
0
Wri
tede
tai
le
ds umma
ryo
fthepo
em BECAUS
E ICOULD NOTS
TOPFOR DEATH
Emi
lyDi
cki
nson.

Answer
:-Asfa rasc rit
icalanal
ysi
s,meaningS umma ryo fthepo em BECAUS EICOULD
NOTS TOPFORDEATH byEmi lyDickinsoni sconc er
ned,itisaboutlif
etodeatha nd
deat
htolif
e,itisjourneythisworl
dtonex two rl
d. I
nt hispoemt hepoetes
shasinf
ormedus
andhegive
sag limpseo fthefli
ghtfr
omt hiswo rl
dt othene xtwo r
ldwhe r
eama nwillhave
li
vefor
ever,andt hepe rioddur i
ngwhichweha vet os tayint heg r
avetil
ltheda ysof
j
udgment.Shede sc
ribesthatshewa ssohe ct
icinl i
fet hatsheha dnomo menttowa i
tfor
deat
h.Sodeathhims elfente
redtoherands toppedf orhe r
.Shewa sboardedinacartwhere
immort
ali
ty(ever-
lasti
ngl i
fe)wasals
osit
tinga stheonl ycoll
eaguetravel
er.

Theide ai
swhe napersondies
,hegai
nsane ver
-la
stinglif
e.Thei
rcoac
hra nsl
owly.As
deat
hwa sk indandpo l
it
e,thepoetes
sleav
ea l
lherlaboura ndlei
sureinthewo rl
d.They
pass
edthro ughas c
hoolwherechil
drenwerepla
ying.The ntheypass
edbythef i
el
df ul
lof
gra
in.Afterthat,
theypass
edbyt heset
ti
ngsun,andwe nta wayfr
om. TheJ
ourneyoflif
ein
thi
swo r
lde nded.

Ashercostumewa smadeo fslims hefel

tchi
lly.The ystoppedbyaho usewhi c
hwa s
j
ustaclayofmo und.Thisi
st hepictureofthegravewhe reshewa stowa itfo
rc e
nturie
s
bef
oreli
feinthene xtworl
ds tar
ts.Whe nshefirs
twa songoi
ng o nherj o
urney,shedid
co
nside
rat
ionthatthecar
twa sgoingt o
wa r
dseter
nity.Butitst
o ppe
da tthegraveonlyand
wheres
hewillhaveli
vefo
rever.Centuri
eshavepassedandy ets
heha snotgotthatgoal.

Que
sti
onNo
.2:
-Be
caus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
ath:It
her
eany
thi
ngi
nthepo
emt
o
s
ugg
est
g’

Answe:
-Thisisveryint
er es
ti
nga ndcrit
icalques
ti
ono nthepo em.Thisi
sbeca
us ethepoem
ishavi
ngnos uche l
ementsini tsel
fexceptinthefour
ths t
anzao fthepoemotherwiseev
en
thever
ytit
le”. Becaus
eICo uldno tSt
opf orDeath” shakestheli
mbsofhuma nbo dyasit
rel
ate
stothet hemesofde ath.Mo st
lythewr i
ter
sdono tliketota l
kaboutthethemeso f
deat
h;espe
ciall
y,itiss
ur pr
isingt onotethatafema l
epo e
tessdaressomuchs otopickup
herpenonthishorrorgeneratingtopi
c.

Thepoet
esshasuse
dsomeoft
hewor
dsi
nthefo
urt
hs t
anz
awhicharet
heindic
ati
veof
t
hef
emal
einvol
vementint
hepo
em.Se
ethel
ine
soft
hefour
thst
anz
af o
rreadyre
fere
nce:
-

‘TheDe
wsdr
ewqui
ver
inga
ndc
hil
l,

Fo
ronl
ygo
ssa
mer
,myGo
wn

Ti
ppe
t-o
nlyTul
le‘

6
1
 Inthea bovestanza
,itisverycl
earthatthena meso fthedress
es;Go ssamer,Go wn
TippetandTul l
e,al
laredesi
gne
de s
peci
all
yforthefashio
na bl
ewhe ntheywa nttoseekthe
me et
ingwit
ht hei
rlover
s.Soweconcl
udethatthefourthst
anz ahel
psuss ol
vether i
ddleas
tot hecert
ifi
cati
ont hatthepoem hasbe enwr i
ttenbyaf e
ma l
e.Ot herwiseitloo k
s
surpri
si
ngtor eadthet he
meo fdeathinthepo em whichi sdouble
dt ok nowt hatitis
writt
enbyawo man.

Que
sti
onNO3:
WHYDOESTHEPOETES
SUS
ETHEI
MAGEOFAJ
OURNEY?

Answer
:-Thepo
ete
ssha
sus
edi
mag
eofaj
our
neyi
nthepo
em be
caus
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
re
asons
.

Firstl
y,sheus edt hei mageo faj ourneya sshewa ntst otalka boutthec oncept
soflif
e
andde at
h,mo rtali
tya ndi mmo rta
lity,phy sic
alwo rl
da ndt hewo r
ldhe r
e a
fter,ti
mea nd
timel
es s
ness,he ncetoc onveythesei deasa ndc once
pts,iti svi
taltos howa nde xpre
ssthem
inthef ormo faj o
ur ney .Thisconcepti sfurtherstr
engthe nedbyt heo bse
rvati
o nthatthe
se
conceptsaret he mselvest heindi
c at
iv eofaj o
urneyLitebe gi
nsitsjourneytore achint
othe
vall
eyo fde ath,mo rta l
ityendsa ndi mmo rtal
it
ybe gins ,physicalwo rl
de ndsi ntothe
perma nentande terna lli
f e
,ti
met ake sma ni ntothereal
mo ft
imelessness
.Soitwa sfitt
ouse
theima geofjo urneybyt hepo et
ess.

Secondly
,thepoetes
sha suse
dt heimageofj ourneybe c
a us
es hehasme t
aphori
cal
ly
usedthec once
ptofdeath.Shehascall
eddeathal overa ndinEur opea
nc o
untri
esalover
alwaysatte
ndshisbel
ovedinabuggywhi c
halsorequir
e sajourney.Hencet
hea r
riv
alorthe
love
ra ndhisdepart
urewiththebel
ovedindi
cate
saj ourne yThisi
swhyt hewrit
erhasused
theima g
eo fajour
ney.Thi
sideacanbeconfi
rmedf r
o mt hefol
lowingli
nesofthepoem:
-

“Be
caus
eIc
oul
dno
tst
opf
orDe
ath

Hek
indl
yst
oppe
dfo
rme

TheCa
rri
agehe
ldbutj
usto
urs
elv
es

Andi
mmo
rta
lit
y.
”

Thi
rdl
y,af
tert
hea r
riv
alo fdea
ththefune
ralpro
fes
si
o nandit
sdes
ti
nat
ion,t
he
g
rave
yar
d,arec
omple
tedbecaus
eo fajo
urne
y.Thati
swhys hehasus
edt
heimageofa
j
our
ney.

Four
thly
,thepoet
esswa ntstoshowthereali
tyt
other e
ade
rstha
tlifei
tse
lfisasho
rt
j
our
neythatstar
tsf
romt hec hi
ldho
o dgoesi
ntotheyouthandult
imate
lyitreac
hestoit
s
f
ina
ldest
inat
ionofol
dage -
dea t
h.Se
et hef
oll
owingve
rsesoft
hepoemforref
ere
nce:-

6
2
“Wepa
sse
dSc
hoo
l,whe
reChi
ldr
enS
tro
ve,

AtRe
ces
s-i
ntheRi
ng,

Wepa
sse
dtheFi
el
dofGa
zingg
rai
n,

Wepa
sse
dtheS
ett
ingS
un”

Fi
fthl
y,t
hewrit
erwaswel
linf
orme
do ft
hec o
nc e
pto fde
athasshel
ive
dne ara
gr
aveya
rd.Shekne
w ajour
neyi
ma g
ewouldbeappropri
atetodi
scl
oset
hemyste
rie
sof
de
ath.

Que
sti
onNo
.4:
-Ist
her
eany
thi
ngi
nthepo
emt
osug
ges
tane
leme
nto
ffe
sr?

Answe r
:-ndt heinter
na lleve
l.Whe nweg ode e
pi nt
ot hekernelo fthee x
terna
lThi s
ques
tioncanbediscus
seda ttwoleve
ls.I
tme anstheexte
rnalorsurfa
c elev
elo fthepoem, i
t
bec
ome sver
yc l
earthattherearenoelementsoffearinthepoem.Thepo et
essha suse
dt he
metaphorofde a
th:Thel over’sa rr
ival
,thebe gi
nningofthej ourneyint hebuddy ,the
cr
ossi
ngo fthedif
fere
ntpl ac
esa ndult
imate
lyr e
a c
hingatthefi
na lde s
ti
nyma ybelabeled
astheo nedaylovee xpedi
tiono faloverandt hebe l
ovedtoget
her .Itisterrorcre
a t
ing
pro
po s
iti
on.

Ev enfromt hev er
ybe ginningt il
lthee nd.S e
condly,whe nwet al
ka boutthede e
per
levelo fpo e
m,t heni toft hepo e mt heeleme ntsoffea ra reloadedintothepo em.The
fir
ststanzaisa boutthea rri
valo fde ath,t
hes e c
ondisa bo utthebe gi
nningo fthef uner
al
proc e
ssion,thethirdonei sabo utt hecros
singo ftheco ffi
nbo xfro
mt hedifferentplaces
,
thef ourtho neisa boutt het hinne r
so fthec offi
na ndc o ld,thefif
tho nei sa boutthe
stoppa geofthefune r
alpro ce
ssionbe foret
hef inaldest
ina t
ion’ i .
ethegravea nde ntr
ance
oft hede adbo dyintotheg ravea ndthelasto neisabo utt helifeaft
erdeath.Ke e
pingin
viewt hisstanza-
wi s
ejourneyo ft hede adbody,itisbeyo nddo ubtthatthepo emi sloaded
witht hee l
emento ffear
.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-I
nthepo
em Be
caus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
ath,t
hepo
ete
sst
alk
s
a
boutt
hena
tur
eofi
tsa
ppr
oac
h.El
abo
rat
ethes
tat
eme
nt.

Q:
-Whodo
est
hepo
ete
sswe
lco
mede
athi
nthepo
emBe
caus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
ath?

Q:
-Ho
wdo
esEmi
lyDi
cki
nso
nvi
ewde
athi
nthepo
em

Q:-I
nthepoe
mBe c
aus
eIcoul
dNo tSt
opFo
rDe
ath,Emi
lyDi
cki
nso
nsuc
ces
sful
lyt
ri
est
o
o
verc
omethef
earo
fdeat
h.El
abor
ate.

Ans
wer:
-Inthi
spoem,
Emi l
yDic
kinsont
alksa
boutt
hete
mporar
ylif
eo ft
hiswor
ldandt
he
i
mmo r
talna
tureo
fdeath.S
hebel
iev
esinimmort
all
if
eaft
erde
ath.Shebel
iev
estha
tdea
th

6
3
i
sav
eryk
ind,
civ
il,
andg
ent
lec
ompa
nio
nofhuma
nbe
ing
s.

Huma nbei
ngsarenotwill
ingt
osur
rendert
hemsel
vestodea
t h,o
nlydea
tha ppro
ache
s
e
ver
yl i
vingcreat
urehimse
lf.Deat
htakesthesoulo
fa nycr
eatureinhiscar
riagesl
owl
y
t
owardseter
nit
y.

Theimageofthele
isure
lydr
iveref
lec
tst
hechangi
ngnatur
eofli
feini
tsva
riousst
ages.
Humanlif
eisri
ghtl
ycalle
dajourney
.Asdeathwa
itsuponusafai
thf
ulandpat
ientfr
iend,
i
tisaj ourne
yf romlifetode at
h,fromthephy s
ica
ltot hespi
ri
tual
,fr
omt i
met o
t
imel
ess
ness
.

Thepoet
esshasexpre
sse
dt hena tur
eofde a
thintwoway
s.Firs
tl
y,deathisa
co
achmant
hatcomest
oseethepo
e t
esswhoisbus
yinhe
rro
uti
newor
ks.
Secondl
y,de
athi
s
alov
ero
rsui
tort
hatco
me st
ocour
the r.

Eventhepoet
esshe r
sel
fdoesno
tf ee
lanyfearofdeat
h.S heisimpr
esse
dbyt he
civ
ili
zedarri
valo
fdeath.deat
hdoesnothurtt
hepoe
tes
s.Po
etes
sfe e
lscomf
ort
ableandat
peaceinthecompanyo fdeat
h.S
hefeel
sthatdea
thisnott
hee ndo fl
if
ebutthest
a r
tof
immo rt
alli
fe.

Ques
tio
nNo6: -Des
cri
bethej
our
neyf
roml
if
etode
atha
spr
ese
nte
dint
hepo
em,
Bec
aus
eI
Coul
dNo tS
topForDeath.

Q:
-Ex
pla
int
hei
mag
eoft
hej
our
neyi
nthepo
em.

Q:
-De
scr
ibeEmi
lyDi
cki
nso
n’sj
our
neyi
nthec
ompa
nyo
fDe
ath.

Answer:-Thisisawonder
fulandthoug
ht-
prov
oki
ngpoem.Thepoet
esstel
lsusabouther
funera
ljourneyfr
omt hi
swo r
ldtotheimmort
alwor
ld.Shewass
obus ywiththerout
ine
wo r
ksthatshehadco
mpletel
yfor
gott
enthede
ath.
Shehadnoti
metowa i
tfordeat
h.

Deathhimse
lfcametoher.Shewass
eate
dinacar
ria
ge.
Thecarr
iag
einwhic
hthedead
bodywastakentothegra
vehadt hr
eeocc
upant
s;t
hedeadbodyo
fthepoet
ess
,dea
th,a
nd
thes
oulofthedepa
rtedpoet
ess
.

Thec oachwaspass
ingve
r ysl
owly
.Itwasnotinanyhast
e.Deathwasveryge
ntleand
co
urte
o ustothepoet
ess
.Shewa snotafr
aidofdea
th.Shefel
tcomfor
tabl
einthecarri
age
.
Fi
rstofall
,theypa
sse
dbyas choolwher
echil
dre
nwe r
eplay
ingduri
ngtherec
esspe
rio
d.

I
twa st
hesy
mbo lofy
outh.Then,the
ypasse
dbyaf ie
ld.La
ter,t
heycamet oaplac
e
wher
ethesunwass
e t
ti
ngin.Thiswasthesymbolo
fo l
da ge
.Thepoete
sswa sdre
sse
din
t
hinclo
thes
.Herbodyshi
veredduet ocol
d.Thejour
neyc a
met oane nd.Thecarr
iag
e

6
4
r
eac
hedapl
acewhi
chwa
samo
undo
fea
rth.

I
twa stheg r
av ewher
eherdeadbodywastobebur
ied.Shewaslyi
ngburie
di nt
heg r
a v
e
si
ncethen.He rjourne
yha dnoty
etfini
she
d.Shehadente
redint
ot here
g i
ono fet
erni
ty.It
wasaj o urne
yf ro mlif
et odeath,fr
omt hephysi
caltos pi
ri
tual,andf r
o mt i
met o
t
imeles
sne s
s.

Que
sti
onNo7:
-Di
scus
sthemo
ralme
ssa
geo
fthepo
em

Q:
-Doy
out
hinkt
hispo
emi
sac
rit
ici
sm?

Answe
r:-ThepoemBe caus
eICo uldNo tS
topForDeat
hisac ri
ti
ci
smo fthosepeoplewho
ha
vefor
g ot
tentheapproac
ho fdeath.Theyre
ma i
nbusyinthei
rwo r
ldl
ya ff
a i
rs.Theydo
no
tper
formg oo
da c
tivi
ti
es.The
yo nlyre
memberthemer
rimentsofwor
ldlyli
fe.

The
ybe l
ie
v et
hattheywil
lneve
rdi
e.The
ywilll
eadi
mmo r
tall
if
e.Li
fei
sacyc
let
hati
s
f
romc r
a dl
etog rave.Humanl i
fepass
esthr
oughdif
fer
entphasesofl
ife
.Thes
ea r
e
c
hil
dhood,maturi
ty,
ando l
dage.

Soondeat
ha rr
ivesandtake
shimtohisfi
nalde
sti
nati
on,ahous
ethats
eemeda
s
wel
li
ngofthegr
ound.Thedece
asedi
swr
appedupinasimpl
eshr
oudandla
idt
or e
sti
n
t
hegr
avewher
ehelive
sperma
nentl
y.

Acc
ordingtothepo e
tes
s,de
athisnottheendo fli
febutt
hebe
ginningo
fimmo r
tall
ife
.
Basi
cal
ly,t
hepo e
tesshasgi
venustherealconce
pto fdea
th.S
hebe
liev
esthatwo
rldl
ylif
eis
te
mpo r
arylif
e.Wesho ul
dprepar
eourse
lvesfordea
t h.

Wemus tnotthinkaboutt
heple
asur
eofthi
swo rl
d.Wemus tli
velikeat r
aveler.
wea r
e
her
efo rat
empo ra
r yti
me.Inshor
t,t
hisi
sare
a l
ist
icpoemwithane xce
ll
e ntmo r
a lmess
age.
Itg
iveskno
wl e
dgetot hos
epeopl
ewhoa r
ewis
ea ndconsc
iousaboutthei
rl i
fei
nt hisworl
d.

Que
sti
onNo8
:-Di
scus
sthepo
emBe
caus
eICo
uldNo
tSt
opFo
rDe
atha
sas
ymbo
licpo
em.

Q:
-Thepo
ete
ssha
sus
eddi
ff
ere
nts
ymbo
lsi
nthepo
em

Q:
-Wha
tisme
antbyTheCa
rri
age
,TheHo
use
,andTheS
ett
ingS
un?

Ans wer:
-Inlit
era
ture
,symboli
smme anstheuseofs
omet
hing,
aper
son,ors
omei deawhi
ch
re
present
ss omeo t
heride
a .S
ymbo l
is
mincreas
esthemeani
ngofalit
era
rywo r
ka ndgiv
es
depthtoit.Thesymbolsandpers
onif
icat
ionsuse
dinthi
spoemhavedeeps
igni
fica
nceand
me a
ning.

Li
feonear
thhasbee
ncompar
edtoajo
urne
ytos ho
wi t
st r
ans
it
ori
nessandf
lee
ting
na
tur
e.Dea
thhasbee
ncompar
edtoaki
ndandobl
ig
ingcomradewhos
ea r
riv
almake
sus

6
5
i
gno
rea
llt
hei
mpo
rta
nta
cti
vit
ieso
fli
fea
nda
cce
pthi
sco
urt
eouso
ffe
r.

Thea ll
uringperso
nali
tyo
fDe a
thsymbol
ize
sthede
eppeacei
tprov
idestoourf
ati
gued
souls
.Thes choola ndtherecr
eati
ona
la c
tiv
iti
esofchil
dre
ns t
andf ortheperi
odo f
innocenceande njo
yme nti
nlif
ewhe nama nisfre
efromtheres
ponsi
bil
it
iesofl
if
ea nd
needse duc
ati
on.

Thefie
ldsofr
ipenedgrai
nsymboli
zet
heperio
do fment
almatur
it
ywhenamanget
sthe
f
rui
tsofhi
slabor
. These
tti
ngofthesuns
tandsfort
heendofea
rthl
ylif
ewhi
chpl
ung
esthe
manint
othedarknessa
nds e
ver
ec o
ldint
heg r
ave.

Thes hr
oudo nthedeadbodyisasymbolo fo
urwo r
ldlyprepar
ati
o nsfo
rt heli
fe
he
reaf
terwhichus
uall
yprove
stobeins
uff
ici
ent
.Theti
mewhi chisfle
eti
ngi nthiswor
ld
be
comessta
tici
nli
feaft
erde
athsot
hatt
hepassa
geofce
ntur
iesgi
vestheil
lusi
ono fada
y.

Thepoemisa ne
xpr
ess
iono
fas pi
ri
tua
le x
peri
enceandt
hepoetes
s’sdeepr e
lig
ious
fai
th.Thesus
tai
nedi
mageofajour
neyinthecompanyofDeat
hbeauti
ful
lyexpl
ainsthe
spi
rit
ualjo
urneyofmanfromthiste
mporaryexi
stenc
etoane t
ernalex
ist
enceint he
her
e a
fte
r.

1
4.Li
ghtOut

ByEdwa
rdTho
mas
S
umma
ry

Edwa rdThoma sisar omanticpo e

t.Thepo et
ryofEdwa rdTho masisma rk
edwithhi slo
ve
oftheordinaryt hingsandpe opleo ftheEng l
andc ountrysi
de.Inthepo em Lig
htso uthe
vi
ewsslee
pf romav e
ryinter
estingangle.
S l
eepisaverypo we r
fult
hing.Ithasado minati
ng
ef
fectonallhuma nbe i
ngs.Noma nc a
nwi ths
tanditslure.Iti
sthesourceofpeace.Slee
pi s
averymightya ndpo werfulthing.Thepo etcompare
ss leepwithfor
est.
Ev eryo
nelostinthe
fo
restofslee
p.S leepha sane qua linf
luenceonev e
rybo dy.Thepiousa ndwickedha veto
yi
eldbefor
ei ts oonero rlat
er.I tl
evelsevery
body.Pe oplewo r
kfrom da wntodus k.They
workeddawnt odus k
.Atnightwhe nl i
ghtsgoout,t
heyf indthemsel
vesinthelapofsleep.

Sl
e epi stheendo fever
y t
hing.Allk i
ndso ff eeli
ng scomet oa nend.Whe ns leepis
atta
ck edwef or
getev
eryt
hing.Het hrowsa waythemo stinter
esti
ngbo o
k.Hedi vor
cesf ro
m
hismi ndt hefaceofhismindthef aceofhi sdearfriendsa ndrelat
ive
s.Thepo e
twi shesto
gointot heunk nownfore
stofsleepwithoutho l
dinga nythinginhishand.Hedo e
sno tk now
howhewi llo ve
rcomethi
sdiffi
cultexper
ienc e
.Whe nwes tudythispoem,wefeelase nseof
grat
itude .
Att hesametime,thi
spo ems e
e mst oha v
eahi ddenandi mpli
ci
tideaofde athin
it
.De a t
ha ndsle
epareclos
elyrelate
d.Af t
e rdeath,thea cti
vit
iesandpursui
tsalsoco meit

6
6
a
nend.
Simpl
eande
asyl
ang
uag
eisus
edi
nthi
spo
em.
Itma
kesf
ori
nte
res
ti
ngr
eadi
ng.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Lightso utbyEdwa rdTho ma sisat hought-

prov
okingands impl epoem.I nthispoem,the
poetex press
eshisviewsabo utsleepwhichisaveryi
mpo rt
a ntaspe c
tandins t
inct
iveneedof
al
ll i
vingbe i
ngs.Hei softheo pinionthatsl
eephassuchgreatpo werascanno tbec o
mpeted
wit
h.Al loura c
tivi
ties
,de s
ires,anda mbiti
onsfai
ltoho l
ds leep.Ins hor
t,ma ni shel
ple
ss
befores l
eep.Thepo etuse
st heima geofade epf
ores
ttode s
c r
ibes l
eep.Thisfores
tha smany
pathsbutwec anno tdeci
dewhi chwayt ogowhenwer eac
ht hebo rderofthisfore
st,wefee
l
li
kel osingo ur
sel
v e
si nit.S l
eepha ss t
rangedec
eptiv
eness.Sincet hebreako ftheda y
,it
decei
v esus.Buta ssoonastheni ghtfall
s,webegi
ntof e
eltheimpa c
to fs
leep.

Thepo etsaysthereisnos e
nsationa spowerfulasslee
p.Itma kesusig no
reeventhe
dear
estandmo stpreci
ousemo t
ionsli
kel oveanda mbiti
on.Itma k
esusf or
ge tourde
spa
irs
oftheda y.Allpleasure
sa nda l
ltroubleslosethei
rs i
gnif
icanc
e.Wea r
er eadytonegl
ect
eve
nt hede ar
e s
tfacewel oveino r
dert oloseours
e l
vesinthefores
to fs
leep.Wef ee
lasif
cl
oudyf o
liageisheapingitse
lfuponus .Sle
epma k
e sussubmittoitspowerfulandwelose
ourwa yi
nt hisfor
estquit
ewi l
li
ngly.

The
me

Thispoemiswrit
teni ntheprai
seofs l
eep.Sl
eepi sagif
to fGo dbec
a us
eitprovidesus
comfor
tandpeace.Thepo e
tapprec
iatessl
eepbecausei
tgivesuscomfo
rta ndre
fre
shesus.
Sl
eepisanatur
alcureforourdis
ease.Afterwor
kingdaya ndnightwhenwee nt
erintothe
fo
restofs
lee
p,i
tprovidesusment
alpe a
c e
.Blak
e

Weha v
efo r
gott
eno urallprobl
emsandple
asur
es.Thepo
etthank
ssl
eept
hatgi
ve
c
omfortandresttoti
redpeople.Thepoe
tcompa
ressl
eepwit
hdeat
h.Wehav
etole
aveal
l
a
cti
vit
iesandobeytheorderofsle
ep.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1:
-Wha
tdo
est
hepo
etme
anbyc
omi
ng“ ToTheBo
rde
rso
fSl
eep”.

Q:
-Di
scus
sLi
ght
soutpo
emc
rit
ica
lappr
eci
ati
oni
nbr
ief
?

Q:
-Li
ght
soutpo
emc
rit
ica
lana
lys
is

Q:
-Wr
it
eLi
ght
sOutpo
embyEdwa
rdTho
mass
umma
ryi
nde
tai
l

Q:
-De
scr
ibeLi
ght
sOutpo
embyEdwa
rdTho
masc
rit
ica
lsumma
ry

Ans
wer
:-Edwa
rdTho
masde
scr
ibe
sLi
ght
sOutpo
emi
nthi
swa
yweo
bse
rvet
hatwi
tho
ut

6
7
s
lee
pwebe c
omet i
reda nditisma i
nthemeofthepoemthisc
anbeseenincri
ti
cal
s
ummaryi
npo e
mLi g
htsOutpo e
mbyEdwa rdThomas
.Thepo
ethasus
edt
hephr
ase“to
t
hebor
der
sofsl
eepbeca
us eo
fthefo
llo
wingre
aso
ns.

Fi
rst
ly,
thepoe
mi sa
bo utt
hearri
valofs
lee
p; he
nce,
iti
stheear
lys
tageofs
lee
pwhi
ch
i
sli
keadensej
ung
le.S
eethefol
lowi
ngvers
esofthepoemint
hisco
nnect
ion:
-

“Iha
vec
omet
othebo
rde
rso
fsl
eep,

Theunf
atho
mabl
ede
ep

Fo
res
twhe
rea
llmus
tlo
se,

The
irwa
y,ho
wev
ers
tra
ight
,

Orwi
ndi
ng,
soo
norl
ate
;

The
yca
nno
tcho
ose
.”

Sec
ondl
y,whenaper
sonisa
bouttog
odeepintot
hev al
le
yo fs
lee
p,hei
sjus
tli
kea
pe
rso
nwhoisaboutt
oent
erso
mewher
ewhic
hisha
v i
ngboundar
ies
.

Thi
rdly
,thepoethasuse
dthewo r
d“bo r
ders
” bec
ausesl
eepi
sanabstr
actideabut
havings
ealikedepthinit
sel
f,t
hatiswhyt
hepo e
thascal
le
dit“a nunf
athomabledeep
fo
r e
st” soifhec o
nsi
derssl
eepthedeepf
ores
tthenhehastousetheabovephraseto
conveyt
heborder
so fs
lee
p.

Fo
urt
hly
,themanwhoses
lee
pingc
ondit
ionha
sbeenpr
ese
nte
dherewasa
boutt
osl
eep,
he
ncet
hepoe
thasus
edthephr
ase“Iha v
ecometothebor
der
sofsl
eep”

Que
sti
onNo
.2:
PICKOUTALLTHEWORDSFROM THEPOEM

THATS
UGGES
TDEPTH?

Di
scus
sLi
ght
soutpo
emc
rit
ica
lappr
eci
ati
ono
rcr
it
ica
lana
lys
isi
nbr
ief
?

Answer:-Fol
lowi nga ret
hewo rdsthatsugge
stdepth.Inthefir
sts
tanzathepoethasused
thewo rds“unf athoma bl
ede ep” whi c
hs uggestextre
mede pt
h.Thene xtwo rdthat
sugge
stsimmens ede pthisthefore
st.Intheseconds t
anzaofthepoem,thepoethasused
thewords;“Bl ura ndS i
nk,the
ya l
soindic
atedepth.Inthefo
urthst
anza,t
hepoethasused
theword“Unk nown” whi chisalsothei
ndicat
o rofextr
emedept
h.Inthelas
tstanz
a,the
poethasa g
ainus e
dt hewords“Cl oudyFo l
iag
eLo we r
s”a nd“s hel
faboveshel
l”,they
als
osho wdepth.

Que
sti
onNo
.3:
-Inwha
twa
yiss
lee
pqne
qua
liz
ingf
act
or?

6
8
Q:
-Di
scus
sLi
ght
soutpo
emc
rit
ica
lappr
eci
ati
ono
rcr
it
ica
lana
lys
isi
nbr
ief
?

Answer
:-Incri
ti
cala
nalys
issens
ethepoemLig
htsoutEdwa
rdThoma snar
rat
ess
leepi
sthe
gr
eate
stbles
si
ngo fGod.Thispass
ionisv
eryst
rongandpowe
rful
.Ithasver
yst
ronggri
ps
i
ntowhichthesl
eepcat
chesupitsv
ict
ims.

Nodoubt,huma
nbe ing
sa ndani
ma l
shavedif
fer
entandmult
ifa
r i
ousinter
est
sand
desi
resi
nli
fe.Humanbe i
ngsarenot10
0%s i
mila
rintheirde
sir
esa
ndi nte
rests
.Someof
themlik
etoreadbookswhere
astheot
hersdonotli
kethem.Someofthema reri
chthem
arepoor
.

Ther
eisak i
nga ndo t
heristheslav
e.Butt hatcouldbetheman-ma
dedi v
isi
oni n
ce
rtai
nc a
ses.
Butsl
eepGo d-
ma depass
ion.
Itequali
zesall
.Thewhol
esy
stemofl
ifedepends
onthispas
si
on.Thewrit
erveryaptl
yandsuit
a bl
ywr i
testhef
oll
owi
ngli
nesofv
ersesi
nt he
poem:-

“He
rel
ovee
nds

De
spa
ir,
ambi
ti
one
nds
;

Al
lpl
eas
urea
nda
llt
roubl
e,

Al
tho
ughmo
sts
wee
torbi
tt
er,

He
ree
ndsi
nsl
eept
hati
sswe
ete
r,

Thunt
ask
smo
stno
ble
.”

Sle
epmakesnodi
ff
e r
enceamongpe
ople
.Itcomese
ventothepoorandther
ichal
ike
.
Thebla
ckandthewhi
te,theMusli
msandthenon-Musl
ims
,allenj
oyas o
undsle
ep.The
ar
riv
alofs
lee
pcanneverberes
ist
edbyany
body.Thati
swhyitisanequal
izi
ngf
acto
rfor
al
lhumanbei
ngs.

Ques
ti
onNo4
:-Ho
wdo
ess
lee
pint
hepo
emLi
ght
sOute
ndl
ove
,de
spa
ir,
ambi
ti
on,
anda
ll
pa
in.

Q:
-Li
ght
sOutt
hro
wli
ghto
nthepo
wero
fsl
eep.
Dis
cus
s.

Q:
-Li
ght
sOutdwe
llupo
nthepo
wero
fsl
eep.
Dis
cus
s.

Answer:
-Ma nyapo etuse
sthemet
aphorofs
lee
pfordeat
h.S
lee
p,l
ikede
ath,
putsa
ne ndt
o
humana ct
ivit
ies
.Mne mbrac
essl
eepordeat
ha l
lalo
ne.Li
ghtsOuttooarer
epl
etewit
h
ref
ere
ncesthatsugg
estthats
lee
pst
andsfo
rdeath.

S
lee
pisapo
wer
fult
hinga
nde
xer
cis
esi
tsi
nfl
uenc
eequa
llyo
nev
ery
body
.Ri
cha
nd

6
9
poor
,oldandy oung,heal
thyandi
ll
,go
oda ndbad,al
lge
ttobene
fitf
romslee
p.I
tbr
ings
peac
e,comfort
,a ndsati
sfac
tio
ntoeve
rybo
dya l
ike.I
tendsa
llact
ivi
ti
es,g
oodandbad,
impor
tantandunimpo r
tant.

Sl
eeptre
atse v
ery
bodyequal
lywitho
utanydi
scri
minat
ion.I
ttake
susint
othela
p.We
a
reheresa
fefr o
mt hetens
ionoftheday’swork.Inhisvi
ew,sl
eeppro
vesanequal
iz
ing
f
act
or.
Itref
reshesusandmakesusrea
dyfort
henextday’slabor.

Wes houldbethankf
ultoGodwhopr ovidesuswit
hthebl
ess
ingofsl
eep.I
tsav
esus
f
romt henerv
o usbr
eakdownofevery
dayli
fe.Inshort
,wecansaythats
lee
pha sagrea
t
i
nfl
uenceonhuma nbei
ngs.I
tsi
nfl
uencei
snoto nl
yonhumanbei
ngsbutal
soonanimal
s.

Inthi
spoem,weareto
ldabouts
omesig
nso fs
lee
pwhichmakeama nunco
nsci
ousof
hi
sdail
yrout
ine
.Thepoetcompar
esdee
pslee
pt oame a
sur
abl
efo
restwher
eineve
rybo
dy,
whet
hergo
ingst
rai
ghto
rastr
ay,i
stol
osehi
swa y
.

Comingt
othebo r
dersofsle
epme ansthemo ment
sjustbef
orefa
lli
ngasl
eep.Iti
sthe
t
imewhenama nisonthever
g eofsl
eep.Thepoethascal
le
ds l
eepadeepfo
restint
owhich
e
ver
yonehast
oe nt
er.
Ev e
rybodyisboundtofol
lowthecal
lofsl
eep.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Wha
tdo
esma
nyar
oadt
rac
ksi
gni
fyi
nLi
ght
sOut
?

Answer
:-Li
ght
sOutisabe a
utif
ulpoemonthepowe
rofsl
eep.Sl
eepi
sagif
tofNat
ure
.It
hel
psusinfor
get
ti
nge ve
ryt
hingandbri
ngspeac
eandco
mf ortt
ous.Thepoe
tco
mpares
sl
eepwit
hadeepfor
estwher
ehelose
shimse
lf.

Hei st
ransf
err
edf ro
mt hek no
wntotheunk
nownwor
ld.Forhim,sl
eepisan
e
quali
zi
ngfa
ctorbri
ngi
ngt heric
ha ndpoo
r,t
heg
oodandt
hebadtothesa
meleve
l.We
f
org
etourwor
ldl
ywo r
rie
sa ndple
asures
.

Wec a
nnots i
mplyres
isti
t.Weputthelight
so utande njo
yape ac
efulsl
umber.The
po
emi saf as
cinati
ng,enc
hanti
ng,c
apti
vati
ng,ands pe
ll
bindingpoemons le
ep.Thepoet
po
int
so uttha
ts l
eepist
hemo s
tpower
fulandplea
santexpe
r i
enceofman’sl i
fe.

Whe ns l
eepover
powersus,wehavetole
avema nyar oa
dt r
ack.Theba s
ict
hemeor
ce
ntra
lideaofthepoemisbase
do nhumansl
eep.Sl
eepcomestoever
yone.Wearef
orce
dto
l
eaveallourworl
dlyworks
.Wemus tfor
geta
llourpass
ions
,wishe
s,desi
res
,andhi
ghgoal
s
whensl
e e
pcome s
.

Evenwefor
getourownidenti
tyaft
erthearr
ivalo
fs l
eep.Hecompare
ssl
eepwi
tha
t
hic
k,deepf
ores
tinwhi
c heve
ryonelos
eshisway.Hea dmi
ressl
eepbec
ausei
tmake
sus
f
orge
tourwor
rie
sandbr
ingspeac
ea ndc
omfortt
ous.

7
0
Que
sti
onNo6
:-Di
scus
sthea
tmo
sphe
reo
fthepo
emLi
ght
sOut

Q:
-Co
mme
nto
nthet
it
leo
fthepo
emLi
ght
sOut
.Doy
out
hinki
tsui
tabl
eorno
t?

Answe
r:-Inthepoem,Lig
htsOutEdwa r
dThomasdes
cri
bestheover
whe
lmi
ngef
fec
tof
sl
eeponma n.Hesaystha
tma nhastoyiel
dtos
lee
patallco
s t
s.S
lee
pwork
sasabalm
bec
aus
ei the
alsma
n’sdi s
appoi
ntment
s.

Thepoeta
lsoexpr
ess
eshisthank
ful
nesst
osl
eepfortheco
mfort
sitprov
ides
.Thepoet
hasc
ompareds
leepwit
haf or
est.Thi
sfor
esti
sve
rydeepa ndnomanc anmeasurei
t.I
tis
ve
rymyst
eri
ous
.Anybodywhoc o
me si
nitei
the
rheisg
oo dorbad,
los
eshisway.

“Theunf
atho
mabl
ede
ep

Fo
res
twhe
rea
llmus
tlo
se”

Sl
eepcont
rol
sever
yone.Noonecandenyi
tso
rde
rs.Ev
ery
onei
sbo
undt
ofo
llo
wit
.Iti
s
l
ikeacr
ueldi
cta
torwhojustg
ive
sor
ders
.

“De
spa
ir,
ambi
ti
one
nds

Al
lpl
eas
ure
sanda
llt
roubl
e”

S
lee
pha sama gi
calef
fec
to npeo
ple
.Whe ns
lee
pcomes,e
ver
yonet
urnshi
sfa
cee
ven
f
romabeaut
ifulf
ace
,aninte
rest
ingbo
ok,andanobl
eta
sk.

“The
rei
sno
tanybo
ok

Orf
aceo
fde
are
stl
ook
”

Ther
efor
e,theti
tl
egive
nt othi
spoemi squi
tesuit
abl
e.Itsugg
eststhevagueand
co
nfus
edst
ateofmindoft
hema nwhoisonthever
geoffal
li
ngasl
eep.I
ta l
sohi
ntsathow
amanwouldlos
ehimse
lfi
nthedar
kwo r
ldofsl
eepandobl
ivi
on.

Theactofs
lee
pwillc
uthimo
fffr
omt hek
nownandfa
mi l
iarwor
ldo
fdai
lyl
if
e.Inthe
e
nd,wecansaythatwhet
heramanwis
hesornot
,heca
nno trunawayf
roment
eri
nginto
t
hela
po fdea
thandsle
ep.

Thedi
ff
erencebetwee
nsleepa ndde a
thisthatthefor
me rref
reshe
sustoco mba
tthe
cha
lleng
eso
flifewhil
ethelat
terrel
ieve
susf r
omt heanxi
eti
esoflif
e.Whe nt
hetimecomes,
wearetopas
sthroughtheborderso
fsleep.Whennightco
me s,
o uract
ivi
ti
escometoanend,
t
helight
sar
eo utandwea r
ere a
dytos l
eep.

1
5.Af
terAppl
ePi
cki
ng

7
1
ByRo
ber
tFr
ost
S
umma
ry

Thepo em hasbeene x
pla
inedbyt hec r
iti
csonas ymbol
iclev
e l
.Thepo emf o
rec
ast
sthe
poet'
soldageandde a
thinthelongrun.Itisama t
t erofg
eneralobs
ervat
ionthatamanis
alwaysdis
sati
sf
iedwit
hwha thehasdo neinhisli
fe.Thisf
eel
ingisquit
eintens
ewhenheis
abouttode partfr
omt hi
swo rl
d.Her ememberst hedes
ire
dno tf
ulf
ill
ed,thetas
ksnot
accompli
shedandtheduti
esnotperfo
rme dattheendo fhi
sli
fe.

Thewrite
rha sbeenextremelypreoc
cupiedwit
hthetasksoflif
e.Heisnowinthewinter
oflif
e.Hef ee
lslikedr o
ws i
ng.Hei snearhisde at
h,forwi nte
rcans ymboli
zedeca y
,
drowsi
ness
,andde ath.Thepo et'
sempha s
isonthetaskofa ppl
epicki
ngshowsthatont he
whole,hei
ssa t
is
fie
dwi thhiswo r
k ,
Buttherearest
il
lsomede si
reswhi
chremainunful
fi
lled
inli
feThe rearecertai
nt as
k swhichma nwa nt
stope r
for
m butde at
hc omestohim.Itis
thi
ssenseofincomplet
enessthatisimpl
iedinthefol
lowi
ngline.

Thesce
nto fappl
esisspre
a dintheg ar
den.Thepoettakesustoa no
thersi
ghtofnat
ure,
whichisquit
ea ppea
linganda t
trac
tivetothesens
es.Thereddis
h-browncolo
ro ft
heapple
s
i
sapl eas
antsighti
nde e
d.Inthemo rninghehappenstore
mo veat r
anspar
entshee
tofsnow
fro
mt hechil
ledwa t
ero ft
hetrougha ndho l
dsItagai
nstt
hewhi tesnowgrass
.Thepie
ceof
snowisme l
tednow.

Thepo e
mg ive
susma nyhintsaboutpast
oralact
ivi
ty.Inhisdr
eam,thepo ethear
sthe
rumbli
ngsoundo fappl
espo uri
nginthesmallst
ore
room.Hei sti
redofapplepic
kingThe
damagedapple
sa repre
serv
e dforwine
.Theimagesuse
di nthepoe
mha vebeentakenfro
m
natur
alsi
ghts
.Wec a
ns aythatAfte
rApplePicki
ngisabe a
utif
ull
yri
cont hepoet
'slo
veof
natur
e.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

"Afte
rAppl e
-Pick
ing"isa nint
eres
ti
ngpo e
m byRo ber
tFr o
stwhoisthemostcel
ebrat
ed
Ame ri
canpoet.Hispoe
tryrev
o l
vesaroundhi sowne xpe
rie
ncesasapartofAmeri
canrural
li
fe.Inthispoem,het al
kstousa bouta na pplepi
ckerwhoiso v
ercomebyslee
pwhi l
e
picki
ngapples
.Thepo e
tskil
lf
ull
yde s
cribesthei mpac
tofslee
ponama nwhoisbusydoi
ng
hisfavo
rit
ejob.Tohim,sl
eepisthemos tpowe rf
ulofhumaninst
inc
ts.

Inthispoem,theapple-
picke
rhasj
usthadabumpe rcro
po fappl
eswhichheha salways
desi
redf o
r.Hei sbusypi ck
ingappl
eswhe nheiso ve
rcomebys le
ep.No w,hei ssemi-
consc
iousofwha theisdoing
.Hefear
slesthes
houlddropapplesontheg
rounda sallsuc
h
apple
sg othecedar-
appleheap.Nowhenhehaspic
k e
dthousandsofappl
es,hefe
elsfedup

7
2
withthisunendi
ngr outi
neandwi s
hestolosehimsel
fint hewo rl
do fsle
ep.I
tshowsa
confl
ic
tbetweenhisambiti
onandhisins
ti
nct
.Thewo rl
dseemstohi ma shaz
ya si
tseeme
d
whenhel ook
edthroughthesl
abo fic
eearl
yt hi
smorni
ng.hehear stherumbl
ingsoundof
apple
sbe i
ngunloa
dedi nthec
ell
ar.Buthecannotc
onti
nuea ppl
e-pic
k i
ngassl
eephassuc
h
powerascannotberes
iste
d.

The
me

AsRobertDo ylehassaid,thest
uffofthepoemis‘c o
mmo n.
’ Butoutofthe
‘commo n’,thepo e
thasc r
eat
edatonet
hatwi
llgo
ver
nthere
ader’sr
espo
nset
othe
mat
eri
al.
Wha tisthemat
eria
lthe
n?

Aft
erApplePic
kingcente
rsroundt
he meofli
feanddea
th.He rethewo odc
huckand
theeveni
ngtimec l
earl
ys ymbol
izedea
th.Ther oleofthea pplepicke
ri ndi
cat
esthe
uncer
tai
ntyofli
fe.Anothe
rs i
gni
fi
cantt
he meofthepoemisthea llper
vasivei
mpactof
Natureonhumanbeing.Likealo
vingmotherna
turepl
aysar
oleo fi
nfl
uencertoman.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:Wr
it
ede
tai
lsumma
ryo
fthepo
emAf
terAppl
ePi
cki
ngbyRo
ber
tFr
ost
.

Answer:
-Asf arasthecri
ti
cals
umma ryoft
hepoemAfte
rApplePi
ckingbyRober
tFr
ost
i
sc o
ncer
ned,itisverysymbol
icpoe
m.Thepo e
m “Afte
rApplePic
king” narr
ate
susin
re
lat
iontotheexper
ienc
esofafarmerwhoha
sbeenpi
cki
ngappl
esi
nhisg a
rde
n.Nowheis
weary
.

Hislo ngladderwi t
hl o
ngt wopo i
nt edl a
dde risingarden,i
sstil
lsti
ckingthroughthe
t
reetowa rdsblis
s.The r
eisvacantcaskbe sidehim. Ha r
dly,t
herearetwoo rthreeappl
esa r
e
se
eingo nso mebranc hwhichhec oul
dno tplucko ut.Butheisexhaust
eda ndi si
nnof ra
me
ofmindt opi c
kmo r
ea pple
s.Thescento fa pplesj
o i
ntwithexhausti
onha sma dehimsleepy.
Hene edst odownt os lee
p.Heha dwi she df orabumpe rharves
to fapples
.Thec ropisso
wealt
hya ndpl enti
fulthatheiswea r
yo ft heha rv
esthehi mse
lfpr e
ferr
ed.Thea pplepic
k e
r
soo
ndr ows esoff.
Hi ssani
tyissoonwiths leep.

Histho ug
htsgrowupc onf
use
da ndpuzz
led.Hereal
ize
sa ndanti
ci
pa t
esdre
amst ha
t
hewillhav einhissle
ep.Heunderst
andsaboutofbigapple
s.Hea l
sohe ar
stheechoof
machineinwhi chtheapple
sareco
mpr e
sse
dint owi
ne.Hereme mbe
rsao ddexper
ienc
eof
tha
tmo rning.Heha dsel
ect
edapie
ceofsnow,
a ndhadse
enthrougho
utit.

Thewo rl
dlo
okedtohimve
rystr
ange
.Healsoobs
ervesi
fa ppl
esar
enotpi
cked,t
he y
wi
llr
ott
en.Thent
heywoul
dbeofnoemploy
.The
nhes pecul
ate
so ft
henatur
eofhi
ss l
eep.
Hedoesnotknowwhet
herhiss
lee
pwo ul
dbelengt
hyo rano rmalonenig
htsl
eepo fa

7
3
huma
nbe
ingo
rpe
rma
nents
lee
pint
hes
hapeo
fde
ath.

Que
sti
onNo
.2:
-Wha
tdo
est
hee
mpt
yba
rre
lsi
gni
fy?

Answer
:-Thet hemeo fthepoem AfterApplePi
cki
ngbyRo ber
tFros
ti sthatt
heempty
bar
relsi
gnif
iesthelustandgreedofmana ndtha
tisthemainThemeo fthepoem Af
ter
ApplePicki
ngbyRo bertFrost
.Thefarmerinthepo e
m wa nt
edtogetabumpe rcro
p
be
causeitwashisinnerdes
ire
.Thefor
me ri
nthepoemsaysi
nthisco
nnect
ion:
-

“Ia
mov
ert
ir
ed,

Oft
heg
rea
tha
rve
st,
Imy
sel
fde
sir
ed”

Thi
ssugge
ststhatma ntri
eshisle
velbesttokeephiswishesali
ve.Mandiesbuthis
heartremai
nsloadedwi t
hsomewisheswhichbecoul
dno tre
aliz
edur i
nghisli
feti
mea nd
thatismai
nThe meo fthepoe
m Af t
erApplePicki
ngbyRo ber
tFr o
st.Thefar
merwa nt
sto
fil
lupthebarr
elwiththeappl
esbuthecoul
dno tdoitduetodeadtir
ednessa
nde x
haust
ion.

Inthesamema nner
,ma nhasma
nydes
ire
sWhi c
hspri
ngupintohishe
art.
Hek e
pton
work
ingal
lli
felongtofulf
il
lthe
mbutul
ti
ma t
elyhedie
sandle
avesthebarr
elofhi
sgre
ed
andcur
ios
it
ya bs
olut
elyempty

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Wha
tdo
est
hepo
etme
anbyhuma
nsl
eep?

Answer
:-Thepoe
tatt
heendofthepo
emlea
vesari
ddleunso
lved,
lea
vingt
her
ebyali
ter
ary
ga
pt obefil
le
dupbythepubl
icandrea
der
s.Hedropstheide
ao fs
leepa
ttheendofthe
poe
mbutdo esno
tans
werhi
mself.

“Thi
sst
eepo
fmi
ne,
wha
tev
eri
tis
,

We
reheno
tgo
ne,

Thewo
odc
huc
kco
ulds
aywhe
the
rit
’sl
ikehi
s

Lo
ngs
lee
p,a
sIde
scr
ibei
tsc
omi
ngo
n,

Orj
usts
omehuma
nsl
eep”

Nowi tca
nbec lari
fi
eda ttwolevel
sthatwhatkindofthi
ssleepis.Theext
er na
lleveli
s
t
hatthi
sisther o
utinesle
ept hatape rso
ne nj
oysafte
rthefatigueoft hewholeda y.The
f
ormerworkedda wntil
lthedus k;ult
ima t
elyhegotti
rednes
sa ndwe ntintothev al
leyof
s
lee
p.Therewerema nynaturalfo
rcesoverther
ethatst
oppedhiswo rki
nga nds
e nthiminto
t
hevall
eyofsle
epf orres
ta ndfres
hness.Sothi
slev
elshowsthatt hepoethadthec ommo n
s
lee
pinhisminda ft
erwhichape rs
ong otup.

7
4
 Ont heotherhands,i
fwet a
lka boutthede eperlev
e loftheideaorthemeofthe
me
Aft
erApplePick
ingpoembyRo bertFrostthenitisthelongsle
e pofdeat
hthatcome
stoa
manwhoha strave
ledthewholej
ourneyo fli
fe.Ho pef
ull
yt hepoettal
ksaboutt
hehuma n
t
emporar
ys l
eepwhichref
res
hesmanwhe nhea ga
ing et
sup.

Que
sti
onNo
.4:
-Ca
nyo
ufi
ndpo
int
sofc
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
ent
hispo
ema
nd“ Li
ghtOut”

Answer:
-Yes
,the
rea r
ema nypoi
ntso
fco
mpa
ris
onbe
twe
ent
hispo
ema
nd“Li
ghtOut
.”
Letuspoi
ntt
hemo utonebyone
.

Fi
rstofa
llbot
hthepo
emshavet
hebas
ict
hemeofdeat
h,S
econdl
y,t
hearr
iva
lofs
lee
p
inbo t
hthepoemsisa
lmos
tthes
ame.Whe
nwet a
lka
bo utt
hepoe
m“Li g
htsOut”,t
here
poetsays

“Iha
vec
omet
othebo
rde
rso
fsl
eep”

Whichmeanst hatt
hepe r
sonisatthevergedee
p,delic
iouss
lumber?Thebegi
nning
a
ndarri
valofs
leepisshownintheabov
epo et
icli
neofthepoem“Li ght
sOut”. Whenwe
t
alka
boutthepoem“Amo nApple
-Pi
cking
” wec omet oknowthather
etoo,t
hepoethas
c
onve
yedthearr
ivalofsl
eepinthef
oll
owingwo r
ds:
-

“Ia
m dr
ows
ingo
ff

Ic
anno
trubt
hes
tra
nge
nes
sfr
ommys
ight
,”

Thes
it
uat
ioni
sthesame,t
hati
s,thefi
lmyla
yero
vert
hee
ye-
bal
lsma
kese
ver
ythi
ng
s
tra
ngea
ndambig
uousduet
othef
orc
eo fs
lee
p.

Se
condl
y,i
nthepoem “Lig
htsOut”t hepoe
tsayst
hatwhe
ns l
eepc
omes
,wel
ose
e
ver
yothera
ttr
act
iono
fli
fe.
Seet
hefol
lowi
ngli
neso
fthepo
em“Li g
htsOut
”:-

“He
rel
ovee
nds
,

De
spa
ir,
ambi
ti
one
nds
,

Al
lpl
eas
urea
nda
llt
roubl
e,

Al
tho
ughmo
sts
wee
torbi
tt
er,

He
ree
ndsi
nsl
eept
hathi
sswe
ete
r,

Tha
nta
sksmo
stno
ble
.”

Whenwetalkaboutthepoe
m,“Af t
e rAppl
ePicki
ng”,weco
met okno
wthatthe
re
t
oot
hefar
merhadthemo sti
mportantworkofpick
ingupthea
ppl
esbutwhens
lee
pdoes
c
omehet
oosur
rende
rs.S
eethefo
llo
wi ngl
inesoft
hepoem:-

7
5
“Fo
rIha
veha
dto
omuc
h,

OfAppl
e-pi
cki
ng,
Iamo
ver
ti
red,

Oft
heg
rea
terha
rve
st,
Imy
sel
fde
sir
ed,

Ia
mdr
ows
ingo
ff,
”!

Thea
bov
ear
ethepo
int
sofc
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
ent
het
wopo
ems
.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Di
scus
sAf
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ngbyRo
ber
tFr
osta
sas
ymbo
licpo
em.

Q:
-Wha
tdo
est
hee
mpt
yba
rre
lsi
gni
fyi
nAf
terAppl
ePi
cki
ng?

Ans
wer
:-Thee
mpt
yba
rre
lha
sit
ssi
gni
fi
canc
e.

Fi
rst
ly,iti
sas y
mbolo fhopethatthepo
etatt
achest
othefut
ure
.Iti
sasthoug
hhe
wo
uldbea blet
ogetsomebett
erorripe
nedmoret
hano t
her
swit
hfre
she
rorst
rang
ersc
ent
s.
Wit
hthese,hewoul
dfil
lthebarr
el.

Theemptyba rr
elis
,sec
ondl
y,asymbolofthepoet
’ssavingtobeuse
dinthefuture.
Thea ppl
esforthisbarre
lmustkeephangi
ngbyt hetr
eebra
nc he
sinthei
rfre
shnes
sa nd
pri
meunt i
ltheyarepull
eddown.Sothepoetappear
stoha
veleftthe
mo nthet
reebywi l
l.
Theya r
ehissa
v i
ngsforusei
nthefut
ure.

Thi
rdl
y,t
heemptybarr
eli
sasy
mbolofman’st i
redne
ssorunfi
nis
hedt
asks
.Likethe
poet
,wege
tti
redorar
enoti
namoodt
ocont
inuedo
ingsomet
hing
.Thenwere
stors
leepor
ent
ert
aino
urs
elve
s.

Thee mptyba r
relsymbol
izestheunacc
ompl i
shed workthatrefe
rst o a hea
po f
incomplet
ea ndunf
ulfi
ll
eddes
ires
.Alt
hought
hea pple
-pic
kerhasbeentr
yinghi
sut mostt
o
fil
lhisbarr
elwiththeappl
esyetiti
sst
il
lemptybecausetheappl
e-pi
cke
rissotir
ed.Heis
drowsingoff
.

Nowthepoeti
so nthelas
tste
po ftheladde
rwhoenj
oye
dhi mse
lfahighplac
einthe
worl
dyethecoul
dno tdoenoughgooddeeds.Deat
henc
roa
chedthebarr
elofhishal
f-
fi
ll
ed
dee
ds.S
lee
pi t
sel
fsy
mbo l
ize
sdeathreac
he st
hepoetwhe
nhisact
ivi
ti
eswerest
il
lunful
fi
ll
ed
andheneedss
omemo reyear
s.

Alt
houghthepoetf
il
lshalfoft
hebar
relyethedemandsge
ne r
ousrewar
di nthewor
ld
her
eaf
terfo
raf ewnobl
edeedshedidi
nhisli
feinthefo
rmo ft
enthousandapple
sofgre
at
si
zeandma gni
tude
.Inshort,thee
mptybarrelsi
gni
fi
estheunful
fil
le
dde s
ire
so fhuman
bei
ngs
.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Wha
tki
ndo
fsl
eepdo
esRo
ber
tFr
osts
lee
p?

7
6
Q:
-Di
scus
sthes
lee
pthe
meo
fAf
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ngbyFr
ost

Q:
-Whydo
esFr
ost
’sunus
uals
lee
pdo
esno
tsa
tis
fyhi
m?

Answer
:-Whenthepoetwasperf
ormi
nghisworko
fpicki
nga ppl
es,Hisfa
tig
uemadehim
f
eelext
remedrows
ines
s.Hisfa
tig
ueandthesc
entoft
hea pple
smingleandover
powerthe
mind.
Indrows
ines
s,hebeg
instose
edre
amsandheget
sthev i
si
onofma gni
fi
edappl
es.

Actuall
y,t
heappl
e-pic
kerha sg
otti
redofse
eingtherouti
neofl
oadi
nga ndunloa
dingof
hi
sapple
s.Hea c
knowledgesthathehimse
lfhaslongedforsuchaheavyharves
t.Despi
te
hi
sutmostcar
e,t
heapple-
pick
e rca
nnotthrowtheapplesundamag
edinhisbarr
el.

Someofthe
mfalldownfro
mt heba
rre
landarepr
ickedandbrui
sedbystubbl
es.The
dr
eami sa
smuc hc
learandvivi
dthati
tbecome
sdiff
icul
tfo
rt heapple
-pi
ckertoma ke
di
ff
ere
ncebet
weenr
eali
tyanddr
eam.

Whe nhewakesup,heget
sa s
toni
shedandas
kshimse
lfwhatkindo fsl
eepitis.
Hei st
oo
c
onfusedtoknowwhe t
heritisawo odc
huck’slo
ngs l
eepofhibernati
ono rshorthuman
s
lee
po fonenig
htonly
. Hedoesnotsugge
stt
heans
we ra
ndleave
si ttothereadertodrawa
c
onclus
ion.

Me di
cine
sa ndpall
iat
ive
scannotbri
ngthepoetanyl
ast
ingcomfor
tinsl
eep.Even
dre
a msarecol
o r
edbyourprevi
ouss
oci
alex
per
ienc
es.Wea
re,thus
,ba
rredf
rome nj
oyi
ng
puresl
eepyanddrea
mypl e
asur
es.

The
ref
ore,inhi
st houg
hts,hefeel
sl i
kesl
eepi
nglik
eawo odchuc
k.Thepoet
,inf
act
,
wantst
ode v
elopas i
milar
itybetwee
nt hewoodchuc
k’ss le
epa ndhis.Hedoe
snotf
ind
muchsi
milar
ityors
ame nes
sa tpr
ese
nt.Buthehopest
obringita
bo uts
ome ho
w.

Tos
lee
pandt
ofo
rge
tev
ery
thi
ng,
tol
andi
nthe

wo
rldo
fani
mal
sandbi
rds

Quest
ionNo7
:-Af
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ngt
rac
est
hej
our
neyf
romc
ons
cio
ust
osubc
ons
cio
us.
Dis
cuss
.

Q:-
InFro
st’spo
em Af
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ng,t
hewo
rldo
fre
ali
tya
nddr
eama
res
tra
nge
ly
i
nte
rmi
ngl
ed.

Ans
we r
:-Rober
tFrost,
int
hispoe
m, g
ive
sacombi
nati
ono ft
hewo r
ldofre
ali
tyanddrea
ms.
Inr
e a
lit
y,heispick
ingnormalappl
eswhi
lei
nadr eam,heseesappl
esofgre
a ts
izeand
magni
tude.I
nslee
p,heisr
oamingbet
weent
wopole
sofr e
ali
tya
nddr ea
ms.

Thepo
etc
ompa
reshuma
nst
osl
eepwi
tht
hel
ongs
lee
pofwo
odc
huc
k.Whe
nhuma
n

7
7
bei
ngsgett
ir
edbyove
rwo
rk,t
heyta
k ear
est
.Sl
eepi
sthebes
twa
ytor
esta
ndr
ela
x.The
y
sl
eepfo
rafewhour
sandal
lfa
tig
ueandhe
avi
nes
sdis
appea
rs.

Theyg e
tupf r
eshanda c
tiv
eandwill
ingtowo r
ka gai
n.Humanbe i
ngsca
nno tsl
eep
l
ongerthanada yorso.Thereareani
ma l
sli
kewo odc
huckswhohiber
natethr
oughthe
mont
hso fwint
er.
Theygetupwhenthes
easoncha
ngesandtheea
rthg
e t
swarm.

Thepoetinfa c
tdes
cribestheclo
serel
ati
onshipbet
wee
ndr ea
ma ndr e
ali
ty,l
ife
,a nd
dea
th.Thedesi
reswhi
cho ft
enremainunf
ulfi
ll
edintheworl
do fr
eal
ityar
eenjoye
dint he
worl
dofdrea
m. Thedrea
me renjoy
shimse
lfwit
ht hesa
metast
es,c
olo
r,smel
l,a
ndpl e
asure
oft
ouch.

Inreal
it
y,t
hepo e
to bservestha
theha salimit
edcapaci
tyforhi
sphysi
call
abor,buthe
e
xperi
enc
estheunli
mitedc apacit
yofhisimaginat
ioni
nadr eam.Thepoethims
elfbecomes
a
sc o
nfus
eda si
tisdif
ficultforhimt osugge
stwhethe
rt heworl
dwec ons
iderr
eali
tyisthe
r
ealworl
dorame reopti
c a
li l
lusi
on.

Thepo eti
soverti
redaft
erthelongandha rdj
obo fpic
kingapplesandisfe
elings
lee
py.
Hefe
elst
hathemi ghtsl
eepforalongtimeli
kewo odchuc
k’swi ntersl
eep.Butifhewakes
upaf
terashor
ts l
eepli
kehuma nbeingsusua
llydo,itwil
lbejus
ta no r
dina
ryhuma nsle
ep.
Hewonder
swha tkindofsl
eepheisgoingt
oha ve.

Que
sti
onNo8
:-_Ex
pla
int
het
it
leo
fthepo
emAf
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ngi
nyo
uro
wnwo
rds
.

Q:
-El
abo
rat
eso
meo
fthes
ymbo
lse
mpl
oye
dbyRo
ber
tFr
osti
nhi
sAf
terAppl
e

Q:
-Af
terAppl
e-Pi
cki
ngi
sahi
ghl
ysy
mbo
licpo
em.

Q:
-Di
scus
sthes
ymbo
licme
ani
ngo
fthepo
em.

Answer:
-Thepo e
m Afte
rApple-Pi
cki
ngisama s
ter
pie
ceofFros
t.I
nthispoem,thepo
et
te
ll
susa bouthi
so wnexpe
rie
nceofapple
-pi
cki
ng.Onthesur
facel
eve
l,itde
alswit
hthe
harv
estofafar
me rwhoi
spicki
ngappl
es.

Hehasgott
ir
eda ndwa nt
stotakeares
t.Thefarmer
,thel
adder,t
hetre
e,t
hebar
rels
,
a
ndtheappl
esallhavebeenusedbythepoetassymbol
s.Inl
it
era
ture,s
ymbol
is
m means
t
heuseo
fsomet
hing,
pe r
son,ori
deawhic
hrepre
sent
ssomeothe
ride
a.

Symbol
ismincre
a s
esthemeani
ngsofali
ter
aryworkandgiv
esdept
htoit
. Thefar
me ri
s
asy mbolo
fac o
mmo nhuma nbeingwhoisbusywithhiswork.Hehasco
unt l
essdes
ire
s
t
ha thewantstoful
fil
latanycos
t.Theempt
yba r
rel
sareasymboloft
heunfulf
il
leddes
ire
s
ofhumanbe i
ngsinthei
rliv
es.

The
rea
rea
lsoa
cco
mpl
is
hta
skso
fhuma
nbe
ing
s.Andt
her
e’saba
rre
ltha
tIdi
dn’t

7
8
f
il
l.Theapplesar
easymbolofdee
dsoract
ions.The
yma ybegoodorba
d.Acc
ordingt
oa
r
eli
gio
uspointofvi
ew,
allhumanbei
ngsha
vea nopenoppor
tuni
tyt
odogoodo
rba d.

Every
o nei
nt hisworl
disc o
lle
cti
nga ppl
es.Thes
lee
po fthefar
me risasymbolof
co
mmo nhuma ns l
eepaswe l
lasdeath.Thetreeisas
ymbolofthi
swo r
ld.Itpr
ovi
desus
di
ffe
rentoppor
tunit
iesf
orear
ning.

Thepe opl
eo ftheworl
da redoingdi
ffe
rentjobsa
nda r
ec ol
le
cti
ngmo ne
yo rdoi
ng
deeds.Theladderisasymboloftec
hniqueo
rpro f
ess
ionorawaythatweadopttoear
nour
li
veli
hoodo rdoo urdeeds
.Intheend,wecansaythatmanconti
nuestopur
suehisdr
eams
andde si
res
.

Thi
spur s
uitfo
rt hea c
hie
veme
nto fhi
sa i
msiscompar
edwi t
ha ppl
e-pi
cki
ng.Thi
s
s
truggl
econti
nuesthr
o ug
houtourl
ive
sandendsonl
yatthearr
iva
lo fdea
thasourdail
y
l
aborendsindeepsl
eep.

Que
sti
onNo9
:-De
scr
ibet
hepo
et’spl
eas
ante
xpe
rie
nceo
fappl
epi
cki
ng.

Answer:
-Thepo e
t,Rober
tFrostha sdoneto
omuc
ho fhi
srout
inewo r
ka ndhei
snow
te
rri
blyexhaust
ed.Heisho pe
fula boutre
api
ngar
ichhar
ves
tofa ppl
esbuthehasno
t
pi
ckedsuf
fic
ientappl
esashedesi
red.

Hecanonlyfi
llhal
fo ft
hecontaine
randa f
tert
heact
ivi
tyha
sbeenc
omplet
edandhe
be
comesdi
sgust
edwithhisdrudg
ery.Butst
il
l,t
herear
eso
mea ppl
est
obepluc
kedfr
omthe
br
anche
s.S
ot hebarr
eli
sa l
sounfi
ll
ed.

Hehasworkedcons
tantl
yandcar
eful
lyandtri
edhisbestt
ofini
shhi
sjo
bcompl
etel
y.
Butheist
ooti
redandsle
epytodoanymo rework
.Late
ro n,hi
sex
haust
iont
ake
shi
mi nt
o
thewor
ldofdr
eamsinwhichheex
per
ience
sav e
ryviv
idvis
ion.

Indrows
ines
s,heca
nnotdis
cri
mina
tebet
wee
ndrea
ma ndrea
lit
y.Hesee
snumero
us
appl
esev
enmo r
ethante
nthous
and.Thepoe
tiss
oco
nfuse
dt ha
thec anno
tdeci
dewhi
ch
worl
disr
eala
ndwhi c
honei
stheworl
dofdr
eams.

Thepoetca
nno tk no
wt heactua
lnatureofhissl
eepwhethe
rhiss
leepist
helongsle
ep
o
fthewoodchuckoro nenightlonghumans le
ep.Hisexper
ienc
eo fs
lee
pispo we
rfuland
l
uci
d.Hecannotre
sisttheinfl
uenceofs
leep.Hise
x pe
rie
ncei
spleas
antbase
do nre
a l
it
y.

QUES
TIONSFORAS
SIGNMENTS
:

1
.Thepo
etha
sco
mbi
nedf
acta
ndf
anc
yint
hepo
em.
Dis
cus
s.

2
.Wr
it
eano
teo
ntheus
eofs
ymbo
lis
mint
hepo
em.

7
9
1
6.TheVa
nis
hingVi
ll
age

ByR.
STho
mas
S
umma
ry

Thispoempr esentsadreadf
ulpictureo fade s
ertedvil
lage.
Itseemstobeaha untedvi
ll
a ge
.
Ithasscarc
elyas tre
etandaf ewho uses.I
t si
nha bi
tant
sha vele
ftit
.He r
ethepo e
tsaysthat
peoplearemi g
ra t
ing.Thatiswhy ;thev i
llag
esint hemo dernagehavebecomee mptya nd
deser
ted.Inthev i
llage
,ther
ei sonlyo neshopa ndho t
el.Theho us
esareals
oinba dshape.
Thes t
reet
so fthev i
lla
gehav edis
a ppeared.Thereisuso nepathinthev i
ll
agewhichleads
nowhe r
e.Themo s
ttragict
hingistha tpathleadstothetopo fthesor
thil
l.Thehil
liseaten
awaybyt helonge ro
sionofgreentide.

Thevil
lagepresent
sas adpi ct
ureint hepo e
m.I tsugg
est
st hene gat
iono fli
fethe
dese
rte
dv i
ll
ageisthesymbo lofthewa s
tea ndbarre
nnessofmo dernlife
.Asv il
lag
esare
vani
shi
ngsimila
rlyheal
thyli
feisdest
royi
ngda ybyday.Thede at
ho ve r
poweredthedeat
h.
Thepoetfee
lsverysadaboutthi
schange.Thepo e
tconti
nuestoprese
ntsas adpict
ureinal
l
poems.Hesaysthateve
nthebl a
ckdo g
,whicho nc
etri
edtoc r
acki
nghi sfl
eas,hasal
sodie
d.
Thereishope.Thereag i
rlwhoc ross
esfrom doortodo orandint hiswa yconnect
sthe
vi
lla
gewithli
feandna t
ure.

Thepr esenceo ftheg i

rlinthev i
ll
a geisas y mbo lofhope.Thede s
e rt
edv i
llageisnot
g
oingtodisappe arata ll
.Perha
ps,thisisthec entralthemeo fthepo em.. Buttheba si
cunit
o
fc i
vil
izati
ona ndc ultureisst
il
lav ill
age.Av il
lages t
il
lrema insthemo stpowe r
fulnitof
l
if
eint hewo r
ld.Itha stoplayame aningfulro l
ei nthesocialevolutione xpl
ainedbyt he
g
reatthinkerPlato.Thepo etyear
nsfo rar eviv
a lofthepr e
viousc o
lorfullif
ea nda c
tivi
tyof
t
heidealGr eekv i
llage.Hemo urnso nv anishi
ngv ill
a ge
.Hei swi s
tfula boutther evi
valof
t
hev i
ll
a ge
.Thet oneo fthepoetissadwi stfula nds ometi
me switty.Thef rozenlif
eo fthe
v
ill
ageisrefl
e c
tedint heslowmo ve
me nto fthel i
nes.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Thepo
etha
spa
int
edada
rka
nddi
sappo
int
ingpi
ctur
eofv
ill
agel
if
eint
hispo
em.
Its
eems
t
obeha
unt
edv
ill
age
.Itha
ssc
arc
elyas
tre
eta
ndt
oof
ewho
use
s.I
tsi
nha
bit
ant
sha
vel
eft
.
He
ret
hepo
ets
ugg
est
stha
tur
bani
zat
iono
fci
ti
esha
sfo
rce
dthev
ill
age
rst
omi
gra
tet
othe
c
iti
es.
Tha
tiswhyt
hev
ill
age
rsi
nthemo
der
nag
eha
vebe
comee
mpt
yandde
ser
ted.
Int
he
de
ser
tedv
ill
age
,the
rei
sonl
yle
fto
net
ave
rna
ndo
nes
hop.Theho
use
sar
eal
soi
nba
d

8
0
s
hape
.Thes
tre
etso
fthev
ill
ageha
vedi
sappe
are
d.The
rei
saj
usto
nepa
thl
eadt
othe
s
hor
thi
ll
.Thehi
llt
oise
ate
nawa
ybyl
onge
ros
iono
fgr
eent
ide
.Theg
ree
ngr
asswhi
ch
o
ncec
ove
redt
hehi
llha
swi
the
red.

Thev
ill
ageo
ffe
rsusag
loo
mya
nddi
sma
lpi
ctur
eofl
if
e.I
tsug
ges
tst
hene
gat
iono
fli
fe.
Thede
ser
tedv
ill
agei
sthes
ymbo
loft
hewa
stea
ndba
rre
nne
sso
fmo
der
nli
fe.Li
ket
he
v
ani
shi
ngv
ill
age
,thes
ignso
fhe
alt
hyl
if
eha
vedi
sappe
are
dfr
om mo
der
nli
fe.The
rei
s
wa
stea
ndwi
lde
rne
sse
ver
ywhe
rei
nthewo
rld.Thef
orc
eso
fde
atha
ndde
str
uct
ionha
ve
o
ver
powe
redt
hef
orc
eso
fli
fea
ndbi
rt
h.Thepo
etf
eel
sve
rys
ada
tthi
scha
nge
.

Thepo
etc
ont
inue
stobui
lds
ada
ndg
loo
mypi
ctur
eoft
hede
ser
tedv
ill
agei
nther
esto
f
t
hepo
em.He s
ayst
hate
vert
he bl
ack do
g,whi
cho
ncet
ri
edt
o ‗c
rac
king hi
s
f
lea
s‘ ha
sal
sodi
ed.
The
rei
sho
wev
er,
onewa
yofho
pei
nthi
sgl
oomyv
ill
agel
if
e.The
re
i
sag
irlwhoc
ros
sesf
romdo
ort
odo
ora
ndi
nthi
swa
yco
nne
ctst
hev
ill
agel
if
eandna
tur
e.
Thepr
ese
nceo
ftheg
irli
nthev
ill
agedo
esno
tle
sse
ntheg
loo
moft
hev
ill
agebutby
c
ont
ras
tita
ddst
oit
sto
tala
nni
hil
ati
on.Thede
ser
tedv
ill
agei
sno
tgo
ingt
odi
sappe
ara
t
a
ll.Pe
rha
pst
hisi
sthec
ent
ralt
hemo
fthepo
em.Thepo
etbe
li
eve
stha
ttheunc
hec
ked
mi
gra
tio
noft
hev
ill
agepe
opl
etot
hec
iti
esg
oesunc
hec
ked.Butt
heba
sicuni
tof
c
ivi
li
zat
iona
ndc
ult
urei
sst
il
lav
ill
age
.Av
ill
ages
ti
llr
ema
inst
hemo
stpo
wer
fuluni
tof
l
if
eint
hewo
rld.I
tha
stopl
ayame
ani
ngf
ulr
olei
nthes
oci
ale
vol
uti
one
xpl
aine
dbyt
he
g
rea
tthi
nke
rPl
ato
.

Thepo ety e
arnsforthesurviv
alo fthepr e
v i
ouscolor
fullifeanda c
tivi
tyoftheideal
Greekv i
ll
age.Hei ssa
da nds e
rio
usa tthev a
nishingofthebasicunitofciv
ili
zat
ion.I
nt he
dest
ructi
ono fthatvil
lage
,hes ee
sthea nnihi
lati
ono fvil
lageli
fewithitsgolde
nt r
adit
ions
ands oci
alvalues
.Hes i
ncerel
ybe l
iev
est hatvi
ll
a geli
festi
llholdsanimpo r
tantposi
ti
oni n
themo dernhuma ncivi
li
zati
on.Inthepo em,theba rr
enwa st
eso fl
ifehavebeencontr
asted
withtheregenerat
ionofli
fe.Thepoetlongstoretainthevil
lageinthemo der
ns e
tupo fthe
world.

The
me

Thethemeo ft
hepoemisveryef
fect
ive
lypres
ent
edbyt hepoeti
nt hepoe
m.Hewantsto
sa
yt ha
tv i
ll
ageist
hebasi
cunitofthewho l
eciv
ili
zat
ion;i
tsdes
truct
ioni
sul
ti
mat
elythe
des
truc
tio
no ft
hewhol
efabri
coftheci
vil
iz
ati
on.

Thepoe
tiso ft
heopi
nio
nt ha
tthevi
ll
ageshoul
dbesa
vedfr
o mthe
iri
mmedi
ateo
r
g
radua
ldes
truc
tio
n.Seet
hefoll
owi
ngli
nesofthepoemi
nwhichthepoe
thass
hownhis

8
1
de
sir
eandt
heme
:-

“S
tay
,the
nvi
ll
agef
orr
oundy
ous
pin,

Ons
lowa
xis
,awo
rlda
sva
st,

Andme
ani
ngf
ula
sanypo
ise
d,

Byg
rea
tPl
ato
’ss
oli
tar
ymi
nd”

Que
sti
onsa
nd
Ans
wer
s

Ques
ti
onNO. 1:
-Readthepo
emc
are
ful
ly
.Doy
ous
har
ethes
adf
eel
ing
soft
hepo
eta
bout
“Thevani
shi
ngVil
lag
e”.

Answer:-Iha vereadthepoe m Ic omple

telysha r
et hes adfeeli
ngsofthepo e
taboutthe
vanis
hingv i
ll
a g
e.Ihavecomet ot heconclusi
ont hatNodo ubt,thepoetisve
rysadinthe
poem.Het hinksthatPl a
tor ig
ht l
yt houghtt hatt hev i
lla
gewa stheba s
icunitofa
ci
vili
zati
on.Present
ly,
thepict
ureo fthevil
lagetha tt
hepo e
tha spaint
edishear
tre
nderi
ng.
Whe nIr e
adt hebegi
nningli
neso fthepoem,Ia lsofee lver
ymuc h‘s adness
.Thepoethas
gr
o wnv er
ysadduet otheeverandr api
dlyv a
nishingo fthevil
lage.Hesays
:-

“S
car
cel
yas
tre
et,
toof
ewho
use
s,

Tome
ritt
het
it
le,
jus
tawa
ybe
twe
en,

Thet
ave
rna
ndt
heo
nes
hop”

No w de f
init
elythisg r
ima ndg lo
omypi ct
ureo ft hev illagedo esc reat
efeeli
ngso f
sa
dne ssinme . Iama f
raidtokno wt hatthepo s
iti
ono ft heho usei snota ssuchasitshould
be.Sot hi
spl a
c edoesnotqua l
if
yt obec a l
le
dav i
ll
a g
e .Thisisha ppeninge ve
ninPa kis
tani
vi
llag
esno wada y.Peoplearemi gr
atingt otheci
tiesforbe tt
erpr o spec
tsa ndfaci
li
ti
es.This
re
sultsint hede se
rtedvill
agesa sthepo etha sindic
a teda bov e.Theo nl
yo newa yint he
pl
a c
ef urt
he rinte
nsif
iesthefee
lingso fsadness
.Thiswa yalsoe ndsa ttheto pofasma l
lhill
.
Thewa yisa l
sobe i
nge ate
nupbyape rmanente ros
io noft heg ree nghost-thegras
s.The
poetha svi
v i
dlyexpresse
dhi svi
ewsi nthef oll
owinglinesa boutt hes adphe nomenono fthe
vi
llag
e. Hes ays,t
hewa y:
-

“Tha
tle
adsnowhe
re,
andf
all
satt
het
op,

o
fthes
hor
thi
ll
,ea
tena
way
,

Byl
onge
ros
iono
ftheg
ree
nti
de,

8
2
Ofg
ras
scr
eepi
ngpe
rpe
tua
llyne
are
r.”

Thea boveli
nesal
soc rea
tesadfeeli
ngsinmyhe a
rtbe caus
ethewa ythatiscov
ered
wit
ht hegreengras
sist
hei ndi
cati
veoflackoftra
veli
ngt hroughitwhichshowsabs
enceof
t
het r
a ve
lers
.Thepoeti
ssa d,s
oisthereader
,whenthepo etsaysthatnownothi
nghappens
i
nt hev i
ll
age.Onlyagir
la ndado gareprese
nttheretoi ndic
atepast,pr
ese
ntandfutur
e,
whicha l
socausethest
reamso fsadne
ss.Mys adfee
lingsr e
achtothepe akwhenthepoet
ve
rys adl
ya l
mo s
tweepi
nglysays:

“S
tay
,the
nvi
ll
agef
orr
oundy
ous
pin,

Ons
lowa
xis
,awo
rlda
sva
st,

Andme
ani
ngf
ula
sanypo
ise
d,

Byg
rea
tPl
ato
’ss
oli
tar
ymi
nd”

S
oa bo
vea
rether
easo
nsi
nthepoem,duet
owhi
cha
fte
rthec
are
fulr
eadi
ngo
fthe
po
em,
Ishar
emysa
dfee
li
ngswi
tht
hepo
et.

Quest
ionNO.2:
-Wr
itecri
ti
calanal
ysi
softhepo
em s
howi
ngho
wfa
ir‚t
hepo
etha
sbe
en
ef
fec
tiv
eint
heco
mmunic
ati
ono fhi
sideas
.

Answer:-Thethemeo fthepoe
mi sver
ye f
fecti
vel
yprese
ntedbyt hepoetinthepo e
m.He
wantst osaythatv il
lagei
stheba s
icuni tofthewho lecivi
li
zati
on;it
sde str
ucti
onis
ult
imatelyt
hede s
truct
ionoft
hewholefabricoftheci
vil
iza
tio
n.Thepo etisoftheopini
on
thatthev i
ll
agesho ul
dbes avedfr
omt he i
rimme di
ateo rgradualdest
ruct
ion.Seethe
fol
lowingli
nesofthepoeminwhicht
hepo ethasshownhisdes
ireandtheme:-

“S
tay
,the
nvi
ll
agef
orr
oundy
ous
pin,

Ons
lowa
xis
,awo
rlda
sva
st,

Andme
ani
ngf
ula
sanypo
ise
d,

Byg
rea
tPl
ato
’ss
oli
tar
ymi
nd”

Thepoethasus e
dbe auti
fulimage
sinthepoe
mt oconveyhisi
deasef
fec
tive
ly.Only
o
nestanz
aissuff
ici
enttoprovehisef
fec
tiv
ewayofexpr
ess
inghi
sidea
sinthepoem.Seethe
s
tanz
abelowforreadyref
erenc
e :
-

“S
car
cel
yas
tre
et,
tooho
use
s,

Tome
ritt
het
it
le,
jus
tawa
ybe
twe
en,

Thet
ave
rna
ndt
heo
nes
hop”

8
3
“Tha
tle
adsno
nwhe
re,
andf
all
satt
het
op,

Oft
hes
hor
thi
lle
ate
nawa
y,

Byl
onge
ros
iono
ftheg
ree
nti
de,

g
ras
scr
eepi
ngpe
rpe
tua
llyne
are
r”

Thel anguageo fthepo emi sa ls

ov e r
ye f
fect
ive.Thepo ets e
lec
tedt her ele
vant
vocabular ywhichha sveryimpress
ivel
ybe enus e
dbyhi mt oc onveyhisideasa boutthe
vanishingv i
ll
age.Thefoll
owingwo r
dsa r
ea pttome nt
ionhe re
unde r
:-St
reet,house
s,taver
n,
shop,hi l
l,gre
entide,bl
ackdo g,v
ill
age,et
c.Thel i
nesoft hepo e
mha v
eno tbeenc omposed
asr hythmi c
all
ya sma nyo ftheo therpoems .Thisisa ls
ot heindicat
iveo fthel ac
ko f
harmo nywhi chiscreat
edbya nysadideali
k ethevani
shingv i
ll
age.

Therea r
esomerhymingwordsinthepoema ndthes
ea r
easunde r
:To-shop,houses
cr
ossesThepo e
thasuse
da l
li
ter
ati
verhymesinthepoem.Theyare
:-Dog-di
me nsi
on,sun-
s
calee t
c.Theslowrhyt
hm ofthepo e
ma l
sos howsthemourni
ngcondit
iono fthepo et
.
Henceitisprov
edthatt
hepoethasbeenef
fec
tiveint
hecommunicat
ionofhisideasabout
t
hev anis
hingvi
ll
age
.

Que
sti
onNo3
:-De
scr
ibet
her
evi
valo
fthec
olo
rfull
if
eint
hev
ill
age

Q:-Dis
cus
sthei
mport
anc
eoft
hev
ill
age
.Doy
ous
har
ethes
adf
eel
ing
soft
hepo
eta
bout
t
hevani
shi
ngvi
ll
age
?

Q:
-Ho
wdo
est
hepo
eti
dea
liz
ethev
ill
agea
sauni
tofhuma
nha
bit
?

Answer:
-Thepo em TheVa ni
shi
ngVill
agefi
ll
suswi t
hs adands or
rowfulfe
eli
ngs.We
cannotbehappyatthedi
sappear
anceandde
struct
ionoft
hevill
age
.Av il
lagei
sthebasi
c
unitofhuma ncult
ureandc i
vil
iz
ati
on.Thevill
ageisaba s
icess
enti
alunito fhuman
ci
vil
iz
a t
ion.

Thev i
lla
g e
rswo r
kve r
yhardinthecountr
y.Theyproducethera
wma t
eri
alfo
rdif
fer
ent
nece
ssi
ti
eso fli
fe.I
fthevil
lag
ersrus
ht otheci
ti
esinse
ar c
ho fjo
bsandmoder
nfaci
li
ti
esof
li
fe,
theinhabit
antsoftheci
tyareboundtostar
ve.

Becausethevil
lager
ssuppl
yfood,g r
ain,ando
therrawma t
eri
alf
orthepeopleofa
c
ountry
.Thei nhabi
tantsofthecit
yca nnotgrowfoo
dg ra
insandraw mate
ria
ls.Ifthe
v
ill
ageisde
str
o y
ed,peopl
ewills
uff
erforwa nto
fmil
k,foo
d,cot
ton,a
ndothe
rnecess
it
iesof
l
if
e.

Thepi
ctur
eofthedese
rtedvi
ll
agepaint
edbyt
hepoethasagre
ati nf
luenc
eo ne
very
r
eade
r.Hef
e e
lss
adatthelos
sofsoc
ialv
aluesa
ndgol
dent
radi
ti
onsconnect
edwithvi
ll
age

8
4
l
if
e.Wes
har
ethes
adf
eel
ing
soft
hepo
eta
boutt
hev
ani
shi
ngv
ill
age
.

Wea reforc
edt os
aywi tht
hepoett
hatt
hevil
lageissti
llthebas
icuni
tofhuman
c
ivi
li
zat
ion.Therei
sahiddenmess
agef
ort
hevi
ll
age
rsthatthe
ys houl
dnotr
unawaytot
he
c
iti
esf
orma te
rial
is
ti
cpursui
ts
.

Que
sti
onNo4
:-Di
scus
stheg
loo
mypi
ctur
eoft
hev
ill
agei
nyo
uro
wnwo
rds
.

Q:
-Doy
ous
har
ethes
adf
eel
ing
soft
hepo
ema
boutt
hev
ani
shi
ngv
ill
age
?

Q:
-De
scr
ibet
hes
ada
ndno
sta
lgi
cfe
eli
ngso
fthepo
et.

Q:
-Wha
tist
het
hemeo
fthepo
emTheVa
nis
hingVi
ll
age
?

Q:-
TheVani
shi
ngVi
ll
agepr
ese
ntsal
ooko
fde
sol
ati
on,api
ctur
eofwa
stea
ndde
spa
ir.Do
y
ouagr
ee?

Answe
r:-Thevani
shingVill
ageof
fer
susag lo
o myanddarkpictureofadese
rtedvi
lla
g e
.
Thepoeti
snothappya ndwant
storai
seast
rongvoi
ceagai
nstthema ss
ivemi
grat
ionofthe
vi
ll
age
rstotheci
ti
es.
I nthec
ity
,manbecomesthes
laveo
frouti
nel i
fe.

Atthes
tartofthepoe
m,thepoets
ayst
hattherea
r eafewhous
es,onest
ree
t,one
t
ave
rn,o
neshop,j
usttomer
itt
heti
tl
eoft
hevi
ll
age
. Theonlypa
thoft
hevil
lag
ethatle
ads
t
oahil
l’stopwhereite
nds
.

Gras
shasgro
wnonthes i
deso ft
heroadinabundanceandi
tlo
oksdes
ert
ed.The
reis
c
ompl
etes
il
encei
nthevi
ll
age.I
ti swit
houttheac
tiv
iti
esofhumanbei
ngs
.Theinnandthe
s
hopar
ejoi
nedbyapat
hthatleadsnowhere
.

“Theo
net
ave
rna
ndt
heo
nes
hop

Tha
tle
adsno
whe
rea
ndf
ail
satt
het
op”

Thereisnohust
lea ndbust
leofl
if
e.Thereso nl
yoneolddogthatisnearde
ath.The
dogi
soldandinac
tive.Thesameist
hecondi
tionofthevi
ll
age.
Theima g
eo ft
heolddogis
ve
rysui
tabl
etodesc
ribethevani
shi
ngvi
ll
age.Afte
rr e
adi
ngthepoe
m, wefeels
adnes
s.

Wesharet
hesadfee
li
ngsofthepoetaboutthevani
shi
ngvil
alg
e.Wema yals
osaythat
vi
ll
age
sa r
ev ani
shi
nganddisappea
ringinthes ens
ethatthelove
,si
nce
rit
y,hospi
tal
it
y,
br
othe
rhood,a
ndk i
ndne
sstha
ta r
eoncethehall
ma rk
sofvi
ll
ageli
fehav
enowf i
nis
hed.

Thepo etconsi
dersthatthevill
ageist heba si
cuni tofciv
ili
zat
ion.ithastoplaya
meaningfulrol
eintheso c
ialde
velo
pme ntexplainedbythegreatthi
nkerPlato.
Heisse
rious
abo
utt hev a
nishi
ngo fthebasi
cunitofciv
ili
z a
tion.Atthedest
ructi
ono fthevi
ll
age
,hesees
t
hea nnihil
ati
ono ft
hev il
lagel
if
ewithitsgol
de ntradi
ti
o nsa
nds oci
alvalues
.

8
5
Quest
ionNo5
:-I
sthepo
em TheVa
nis
hingVi
ll
ageac
rit
ici
smo
fmo
der
nur
banc
ult
ure
?
Dis
cuss
.

Answer:
-Thepoem TheVa ni
shi
ngVill
ageissadc r
it
ici
smofmode
rnur bancul
ture
.It
mournst
helos
sofv i
ll
ageli
feandbla
me sindus
tri
alci
ti
esfo
rthi
smise
rablesi
tua
tio
n.It
co
ndemnsla
rge
-sc
alemigr
ati
onofther
uralpopul
ati
on.

Ithasres
ulte
di nt
hedest
ruct
ionofthisi
mpo r
tantuni
to fhumanciv
ili
zat
ion.Thepoet
be
li
ev e
sthatav i
ll
ageasPla
tothoughtisst
il
lthefoundat
ionstoneo
fhuma nc i
vil
iz
ati
on.
Anythi
ngthatharmsorde
str
oysthi
sfoundat
ionmus tbeo
ppo s
ed.

So,t
hepoeti
ndire
ctl
yattacksthemodernindust
ri
alcult
ureofc
iti
es.
Thepoemisals
oa
sa
tir
eo nthesel
fi
shnes
s,gree
d,a ndma t
eri
ali
sma pproa
cho fmoder
nma n.I
tistheunf
air
di
str
ibuti
onofopport
unit
iestha
tf or
cest
hesimplevil
lag
erstoruna
wa yfr
omthei
rhomes.

Mo dernf ac
il
iti
esa rea vai
labl
ei nc i
ti
esa nd rura
la r
easa r
ede pri
vedo fthem.
Agric
ulturalmachiner
yha sreducedtheneedforhuma nlabor
.So,thefar
mwo r
kershave
bec
o mej o
bless
.Sma l
llandownershaveso
ldproperti
esandhavese
ttl
edintownsandcit
ies
.
Inthisway,thevil
lag
esha v
ebe c
o meemptyandde s
ert
ed.

Ther
ei sanairofg l
oom,laz
ine
ss,andiso
lat
ioni
nt hev
ill
age
.Thehousesar
efall
ing
down.Thereisnoa c
tiv
ityorli
fethere.Thepoetfe
elssa
da boutthi
spathe
ticsce
ne.
However
, t
hepoetisnottot
all
yhopel
ess
.Heho pe
stha
thuma nsoc
iet
ywil
lso
onreali
zethe
va
lueofthevi
ll
age.

Hebeli
eve
st hatc
ityl
ifec
annotg
ivet
hemthepea
ce,c
omfor
t,a
ndhappi
nes
sforwhi
ch
t
heyhadlefttheirvi
ll
agehouse
s.Hehopest
hatthe
ywillc
omeba c
kandrevi
veallt
he
a
cti
vit
ieso
faha ppyvil
lag
e.

The
yha v
eg i
venpl
acetogre
ed,s
elf
is
hness
,mat
eri
ali
sm,andint
rig
ues
.Int
hee
nd,we
c
ans
aytha
tv i
ll
age
sdoexi
stev
ennowphysic
all
ywi
thmorecomfor
tsand

1
7.Whe
nIHa
veFe
ar

ByJ
ohnKe
ats
S
umma
ry

Keatsoc
cupiesa neminentposi
tionamo ngromanti
cpo ets
.Hiapo e
tryisremarka
blefori
ts
lo
veo fNature,ima g
inati
on,andr i
chde s
cri
pti
vepoe t
ry.Thisso
nneta boutdeat
h..Three
year
slat
er,hedi ed,Inawa y,thesonnetprove
dpr opheti
c.Keatsals
ok newthathecoul
d
notli
veverylo ngbe ca
useheha dc onsumpti
oni nhisf a
mi l
y.Inthissonnet
,thepoetis
afr
aidofhisuntime l
ydeath.Hedevelopedasenseofdespairati
t.Heha salotofthi
ngst
o

8
6
wri
tea boutHisbr
ainist
eemingwit
hi de
asandi
magina
tio
nsandhewa nt
stoconv
eyt
hem
topeoplethr
oughhispoe
try.Thepoetbel
ie
vest
hathehasthec
apac
itytobec
omeagrea
t
poet
.

Thepo etishighl
ya fraido fdeat
h.Int hecaseofhise a
rlydeath,thewo rl
dwi l
lbe
depri
vedo fmanyloft
ya ndg randthemes.Hewa nt
stowr i
tehispoemwi thlof
tyandg rand
themes.Thepoetisworriedthatincaseo fhi
searl
ydeath,hewillbedepriv
edo fthefame ,
whichher ig
htl
yde se
rves.Inthel as
ts t
anza,hemo v
estowa r
dhi sbelo
ved.Hei sa c
tiv
e l
y
paine
dt othi
nkthatwithhi sdeath,
hewi l
lbepermanentl
yseparate
dfromhe r.Neveragain,
hewilldri
vethejo
yo fthepa ss
ionat
ea ndheavenl
ylove.

Thepoetneve
rme nti
o nstheworddeat
hinallpoe
ms .Thephra
seceas
etobei sfa
rmo re
ef
fect
ivei
ni t
ssugges
ti
ono fdeat
h.Theimageofharves
tistypi
cal
lyKeats
ianando ri
gina
l;
Thepeniscompa r
edtot heha rv
estsi
ckl
eandthethoughtsoft
hebraintothefullri
pene
d
gr
ainandladenwithg r
ains heave
s.I
tisafanc
ifuli
ma g
ea ndsugge
sti
veofKeats'sl
ovefor
nat
uralobj
ects
.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on
Whe nIha veFea rs"isabe auti
fulpo e
m byJ ohnKe atswhoi soneo fthemo s
tce le
brate
d
poetsoftheRo ma nti
cera.INt hispo e
m,hee xpress
eshi sfearabouthisearlydemi s
e.This
factaddstothec harmo fthispoemt hathea c
tual
lydieda tav eryyounga g
e.Int hisse
nse,
thi
spo emcontainsa nautobiographi
calturnaswe l
lasapr ophet
icel
e ment.Keat
si nher
ite
d
consumptio
na saf amil
ydi s
easea ndhef e
a r
edlesthes houlddiebefo r
eheha dputa l
lhis
ideasinhisversehewa sa na mbiti
ouspo etwhowa nt
e dtowr itegreatpoemsinal arge
numbe r.
Butdea thdidno tsparehimmuc ht i
mea ndhet o o
khi sambitio
nwihi m.

Inthispo em, Ke at
sexpres
se sthefearo fhisea rl
yde ath, Atthes amet i
me ,hede si
resto
composea sma nypo emsasma yf il
lpil
eso fboo k
s .Hewa ntst owrit
epo etryone veryaspe c
t
ofhuma nl if
ea ndc hara
cter
.Hewa ntshispe nt og l
eane ve rythoughtf r
om hi smi nda nd
putitont hepa perintheformo fverse.Hede sireshisa ntho l
ogie
st obepr eservedwi t
ha s
muc hcarea spl anterpres
erverssackso fgraininag rana ry.Hea ddr es
sesdiff
e r
ento bject
s
ofna t
urei nas orrowfulmo od.hef e
elsso r
rytha thewi llno tbea bl
et oloo ka tnight'
s
sta
rredfac ea ndc loudysymbo l
so fhi ghro manc e.hea lsoa ddress
e shisbe l
oveda saf ai
r
creat
ureo fanho ur.hefeel
sgr i
e ve
dwhe nhet hink st
ha thewi l
lno tbea bletos e
ehe ra nd
enjo
yhe rlovingc ompa nyaft
erhi sdeath.

Keatsfee
lsasifhewer
esta
ndingattheshoreo
ftheworldfr
o m wherehesee
shislove
andfames i
nkingitthese
a.Itshowsa not
hersi
deo fhi
sfear.hef e
arsl e
sthi
spo e
tic
compos
iti
onsshouldbefor
got
ten.Act
ually
,hewa nt
stobei mmo r
talthroughhi
sa r
to f
poet
ry.

8
7
The
me

-J
ohnKe atswasaromanti
cpoe
t.Thepoe
m WhenIha veFear
sisaboutthef
earso
fthe
poe
t.Keats
’ pa r
ent
sdie
dwhenhewa sver
yyoung.Theydi
edbecaus
eo fafat
aldi
seas
e
T.
B.Ke a
ts’elde
rbrot
heral
sodi
edyoungasapat
ientofT.
B.Hea l
sobecamepre
ytothi
s
di
seas
e.

Thethemeofthefearsofthepoe
tishisdi
sea
seT.
Bwhic
hwasi
ncur
ablei
nthos
eday
s.
Thepo e
te x
pres
sesma nyf e
arsinthi
spo e
m butthemos
tdomi
nat
ingfea
risthefe
arof
dea
th,hefel
tthathisdea
thwa simminent
.

Thepoetf
earst
hathewil
ldi
ev e
rysoo
nwi thoutwri
tingso
meuni quepo
emsofEngl
ish
li
ter
ature
.Hisbra
inisful
lofi
dea
sa ndthought
s.Hewa ntstoconve
rtthemint
obooksbut
hefearst
hathewil
ldi
ebefor
ewri
tinghi
sno bl
ea ndsubl
imeideas
.

“Whe
nIha
vef
ear
stha
tIma
yce
aset
obe

Be
for
emype
nha
sgl
eane
dmyt
eemi
ngbr
ain„

J
ohnKe at
sisas e
nsit
ivepoet
.Heisag r
eatl
ove
ro fnatur
albea
uty.Hewa ntst
oenjo
y
beaut
if
ulnig
htsfullofstar
sforal o
ngti
me .Thepo
etg et
sag re
atmindfullofide
as.His
imagi
nati
vethoughtsaresky-
hig
h.Thepoetlook
satthecloudswhi
chs ug
gesttohi
smind
subj
ect
scapa
bleofbe i
ngtre
a t
edromant
ica
lly.

“Whe
nIbe
hol
dupo
ntheni
ght
’ss
tar
redf
ace

Hug
ecl
oudys
ymbo
lso
fahi
ghr
oma
nce
”

Asat rueroma
nti
cl ove
r,Keat
sfeel
sdeli
ght
edi nsee
ingthefaceofhi sbel
ov e
d.
Tho ughheknowsthatl
ikethi
smort
alworl
dherbeaut
yisals
oshort
-l
ive
d.Hei ssadatthe
thoughtthataft
erhi
sdeathhewil
lnotbeabl
etofeasthi
seyeso
nt hefas
cina
tingfa
c eof
hisbe l
ove
d.

“Andwhe
nIf
eel
,fa
irc
rea
tur
eofa
nho
ur

Tha
tIs
hal
lne
verl
ookupo
nthe
emo
re”

Thepo e
tha sexpres
sedt hethemeo fde a
thi nthi
spo eminar omanticandpa the
t i
c
ma nner.Wea r
es hockeda ndmo v
eda tt hetragi
cde a
tho fthepo e
t.Hi searl
yde ath
deprive
dt heworldofag reatpoeto fprol
ifi
cideasandima g
inat
ions
.Wec ans aythatthe
poethastreate
dt hethemeofde at
hf ro
mape rso
nalpoi
nto fvi
ewbutheha stra
nsformedit
int
ot heg ener
alt r
agedyo fhuma ne xis
tence.Thereisac once
pto freg
reta nds a
dness
runningthepoem. I
tma kesussad.Blac
k

8
8
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Wha
tist
her
ealna
tur
eofKe
ats
’fe
ari
nWhe
nIHa
veFe
ars
?Wha
tar
e
J
ohnKeats
’fe
ars
?

Ans wer:-Thepoem Whe nIHa veFe a

rsisabe autif
ulso
nnet.Thiss
onnetha
sadi g
nif
ied
tone.Thepo et’sde s
iref o
rlifea ndhisfearsofde a
tharetrag
icandsor
rowful
.Thepoet
wa smadl yi
nfat
uatedwit habea utif
ulgi
rlFa nnyBrawnbutshedidnotpr
oper
lyappr
eci
ate
hisfeel
ingsandsenti
me nts.Thisuns ucces
sfullov
ebrokehishear
t.Hewasafr
a i
dofdea
th.
Inthispieceofar
t,heex pres
sedt hefol
lowingfears
.

Fi
rst
ly,
hewasanimagi
nat
ivepoe
t.Heha
dal o
tofromant
ici
dea
s.Heas
pir
edtowr
it
e
hi
sideasonpape
r.Buthewasaf
raidt
hathemig
htdiebe
for
ecomposi
ngt
hosei
dea
sinhis
po
ems .

Sec
ondl
y,hewant
edtowr i
teala
rgenumbe
ro fbo
oks.Inthos
ebooks,hei
nte
ndedto
prese
nthisownmenta
lphilo
sophy
.Heha dmat
urephil
osophyaboutl
if
e.Butduetothe
suddenappr
oacht
odeath,
hewo ul
dneve
rbeabl
etowri
tebo ok
s.

Thirdl
y,hes a
wc l
oudsinthes
ky.Hehaddis
covere
dane wbea
utyandwonderinthem.
Hewa nt
edtoe xpressromanti
cide
asaboutthec
loudsinhi
spoems.Buthewasa
f r
aidthat
hewouldneverbea bletowri
teashehadtempor
aryli
fe.

Fourthl
y,hewa sinpassi
onat
el o
vewi thabe aut
ifulgi
rl
.Hewa ntedtoenj
oythe
deli
ght
so flove
. Buthewa sa
frai
dthathisea
rlydeat
hwo ulds
epar
atehisbelov
edf
romhim.
Buthef e
ltthatbeautyandlovelo
setheiri
mpo r
tancewhenhewo ul
ds ta
rthisj
our
neyto
theete
r nalabo
de .

Quest
ionNo 2
:-Br
ief
lyde
scr
ibet
hepo
et’sv
ari
ousde
sir
eswhi
chhef
ear
swo
uldr
ema
in
unr
eali
zed.

Q:
-Wha
tist
hec
ent
rali
deao
rthe
meo
fthepo
em?

Q:
-Wha
tar
eKe
ats
’tho
ught
sabo
uthi
sownl
if
eandmo
rta
lit
y?

Answer:
-JohnKeatswasaroma nt
icpoe
t.Thepoe
mWhe nIha veFea
rsi
saboutt
hef
ears
ofthepoet.Keat
s’ parent
sdiedwhenhewa sver
yyoung.Theydi
edbeca
useofaf
atal
dis
eas
eT.B.Ke at
s’elde
rbrothe
ra l
sodi
edyoungasapat
ientofT.
B.Heal
sobeca
mepre
y
tothi
sdis
ease.

Thema incaus
eo ft
hefe
arsoft
hepo e
tishi
sdis
easeT.
Bwhic
hwa si
ncura
bleinthos
e
da
ys.Thepoetexpr
ess
esmanyfea
rsi
nthispoembutthemos
tdo
minat
ingfeari
sthefe
a ro
f
de
ath,hef
elttha
thisdeat
hwasimmine
nt.

8
9
 Thepoetf
earst
hathewil
ldi
ev e
rysoo
nwi thoutwri
tingso
meuni quepo
emsofEngl
ish
li
ter
ature
.Hisbra
inisful
lofi
dea
sa ndthought
s.Hewa ntstoconve
rtthemint
obooksbut
hefearst
hathewil
ldi
ebefor
ewri
tinghi
sno bl
ea ndsubl
imeideas
.

“Whe
nIha
vef
ear
stha
tIma
yce
aset
obe

Be
for
emype
nha
sgl
eane
dmyt
eemi
ngbr
ain„

J
ohnKe at
sisas e
nsit
ivepoet
.Heisag r
eatl
ove
ro fnatur
albea
uty.Hewa ntst
oenjo
y
beaut
if
ulnig
htsfullofstar
sforal o
ngti
me .Thepo
etg et
sag re
atmindfullofide
as.His
imagi
nati
vethoughtsaresky-
hig
h.Thepoetlook
satthecloudswhi
chs ug
gesttohi
smind
subj
ect
scapa
bleofbe i
ngtre
a t
edromant
ica
lly.

“Whe
nIbe
hol
dupo
ntheni
ght
’ss
tar
redf
ace

Hug
ecl
oudys
ymbo
lso
fahi
ghr
oma
nce
”

Asat rueroma
nti
cl ove
r,Keat
sfeel
sdeli
ght
edi nsee
ingthefaceofhi sbel
ov e
d.
Tho ughheknowsthatl
ikethi
smort
alworl
dherbeaut
yisals
oshort
-l
ive
d.Hei ssadatthe
thoughtthataft
erhi
sdeathhewil
lnotbeabl
etofeasthi
seyeso
nt hefas
cina
tingfa
c eof
hisbe l
ove
d.

“Andwhe
nIf
eel
,fa
irc
rea
tur
eofa
nho
ur

Tha
tIs
hal
lne
verl
ookupo
nthe
emo
re”

Thepo e
tha sexpres
sedt hethemeo fdeathint hi
spo eminar omanticandpa the
t i
c
ma nner.Wea r
es hockeda ndmo veda tthet ra
g i
cde a
tho fthepo e
t.Hi searl
yde ath
deprive
dt heworldofag reatpoetofproli
ficideasandima g
inat
ions
.Wec ans aythatthe
poethastreate
dt hethemeofde at
hf r
omape r
sonalpoi
nto fvi
ewbutheha stra
nsformedit
int
ot heg ener
alt r
agedyo fhuma ne xi
ste
nce.The reisac once
pto freg
reta nds a
dness
runningthepoem. I
tma kesussad.

Que
sti
onNo
3:-
Howr
eli
abl
eanddur
abl
ear
eLo
vea
ndFa
mei
nthee
yeso
fKe
ats
?

Q:
-Wha
tist
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
flo
vea
ndf
amei
nthel
if
eofadi
sea
sedpe
rso
n?

Ans wer:
-Thisisabe a
uti
fuls onnet
.Thepo etsayst
hathef eel
sgreatl
ygri
evedwhenhe
thinksthathema ydiebe fo
r eseeinga nde nj
oyi
nglif
ef ul
ly.Hema ydiebe f
oregiv
ing
expres
s i
ontoa l
lhi
sthoughts
.Hema yno tbea bl
etowinf a
met hroug
hhispo e
try
.Inthe
eyesofKe atsLoveandFa mea rev e
r yre
li
able.The
yha vegreatimport
anceforaliv
ing
personbutforade admant heya reo fnoimpo rt
anc
e.Thepo em WhenIHa veFearsisa
sonneto nde
a t
h.Hismindisfil
ledwi t
hma t
ureromanti
cthought
s.Buthisea
rlydeat
hma y
deprivehimofexpr
essi
nghisideastot heworl
d.

9
0
 Thepo ema l
sode athwit
ht hethemeo fl ovea ndbeauty.Bo t
hl o
vea ndbe autya rethe
favori
tet heme so fKe at
s’spo etry
.Bo ththet heme shavebe enpr e
sentedinma nyo fhis
otherpo emsl ik
eOdeo naGr a c
ianUr n,Odet oNi ghti
ngale,andEndy mion. Herebo t
ht he
theme sha vebe e
nt ouchedwitha nautobio
g raphictouch.Thepo etwa sma dinlo vewitha
beautifulgirlFannyBr awne.Butshedidno tpr operl
yapprecia
t ehi
sfeeli
ngsa ndsentiments
.
Thisuns uccessf
ullovebr o
kehishe a
rt.Thepo etcall
shisbelovedaf ai
rcreatureofa nhour.
Hef ea rstha thema ydiebeforeenjoyi
ngt hebl ess
ing
so fhisl oveandt hebe autyo fhis
beloved.Hef earsthathema ynotbea blet oc re
a t
epo et
rya ndlite
raturetohi sheart’s
content.

Whe nthepoet’smi ndiscrowdedwithmanypainfuldoubt

sa ndfe
arshes
tar
ts
t
hink
ingaboutet
ernit
y.Whe nhedevel
opsaunive
rsa
loutlook
,a tt
hatti
me,hi
sownli
fe
a
ndde a
th,f
ameandl ove
,loo
kquit
er i
dic
ulo
usanduni
mpo r
tanttohi
m.

Acc
ordingtot hepoet
,lovea ndfamearesho
rt-
li
veda ndtemporar
ywhe nheviews
themsta
ndingo nthesho
reo fet
ernit
y.Hefee
lst
hatlov
ea ndfameha v
enoimport
ancefor
ama nabouttodie.Hebel
ievest
ha tl
if
eaft
erdea
thispermanent
.Inthi
sway,heove
rco
me s
hisf
earofdeath.

Que
sti
onNo
4:-Di
scus
sthepo
emWhe
nIHa
veFe
arsa
sar
oma
nti
cpo
em.

Answer:
-Inthispoem,WhenIHaveFe
arsthepo
ettell
susabouthisper
sonalf
earofdea
th.
Keatshasexpr
e s
sedhi
sfea
rstha
themaydiebef
oregivi
ngsha
pet ohiside
asinhist
eeming
br
ain.Subj
ecti
vit
yisanel
ementofr
omanti
cpoet
ry.Thepoe
tsays:

“Whe
nIha
vef
ear
stha
tIma
yce
aset
obe

Be
for
emype
nha
sgl
eane
dmyt
eemi
ngbr
ain”

Thepoetha
spr e
sente
dv ar
iouseleme
ntsofnatur
einthispoe
m.Het
ell
susabo
utnight
whic
hi sful
lofst
a r
sa ndclo
udst hathav
ediffe
rentsha
pes.Thesce
neo
fthesk
yi shi
ghly
ro
ma nti
c.Thepoetwantstoenj
oyt hi
sbeaut
if
ulele
mentofna t
ure
.

Asatruer
omanti
clover
,hef e
elsdel
ight
edinsee
ingthefac
eo fhi
sbel
ove
d.Heal
soenj
oys
hi
ssweetc
ompany.Butheissada tthetho
ughtthataft
erhisdea
thhewil
lno
tbeableto
fe
asthi
sey
esonthefas
cina
tingfaceofhi
sbelo
ved.

Thelasttwolinesofthepo emareag oodexampleoftheroma nti

ca t
ti
tudetoli
fe.
He re
thepoetpasse
sfromt hepa rt
icul
artotheuniv
ersalt
rut
ho fli
fe.Thepe rs
onalfr
ustr
ati
ono f
thepoetistransfor
me di nt
ot hegenera
ltragedyofhuma ne x
istence.Therei
sano t
eo f
sadnes
sa ndr eg
retr unningthroug
ht hepo e
m.Thepo etpres
e ntsdeatha sthegreat
est
dist
res
so fhuma nl i
fet hatfrus
trat
esa l
lhuma na mbit
ionsandl a
yswa steallval
uable
huma ncapabil
it
ies.

9
1
 Subje
cti
vefee
li
ngs,loveofna t
ure
,andmoodoft
hepoeti
ndi
cat
ethati
tisar
omant
ic
poem.Ly r
ici
sm,pic
tori
alqua l
it
y,romant
ica
tmos
pher
e,a
ndsadsenti
ment
saret
hemai
n
fe
aturesandqual
iti
esofthispoem.

Que
sti
onNo5:
Wha
tar
etheKe
atst
houg
hta
bouthi
sownl
if
eandmo
ral
it
y?

Answe r
:-Inthispoem,”WHENIHAVEFEARS ”t her
eareseve
ralthemes,
whic
ha refea
r
ofde a
th,fea
ro fl
oss,
themeo ftemporar
yo fl
if
e,l
oveandbea
uty,
themeo fshor
tli
ved.
Butthe
mo s
tpr ominentthemei sthatfe a
rofde at
h,i
trunsthr
ougho
utt hepo e
m.Thepo e
tha sa
greatfearabouthisdeath.
Hebe comesveryupse
t,
whenheknowsthathislif
eist
oosho r
the
cannotliveanymo reduetos e
riousdi
seas
e.

Hei say o
ungAme ricanpoet.
Hebe c
ome stov ic
timav erydangerousdis
ease.
Hek nows
thathewi l
ldieso
on.Hek nowst hatdeathisa pproachi
ngt owardhim.Hebe comesverydis
-
heartabouthishealt
h.Hewa ntstolivemo r
el if
e .
Hebe hoovestowritehispoi
nto fvie
wo n
thepaperbuthec annotdos o.
Hewi shestoseet heroma nt
icscene
so fthelove
lycloudsand
sky.Hewa ntstoenjoyhisbeautif
ulg i
rlfr
iendbe auty,
andhe rbeauti
fuleyes.
Buthek nows
verywellthatheha snoe noughtimef orthis.
Hebe co
me sverymuc hups e
tha v
ingk nown
thatli
feistoomuchs hor
t.Hebe comesv e
rydis a
ppo i
ntedtos e
ehisconditi
on.

Heha sv ari
o usideasabo utli
fea ndwa nt
st owritet
hemo npa pers,
heknowst hathis
belov
edi sverymuc hbe autiful,
shelooksli
k eangelbuteve
rythingi spre
sent,
yethisli
feis
notpresent,
hislifeg oi
ngt of ara wayhim. ’Thet hemefearo floss” emergeswhe nhe
thi
nksa bouthi sbeloveds eparati
on.Hedo esnotwa nttoa pa
rtf rom hislo
verra t
herhe
wantstol i
vewi thhe rforev
e r.Becausehislov
erist oomuchbea uti
ful
.”The meo fbeauty
“a ppearsint hispo em “WHEN IHAVE FEARS ” wheneverhes ugges
tsthatlifeis
awesome ,
hea lsot alksa bouti tsbe aut
y,hena rra
testhatthisuni ver
seha sbe auti
ful
sta
rs,
clo
uds ,
nightsa nds ky,thatsk ya l
lt hetimef il
lswit
hs ta r
swhi ch makesav ery
wonderfulsce
neo nt hesky.

Thethemeo ft e
mpo rar
yo fl
ifecanbesee nwhenhek nowsthatallthethingsofour
eartho nedaywilldestroy
.Therei
snope rmanentst
ayint hi
swo r
ldt
henher e
ali
zesthathe
shouldo nl
ythinka boutnextworl
d.Thenhisideast
urno utbeinnewone .
Heha sgreatand
ma turebeli
efonde ath.Heknowsthatoneday,hewil
ldieandGo dwil
lgivehimo nene wor
continuousli
fe.Wec a n’tstayinthisworl
df oralongtime.
Oneda ythec hai
no fbreat
hs
willbebr o
ken.

I
nt hispoe
m,thepo e
tisworr
iedabouthi
shealt
h,hi
sshort
nes
so fli
fe,
hislo
v erbeauty
whichgoingtodestroy.Whenher ea
liz
eshimse
lfst
andingtheshoreofe ndo flif
e.
Tha t
beaut
yo flif
estar
tingtolossi
tsimport
ancebef
orehiseyes
.Andhes t
artstothinka bout
et
ernit
ythenhisfe
a rofdeat
hendsbyit.
Hehasastr
ongfearofdeat
h.Hek nowsthatallthe

9
2
t
hing
soft
hewor
ldonedaywil
lfi
nis
h.So,itbec
omesc
leart
hatthi
spoem “WHEN I
HAVEFEARS
” hasse
ver
alt
hemesi
nits
elfbutt
hedo
minantt
hemeisf
earo
fdea
th.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Wha
tist
her
ealna
tur
eofKe
ats
’fe
ari
nWhe
nIHa
veFe
ars
?

Q:
-Wha
tar
eJo
hnKe
ats
’fe
ars
?

Ans wer:-Thepo emWhe nIHa v eFearsi

sabe a
uti
fulsonnet
.Thiss
onnethasadig
nif
ied
tone.Thepo et’sde s
ireforli
fea ndhisfear
sofdeatharetragi
candsor
rowful
.Thepoet
wa smadlyinfat
uatedwithabe autif
ulgi
rlFannyBra
wnbuts hedidnotpr
oper
lyappr
eci
ate
hisfeel
ingsandsenti
me nt
s.Thisuns uc
cess
full
ovebrokehishear
t.Hewasafr
a i
dofdea
th.
Inthispie
ceo far
t,heexpress
edt hefol
lowi
ngfear
s.

Fir
stl
y,hewasanimagi
nat
ivepoe
t.Hehadalo
to fr
oma nt
ici
dea
s.Heas
pir
edtowr
it
e
hi
side
asonpa pe
r.Buthewasa
frai
dthathemig
htdiebefo
recomposi
ngt
hos
eidea
sinhis
po
ems.

Sec
ondl
y,hewant
edtowr i
tealar
genumbero fbo
oks.Inthos
ebooks
,heint
endedto
prese
nthisownmenta
lphilo
sophy.Heha dmatur
ephil
osophyaboutl
if
e.Butduetothe
suddenappr
oacht
odeath,
hewo ul
dneverbeabl
etowri
tebooks.

Thir
dly
,hesawclo
udsinthesky
.Heha ddi
scove
redanewbea
utyandwo
nderi
nthem.
Hewant
edtoexpr
essromant
icide
asaboutthec
loudsinhi
spoe
ms.Buthewasa
fra
idthat
hewo
uldneve
rbeablet
owr i
teashehadtempor
aryli
fe.

Fourt
hly,hewa sinpass
iona
telov
ewithabe auti
fulg
irl
.Hewa nte
dtoe nj
oythe
deli
ghtsoflov
e .Buthewasa
frai
dthathi
sea
rlydeat
hwo ul
dsepa
rat
ehisbel
ove
dfromhim.
Buthef el
ttha tbeaut
yandlovelo
sethe
iri
mpo r
tancewhenhewouldst
arthi
sjo
urneyto
theeter
nalabo de.

Quest
ionNo7:
-Br
ief
lyde
scr
ibet
hepo
et’sv
ari
ousde
sir
eswhi
chhef
ear
swo
uldr
ema
in
unr
eali
zed.

Q:
-Wha
tist
hec
ent
rali
deao
rthe
meo
fthepo
em?

Q:
-Wha
tar
eKe
ats
’tho
ught
sabo
uthi
sownl
if
eandmo
rta
lit
y?

Answer
:-J
ohnKeatswasaroma nt
icpoet.ThepoemWhe nIha veFearsi
saboutt
hef
ear
s
ofthepoet
.Keat
s’ parent
sdiedwhe nhewa sv
eryyo
ung .Theydie
dbe ca
useofaf
ata
l
di
seas
eT.B.Ke
ats
’e lde
rbrothe
ralsodie
dy oungasapat
ientofT.B.

Hea l
sobecamepr eytot hisdi
seas
e.Thema i
ncauseofthefear
so fthepoetishi
s
dis
easeT.
Bwhi c
hwa sincurableint
hosedays
.Thepoetex
pres
sesmanyfearsi
nthispoem
butthemostdo
mi na
tingfea
ri sthef
earofde
ath,
hefel
tthathi
sdeat
hwa simmine
nt.

9
3
 Thepoetf
earst
hathewil
ldi
ev e
rysoo
nwi thoutwri
tingso
meuni quepo
emsofEngl
ish
li
ter
ature
.Hisbra
inisful
lofi
dea
sa ndthought
s.Hewa ntstoconve
rtthemint
obooksbut
hefearst
hathewil
ldi
ebefor
ewri
tinghi
sno bl
ea ndsubl
imeideas
.

“Whe
nIha
vef
ear
stha
tIma
yce
aset
obe

Be
for
emype
nha
sgl
eane
dmyt
eemi
ngbr
ain”

J
ohnKe at
sisas e
nsit
ivepoet
.Heisag r
eatl
ove
ro fnatur
albea
uty.Hewa ntst
oenjo
y
beaut
if
ulnig
htsfullofstar
sforal o
ngti
me .Thepo
etg et
sag re
atmindfullofide
as.His
imagi
nati
vethoughtsaresky-
hig
h.Thepoetlook
satthecloudswhi
chs ug
gesttohi
smind
subj
ect
scapa
bleofbe i
ngtre
a t
edromant
ica
lly.

”Whe
nIbe
hol
dupo
ntheni
ght
’ss
tar
redf
ace

Hug
ecl
oudys
ymbo
lso
fahi
ghr
oma
nce
.”

Asatrueromanti
clo
ver,Ke
atsfe
elsdel
ig
htedi
ns e
eingthefaceofhi
sbelov
e d.Though
heknowsthatl
ikethi
smort
alworl
dhe rbe
autyisa
lsoshort
-li
ved.Heissadatthethought
tha
tafte
rhisde at
hhewi l
lnotbea blet
of ea
sthiseyeso nthefasci
nati
ngfa c
eo fhis
bel
ove
d.

“Andwhe
nIf
eel
,fa
irc
rea
tur
eofa
nho
ur

Tha
tIs
hal
lne
verl
ookupo
nthe
emo
re”

Thepoethasexpr
ess
edt hethemeo fdeat
hi nthi
spoeminar o
ma nt
ica
ndpathe
tic
manner.Weareshock
eda ndmo vedatt hetra
gicdeat
ho fthepoet
.Hisear
lydeat
h
de
priv
edthewor
ldofagreatpoetofpro
lif
icide
asandimagi
nat
ions
.

Wecansaythatthepoethast
reate
dthethemeofde
athf
romape r
sonalpoi
ntofvie
w
buthehast
ransf
o r
me di
tintothege
neralt
ragedyo
fhumanex
ist
enc
e.Thereisaconc
eptof
reg
reta
ndsadnessrunni
ngthepoem.Itmakesussad.

Que
sti
onNo8
:-Ho
wre
li
abl
eanddur
abl
ear
eLo
vea
ndFa
mei
nthee
yeso
fKe
ats
?

Q:
-Wha
tist
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
flo
vea
ndf
amei
nthel
if
eofadi
sea
sedpe
rso
n?

Answer
:-Thisi
sabe a
utif
ulsonne
t.Thepoe
tsaysthathefeel
sgr
eat
lygri
eve
dwhenhe
t
hinksthathemaydiebe fo
reseei
ngandenjo
yingli
feful
ly
.Hema ydiebefor
egi
ving
ex
pres
siontoal
lhi
sthoug
hts.Hemaynotbea
bletowinfa
met hr
oug
hhispo
etry
.

Intheey
esofKeat
sLoveandFameareveryre
li
able
.Theyhaveg
reati
mport
ancef
ora
l
ivi
ngpers
onbutforadea
dma ntheyar
eo fnoimpor
tance
.ThepoemWhe nIHaveFears
i
sas o
nnetondeat
h.Hismindi
sfil
le
dwithma t
ureromant
ictho
ught
s.Buthi
searl
ydeat
h

9
4
ma
yde
pri
vehi
mofe
xpr
ess
inghi
side
ast
othewo
rld.

Thepoemals
odea
thwit
hthethemeoflo
v ea
ndbe auty
.Bo thl
oveandbeaut
yar
ethe
f
avori
tet
hemesofKeat
s’spoe
try
.Boththethe
me shavebe e
nprese
ntedinmanyofhi
s
o
therpoe
msli
keOdeonaGrac
ianUrn,OdetoNight
ing
a l
e,andEndymion.

Herebot
ht hethemeshavebeentouchedwit
ha na ut
obiog
raphictouch.Thepoetwa
s
madinlov
ewi thabe aut
if
ulgi
rlFannyBr awne.Butshedidno tpro
pe r
lyappre
cia
tehi
s
f
eel
ing
sandsenti
me nt
s.Thi
sunsuc
ces
sfullo
v ebr
okehishear
t.

Thepo etc
all
shisbel
ovedafaircr
eat
ureofanhour
.Hefea
rsthathema ydi
ebe
fore
e
njoy
ingtheble
ssi
ngsofhi
sloveandthebe
autyofhi
sbel
ove
d.Hefe
a r
sthathemaynotbe
a
bletocr
e a
tepoet
ryandli
ter
atur
etohishear
t’scont
ent
.

Whenthepoet
’smi ndiscrowdedwithma nypainf
uldoubt
sa ndfe
arshes
tar
ts
t
hink
ingaboute
ter
nit
y.Whe nhedevel
opsaunive
r s
aloutl
ook
,a tt
hatti
me,hi
sownli
fe
a
ndde a
th,f
ameandlove
,lo
okquit
eridi
cul
ousandunimport
anttohi
m.

Accordi
ngt othepoet
,lov
ea ndfameareshor
t-l
ivedandtempora
rywhe nheviews
themsta
ndingo nthesho
reofeter
nit
y.Hefee
lst
hatlov
ea ndfamehavenoimport
ancefor
ama nabouttodie.Hebel
ie
vesthatl
if
eaft
erdea
thispermanent
.Int
hisway
, heove
rco
me s
hisf
earofdeath.

Que
sti
onNo9
:-Di
scus
sthepo
emWhe
nIHa
veFe
arsa
sar
oma
nti
cpo
em.

Answer:
-Inthispoem,WhenIHaveFe
arsthepo
ettell
susabouthisper
sonalf
earofdea
th.
Keatshasexpr
e s
sedhi
sfea
rstha
themaydiebef
oregivi
ngsha
pet ohiside
asinhist
eeming
br
ain.Subj
ecti
vit
yisanel
ementofr
omanti
cpoet
ry.Thepoe
tsays:

“Whe
nIha
vef
ear
stha
tIma
yce
aset
obe

Be
for
emype
nha
sgl
eane
dmyt
eemi
ngbr
ain”

Thepoetha
spr e
sente
dv ar
iouseleme
ntsofnatur
einthispoe
m.Het
ell
susabo
utnight
whic
hi sful
lofst
a r
sa ndclo
udst hathav
ediffe
rentsha
pes.Thesce
neo
fthesk
yi shi
ghly
ro
ma nti
c.Thepoetwantstoenj
oyt hi
sbeaut
if
ulele
mentofna t
ure
.

Asatruero
ma nt
iclove
r,hefeel
sdeli
ghtedinseeingthef
aceofhi
sbel
ove
d.Heals
o
e
njoy
shiss
weetcompany.Butheissadatthet houghttha
ta f
terhi
sde
athhewil
lno
tbe
a
bletof
eas
thisey
esonthefasc
ina
tingfa
ceo fhi
sbe l
oved.

Thelas
ttwolinesofthepoemareag o
ode x
ampl eo
ftheromanti
catt
itudetol
if
e.Her
e
t
hepoetpass
esfr
o mthepa r
ti
cul
artotheuni
versalt
rut
hofli
fe.Theper
sonalfr
ust
rat
iono
f
t
hepoeti
strans
formedintothege
nera
ltrage
dyo fhumanexi
st
ence.

9
5
 Ther
eisanot
eo fsadnessandre
gretr
unningthro
ug hthepo
em.Thepo
e tpr
esent
sdeat
h
a
sthegrea
tes
tdi
stres
so fhuma nl
if
ethatfr
ustr
atesallhumanambi
ti
onsandlayswast
eall
v
aluabl
ehumancapabil
iti
es.

Subj
ect
ivefe
eli
ngs,l
oveofnatur
e,a
ndmo odo
fthepoeti
ndic
atetha
titisar
omant
ic
poem.Lyr
ici
sm,pic
tori
alqual
it
y,romant
ica
tmos
pher
e,a
nds adsent
iment
saret
hemai
n
fe
atur
esandquali
ti
esofthi
spoem.

1
8.Kubl
akha
n

ByS
.T.
Col
eri
dge
S
umma
ry

Co l
eri
dgewa sag r
eatr omanticpo e
t.heha dgreatpowerofimagi
nat
ionI n1779,hewa s
readi
ngthebo o
k" Purcha'sPil
grimage".Thebookhadac hapt
eronavoya g
etoChi na
.The
poetfel
la s
leepduringthec ours
eo fre
adingthebook.Whenhewoke,hewr o
tethi
spo e
m. In
thispoem,t hepo e
tus esag reatimagi
na ti
on.Thepoettel
lsust
hatKubl aKha nwa sthe
kingofChi na.Heo r
deredhi sme ntobui l
daplaceforhiminanima g
inarycit
yXa nadu.
Thepa lacewa sami racleofr aredevi
c e
.Itcover
edana re
ao ft
enmi l
es.Itwasencirc
led
withwa l
lsandt owers
.

Thesacr
edrive
rAlphr anbyi t.Itflowedt hroughc ave
sthatwe r
eimme asurable.the
palac
ea l
socont
ainedgardens.Thebr i
ghts t
re a
msr a
nt hroughthosegardens.The rewe re
tre
esthatwerel
adenwithf ragr
a ntflowe r
s.Thes it
ewa senci
rcl
edbyf or
e s
tsa sanc i
enta s
thehil
ls
.Ital
socontai
neds unnys potso fgre
e nery
.Thepa l
acehado newo nderfulthing.It
wastheromanti
cchasmtha tslopeddo wnt heg ree
nhi l
l.Itwasshel
teredbyac oveo ftrees
.
Theplacewasholyandenc hanted.Apo werfulfountainflowedfro
mt hatr oma nti
cc ha s
m
Itfl
owedwithgr
eatforc
e.itseeme da sifthee ar
thwe reha vi
ngheavybreaths.Thewa terof
thi
sfounta
inspr
angupwi thg r
ea tfo
r ce
.

Theforcef
ulwa te
rthrewa wayhuges tonesintheair
.I tpres
entedthesamesc e
nea s
thehail
sreboundingafte
rstri
kingtheearth.Ther o
c k
sa r
o undthefountainsee
medt obe
danci
ngduet ot hemo vementofwa t
er.Theho l
yriverAlphr anthrougha nareao ften
mile
s.Itpa
ssedthroughthevall
eyandthefo r
e s
tsinazigz
agma nner
.Itals
opa s
sedthrough
cave
simme asurabletoma nFinall
y,itsanki ntoal i
fel
esso c
eanpr oduc
eds t
rangeno i
se
whenitenter
edthes e
a

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Kubl
akhanbyS.
T.Cole
ridgei
sthebes
tex
ampleo
fpurei
mag
ina
tiv
epo e
try
.Col
eri
dgewas
oneofthecel
ebr
ate
d po e
tsoft heRomant
icera
.Hewa sdeepl
yfasci
nat
ed bythe

9
6
met
aphysi
caland superna
turalele
ments
.I nthispo
em,hema kesgood us
eo fhis
i
magina
tio
na ndta
kesthereader
sintoaworl
dfullo
fmyst
ery
.Hi
sna
rrat
ioni
ssopower
ful
t
hatisi
mpell
edtoawill
ingsuspe
nsi
onofdis
bel
ief
.

Col
eridg
eg ive
sade tai
le
dde sc
ript
iono fKublak ha
n’spl e
asur
edo me.Itwasgot
c
onst
ructe
df i
nt hes a
credlando fXa na
dowhe r
et hesacre
dri
verAlph,hav
ingfl
owed
t
hro
ug hmeasurel
esscave
sfall
sint
oas unl
esss
ea.Thispl
easur
edo
mec ove
rsanare
aoffi
ve
s
quaremile
s.Iti
sfullofgar
denswhichshi
newiththewate
ro f

wi
ndings
tre
amsTher
earet
ree
sandpla
ntsde
ckedwithf
ragr
antf
lowe
rsi
nthi
sga
rde
nThi
s
pl
eas
uredomec
onta
inss
uchfo
res
tsa
sa r
eanci
entl
ikehi
ll
s.

Thereisac has
ma c
rossag r
eenhil
lthatfasci
nat
e sthepo et
.Itisapl a
cewhe rea
dis
tra
ctedma idenmus t
.Ha vewail
edfo
rhe rdemon-lover.Ame as
urel
essspri
ngsprouts
fr
omt hischas
ma nditloo
ksa si
fthee
arthwerebreat
hinghe a
v i
lyasthewa t
ercomeso ut
ofit
.Kublak ha nli
st
enstothevoic
eofhisance
stor
sint hi
sjumbleo fvar
ioussounds,His
ances
tralv
o i
ceswa nhi
mo fimpendi
ngwars.
Itaddstothesupernatur
alimpactofthepoem.

The
me

KublaKha n” be ginsbya nnouncingthatiti

sapo e
ma bout“pleasure.
”I tproposesto
desc
ribetheMo ngollea
der’ss umme rpalac
e,alongwi thalli
tsluxuri
ous—a nd,forthe
speaker
,e x
o t
ic—ple a
sures
.Ho wever,thepoems oont akesac uri
oust ur
n.I nst
eado f
desc
ribi
ngsumpt uousdecorati
onso rbri
lli
antj
ewels
, i
tfo c
usesmai
nlyo ntheri
v e
rthatruns
thr
oug htheg roundso fthepa l
ace.Wha t’smo r
e,i nst
eadofde s
c r
ibi
ngt hatrive
ri n
ple
asantterms,i
to f
tenfocusesonther i
ver’sv i
ole
nte nergy
.

Thro
ug ht
he sedes
cript
ions
,“KublaKha n” sugges
tsthatpleas
ureandbea
utya r
e
nei
thersi
mpleno runcompli
cate
d.Ra
the
r,thepoems howsthatple
asureandbe
autycome
fr
omt hec o
nfl
ic
tbe twe
e nopposi
ngf
orc
es—a ndtha
tt heyalwayscontai
nsomedegr
eeof
vi
olenceandugl
iness
.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
.1:
-Pi
cko
uta
llt
hea
lli
ter
ati
onsi
nthepo
em.

Ans we r:
-Thef ol
lowingaretheall
it
erat
ionus
edbyt hepoetint
hepoem:Pl
eas
ure-
dome
dec
ree ,thesacre
dr iv
er an,me as
ure
les
st oman,sunle
ss-
sea,wi
thwall
s,s
unnyspot
s,a
mightyf ount
ainmo me nt
ly,mazymo t
ionmeasur
e,damselwithdul
ci
mer,s
ymphonyand
so
ng ,deepdeli
ght,l
ouda ndlong
.

Que
sti
onNo
.2:
-Wha
tpur
pos
edot
hes
ese
rvei
nthepo
em?

9
7
Ans
wer
:-The
sea
lli
ter
ati
onss
erv
ethef
oll
owi
ngpur
pos
es:
-

The
ycr
eat
emus
ica
lit
yfo
rther
eade
r’se
ars
.

The
ycr
eat
ethepi
ctur
eint
her
eade
r’smi
nd.

The
yma
keupal
inkbe
twe
ent
hemi
nda
ndt
hema
ini
deao
fthepo
et.

The
ygi
ves
oli
dit
yandr
eal
it
ytot
her
oma
nti
cide
as.

Que
sti
onNo
.3:
-Di
scus
s“ Kubl
aKha
n”a
sar
oma
nti
cpo
em.

Answer:
-Thepo e
m “Kubl aKha n” isar omanti
cpoem;the
reisnodo ubta boutit
.But
be
forethatwema ydisc
ussi
ta saromanti
cpoemi ts
eemsfi
tfi
rstt
ok no
wa stowha ti
sthe
de
fini
ti
ono fro
ma nti
cis
m.Itisnotane a
sytasktoperf
orm.Uptil
lnownope r
s o
no rcri
ti
c
haspre
sente
dapr ec
iseandconci
sedef
ini
tio
no ft
hewo r
dsromanti
candroma ntici
sm.

Butitiswi
del
yrecogni
zedt
hatift
hepo
em ha
sthefol
lowi
ngel
ementsini
ts
elft
hen
s
uchapoemc anbeca
lle
dar omant
icpo
emandi
tswri
tert
heromant
icpo
et.Theel
ement
s
a
reasfo
llow:
-

Ar
oma
nti
cpo
emi
sal
way
sahi
ghl
ype
rso
nalpo
em.

I
tgi
vess
tra
nges
hapet
othepi
ctur
eors
cenet
hati
sco
mmo
nlyr
eco
gni
zed.

I
tco
nsi
st
soft
hei
mag
ina
tio
nsa
nddr
eamwo
rldc
rea
tedbyt
hepo
et.

I
tisa
bouta
nunr
eala
ndunbe
li
eva
blewo
rld,

I
tismo
stl
yabo
utna
tur
e.

I
tsho
wswo
rldo
fvi
ll
agepe
opl
e.

I
tsl
ang
uag
eispo
eti
candde
cor
ati
ve.

Nowletusdisc
ussthepo emint helig
hto fthea bovepoint sandt oexplai
nthat
whethe
rthepoemi sar omanticpoemo rno t
.Nodo ubt,thepo emc ons
is
tso fhig
hly
per
sonalv
iewsoft
hepo et
,aboutce
rta
inf a
ctsandfi
g ure
s,sc
enesa ndpe r
sonsinthepoem.
Henceiti
sar o
ma nt
icpoem.Thepo ethasshownv erystr
angesce nesinthepo e
m which
werere
almaybeaccor
dingtoKublaKha n.Se
etheli
ne si
nthisre
spe ct:
-

“Whe
rebl
oss
ome
dma
yane
-be
ari
ngt
ree
,

Andhe
rewe
ref
ore
stsa
nci
enta
sthehi
ll
s,

Enf
oldi
ngs
unnys
pot
sofg
ree
ner
y.”

9
8
 Thir
dly
,thepo
emi
sani
mag
ina
rya
nddr
eam-
li
kepi
eceo
fli
ter
atur
etha
tsho
wsi
tasa
r
omant
icpoem.

Four
thly,Col
eri
dgeha
sS hownanunr
eala
ndunbe
li
eva
blewo
rldi
nthi
spo
emt
hat
r
eader
sthispoemasaromant
icpoe
m.

Fi
ft
hly,i
tismo
stl
yabo
utna
tur
eandi
tsma
nif
est
ati
ons
.Se
ethel
ine
sbe
lowi
nthi
s
c
onnec
tio
n:-

“The
nre
ache
dthec
ave
rnsme
asur
ele
sst
oma
n,

Ands
anki
ntumul
ttoal
if
ele
sso
cea
n.”

Thelang
uageoft
hepoemi sal
sov e
rydig
nifi
ed.S
eethefol
lowi
ngli
nesi
nthisr
espe
ct:
-
“Ca v
ernsmeas
ure
les
stoma n,li
fel
essoce
an,do meofple
asure
,mingl
edme a
sure
,fer
til
e
g
roundetc
.Theabo
veallr
efe
rence
spro v
ethatthepoe
misar omant
icpoe
m.

Que
sti
onNo4:
-Ma
keac
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
enTa
rta
rya
ndXa
ndu.
.or

wr
it
eno
tec
ompa
eingTa
rta
rya
ndXa
nadu.

Ans wer
:-“Ta rt
ary” and“Xa nadu” arebothuns
ubs
tanti
al(unre
al)andi magi
nary
places
.Tarta
ryisimagi
nedandinvente
dbyWa lt
erDeLeMa r
e,where
asXa naduispure
ly
thec r
eati
ono fS.
TCo l
eri
dge’si magi
nati
on.Bot
hthe
sei
ma gi
naryandf a
r -
offromant
ic
landsarever
ybeauti
ful
lyandde
ftlydrawn.

Boththe
sedis
tant
,imaginarya
ndromanti
cla
ndsa r
ereple
tewit
hthenatur
al,be
auti
ful
,
c
harming,att
rac
tiv
e,capti
va t
ingandromant
icsig
hts.Botha r
efulloftheflo
wersand
g
reene
ry.Bothhavebea ut
if
ula ndcha
rmingvall
eys
,hill
s,dale
s(val
le
ys)
,lake
s,str
eams,
r
ive
rs,andso+on.

Ta r
tar
yis,however,alandofpeace,t
ranquil
it
yandc ompl
etesi
lence
.Ont heothe
r
hand,Xa nadu hasg r
eatno i
seandt umulta ndseemst obeapi eceo fl a
ndr athe
r
super
na t
ural
,plac
ea bovetheappr
oacho fhuma nbei
ngs.Bot
hthelands,thatis
,Tartar
y
anda du,ar
eindeedric
h,fert
il
eandca
pt i
vati
ng.Bothareararec
reat
ionofi magi
nati
onof
thei
rrespec
tiv
ecreat
or(poet)
.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Di
scus
sKubl
aKha
nasar
oma
nti
cpo
em.

Q:
-Di
scus
sthepo
ema
saf
ant
asy
.

Answer
:-ThepoemKublaKha nisregar
dedasthemas
ter
piec
eofromanti
cpoetr
y .Itta
kes
usint
ot heimagi
nar
yla ndofXa nadu.It
sbeautya
ndg ra
ndeurareunma t
ched.I ti
sa
bea
uti
ful,r
ich,
andfe
rti
lelandf
ullofunhear
d-o
funse
endeli
ght.
Thepoetsee
sinhi sdream

9
9
t
hatKublaKhanha
sor
der
edt
obui
ldhi
sgr
andpa
lac
e.I
twa
ssi
tua
tedwhe
ret
hes
acr
ed
r
ive
rAlphfl
owe
d.

“I
nXa
nadudi
dKubl
aKha
n

As
tat
elypl
eas
ure
-do
mede
cre
e”

Lik
ea l
lotherg re
atromanti
cpoets
,Cole
ridg
eisal
soalove
rofna t
ure.
Thepa l
aceofKubl
a
Khani ss
ur r
o undedbyhill
sandg r
eenspots
.TheworldofXanaduisreal
lyful
lofgree
n
spot
s.The
r eisnobo unda
ryoftheare
a,nooppos
it
ion,
nowo r
rie
s,andcar
es.

“Andt
her
ewe
ref
ore
stsa
nci
enta
sthehi
ll
s

Enf
oldi
ngs
unnys
pot
sofg
ree
ner
y”

Agai
n,t
otakeanotherexa
mpleo ftheromanti
cel
eme
nt,amidt
hetumulttha
tt he
Al
phma k
eswhi
les
ink
ingintoasel
fl
essoc
e a
n,KublaKha
nheardf
romfarAnc
est
ralvoi
ces
pr
ophe
syi
ngwar
.

Thedreamyatmos
phereandthewil
dnatur
a ls
cene
rygi
veatouchofr
oma nc
etothi
s
poe
m.Thi sro
ma ncebe
comess ochar
mingwiththeme l
odyoft
hey o
unggirl
.Ittak
esus
awayfro
mt hefeve
randfre
to fthere
alworl
d.Andwef i
ndours
elv
esent
ere
dintoama gi
c
worl
d.

“Ada
mse
lwi
thadul
ci
mer

I
nav
isi
ono
nceIs
aw”

Thepoe
m KublaKhanhassomephr as
est ha
tco
llec
tive
lygi
vetheat
mos
phe
reo
fthe
worl
dofenc
hantment
.Thecav
ernsmeasurel
esstoman,sunl
esss
ea,andawo
manwai
li
ng
fo
rherdemon-
lov
erar
ethebe
autif
ulphr
a s
es.

Refe
rencetodist
antl
andsandf
ar-
offpl
ace
se mpha
siz
et hero
manceofKubl
aKha
n,
Xa
na du,Alph,
Mo untAbo
rabel
ongt
othegeo
graphyofr
oma nti
cat
mosphe
re.

Ther
ea resupe
rna
tura
lo cc
urrenc
es,ref
ere
nce
st oremo t
etimes
,myst
ery,aes
the
tic
i
mages
,andtheideaofpoet
iccreat
ivi
tythati
sar omanti
cconce
ptofpo
e t
ry.Sowecan
c
onc
ludetha
tthepoemisaple
asantmixtur
eofimag
inat
ion,fa
ntas
y,a
ndromance.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Wr
it
eano
teo
nthes
ple
ndo
rofKubl
aKha
n’sc
our
t.

Q:
-Wr
it
eano
teo
nthepl
eas
uredo
mebui
ltbyKubl
a.

Answe
r:-Kubl
aKhanwastheMongo
le mpe
rori
nthe13t
hc e
ntury.Hewa
sfamousinhi
s
co
untr
y.Inthi
spo
em,Co
ler
idgeha
sdrawnanimag
ina
rypi
ctur
eo fKubl
aKhan’scourto
f

1
00
pl
eas
uredo
me.

KublaKhanhador
der
edasplendi
dpal
acet
obebuil
tonthebanko
ftheri
verAl
ph,s
o
t
enmi l
esofgr
oundwereencl
ose
dwi thhug
ewa l
lsa
ndt ower
s.Thepal
acewa sf
ullof
f
lowe
rsandswe
et-
smel
li
ngpl
ants
.

Butthemostbe
autif
ulthi
ngwast
hedee
pc hasmnearthi
sfount
ainf
lowe
dAl ph.Thi
s
sac
redr i
verfl
owedt hroug
h woodsandval
le
y sforfivemile
sa ndthenfel
li nt
oa n
underg
roundandimme a
surabl
eoc
eanwit
hagre
a tnoi
se.

I
nt hemids
toft hi
stumult,KublaKhanheardt
hevoi
cesofhisfor
efat
her
s.Theyas
ked
hi
mt ol eav
ehislux ur
iouseaseandpr e
parehimse
lff
orwa r
.The recoul
da l
sobeheard
st
rangemus i
ccomingfromt heplea
sure-
dome.Thepoe
tsayst
ha tonceinadream,hesaw
anAby s
sini
angi
rlsingi
ngo fMountAbo r
a.

Thepoett
hinkst
hati
fhec oul
dre
callt
ohismindthesamemusicagain,hewo ul
dbe
a
bletobui
ldintheairabeaut
if
ulpal
aceli
kethatofKubla.Butpeopl
ewo uldbet aken
a
backtose
ehisf
renzy
.Theywoul
dbefri
ghte
nedtoseeHisf
lashi
ngey
es,Hisfloa
tinghair
.

Theywo ul
dasko t
her
stobewar
eo fhi
ml e
sthes
houl
dcasthisspel
lonthe
mbe cause
heha ddr unkthemi l
kofpara
dise
.Thedr eamyat
mosphe
re,thewo rd-
musi
c,andt he
be
autifuli
ma ge
ryofthepoemhavemadeiti
nthewor
dsofacri
ti
c ,Themostwonde
rfulof
al
lthepo e
mso fCol
eri
dge.

Que
sti
onNo7
:-Ma
keac
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
enTa
rta
rya
ndKubl
aKha
n.

Answer:
--Ther
ea r
ecert
aincommo nt
hing
sthatca
nbef o
undinpo
ems,Tart
aryandKubla
Khan.Somepo i
ntsar
erelat
edtothete
xtandsubj
ecto
fthepoe
mwhileso
mea rere
lat
edto
hi
stor
y.Bo t
hthepo e
msa reful
lo fe
lement
sofnaturetha
tarer
ive
rs,l
akes
,bir
ds,tr
ees
,
fo
rest
s,andmanyo t
herthi
ngs.

Thes
eel
ement
sofnatur
eg i
veane wlookandbeautytothepoems.I
tals
oshowsthat
boththes
epoet
sarea
lsolov
e r
sofnaturewhichisasourc
eoff r
eshne
ssandene
rgy.Bot
h
thepoet
sima
giner
omanti
clandswhi
cha r
efullofpl
eas
ureanddeli
ghts
.

Inthesela
nds,eve
ryt
hingismatc
hles
sa ndbeaut
if
ul.Theworl
dXanaduandTarta
ry
ar
ebeyondthecommone xpe
rie
nceofl
if
e.The r
eisa
notherpoi
ntt
hatbo
ththepoemss
hare.
Thi
sisr
e l
ate
dtohist
ory.I
nbo t
hthepoems,wehavealinka
geoft
heTart
artr
ibe
.

Tart
arwa sawa rr
iort
ri
bethatemerge
dc e
ntur
iesag
oi ncent
ralAsi
a .KublaKhan
belo
ng e
dt othi
str
ibeandwa sTa
rtarbyra
ce.Hewasthegrands
ono fChangezKhan.On
theotherhand,Walt
erDeLaMa rewis
hest
obetheimagi
naryrul
erofthel
ando fTar
tar
s.

1
01
 I
nt heend,wecans a
yt hatbot
ht hepoemsar
eful
lo fmusi
candmusi
ccrea
tesasoot
hing
e
ffe
cto nthemindso fther e
aders
.Whe nwec o
mparebo t
hpo e
ms,wecometok no
wt hey
a
res i
mi l
arinma nyr espects
.Botha reimagi
nati
ve,romanti
c,mys
ter
ious
,a ndful
lo f
f
antas
ticdre
amlik
ea ndt r
a c
esli
keatmo s
pher
eandtendenc
ies
.

1
9.Ha
wk,
sMo
nol
ogue

ByTe
dHug
hes
S
umma
ry

TedHug hesisaBr i
ti
shpo e
to fg reatpo eti
cexcel
lence.hispoetr
yisas tudyo fhuma n
natureinitsvar
iousfor
ms.De ath,de s
tructi
on,vi
ole
nc e
,a ndsavage
ryaretheba si
cthemes
oft hi
spo em.Ha wk'
sMo nolog
uei llust
r at
esthefacttha tthehabittoplundera ndprey
containsthesee
dso fdes
truc
tion.Thea llpeopl
ewhoha v epowerfor
getthattheirpower
willendo neday.Thepoemi swr i
ttent heformo famo no lo
gue.Amo nol
o g
uei saspeech
deli
v e
redbythema incharac
tero fthepo em.Thepo eta ndo t
herchar
acte
rsr e
ma ininthe
back g
round.

I
nt hi
spoem,t
heha wkist
hema i
nc ha r
a c
terwhobo a
stso fthissupre
ma c
yo ve
rallot
her
creat
uresofGod.Theha wkissi
tti
ngo nat r
eea ndthi
nkinga bouthisprey
.Hi se
yesa r
e
clo
sedHei sapower-
drunkHeissit
ti
ngi dlebutheclai
mst ha thek nowshi
sa c
tio
nwe l
l.hi
s
hooked,headandthehookedfe
atne v
e rforgettopre
yo nt heirvicti
me ve
nwhe ntheya r
e
inact
ive.
Theycanhuntkil
landeatinsl
e epalso.

Theha wkclai
mst hathi
spo werneverended.Heissit
ti
ngo natreehighert
hano ther
gir
ds .Thisisaposi
tio
no fadvanta
gea ndsupremacyofhim.Her e
cei
vesthesun'
sraysa nd
thepl ea
singeff
ectoftheai
rcontrar
yt oot
hercreat
ionsofGod.Theeart
ha l
sohelpshimi n
hispr e
y.Hebo ast
sthatheisthecrownofa l
lcreat
ions
.Hiseve
ryfootandea c
hfeathe
ra re
fashionedbyGo dwithextr
emec ar
ea ndbeauty
.

Heha sthepo weranda uthori

tytok il
la nythinga ny wher
e.Hei sv e
rypo werf
ula nd
might
y.Iti
shi shabitt
ot e
a rofftheheadso fhisv icti
mshei sme r c
il
essandinhuma n.His
mainaimistode st
royothe
rs.Hispa t
hisfullofbo ne sandde a
dbo die
s.Heha stheabsol
ute
aut
horit
ytoque sti
onhim.Theha wkg oe
so nt oa s
s ertthatnothingisg oi
ngtoc ha
ng e
.He
hasbeengoingo ninhi
sde str
ucti
v eact
ivi
ti
e sforce nturie
stogether.Hiseyeha spermit
ted
nochange.
Hi ssupremacyande xc
elle
ncearepe rma nenta ndareno tgoingouttosuff
er.any
chang
e.

Hefur
the
rsay
sthathisf
li
ghtisi
ncomplet
eifhedoe
snotkil
lot
hers
.Nobodyi
sther
eto
de
pri
vehi
mo fhi
sri
ght.Heclai
msthathispowerf
ule
yeshav
ea l
lowe
dthi
ngstochang
eto

1
02
hisdis
advant
age
s,andwillc
rea
tedif
fi
cult
iesf
o rhi
m."Hawk'sMono
log
ue"point
so utt
he
basi
ctrut
hwhichissha
redbyal
lpower-
drunkrule
rs.
Allr
ule
rsthi
nkt
hatthe
irpowernev
er
ended.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Hawk'
sMo nol
ogueisani nte
rest
ingpo em byTe dHughes.Thepoem ma ybes eenasa
co
mme ntont heapproacho fthosewhoa repower
-dr
unk.Theywa nttor uletheworld
t
hroug
h dictat
ori
alme ans.The yco nsi
derthemsel
vesabovea nyregul
ati
o n.Tot hem,
s
ympathyisafarcry
,Theyne ednojus t
if
icat
ionf
orwhatev
ertheydo.Theyarea c
count
able
f
ornothi
nga ndtonone
.Ast hetit
lesuggest
s,ahawktal
kstohimsel
finthi
spo em.

Theoldhawkofthepoe
mi ssit
ti
nga tthetopmostbranchofatreeinthefore
stwithhis
eye
scl
o s
ed.
Het al
kstohi
ms e
lfandbo as
tsabouthisachiev
ements.Hesaysthathishooke
d
headandhookedfe
etknowho wtohunte venwhe ntheyseeminacti
ve.Dif
fer
ente l
ements
ofnat
ureas
sis
thimincha
singandc a
tchinghispre
y.Thea i
rhelpshimflyhi
gh.

Theraysofthes unhe l
phimlo okcl
early
.Ev e
nthefaceo ftheeart
ha s
sis
tshimtoloc
a t
e
hisprey.Hec l
a i
me stoha vearightonk i
ll
inganybirdtha tcomeshiswayHi sbea
ka nd
clawsarema detoc rushtheheadsofotherbir
dsthatareinferi
ortohiminpo wer
.Hesays
thathek nowswe l
lho wpo wer
fulheiss i
ncehiscr
eati
on.Heha snotsee
na nychangeand
willno
ta ll
owa nycha nge
.

The
me

Thethemeo fthepoemi sthought-

provo
k i
ng.Inthiswo rl
d, powerfulpeoplethinkt
hatthe
y
aremo narc
hs.Theya r
ev ainoftheirpower.Theyha unta ndt e
aseo ther
s.The yki
llot
hers
onlyf
o rthei
rhappines
s.Intoxic
atedbytheirpower,fame ,a ndprosperi
ty,theyfor
gett
hei
r
downfall
.butwitht hepassageo ftime
,the ylos
et heirpo wera ndg lo
ry.TheHa wkisa
symbolofpowerinthepo ema ndalsoasymbo lo
fde athandde s
tructi
on.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
.1:
-Di
scus
sthe
nthe
meo
fthepo
em.

Q:
-Dot
heHa
wk’sa
sse
rti
onso
fal
lpo
wer
ful
nes
simpr
essy
ou?
ifno
t‚why?

Ans wer:
-Hawk’smo nolo
g uepoemc r
it
ica
la pprec
iat
ion:Thet hemeofthepoemHa wk’s
mo nolog
uebyTe dHug hesisaboutthedelusio
nso fthepowe rdrunk
.Theha wk-f
eel
sthat
hewa stherea
s o
na ndc auseofc r
eati
on.A di c
tato
ra l
wa y
st hi
nksthathewi l
lremain
powe r
fulfor
everbutsuchkindofa l
lpowerfuloft
enfo r
getthatinthe
irunli
mite
dpo werl
ie
thes e
edsofdea t
ha nddestruc
tio
n.Not heha wk’sa sse
rti
onsdono timpres
smeo nthe

1
03
f
oll
owi
ngg
rounds
:-

1
).Al
lpo
wer
fuli
stheAl
mig
htyGo
d.

2)
.Thehawk’sa
sse
rti
onsa
rewr
ongbe
caus
eini
tso
wnunl
imi
tedpo
wer
sli
ehi
sde
atha
nd
de
str
uct
ion.

3
).Ido
n’tl
ikepr
idea
ndha
ught
ine
sst
hat
’swhyIdo
n’tl
iket
hea
sse
rti
onso
ftheHa
wk.

4
).Thehawkise
xpres
singo
nlythehol
lowwor
dsandi
dea
s.Thea
bov
ear
ether
eas
onsdue
t
owhichIdon’tli
ketheas
ser
ti
o nsot
hehawk.

Que
sti
onNo2:
-Discus
sthei
ma g
eusedbyrhepoe
ttohi
ghli
ghtt
heg
rande
ura
ndi
mpa
cto
f
t
heHawk’sst
reng
tila
nddominati
on,
overot
hercr
eat
ure
s.

Answer:
-Thepo e
tha sus
edmanyimagesi
nthepo
emt
hats
ugg
estt
heHa
wk’sphy
sic
al
st
reng
tha nddo
mi na
tionove
rot
herc
rea
ture
s.

Fi
rst
ly,t
hepo e
tha suse
dtheima
geoftheper
fec
tski
lla
nda
rto
ftheha
wk.Thepo
et
wr
it
est
hefo l
lowi
ngline
so ft
hepoe
minthi
sconne
cti
on:

“Be
twe
enmyho
oke
dhe
ada
ndho
oke
d

Ori
nsl
eepr
ehe
ars
epe
rfe
cts
kil
lsa
nd”

Theseco
ndi magei
sabouthi
sbra
gthatev
ery
thi
ngha
sbe e
ncr
eate
df o
rthehawk
’s
f
aci
li
ti
es.I
nt hi
sc o
nnec
tio
nthepoethaspr
ese
nte
dthefol
lowi
ngl
ine
so fthepo
emv er
y
a
ptl
y.

“Thec
onv
eni
enc
ethehi
ght
ree
s;

Thea
ir’sbuo
yanc
yandt
hes
un’sr
aya
rea
dva
nta
get
ome

Andt
hee
art
h’sf
aceupwa
rdf
ormyi
nspe
cti
on.
”

Thei
mag
eabo
uthi
sal
lpo
wer
ful
nes
sisa
lsopr
ett
yimpr
ess
ive
.Thepo
ets
aysa
boutt
he
ha
wk.

“I
tto
okt
hewho
leo
fcr
eat
ion

Topr
oduc
emyf
oot
,my

e
achf
eat
her
,

No
wIho
ldCr
eat
ioni
nmyf
oot
.”

Be
side
s,t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
mag
esa
rea
lsov
eryi
mpr
ess
ive
.

1
04
“Ik
illwhe
reIpl
eas
e,

The
rei
snos
ophi
st
ryi
nmybo
dy”

Theabo
vea
res
omeo
fthemo
sts
tri
kinga
ndi
mpr
ess
ivei
mag
est
hatt
hepo
etha
sus
ed
i
nthepoe
m.

Que
sti
onNo3
:Di
scus
sthet
hemeo
fthepo
emHa
wk’sMo
nol
oguebyTe
dHug
es.

Ans
wer:
-ThepoemHa wk’sMo nol
o g
ueisaboutt
hedel
usi
ono
fapo wer
-dr
unkhawkwho
i
sverypro
udo fhisphy s
ica
lpowe r
.Het hi
nksthathei
sthecaus
eo fc
rea
tio
n.Act
ual
ly
,
Hawkisasymbolo
fdes pot
icrul
ersoftheworl
d.

Inspit
eo fbei
ngthecr
ownofcre
atio
nma nha ssomemal
evo
lenttr
ait
swhic
hqui
te
a
rti
st
ica
llypre
sent
edbyTedHughe
sInhiswonde
rfulpo
emHa wk
’sMo nol
ogue
.

Thepo emi same taphor

icalrepre
sent
a t
ionoftyr
anny,arr
oga
nce
,des
truct
ive
ness
,
Conce
itedness
,s upe
rio
rit
y,e go
tis
ti
ca latti
tude,and obs
essi
on wi
ththe powera nd
i
nhuma nityoftheman.Allthedest
ructi
onint hewor
ldi
sjustbec
aus
eofmana ndal
lthe
abov
e-me nti
onedevi
ls
.

Power
-dr
unkenma nkill
sanddes
tro
y sev
eryt
hingt
hatc
omeshiswa
y,li
ketheHawk
whok i
ll
sandpreysinno
centbir
dsandothercr
eat
urest
osat
is
fyhi
shunge
r.Thethe
meof
des
truc
tio
nisall
-pe
rvasi
veinthepo
em.

“Ma n’sde
sir
etogaint
heutmos
tpowe
rhasmadehi
mat y
ranta
ndarr
oga
nt.S
ucha
sin
t
hispoe
mHawk sc
lai
msgre
atpowe
randdomi
nanc
e.Hesa
ysNowIhol
d

Cr
eat
ioninmyfoot
.Arroga
ncea
ndt
hec
onc
eit
eda
tti
tudeo
fma
nar
eal
sos
omeo
fthe
do
minantt
heme
softhepo
em.”

TheHawkc lai
mst hatGo dhasdes
ignedthi
sworl
da ndal
lthi
ngsforit
spurpos
esoa s
ama n.Mort
alityisanotherdominantthemeinthepoem.Deathispers
onif
iedbyHa wk.
Suc
ha sHawkr uthl
essl
ytearsoffandbe
he adsi
nnoc
entcr
e a
tur
essotha
tde a
thiscr
uel,
a nd
merc
iles
s.Iki
llwhe r
everIwish.

Thepoemisnotasimpl
emonolo
gueofacrue
lbir
drathe
ritisama ni
fes
tat
ionofthe
c
rue
lforc
eo fnat
ureinthef
aceofma na
ndhisinhumandesi
res
.Ma n’slustforpowe r
a
nddominancemadehimatyr
antwhoknowsno
thinge
xce
ptperf
ectco
ntrolov
ertheworld.

Ques
ti
onNo4
:-Ca
nwes
ayt
hatHa
wk’sMo
nol
oguei
sthea
sse
rti
ono
fapo
wer
-dr
unk
r
ule
r.

Q:
-Ho
wha
sthepo
empr
ese
nte
dha
wka
sas
ymbo
lofpo
wer
,st
reng
th,
andde
str
uct
ive
nes
s?

1
05
Q:
-Ho
wwo
uldy
ouc
omme
nto
nha
wk’sc
lai
m?No
wIho
ldCr
eat
ioni
nmyf
oot
?

Answe r:
-Thepoemisadra ma ti
cmo nol
ogueinwhi
chaHa wktalkst
ohi mse
lf.Hec onsi
der
s
himselfasymbolofpo wer.Heha sg ro
wno ldbuthes t
il
lconsider
shimselfpo werf
ul.He
saysthathest
il
lgri
psthebr a
nc hofthetreewit
hal
lhismight.Hiswo r
ka c
cordingtohimis
cutt
ingo f
fheadsfr
o m bodie
s .Hethinkshec a
nkillanybirdaroundhi ma ndheha sthe
rig
htt odoso.Hethinkshei sbles
sedwithsharpandpowe r
fulpaws.Hec onsi
de r
shimsel
f
thema st
erofal
l-
naturalobje
c ts
.

Thepoemi sasymbo l
icpoem.Thehawkma ybeasymbolofadict
at o
r.Adict
ator
thi
nksthathehasal
lpo wers.Hecandowhathewant
s.Heco
nside
rshi
ms e
lftheownerof
bla
cka ndwhit
e.Hearguesthatal
lthi
ngsha
ppenands
houl
dhappenacc
ordingtohi
swill
.

Hei soft
heopini
onthatheca
nk i
llo
the
rsf
orno
thi
ngandther
eisno bodytoa s
khi
m.
Heisaboveacco
untabi
li
tyandhasthepowe
rtomakel
awsofhisownc ho i
ce.Hawkasa
di
cta
torhassoma nysi
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenthe
m.Adic
tat
orki
ll
shisoppone ntswit
houta
ny
re
asonli
keahawk .

Heruleshi
scountr
yinawayhedes
ire
sli
keahawkfli
eshi
ghinthes
kyl
ikeaki
ng.
He
hasli
mitl
esspower
slik
eak i
ng.
Bothha
vethefal
seno
tio
nthatthe
rewoul
dbenocha
ngein
the
irpowers.

Thepo eme ndswit

ht hefac
tt ha
tasthehawkhi
mselft
hathei
ss t
il
lyoungand
powerfulthedic
tatora
lsofeel
sthathewil
lrema
inpower
fulal
lhi
sli
fe.Butt
hereisa
decl
ineine v
ery
thing
.Adi c
tat
orwillnomor
ebeinpowerhewi
llha
vetolos
ehispower
s
oneday .

Ques
ti
onNo5 :
- Dis
cus
stheimage
sus
edbyt
hepo
ett
ohi
ghl
ig
htt
heg
rande
ura
nd
do
minati
ono
fhawko
vercr
eat
ure
s.

Answer
:-TedHughesinHawk ’sMo nol
oguehasski
ll
full
yusedma nyimage
stoshow
Hawk’sde l
usi
onsofbei
ngall
-powe
rful.
,supre
me,dominant,a
rroga
nt,c
all
ous
,andse
lf-
ce
nter
ed.The
seimag
es,i
nfac
t,bri
ngoutmy opi
cthi
nki
ngo ft
hedict
ator
s.

Atthebeginni
ngo fthepo e
m,theima g
eo ft
hehawk’ssi
tt
ingma nne
rsre
fle
ctshi
s
c
are
les
ssty
le.Theha wkissi
tti
ngo ntheto
po fatr
ee.Hi
sey
esa
reclos
ed.Hisho
okedbeak
a
ndhookedfeetcre
ateadreadfulpi
ctur
eofthehawk.

“ Is
iti
nthet
opo
fthewo
od,

mye
yesc
los
edi
nac
tio
n,

nof
als
if
yingdr
eam”

1
06
 These
c o
ndimagei
saboutthec
lawsoft
hehawk
.Heha sf
ir
mlyhel
dthebar
ko fatr
ee
inhiscl
aws.Itse
emsthatheishol
dinghi
spre
yinhisbl
oodytal
ons
.Myf e
etareloc
ked
upontheroughbar
k.

Thethirdimag
ei sa bo
utthehighfli
ghto
fthehawkinwhic
hhek i
ll
shi spr
ey
acc
ordingt
ohisownwi l
landwit
houtr
easo
n.Orfl
yup,
andre
cei
vei
tal
lsl
owl
y,Iki
llwhe
re
Ipl
ea s
ebecaus
eiti
sallmine.

Inthefi
fthstanz
ao fthepoem,t
heha
wki spres
ent
edasaruthl
ess
,cr
uel
,anddes
pot
ic
r
ule
rwhoc ank i
llanyonewitho
utso
undreas
on..Theal
lot
mentofdeat
h Fortheo
nepat
h
o
fmyf l
ighti
sdirec
t.

Theuseo
ftheseando t
hersi
mil
arimage
shig
hlig
htsthegrandeura
ndi mpactofthe
hawk’sphys
ica
lstre
ngth,anddomi
nati
ono v
erothe
rc r
eat
ures.Thecent
ralideaofthe
poemist
houg
ht-pr
ovoki
ng.Thepower
fulpe
oplet
hinkthatthe
ya remonarc
hso fal
lthey
se
e.

The
ya reva
ino fthe
irpower
.Theyhur
tandte
aseothe
rseve
nk i
llot
hersonl
yforthe
s
akeofthe
irsat
isf
acti
ona ndtofor
gett
hei
rdownf
all
.Butwit
ht hepas
sageofti
me,they
l
oset
hei
rpowerandg l
ory
.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Dot
heha
wk’sa
sse
rti
onso
fal
l-
powe
rful
nes
simpr
essy
ou?I
fno
t,why
?

Q:
-Wha
tist
hes
ymbo
lici
nte
rpr
eta
tio
noft
heha
wk’sa
sse
rti
on?

Answer
:-Te dHug esi
samo dernEngl
is
hpo et
.Heha sgi
venphi
los
ophi
calvi
ewst
hatar
e
bas
edonhi sdeepobser
vat
ionandminutestudyo fhuma
nna t
ure
.Thema i
ntheme
sinhi
s
poe
tryaredes
truct
ion,
power,de
ath,
andv i
olence.

Hawk’sMo nol
oguei
sthespe
echofasavagebi
rdwhotake
spri
deinhisunc
ha l
le
nged
po
wertoki
llanddestr
oytheotherbir
ds.Thepoemi sa
ctual
lyaDrama t
icMo nol
ogue
pr
ese
nte
dbythehawkwhoboast
smuc hofhi
ssupre
ma c
yovert
heot
herbir
ds.

Het hi
nk st
hatheisthemostpowerfulcr
eati
onofNat
urea
ndha stheco
mplet
eri
ght
t
oki
llot
hers.Thepoethasexpr
ess
edt hehawka sasymbo
lofabs
olutepower
,aut
hor
it
y,
a
nddes
truc
tion.
Thepo e
mha ssy
mbo l
icsi
g ni
fi
canc
e.

I
nfac
t,i
tisase
riouscri
ti
ci
smorsat
ir
eonthedic
tatorso
ftheworl
dwhowa ntt
oha v
e
unl
imit
edpowerso
vert he
m.The yde
vel
opmisco
ncepti
onsaboutthe
irpowerandsta
tus.
Theydonotl
is
tent
oa nyreas
onandbel
ie
vetha
ttheyarethegre
ate
stonea
rth.

The
irt
rea
tme
ntofo
ther
sisbase
do nc
ontemptandthe
ydono thes
ita
tetotor
tur
eor
de
str
oyot
her
sfort
hei
rpl
eas
ure.Butthe
yforg
etthatthe
yalsoha
vet osuff
erfr
om deat
h

1
07
a
ndde
str
uct
ion.
The
ydono
tadmi
ttha
tev
ery
onei
nthi
swo
rldi
sno
tpe
rma
nent
.

2
0.S
ayThi
sCi
tyHa
sTe
nMi
ll
ionS
oul
s

ByW.
H.Aude
n
S
umma
ry

Thepo emi sthought-provoking

.I nt hi
spo em,heg i
vesusthepi c
tureofAme ri
c awhere
cl
a s
sdisti
nctionexist
sc ompletel
y.Somepe o
pl el
ivei
nhug ebuil
dingsandsomea reliv
ingin
sma l
lcottages
.Butt he r
eisnor oomf orthosepeopl
ewhoc omet ot hi
scountr
yf r
o mo t
her
countri
esf o
rpr otec
tiona nds he
lter
.Thepo e tr
ecal
lsinapa t
heticma nnert
ha toncethey
hadac o
unt r
yo ftheiro wn.Itwasv er
yde artothem.Theycang oba ckbeca
uset heyhave
noho me .Her eme mbe rsthedi f
fere
nts enseo fhiscountr
y.Theo ldpassportsarea
hindrance.intheirgoingba ck.Theo l
dpa sspor
tsareunabletoi de
ntif
ythem.The ya r
ea
hindrancetotheirfreedoma ndrights
.

Thepoetisve
rys adduetotheat
tit
udeo fpass
portof
fi
cial
s.Theyto
ldhimthatwit
hout
apa ss
portheisdea d.Thepoetgo
estothes e
aportandsee
sthefishswi
mmi ngfr
eel
yinthe
water.Hes e
esbirdsc hi
rpi
nginthetrees,whic
he nj
oymo refr
eedomt hanhumanbeings
.
Perhaps,theyenjoyt hisfr
eedom becausetheya renotpo l
it
ici
ansi nthem Theyare
fo
rtunatebecaus
et heyarenothumanbeings.

Thepo etsayst hatt her

ea rema nyhug ebuildingsinthiscountr
y.The yha v
ea
thousandwindo wsandat housanddoo r
s.Butweha venoho mea mongthesethous a
ndso f
bui
ldings.Ont heo t
he rhand,theyaresuspec t
eda sane nemytothecountr
ybyt housands
ofsoldie
rswhoa r
ede pute
dt ochecktheiridenti
ty?Soldier
sdef
ini
tel
ykill
edthem. Thepo et
hasbe ensucces
sfuldrawas adpic
tureofre f
ug e
es.Ther ef
uge
essuff
erphysi
callya swellas
emo t
ionall
ytheya reisola
te danda l
ienate
df romt hema i
nlot
.Thepo i
ntistha tma nha s
bec
o mewo rsethana nimals.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Thi si
sa nis
sue-base
dpo e
m.t hepo
etpleadswit
ht hecaseoftheimmig r
ant sofWo r
ldWar
II.Hitl
e r
'ski
ll
ingo ftheGerma nJewsonav e
r ylarg
es c
aleforc
edt hes urv
ivorstos
eek
refugeintheUni te
dS t
atesofAmeric
aHo we
ver,whent he
yr e
achedthere,theyfoundt
hat
therewa snoroo mforthem.Audeninsi
st
so nhelpinghuma ni
tybeyo
ndt hei s
suesofca
ste
,
creed,andrel
ig
io n.

Audendes
cri
besthemiser
ablepl
ig
htoft heJewswhomi gr
ate
dfrom Ge r
ma nyto
Amer
ica
.Theywereba
dlyaff
ecte
dbythewa
r.The yhadlos
tthe
irdea
rones.The
yha dlo
st
t
hei
rhomela
nd.Theyre
cal
lthatthe
yhadacountr
yo nc
e,butnowthe
ycannotre
turntoit
.

1
08
Thepoetcondemnstheinhumant r
eatmentotherefugee
sa tthepass
portcount
ers.They
begi
ntoreali
zethatar ef
ugeehasnoc ountr
ytoc lai
m hisown.I naplacewhe r
et he
ir
ide
nti
tydoesnotma tt
er,theyar
ede ado f
fi
ci
all
y,thoughaliv
ephy si
cal
ly
,Ev er
yr ef
ugee
fac
essi
mil
arproble
mso fci
tiz
ens
hip.Ther
eisgene
ralhatre
da gains
tthe
m.

Thepoete
xpres
sesgri
eftha te
venbir
dsandani
ma l
sli
veabet
terl
if
ethant
heref
ugees
Thepoetanal
yze
sthatthebi
r dsenj
oythi
sfre
edomasthe
yhaveno
tpoli
ti
ci
anamongthe
m.
Thepoets
ucces
sful
lypr
esent
st hecas
eoftheimmi
gra
nts.

The
me

Thispoem highli
ghtsaninterna
tionaliss
ueofrefug
e e
s.Thepr o
blemso frefuge
esare
commonint hewo rl
d.Thepo e
tdes c
ribe
sthefe
eli
ngofho meles
speopl
e.Accordi
ngtothe
poet
,humanl if
eha sfal
le
nbe neat
ht heleve
lofani
ma lli
fe.Thepoetcr
it
ici
zespoli
ti
ci
ans
beca
usepol
itic
ianscorr
upttheworld.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Thepo
etha
sus
eds
eve
ralnume
ric
ali
mag
es:
wha
tef
fec
tthi
scr
eat
e?

Ans
wer
:-Thef
oll
owi
nga
ret
henume
ric
ali
mag
esus
edbyt
hepo
eti
nthepo
em:

Te
nMi
ll
ionS
oul
sint
het
it
leo
fthepo
em.

Abui
ldi
ngwi
that
hous
anddo
ors
.

Te
ntho
usa
nds
oldi
ersma
rche
dtoa
ndf
ro.

Que
sti
onNo
.2:
Thee
ffe
ctso
fthenume
ric
alnumbe
rsi
nthepo
em

Answer
:-Saythisci
tyhaste
nmi lli
onsoulsincr
iti
calanalys
isc
andisc
uss
e dsuchasthefi
r s
t
numeri
calnumbe rcre
atesmira
c ul
ouse f
fectsonthemi ndsofthere
aders
.Itissobecause
whenthereadersfe
elthatt
enmi lli
onpe opl
ewerelivi
nginAme ri
caeve
nt hentheref
ugees
hadnor oo
fo verthei
rheads.Itcreate
sthes e
nseo fdepri
vati
on,l
onel
ines
s,bore
doma nd
hat
redamo ngthespeake
randther eaders
.

Secondly,t
hebui
ldingwit
hthous
a nddo
o r
sa l
socr
eatesst
reamsofwor
rie
sands
enseof
de
pri
vati
o n.Thefi
gur
e sshowthei
ntensi
tyofthesi
tuat
ion.Eventhete
nthousa
nds
oldie
rs
marc
hingtoa ndfo
r.

c
reat
efea
rsi
nthere
aderst
hatwhatmayhappeni
fther
efug
esa r
ecaughtupbyt he
m.
S
othenumberca
lnumbersc
reat
eexcel
le
ntef
fec
tsbot
ho nmora
la ndsoc
ieta
lgroundson
t
hemindsandhear
tsofthereade
rs.Sayt
hiscit
yhastenmill
ionsoulsques
ti
o nsand
a
nswe
rs

1
09
Que
sti
onNo3:
-Wha
tist
heba
sict
hemeo
fthepo
em?

Answe r
:-Inthepoemt hepoetcaptur
esthese nseo falie
nati
ona ndis
olatio
no fout
sider
s
comingtoac ountr
yno ttheirown.Hei stal
kings pecif
ical
lyoftheGerma nJ e
wswhof l
ed
t
he i
rc ountryafra
ido fHi t
ler
’spe rs
ecuti
on,butt hef e
eli
ngsconveyeda reequall
y
appropri
a t
eforanyo therimmigrants
.Thewo rr
ies,senseofa l
ie
nati
on,theha t
redofthe
i
mmi grantsagai
nstthena tive
s,thehist
oric
alr eferenceofHi t
lerarea lltheba si
ca nd
t
he meso ft
hepoem.Thes enseofdepri
vati
ona nda li
ena t
ionoftheimmigr
a ntsiscl
earfrom
t
hef ol
lowingli
nesofthepoem:-

“S
awapo
odl
einaj
ack
etf
ast
ene
dwi
thapa
in

S
awado
oro
pene
dandc
atl
eti
n:

Butt
heywe
ren’tGe
rma
nJe
ws,
myde
ar,

Butt
heywe
ren’tGe
rma
nJe
ws.
”

Que
sti
onNO 4:
-Whatares
omwo fthet
ypi
cal
lyur
bane
leme
ntsme
nti
one
dint
hepo
em,
“SayCit
yHasTenMil
li
onSoul
s” byW.H.

Answe r
:-Inthispoem, “Sa yThisCityHa sTenMi l
lionS oukAude nha se mployed(used)a
numbe ro furbanima gesthetypicall
yur bane l
ement s.Thepo et
,t hro
ug hhi sspokesma n,
whoi saGe r
ma nimmi grant,
tal
ka bout“t enmill
ions o
uls”o fwho ms o mea reli
vingin
“Ma nsions
”.S omeo t
hersa relivingi n “ho l
es”.Het al
ksa boutt he“c onsul”,
bangingthetabl
etos aythatiftheGe rma nimmigrantsdono tpos
sesspa ssports
,thati
s ,t
he
renewedpa ss
ports
,theya r
eo ff
ici
a l
lydea d.Hetalk
sa bouttheCo mmi t
te ethato f
fer
ed“a
chai
r”t otheGe rma nrefugee,butdi dno tsol
vehi sproblem.Het al
k sa bout“apubl ic
me e
ting” whe ret
he“s peaker” wa sde li
ver
ingas peecha gai
nsttheGe rma nimmigrants.
Het alksaboutHitlerandEur ope.Het a l
ksaboutape tdog,“apo odl
e ”i n“aj acket”:
Het alk
sa bout“t heharbour”a nd“t hequay”.

Final
ly,het alksaboutadr eamo f“abui ldi
ng” wi t
hat ho usandfl
oors
,athousand
Windo wsandat hous
a nddo o
rs”,butt herewa snonef o
rt heGe r
ma nref
ugee
s.Allthe
above-mentio
ne dima gesorele
me ntsaretypica
llyurban.Thesesugg e
stadir
ectcr
it
ici
smo n
t
hei nhuma na ndba set r
eat
me nto ft
hepe o
pleo fNewYo r
k( U.S.A)towar
dsthehelpl
ess
,
f
riendles
sa nds helt
erlessGe r
ma nJ e
ws ,theGe rmani mmigrantso rref
ugee
s.Peopl
ea l
so
askthesequesti
o nswhicha r
eunde rbel
ow: -

“S
ayt
hisc
ityha
ste
nmi
ll
ions
oul
s”

Ques
ti
onNo5 :
-Na
rra
tet
hec
ent
rali
deao
fthepo
emS
ayt
hisCi
tyha
sTe
m Mi
ll
ionS
oul
s
byW.H.Aude
n.

1
10
Q:
-Wha
tist
heba
sict
hemeo
fthepo
em?

Ans
wer
:-Thepoetpr
ese
ntsaseri
ousthemeinthepoem.Heprese
ntsama n’smisbehavi
ng
wi
thamanbasedonpoli
ti
cal
,rel
igi
ous,na
tional
,andra
cia
lgrounds.
Thepo emi
sa boutt
he
Ger
manJewswhomigrat
edtotheU.S.Afort
hefearofHit
ler
’sc ruelt
reat
ment
.

Theme s
sageofl
ovefo
ra l
lhumanbei
ngsi
sbeaut
ifull
yconve
yedthro
ughthemo uthof
a
ni mmi g
rant.Thede
scr
ipt
iono ft
hef
ri
endl
ess
,he
lples
s,andshel
ter
les
simmigrantarous
es
f
eeli
ngsofsympa t
hyinthereader
’smind.Thet
o neo fthepo
emi spathe
tic
,trag
ic,and
i
roni
c .

Fi
shandbir
dsa r
efreebuthumanbeing
sa r
enot.
Theyareboundinatho
usandcha
ins
o
frace
,re
li
gio
n,countr
y,nati
onal
it
y,andpasspo
rts
.Thepoe
tproducesas
oftcor
nerf
orthe
J
ewsbyus
ingnumeri
calimagesi
nthepoem.

Ques
ti
onNo6:
-Whyistherefug
eeI
nSa
ythi
sci
tyha
ste
nmi
ll
ions
oul
sde
cla
redo
ffi
ci
all
y
de
adwhil
ehei
sac
tua
llyal
ive
?

Q:
-Br
ingo
utt
hepa
tho
sinS
ayt
hisc
ityha
ste
nmi
ll
ions
oul
s.

Q:
-Sa
ythi
sci
tyha
ste
nmi
ll
ionS
oul
s”e
xpr
ess
est
hes
adf
eel
ing
sofr
efug
ees
.Di
scus
s?

Answer:
-W. H.Aude nwa sborninEngl
andbuts e
ttl
edinAme r
ica
.Inhispoems,heha s
des
cri
bedtheinter
na t
ionalpro
ble
mso fr
efug
ees
,Itisanout
comeofpoli
ti
cal
,re
li
gious
,and
ra
cialdisc
rimi
nation.I nthispoem,Auden hasdescr
ibe
dt hescenar
ioofr e
fugees
’
al
ienat
ioncomingtoac ountr
ynotthe
irown.

Hei sespecial
lyt
alki
ngabo
uttheGermanJewswhofle
df r
omt hei
rc o
untr
yforthe
f
earofHi t
ler.Thef e
eli
ngswhi
charee
xpres
sedherecanbeshare
dbya nyre
fugeeand
i
mmigrantlivinga ny
whereintheworl
d.Thes o-
cal
le
dc i
vil
iz
eds oc
iet
ies.t
reatthem
mer
cil
ess
lyandi nhumanl
y.

Humanlif
eanditshonorfal
lbene
atht heanimall
evel
.Huma nbei
ngsar
ec a
pture
d
a
ndimpri
sone
dincountl
esscha
insofre
li
gion,rac
e,nati
onal
it
y,andpas
spor
t.W.H.Aude
n
c
onde
mnsthatmank
indisdiv
idedint
osel
fi
shnessandnarr
ow-minde
dnes
s.

Hebe l
ie
vesthatwes
ho uldremov
et he
sebarr
ier
sa ndacce
pttheri
ght
sofre
fug
eesto
li
ve.Thepo e
mi ssent
ime
nta li
ni mpa
ct.Thepoem preachesamorall
ess
onofuni
vers
al
brot
herhoodtoal
lthenat
ionso ft
heworl
d.Itar
ousesfe
e l
ing
sofsy
mpa t
hyandpi
tyf
orthe
ref
ugees.

Ques
ti
onNo7:-Whatist
het
hema
tics
igni
fi
canc
eofi
mag
esus
edi
nthepo
em,
SayThi
sCi
ty
HasTenMi
ll
ionso
uls?

1
11
Answer:
-Inthepoe
m,S ayThi
sCi
tyHasTe
nMi ll
ionSoul
s,t
hepoet
,W. H.Audenha
sused
pic
tor
ialimage
scaref
ull
ytosi
gni
fyt
hemise
ry,di
ffi
cul
tie
s,ands
uffe
ringsofthewar
-to
rn
andnegl
ecte
dpeopl
e.

Thi
spoemhasbeenwritt
enwhenther
ewa st
heSecondWorl
dWa randtheNaz
ifo
rce
s
la
unchedano pe
rati
ona g
ainsttheJ
ews.Theperi
odo fthe2
0thcent
urywa st
hedar
kes
t
peri
odinhi
st
oryforal
ltheJewis
hrac
easthes
ey e
arsl
edthemtonea
rexti
nct
ion.

Thepoet,W.H.Auden,wasals
oaJ e
wwhoha spr e
sentedare
a l
ist
icpic
tureofthos
e
darkdayswhentheJewswerebe
ingmal
treat
edanddisl
ocatedonama ss
ivesc
ale.Thepoe
t
haspaint
edimagesoffr
eebi
rdstha
tsho
wt heimpr
iso
nedc ondi
ti
onoftheJewsinthei
rown
co
untry.

Theima g
e soffr
eel
ymo v
ingfis
ha lsodes
cri
bet hesa
mes i
tua
tio
nthatpa
int
sthe
pathe
ticco
nditionoft
heJews,thewholepoemisabouttheGer
manJewswhomig
rat
edto
theU.S.
A.forthefe
arofHitl
er’scrueltr
eatme
nt.

Thes y
mbo lsofpa s
sport
s,themil
it
a rymar c
hes,themul t
i-
sto
rey
edbuildi
ng,t
he
s
ymboli
cimpo r
tanceo fthunder
,theharbour,thec hur
chyar
d,they e
wt re
e,andthe
mans
ions
,alls
igni
fythedest
it
uteandmi
ser
a bl
econditi
onoftheJewsi
nEur o
pe.

Thepoethass
ati
ri
zedtheraci
alprej
udiceoft
hewo r
ldle
aderswhoaredes
tro
ying
g
loba
lpeacebyapre-
pla
nnedwa raga
insttheJe
ws.Thepoetst
res
sesont
histhi
ngthat
e
quali
tyg
ive
spea
cewhere
asdif
fer
encegi
vesris
e-t
ohatr
ed.

2
1.Po
lit
ics

ByW.
B.Ye
ats
S
umma
ry

"Poli
tics
"isas mallbutverybeauti
fulpoemo nlove. Thepoetconsider
sloveasthegreat
est
rea
lityone ar
th.Lo veaccor
dingtohimi sami ghtya ndpo werf
ulthing.Itexe
rci
sesade ep
inf
luenceont hemi nd,hear
t,andsoulofma n.Int hispoem,hec ompa r
estheall-
pervas
ive
inf
luenceo flovet othato fpoli
ti
cs.Poli
ti
csisa lsoag r
e a
tr e
alityofmo dernlif
e.The
mode rnageisr ema r
kableforit
sintere
stinpo lit
ics.Pol
it
icshasbe comev er
ypo pula
rin
everyfiel
do flif
e.Po l
it
icscorr
uptedrel
igi
ona ndc ult
ure..Ho we ver
,loveisbette
rthan
pol
iticsbec
ausepo l
iti
csisadirt
ygame .I
tislo
v e
. Lov ei
ssupremea ndexcell
ent
.

Thepoetdoesnotli
kepol
iti
cs.Hedo e
snots ho wanyinter
estinRomanRussi
anor
Spa
nishpoli
ti
cs.Hedoesnotwa
nttok nowwhatisha ppe
ninginthes
ecount
rie
s.I
nfac
t,t
he
poe
tf al
lsi
nlovewit
hag ir
lwhoisstandi
ngthe
resy mboli
zesyouthandbea
uty.Theworl
d

1
12
o
fpo
wera
ppe
arsme
ani
ngl
essbe
for
ehe
rbe
aut
if
ulf
ace
.

Thepoetsay sthat.nodo ubtpo l

iticsi sv eryimpo rt
ant.Hepo intso uttha tawe ll
-
tra
v e
ledpers
onma yha veabr oadv i
siono flif
e .Hema yha vea dequatek nowledg eofthe
poli
tica
lsit
uati
ono fdiffer
entco untrie
s .Hei sawe l
l-
reada ndwe ll
-thoughtpe rson.His
argumentsonpo lit
icsarewe ig
hty .Hisk no wledgeo fcurrenta ffai
rso flif
ei sso und.His
analysi
sofworl
dpo l
it
icsma ybec orre
c t
. Hi sa s
sessmento fconfli
ctsandwa rsi
sco rrect
.But
alo v
erisbett
ert hanapo li
ti
ci
an.Tr uel ovec onque rsallfi
eldso flif
ea nde nli
g htensour
minda ndsoulItmo veso urheartt othing so fno bil
it
ya ndg r
a ndeur.Po l
it
icsinspi teofi
ts
inf
luencehol
dsa ninfer
iorpo s
it
iont othepo wero flove.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Poli
ti
csbyW.S .
yeat
sisaninteres
ti
ngpo em.I nthi
spo em,thepo e
tconveysame s
sagethat
loveanddesireremainhuma nne edsinev er
ypha s
eo fli
fe.Lovehassuchpo werasc an
dominat
eseveryotherpas
si
o n.Inthisage
,whe npo l
it
icsisthemo s
tfavo
r i
tesubj
ectaround
theworl
d,thepoetissoi
nspiredbyt hebe
a utyofayo ungladythathecannotpayattenti
on
toanyothertopic
.Hec anno tavoi
dhi mselftoseethebe autyofthi
sgi
rl.Hede s
ire
st obe
youngagai
na ndclas
pherinhi sembr a
ce.

Thepo e
ts ee
sabe auti
fulandc harmingladysta ndinginfr o
nto fhim.He rel
ega
nce
st
ir
sas tor
mo floveinthehe artoftheo l
dma n.Int hiss i
tua
tion,theo l
dma nisas
kedto
paya t
tent
iont ointer
nationalpol
iti
csa ndtryt ofindo utpoli
tica
lt urnsta
kingpl
acein
Rome ,Spai
n,a ndRus si
a .Hi sat
tentio
ni sdivert
edt owardsat ouristwhoha sbeento
di
ffe
rentcountri
eso ft
hewo rld.Heha swit
ness
edwa rsa ndt hei
rimpa ctsal
lovert
heworl
d.

Thepoeti saskedtoli
ste
nt oapoliti
ciana l
so.Thisi
mpressesthepoetwhoi sco nst
a ntl
y
l
o oki
nga tthey ounglady,Tohim,he rbea utyismo r
efasci
natingthanthee xperi
e nc
e sof
t
het ouri
sta ndt hepoli
ti
cian.Hedesirestobey o
unga gai
na ndt akeherinhi sarmsa nd
enjoyherpassionatel
ofe.
Thepo ethaspresentedac o
ntras
tbetwe e
nthefeeli
ngso flovea nd
otherwo
r l
dlyc o
nc e
rns
. Heisoftheopiniont hatl
ovema yputintoshadeallconcernso fthe
wo r
ld.

The
me

Thet hemeo ft hepo e

mi sthec ont
rastbetweenlov
ea ndpo li
ti
cs.Thei nforma ti
ono fa
tra
veledma na ndpo l
iti
ci
ana boutcomingwarma ybetruebuthesa y
st hattherea r
ebette
r
thi
ngsinthiswo r
ldthanpo l
iti
cs,di
sputes
,andwa r
s.Thepo etdoesno tdenyt hepo l
it
ical
real
itybecause,withoutpoli
tic
s,ac ount
ryc a
nnotprogres
swe l
l.Thede sti
nyo fana ti
on
dependsoni tspo l
iti
csinmo dernma nbuti nspi
teoft hi
s,t
hereisa notherg reatreal
it
y
whichislo
ve .
Wec annotgetpeacefr
ompo li
tic
sbutlovegiv
esusme ntalands pi
ritualpe
a c
e

1
13
a
ndha
ppi
nes
s.S
othewo
rldo
fpo
lit
icsbe
come
sdi
mbe
for
esuc
habr
ighta
nds
hini
ngwo
rld.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Ques
ti
onNO 1:-Ho
w do
est
hepo
etdi
st
inhui
shbe
twe
ent
he“ Tr
ave
led Ma
n”a
nd
“ Pol
it
ica
l”.

Q:-Wr it
enot
eo nPo
lit
icspoe
m byWil
li
am But
lerYeatsc
rit
ica
lsumma
ryo
rana
lys
is
Po
lit
icsbyWi
ll
iamBut
lerYeat
ssumma
ry,
cri
ti
cala
na l
ysi
s

Q:
-IsPo
lit
icspo
embyWi
ll
iamBut
lerYe
atsl
ovepo
em?

Answer
:-Poli
ti
cspo e
m byWi l
li
am ButlerYe atsinc ri
ti
calanaly
sisc anbede f
inedit
nar
rat
esaboutthepowerofl
oveandinthissensethi
spo e
mc anbecalledpo l
it
icswhichhas
be
enwr i
tte
nbyWi l
li
am But
lerYeat
slovepo em.Thepo e
tha sbeautiful
lydist
ingui
she
d
be
tweenthetr
avele
dma n” andthepol
iti
cian”. Accordi
ngtothepoett hetravel
edma nis
aprac
tic
almana sheknowswhathespe
a k
s .
S eewhatthepoetsaysi
nt hi
sr e
spect:
-

“Ye
the
re’sat
rav
ele
dma
ntha
tkno
ws

Wha
thet
alk
sabo
ut”

Henc
e,i
nt hepo
et’svi
ewst
hetra
vel
edma nisapract
icalma n,hehasvi
si
tedt
he
who
lewor
ldandhass
eenma
nypeo
pleWhenthepo
etta
lksa
bo utthepoli
ti
ci
anhesay
s:

“Andt
her
e’sapo
lit
ici
an

Tha
tha
sre
ada
ndt
houg
ht,
”

Theabov
eline
sprovetha
tthetr
avel
edmani
sapr a
cti
calmanwher
east
hepo
lit
ici
an
i
samano
ftheor
eti
call
ear
ning
.Bothoft
hemar
edi
ffe
rentfr
ome a
chot
her.

Ques
tionNO2:-Whydo
est
hepo
etwa
ntt
obey
ounga
gai
n?I
sPo
lit
icspo
embyWi
ll
iam
But
lerYeat
slo
vepoe
m?

Answer:
-Thepo e
twa ntstobeyoungag
ainbecausehelove
stobeyoungandenj
oythesame
bl
is
sthatisattac
he dtotheyouthanditspass
ions.Heisanoldf
ell
owa ndremember
shis
yo
uthe x
pedit
ions.Itisafactthat“l
ifeisatho ught
”.Whe napersoniso
ldbuthasthe
pos
iti
vethi
nking,surl
y,heisyo
ungbyheart.

Thepoetthoug
ht,wasa nol
df e
ll
owy ethewante
dt obeyoungaga
in.Beautyand
fe
ma le
sattr
actmanalotevenino
ldage.Tha
tiswhyattheendo
fthepo
emt hepoetco
uld
notcontr
olhisy
oungpass
ionandfee
li
ngsandutt
ere
dthefoll
owi
ngmemorabl
eline
sinthe
poem:

1
14
“Butot
hatIwe
rey
ounga
gai
n,

Andhe
ldhe
rina
rm”

Thepoe
twishest
oembrac
ethegir
lwhi
cha
ctua
llyme
ans
,hewa
ntst
obey
ounga
gai
n
t
oenj
oythecompanyoft
hey
ounggir
l.

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Wha
tist
hec
ent
rali
deao
fthepo
em,
Pol
it
ics
?

Q:
-W.
B.Ye
atsdo
esno
tunde
res
ti
mat
epo
lit
icsno
rdo
esher
eje
cti
t.El
abo
rat
e.

Q:
-Ho
wfa
rispo
lit
icsi
mpo
rta
nti
nthee
yesOfW.
B.Ye
ats
?

Q:
-Isl
over
eal
lymo
rei
mpo
rta
ntbutno
tabs
olut
elys
o?

Answer
:-Inthepoem,thepoet,Will
iamButl
er,Yeatshasdesc
ribedthes
upremacyo
flove
ove
rpo l
it
ics
.Ina l
lcir
cumstances
,heprefe
rsl o
v etopoli
ti
cs.Inst
eadoflis
teni
ngtothe
pol
it
ica
lleader
swhoo nlytal
ka boutwar
,hewi shestobeco
mey o
unga g
ainandwantsto
hol
dhergirl
fri
endi
nhisa r
ms.

Hebel
ie
v esthatloveisapo
we r
fule
xperi
enceoflif
e.I
tiss
opo werf
ulpass
iont
hatit
do
minat
esallotherpas
sio
nsofl
ife
.Thepoetli
kesne
ithert
hepo
lit
ici
ansnora
larmsofwa
r
nort
hemuch-tr
a v
eledmanwhotal
ksofnot
hingbutj
ourneys
.

Ofc o
urse
,thepoetdo
e sno
tdenytheexi
ste
nceofpo
lit
ica
lreal
it
ybuthehaso
nly
pref
erre
dt heswe
etne
ssofthere
ali
tyofphy
sic
allov
e.Hethinksl
ovecha
nge
sthebi
tt
er
si
tuati
on.

Que
sti
onNo4
:-Wr
it
eac
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
enal
ove
randat
rav
ele
r.

Q:
-Ho
wdo
est
hepo
etdi
st
ing
uis
hbe
twe
ent
het
rav
eli
ngma
nandt
hepo
lit
ici
an?

Q:
-InPo
lit
ics
,thepo
lit
ica
lre
ali
tyi
sno
tde
nie
dbutque
sti
one
dint
hef
aceo
fre
ali
ty

Answer:
-Inthi
spoemPo l
it
ics
,thepoetW.
BYe at
shasmadeavivi
ddis
tinct
ionbetweena
manwhoha stra
vel
edfarandwi det
hanapol
iti
ci
an.Thepoett
ell
susaboutthetravel
ing
manwhok nowswhathet
alksabout.
Thetr
ave
li
ngma nhasf
ir
st-
handex
pe r
iencea
bo utthe
po
lit
ica
lcondi
ti
onoftheworl
d.

Thisbea
utif
ula ndinte
res
ti
ngpo emisa boutpol
iti
csa ndlove.Int hismodema g
e,
pol
iti
csisg
iveng r
eatimport
ancebutlov
ee nj
oysane ve
ng rea
teri nf
luenceonhuma n
fe
eli
ngs.
Every
,otherknowl
edge
,ski
ll
,andexperi
encel
ose
sitssi
gnif
icancebefor
ethere
ali
ty
oflo
ve.

Lo
vei
ssupe
rio
rtopo
lit
ics
,wa
r,t
rav
eli
ng,a
nde
duc
ati
on.Thepo
etc
ompa
resal
ove
r

1
15
wit
hapo li
ti
ci
ana
ndawi de
lyt
ravel
edpe
rso
n.At r
ave
ledma
npo ss
ess
esgrea
tpowerof
obs
erva
tio
n.Hevi
si
tsdi
ff
ere
ntcount
ri
esa
ndk no
wsmuchaboutt
helif
est
yleofdi
ff
ere
nt
nat
ions
.

Hei sf ull
ya war
eo ft hepr o
gres
s,achie
v e
me nt,and s
o c
io-
economiccondi
tio
no f
dif
fer
entco untr
ies
.Hisarg
ume ntsarel
oadedwithhi spowerofobs
ervati
on.I
ns pi
teofal
l
hisknowledge,heisnotsuperio
rt oal o
ver.Inst
eado ftaki
ngpa r
ti nthedis
putesand
quarr
elsofpo l
it
ics
,al
o v
erislo
stinthecharmandbe a ut
yofhi
sbelove
d.

Theexpe
rienceo flov
ei sr
eall
ythri
ll
ingandinto
xic
ati
ng.Thepoetdoe
snotwantto
t
hinkabo
uta nythi
ngo ftheworl
dintheprese
nceofayoungandbea
utif
ulgi
rl
.Hewis
hes
t
obeyoungagain,enjo
ythebles
si
ngsofyounglov
e.

Questi
onNo5:-I
nourti
medes
ti
nyofmanpr
ese
ntsi
tsme
aningi
npo
lit
ica
lte
rms
.Ex
pla
in
Po
lit
icsbyW.
B.Yeat
sint
hel
ig
htofMann’sgi
vesco
mment.

Answer:
-Thepo eme
mpha s
izest
heal
l-powe r
fulpos
iti
onofpol
it
ics
.Ever
yothera
cti
v i
tyof
l
if
ef ade
sa ndbec
omesus
ele
ss.Theworldisdominatedbypol
it
icswhe
theri
tisnat
ionalo
r
i
nternat
ional
.Themo
dernma nhasl
osthisindiv
iduali
dent
it
y.

Hispo s
iti
onislikeadropofwa t
erinthevas
to c
ean.Thena
tio
nsarecont
rol
le
dby
pol
iti
ci
ans.The yho
l dtheml
ikepuppet
sinthei
rha
nds.Theyoft
ens
tartawart
odiver
tthe
at
tenti
ono fthepeoplefr
omthei
rdespi
cabl
ebadgove
rnance.

Thusthepoorcommonma nisattheme r
cyofthismerci
le
sspol
it
ics
.Thepol
iti
cal
r
eal
it
yismorepai
nfulwhe
nitpus
hespeopl
eintoavor
texofec
onomicpr
oblems
.The
ya re
f
orc
edtospe
ndthei
rtimemak
ingef
for
tstoear
nbrea
dforthei
rfamil
y.

Thepoorlov
erf e
elsas
ha medtos eehi
sg i
r l
fr
iendwit
hane mpt
ypock
et.Thust
he
s
weetes
tjoy
sofloveandbeautyaredeni
edbyt hem.Soiti
sri
ghttos
ayt
hatthemode
rn
manishel
dhos
tagebythee
vilfor
cesofpol
it
ics
.

2
2.S
nak
e

ByD.
H.La
wre
nce
S
umma
ry

"Snake"byD.H.La wrenceisabe aut

if
ulpoem.thepo et
,inthispoe
m,s ugges
tsthatma n
mustlovea l
lthecr
eature
so fthewo rl
d.Hemus tno tt
akei ni
ti
ati
vet ohurta nyother
cr
eat
ureho we v
erdanger
ousi tma yseem.Ma nmus ttr
eatbi r
ds,animals
,a ndr e
ptil
es
af
fec
tio
na t
ely.Hehasnorighttoa s
ser
thissupe
riori
tybycausingharmt oothercre
ature
s.
Thepoemi sals
oacomme ntont heworldl
yeducat
ionthatfi
ll
sma nwi t
hf e
arsa ndasense

1
16
o
func
ert
aint
y.

Thepo etdescri
besho wo nas unnyda yofJuly
,hec omesdo wnstai
rstof e
tchso mewa t
er
fromthet roughwhe nhes eesas na k
edr inki
ngwa teratthetrough.ithasc omeo uto fthe
holeinthemudwa l
l.Thepo etstandss ti
llandlooksatthereptile
.Thes nakealsol o
o ksat
thepoet.Atf i
rst
,thepo e
tthinkso fkil
lingthesnake.Hiswo r
ldlyeducati
oni ns
tructshimt o
dos oast hes nakeisc ons
idere
dada nge r
ousrepti
le.Ho wever,hehear sac allfrom his
withi
n,.
Itf e
e l
shimt hatthesnakei shisguestandtheguestss
ho uldbetreatedhono rabl
y.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

"Snake"isag rea
tpo e
m.Thepo emiss
implebutithasdeepme anings
.Thepoetsa
ystha
t
insti
nctisbett
erthanreas
oni
ng.Thepoe
tsa wasnaketha
twa sdrinki
ngwa t
erathi
swate
r
trough.Hel i
kedthesnake.Hi
sinnerv
oicesai
dhims nakesa
r eda ng
eroussohemustki
ll
him.Hepi c
kedas ti
ckandthre
whi mont hes
nakebuthistargetwa smiss
edandhewas
verya s
hame dofhisac
tio
n.

Theybeli
v e
sthatthesnakeisak ingoftheunde r
groundwo rl
da ndmustbet r
eate
d
a
c c
ording
ly.Thisi
sav e
rylongpoemo f7
4l i
nes.Ithasbeenwritt
eninthety
peo f"Fr ee
v
e r
se"Thereisnorhymeschemeinthepoem.So meli
nesa r
ev e
rylongandsomea revery
s
hort.Thepo emisre
ma r
kablef
orthedesc
ript
ivepowero fthepoetothe
rwi
sela
ng uageis
v
e r
ysimple.

The
me

Thethemeo fthepoe mist hato urfeel

ingofl ovesy
mpa thywa scrushe dbyo ursoci
al
educa
tion.Ma nkil
lso t
hera ni
ma lsjustt
opr ovehisbrav
erya ndma nlyho od.Thisisnot
humanity.Heshouldno tki
llotheranima l
sforhisfunbecauseever
ycrea turehastheri
ght
toli
veint hisworl
dl i
keahuma nbe i
ng.Wes houldnotinterf
erewitho ther'
sli
ves.They
havetheirownlik
esa nddisl
ikes.Eve r
ycreat
ureo fGodwha tsfre
edoma ndwes houldnot
int
erf
erewiththei
rliv
e s
.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Pi
cko
uta
llt
hede
scr
irpt
iveus
edf
ort
hes
nak
e.

Answer:-Thefol
lowinga rethede sc
ripti
vewo r
dstha tthepoetha
sus e
df orthesnake
:
Trai
led,yel
lowbrownsla c
kness,sof
t-
be l
li
ed,st
rai
ghtmo uth,s
lac
klongbody,f
li
cker
edhis
tow-f
orkedtong
ue ,e
a r
thbr own,e ar
thg olde
n,burningbo we
lsoftheeart
h,blac
k-bl
ack
snakes
,slowl
yturnedhi sbody,snakee as
inghisshoulde
r,drawi
ngint
othathorri
dblack
hole
,convuls
edi
nundi gnif
iedha s
te,
writhedli
keli
ghtning
.

1
17
Que
sti
onNo2
:-Whydo
est
hepo
ett
hinko
fuse
duc
ati
ona
s“ a
ccur
sed”?

Answer:
-Thepo etthinkshiseduca
tionasa c
cursedbecausehewantstoenjoyt
hebeautyof
thesnake.Heha st hea e
sthet
icsenseneces
s a
ryt oenjoybeaut
yini t
sf o
rmse ve
ni nthe
creat
ure
slikesnake
s .Hewa sreadytotrea
tt hesnakea shisg
ues
t.Hea l
lowedthesnaketo
dri
nkwa terbefo
rehi mself
.Butwhe nthes nakedi dhiswo r
kofdr i
nki
ngwa terfr
omt he
tro
ugh,hiseducat
iondirectedhimt oki
llthatsnakea sitwaspoi
sonous.Seet
hefoll
owing
li
nesinthi
sconnect
io n:

“Thev
oic
eofmye
duc
ati
ons
aidt
ome

Hemus
tbek
ill
ed”

Buthi
sae
sthe
tics
ens
ele
thi
mut
tert
hef
oll
owi
ngwo
rds
:

“Butmus
tIc
onf
essIl
ike
dhi
m

Ho
ngl
adIwa
sheha
dco
mel
ikeag
ues
tinqui
et,

Todr
inka
tmywa
ter
-tr
oug
h,”

Ul
ti
mat
ely
,hi
seduc
ati
ons
ucc
eedsi
nwi
nni
nghi
she
arta
ndhes
aid:

“Il
ook
eda
round,
Pputdo
wnmypi
tche
r,

Ipi
cke
dupac
lums
ycl
og,

Andt
hre
wita
tthewa
ter
-tr
oug
hwi
thac
lat
ter
,”

Thepoe
twa
sso
rryf
orwha
thedi
dbyf
oll
owi
ngt
hev
oic
eofhi
seduc
ati
on.Hea
cce
pte
dat
thee
nd:

“Ands
o,Imi
ss
edmyc
hanc
ewi
tho
neo
fthel
ordso
fli
fe,

AndIha
ves
ome
thi
ngt
oex
pia
te:
Ape
tti
nes
s”

Thatiswhythepo
ets
ays“Ide
spi
sedmy
sel
fandt
hev
oic
eso
fmya
ccur
sedhuma
n
educ
ati
on”.

Que
sti
onNo3
:-Ca
nyo
upo
intt
hes
ubt
lec
hang
esi
nthepo
et,
sre
lat
ions
hipwi
thS
nak
e?

Answer
:-Thechangesint
hepoet
’srela
tions
hipwi
ththesnakearemany
.Firs
tl
y,t
hepoe
t
co
nside
redthesnak
ea sague
stwhoha
sc o
meupt ohi
swa t
er-
troug
h.Hesaysi
nthepoe
m:

“Butmus
tIc
onf
essIl
iket
his

Ho
wgl
adIwa
sheha
dco
mel
ike

1
18
Todr
inka
tmywa
ter
-tr
oug
h”

S
econdly
,thepoetthink
stha tt
hes na
kei sli
keagod.Agodiswor
shi
pedsot
hepo
etwant
s
t
odot hewo r
shipinga c
tivi
ty.Hewa ntedt owors
hipthesnakeli
keadevot
ee.Hi
s
r
ela
tions
hipwit
ht hesnakeisvivi
dinthef o
llo
wingl
ine
s:

“Thes
nak
e

s
eemi
ngt
oli
ckhi
sli
ps,

Andl
ook
eda
roundl
ikeag
od,
”

Attheendthepoetc
hange
shisrel
ati
onshi
pagai
nfro
m aho s
t,adevo
teetoas
ubj
ect
.He
ca
llst
hesna
k easaki
ngoftheunde
rworl
d.Thepo
etwri
teri
nthisc
onnec
tio
n:

“Fo
rhes
eeme
dtomea
gai
nli
keak
ing
,

Li
keak
indi
nex
il
e!Unc
rowne
d,

No
wduet
obec
rowne
dag
ain.
”

He
ncet
her
ela
tio
nshi
poft
hepo
eta
ndt
hes
nak
eiso
fthe

f
oll
owi
ngna
tur
e:Ho
st-
gue
st,
dev
ote
e-g
od,
aki
ng-
asubj
ect
.

Ques
ti
onNo.4
:WHYI
STHEPOETGLAD TO S
EETI
IES
NAKEATHI
SWATER-
TROUGH?

Whyi
sthepo
etg
ladt
ose
ethes
nak
ea

Answer:
-Thepoe
tisg
ladt
ose
ethes
nak
eathi
swa
ter
-tr
oug
hbe
caus
eofhi
sthef
oll
owi
ng
re
lat
ionshi
ps:

Fi
rst
ly,
thepoe
tcons
ide
redthesnak
easag
ues
twhoha
sco
meupt
ohi
swa
ter
-tr
oug
htha
tis
whyheisgl
ad.Hesa
ysinthepo
e m,

“Butmus
tIc
onf
essIl
ike
dhi
m

Ho
wgl
adIwa
sheha
dco
mel
ikeag
ues
tinqui
et,

Todr
inka
tmywa
ter
-tr
oug
h,”

S
econdly
,thepo ett
hinksthatthesna
k eisli
keag od.Agodisworshippedsothepoetwant
s
t
odot hewo rs
hippi
nga ct
ivi
ty.Hewa ntedtowo rs
hipli
keade vo
tee.Tha tiswhyheisg
lad
t
oseethes nake.Hisrel
atio
nshipwitht hesnakei
sv i
vidinthefoll
o wingl
ines
:Thesnake,
S
eemingtol i
ckhisli
ps,Andl ooke
da r
o undlik
eAtt heend,t
hepo ett hi
nksthatt
hesna
k e
s

1
19
hi
sgue
st,
ago
dli
kef
igur
e,a
ndak
ing
.

“Fo
rhes
eeme
dtomea
gai
nli
keak
ing
,

Li
keak
ingi
nex
il
eUnc
rowne
d,

I
ntheunde
rgr
ound,

No
wdi
ret
obec
rowne
dag
ain,
”

Henc
ekee
pingi
nvi
ewther
ela
tio
nshi
pofthepoe
tandthesnak
eitbe
come
scl
eart
hata
sto
whyt
hepoetwa
sha
ppytos
eethesna
keathiswa
ter
-tr
ough.

Que
sti
onNo5
:-Whydo
est
hepo
ett
hinko
fhi
seduc
ati
ona
sac
cur
sed?

Q:
-Ho
wdo
ese
duc
ati
ono
ver
comei
nst
inc
tinS
nak
e?

Q:
-WhatdoesD.
H.La
wre
ncec
urs
ehi
seduc
ati
on?

Q:
-Whydo
esD.
H.La
wre
ncef
eelr
epe
nta
nta
fte
rhi
senc
ount
erwi
tht
hes
nak
e?

Answer:
-Toc ons
ideronese
lfs
uperi
orduetohise
ducati
onisacommo nfeel
ingbuttohar
m
othercr
eatur
eswithoutanyreas
onisethi
cal
lynotappropri
ate
.Inthisbeauti
fulpoe
mo f
D.H.Lawrenc
e,hepre s
ent
shisencount
erwithas nak
ewhoc a
met othewa tertr
oughto
quenchit
sthi
rst
.Atfirs
t,t
hepoetgotex
cit
edandgladtoseet
hatcr
eature
.

Thesnakehadc o
mel i
keag ue
stt odrinkathiswate
rt ro
ugh.Thepo
etfel
tso
honor
edatthisvis
itwhil
stsi
mult
aneousl
y,thevoic
esofhisaccurs
edhumaneduc
ati
on
advi
sedhi
mt oki
llt
hesnakea
sitwasag o
ldensnakeandt
her
eforepois
ono
us.

Tho s
evoice
ssai
dtohimIfyo
uwe renotafr
aidy
o uwoul
dkil
lhim.Thek
ill
ingna
ture
ofthepoetpick
edupac l
ums
yloga ndthrewitatthesnakewhenitwasl
eav i
ngaft
er
que
nchingit
sthi
rstf
romthewat
ertr
ough.Itdi
dnotki
llthes
nake.

Butt herearpartofit
sbo dygotbr
uis
edal i
tt
le.Thepoe
tfelta
shamedofhi
sme an
a
ctandbe gantoha t
ehimsel
f.Thepoemreveal
sthehuma nweak
nessofl
iki
ngandev
iland
t
hecorrupti
onofhuma nbe i
ngs.Its
howsthathumansarenat
ural
lyat
tra
ctedt
othethi
ngs
t
heyarea f
rai
do fthemost.

Ontheo t
herhand,theendi
ngs howshowhumaneduca
tio
nt eachesusthatma ny
t
hingsarebad,the
refo
retheyareengr
a v
edint
oourhea
ds.However,t
hepo i
sonoussnake
meantnoharm butduetot hevoi
ces
,La wr
enc
ethre
was t
ickatit
,regr
e t
ti
nga nins
tance
l
aterathi
svulga
ra c
t.

Que
sti
onNo6
:-Di
scus
sthema
int
hemeo
fthepo
em

1
20
Q:
-Wha
tist
her
eas
ont
hatt
hepo
etl
etst
hes
nak
ede
par
tunhur
t?

Q:
-Ca
nyo
upo
into
utt
hes
ubt
lec
hang
esi
nthepo
et’sr
ela
tio
nshi
pwi
tht
hes
nak
e?

Q:
-Thepo
etf
eel
sre
pent
anta
fte
rhi
senc
ount
erwi
tht
hes
nak
e.why
?

Answer
:-D.H.Lawr
encei
sawe l
l-
knownEng l
ishpo
et,nov
eli
st
,a ndcr
it
ic.Hedevel
opeda
per
sonalphi
los
ophythatins
ti
nctsar
es uperi
ortothereasoningofthemi nd. Heis
es
sent
ial
lyamo r
ali
stwhobel
iev
esthatmo de
rnma nisbec
omi ngde
priv
e do
fhi snat
ura
l
fe
eli
ngs
.

ThepoemS na
keisfamousa mongLawrence’swell
-knownpoems.I nt
hispoem,t
he
po
ethasto
ldastor
yofhisac
cidenta
lencounte
rwithasnake.Helove
sa ndres
pect
shimas
ague
st.
Therei
saconf
lic
tbet
we e
nhi sna
turalfe
eli
ngsa
ndhi sna
tio
nalthinki
ng.

Thepo e
m point
so utho
wo urfeel
ing
soflov
eandaf
fect
ionarecr
ushedbyoursoc
ial
e
ducatio
n.Ourr easoni
ngofte
nmi sl
eadsus
.Ma nsome
timeskill
sot
hera ni
malsi
nhi s
i
nto
x i
cati
ono fpowe
ra ndmanhood.Butnola
wo ft
heworl
da l
lowshi
mt odepri
veo
thers
o
ftheirri
ghttoli
ve.

Thepo e
mS nakearo
usesfee
li
ngsofa f
fec
tionandsympathyforallcr
eat
ure
sinthi
s
worl
d.Al
thoughthepo
ethit
sthesnakeundertheinf
lue
nceofhiseduc
atio
n,hefe
elss
orr
y
fo
rhismeanact.
Soman’sna tur
ali
nsti
nctpre
v a
ilsa
ttheendofthepoem.

Ques
ti
o nNo7:-Descr
ibethec
onf
li
cti
nthemi
ndo
fD.
H.La
wre
ncea
tthepr
ese
nceo
fthe
s
nak
ea tthewa
tert
rough.

Q:
-Whydo
est
hepo
etde
cidet
oki
llt
hes
nak
e?

Q:
-Whydo
est
hepo
etc
allt
hes
nak
eak
ingi
nthee
nd?

Q:
-Whydo
est
hepo
etwa
ntt
oha
vehi
ssna
kea
gai
n?

Answer:
-I nthispoem,thepoetdes
cri
beshisunpl
annedme e
tingwit
has na
ke.Itwa
sthe
dayofJuly.Thepo e
tsawas nak
enearhiswaterpool
.Thesnakeca
met he
refro
maho l
ein
thewa l
l.Thepo etwasafrai
do ft
hesnake.Itres
tedit
sthroatontheedgeofthewat
er
cont
ainerandsippedwater
.

Hewa nte
dt oki
llt
hesnake,buthec o
nside
redithisguest
.Thesnakedr
ankandbega
n
tocra
wlintothehol
eofthewal
l.Suddenly,t
hepoetli
ft
e dalogandthr
ewitatt
hesnak
e.It
didnothi
tthesnak
e.Thesnak
er ushe
di nt
otheholeanddi s
appear
ed.

La
terherepent
edove
rhisfo
oli
shact
.Hedes
ire
df o
rthesna
ketocomebac
k.Int
his
po
em,D.H.La
wr e
nceha
sg i
venauni
ver
salt
hemet
hatismanne
rsandwa
ysofonecr
eat
ure

1
21
o
fGo
dtoa
not
herc
rea
tur
eofGo
d.

Heurgedhumanbeing
sthate
veryli
vingandthenon-
li
vingcrea
tur
ei sc
reat
edbyGod.
So
,t heyshoul
dnotkil
la nyc
reat
urefore nj
oyment
.evene duc
ati
ona ndk no
wle
dgea
r e
us
elessi
fwet r
yok
illa
nyinnoc
entcre
aturesofGod.

Que
sti
onNo8
:-Whyi
sthepo
etg
ladt
ose
ethes
nak
eathi
swa
tert
roug
h?

Answer
:-Ther
eareaf ewl ogi
calr e
asonsa ndfacto
rswhi
chshowthatthepoe
tisve
ry
ex
cit
edtoseet
hesnak
ea thiswatertrough.Thefi
rstr
eas
oni
sthatD.
H.Lawre
ncei
sfa
mous
f
orhisl
oveofnat
ureanda l
lthethingsre
l a
tedtoi
t.

Helove
st oe nj
oyt hec ompanyofna t
ura
lsight
sa ndsounds.Heha sin-depth
kno
wle
dgeaboutthenatur
a lhabi
tofdif
fer
entani
mal
s,bir
ds,andothe
rcre
a t
ures
.Itisthe
maj
orre
aso
ntha tmakeshi
mf e
elove
rjo
yedwhenhefi
rsts
awt hes
nakeonhistr
ough.

Theeve
nttake
splacewhent
hepoetcamedownst
air
swithapitc
he rt
otakewa t
erfr
om
hiss
tonetr
oughonas c
orchi
ngdayinJ
uly
.Hewa sst
unnedtoseeagoldensnakequenc
hing
hist
hirs
tther
e.Thepoetwasali
ttl
esc
aredbuthehonoredthesna
ket otakehist
urnfirs
t
andthenproc
eedforwate
r.

Heha dr eadabo
utt heSi
cil
iangoldens nake
swhichwe r
ev erypois
onoussoquit
e
nat
ural
lytheideao
fk i
ll
inghi
mr anacrosshismind.Buthepreve
ntedhimsel
ffro
mdo i
ng
soandhisheartwasfi
ll
edwithas t
rangejoya ndres
pectfort
hesnake.Atthisti
me,t
he
poe
tfor
g e
tsthatas
nakeisinf
rontofhima nditisadanger
ouscr
eatur
e.

Hebeginst
ofeelt
hatthesnakeisagues
to fhono
ri nhishouseandc
onsi
der
shimse
lf
hi
shos
t.Hewishe
sthatt
hesnak ewoul
dbecomehisfr
iendandhewo ulds
harehi
sfe
eli
ngs
wi
thhi
ml i
keabosomfri
end.Hisatt
it
udet
owa r
dshimisverygentl
eandac
commodat
ing.

Thenallo fasudde n,afee

li
ngo fworldlyeduca
tionoverpowershimandhet hro wsa
st
onea tt
hes nakeinor dertokil
lhim.Thes nakeimme di
ate
lyr e
spondsands l
it
hersintoa
near
byho l
ene vertobef oundagain.Thepoetfeel
sabitemba rras
sedoverhissens
ele
s sac
t
buthewasstillhappytha theha
de nter
tai
neda nama z
ingcre
at ur
ea thi
sdis
po s
al.

2
3.I
mag
esa
ndi
mpr
ess
ions

1
).Aut
umn

ByT.
E.Hul
me
S
umma
ry

1
22
Thepo em Autumnbyr .E.Hul mesho wstheke e
no bse
rvati
ono fthepo etwhopr es
ent
sa
graphicofana utumnni g ht
.Thepo e
tc omparesthemo onwithred-
fa c
edf armersa ndst
ars
withwhi te-
facedc hi
ldrenwhol iveint hepo ll
utedurbane nvir
o nment.Thepo ethas
present
edag r
a phi
cpi ctureo fa nautumnni ght.Hel eftacoldse nsa
tionc ausedbyt he
eff
ecto fthecoldni g
htdur ingwi nternightwhe nhewa swriti
ngabo ut.hes awt hemo on
whichha dfres
hhe althyco l
ora nditseeme dasifitwasbendi
ngo ve
rt hehe dge
. Thefaceof
themo onlookede x
a c
t l
ylikethef ac
eo fav i
gorousfar
me r
.

Thepo etha dno tti

met ostopandt a
lkwi t
ht hemo o
n.Thoughhedi dno tha v
et imeto
appreciatehisbe autyyethemo vedhisheads l
ightlytogree
tthemo on.Aroundt hea utumn
mo on,the r
ewe ree agers t
arswhowe r
elookinglik etownchil
dre
nwhoha dwhi tea ndpa l
e
face
s .
Thepo e tha suseds i
mi l
esinthepoem, redmo onli
keafaceofaf ar
me rands tarsli
ke
townc hildre
n. The r
eisac ont
rastbetweenthere df a
ceofthefar
me randthet ona t
ur eand
inapo llution-freewo rld.Butt hechil
dreno fci
tie sares
owe akandf e
ebleandha vewhi t
e
andpa lef a
ce sbe causeo fthepo l
lut
edenvir
o nme nt.Thepres
enta
tio
na ndde s
c r
ipti
ono ft
he
poema rev eryg o o
d.

Cr
it
ica
lAppr
eci
ati
on

Inthispoe m,thepo ett el

lsusa bouta na utumnni ght
.Hewa swa l
kingo uts
ide.The
atmospher
ewa sverycold.Hes awhtmo ons hi
ningo ve
rahe dg
e .Themo o
nwa sloo
k i
nglike
ar e
f-f
acedhealthyfarme rwo r
kinginhi sfiel
ds.Thepo etha susedther ef
erenceoft he
far
me rtoshowtheclean, f
res
h,andhe al
thfulatmo s
phereofvi
llageswher
et hefarmerliv
e s
.
Thepo etdidno tst
opf orfewmo me nt
st otalkwi t
ht hemo on.Hes hoo khishe a
da nd
mo ve
da way.Aroundt hemo on,ther
ewe rewi s
tfulstar
s.Theywe rewhit
el ikewhite
-faced
chi
ldrenofc i
ti
eso rto wns.Thisrefere
ncei sus e
dhe retos howt hedirtya ndpo l
luted
envi
ronmentofc i
ti
es.Us ual
ly,
thefacesofthepe opl
eo fci
ti
esa r
ewhi t
ewhi chshowsal ack
ofhealt
handf r
eshness
.

Thepo e
tf el
tac olds e
nsati
onc ause
dbyt heeffectofac oldnightduringawi nternig
ht
whe nhewa swa l
k i
nga bout.Hes awthemo onwhi c
hha dfr e
shhe alt
hyc oloranditseemed
asifitwa sbe ndingo verthehedge.Thef aceo fthemo onl o
o ke
de xactl
yl i
kethefa ceofa
vi
go rousfarme r
.Thei ma geofahe alt
hyf a
r merhasbe ens ucc
e s
sfull
yco nveye
dwi ththe
helpo fthesimilemo on.Thepo etcompa r
e dtheruddyfa c
eo fthemo o
nwi ththeruddyf a
ce
ofaf a rmer
.Thef armersmo st
lyr e
ma i
ni nt heopena ndt hefresha i
rk eepsthemi ngood
healtha ndthe i
rf ac
est urnreda ndshining.Thepr ese
ntationa ndde sc
ripti
ono fthepo e
t
arever ygood.

The
me

Aut
umn;as
eas
ono
fde
mis
eandg
loo
mha
sbe
eng
ive
naf
res
hpe
rspe
cti
vebyKe
atsi
n'Ode

1
23
t
oAutumn'.Kea
ts,bei
nganadmir
erofbe
autymanag
estofi
nditi
never
yas
pecto
fnat
ure
i
ncl
udingthedi
ms c
enesoftheaut
umns e
ason.Manytheme
so ft
hepoem hav
ebeen
s
ugge
sted:
-

Thepr ogr
ess
iono fautumn se
asonisde pi
cte
di nt hr
ees
tanza
s;fr
omi t
s'mel
low
f
rui
tf
ulne
ss'anda bundanceinthefi
rsts
tanzatoitslabo
rio
usl
aborint
hese
condst
anza
a
ndfinal
lyint
oitsgradualdemi
sehera
ldi
ngthewinter
.

Als
o,pa r
all
eltothisKeat
sill
ust
ratesthegrowingdayfrommo r
ningtoafte
rno
oni nto
eveni
ng.Justasli
fegrowsint
oitshig
he s
ta chi
evementsduri
ngtheyouthfol
lowi
ngitcome
thelabor
ingda y
so fmiddleageandf i
na l
lyolda geindi
cat
ingtheappro
achingdeat
h.he
ter
m' cy
cle'gi
vesusani deaofanune ndingcir
culati
ngjourne
y.Thus,
deat
hno tbei
ngt he
ult
imatedesti
nati
on,Kea t
sta
int
sthepo emwi t
hho pesofaft
erl
if
e.

Afternearl
yo neandaha lfyearofthepoem'spubli
cat
ionKeat
sdie
dinRo me.S
ome
cri
tic
sa ls
or efe
rt othea bse
nceo fape r
sono fpoet,unli
keKeats
'othe
rOde sasa n
indi
cati
ono fthesubmerge
ds e
ns eofhisownfearofdeathandahopetha
tdeathi
snotthe
ulti
ma t
ee nd.Theref
ore
,despi
tet heprogr
essi
onofautumnt owa
rdsit
sdemis
ethro
ughout
thepoemt hetoneofthepoemr emainsopti
mist
ic.

Autumnc o
ns pir
eswit
hthesun,it
sinti
matefr
ienda ndfil
lst
hekernelofeac
hfrui
tto
it
score.Allofna tur
einac ohesi
vebondwo r
k st
opr ovideforthes
ustenanceofhuman
bei
ngs.Theseasong i
vesal
lithasgotf
ortheprepar
a t
iono fwint
erwhi
c hle
a dst
osuchan
abundanceofnaturethati
tcre
atesani
llus
ionofpe
rma nence.

Duet oi
tsha rdworkt hepersonifi
eda utumnispa r
cheda ndcanbef oundresti
ngat
thegranar
yfloor.Drenc
he dwithfulfi
lment,asna t
ureenjoyst
hef i
naldro
pso fappleci
der,
theseaso
npr opelstowardsit
sde mise.Simila
rt othisi
st hewo r
ko fana r
tist
.Thea rt
is
t
poursoutfromt heintr
insi
cc or
ei ntothec reat
ivema s
terpi
ece
.Ev enthelastdropofthe
art
is
t'ses
senc
eo flif
eissacr
ifi
cedtohisa r
tis
ticcreat
ionforsat
iati
onofthehuma nsoul.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Aut
umns
howst
hepo
et’sl
ovef
orna
tur
e.Di
scus
s.

Answe
r:-ThepoemAutumnpres
entsthegraphi
cpictur
eoftheaut
umnni g
ht.Throug
hthis
gr
aphi
cpictur
e,thepoe
tgi
vest
heideao fpol
lut
ion.Therur
alenvi
ronmentispur
ewhe r
eas
ur
banlifeispol
lute
d.Thisar
tis
ti
cpo em pres
entsthesci
enceofautumnnightwiththe
moonandstars
.

Thepoetwa
so bs
erv
ingtheat
mos
pher
eonanaut
umnni
ght.
Ther
ewa sacol
dne
ssi
nthe
a
ir.Hes a
wt heruddymo o
nl e
anove
rthehe
dgeofhi
shous
e.Itl
ook
edl i
keared-
fac
ed

1
24
f
arme
r.Hedi
dno
tspe
akt
othemo
on.

Therewerewistf
ulst
arsar
oundthemoonthatwer
ea spa
leandwhiteasthefac
esof
t
hetownchil
dren.
Thec hi
ldr
enwerewhi
teandsi
ckl
ybecaus
eofthepol
lut
edatmosphe
reof
c
ityl
ife
.Thepe asantsee
me dre
da ndhea
lthybeca
usehehadbe enbroug
hti narust
ic
s
cena
rio.

Hewasha v
ingi
napur eatmospher
e.Basi
cal
ly,thi
spoeme x
pres
sesthepoll
utedsce
ne
ofurba
nlif
e.Itisathought-
provo
kingpoem.Ite x
press
esade epmoralles
sont ha
tthe
bea
utyofnatur
eissointo
xicat
ingbutmechanic
allifefi
ll
sitwit
hwa st
age.Throughthis
poe
m, t
hepoets
howshisdee
plovefornat
uralobj
ects
.

Que
sti
onNo2
:-Dr
awag
raphi
cpi
ctur
eoft
hepo
emAut
umni
nyo
uro
wnwo
rds
.

Answer:
-ThepoetT.E.
Hulmehasdr
awnag r
aphi
cpic
tureofacol
dautumnnig
hti
naqui
te
re
alis
ti
csty
le.Thisver
yshor
tpoemisbase
do ntheper
sonale
xperi
enceoft
hepoet
.The
poetcameoutofhisho
metohometoenj
oyawa l
konaco l
daut
umnni ght
.

Dur
inghi
swa l
k,t
hepoeto
bser
v e
dt here
d-c
olo
redmoont
hatwaslea
ningove
rahedge.
Thecol
orofthemoonwasasredasthered-
fac
edfar
mer
.Thepoetdi
dno ts
topt
oint
era
ct
wit
hthemoon.Hequic
klymove
donwa rd.

“ Li
kear
ed-
fac
edf
arme
r,

Idi
dno
tst
opt
ospe
akbutno
dde
d”

Aft
erthi
s,heobs
erv
edt
hewi
st
fuls
tar
sint
hes
kyt
hatwe
rea
swhi
tea
sthef
ace
soft
he
t
ownchil
dre
n.

“Andr
ounda
boutwe
ret
hewi
st
fuls
tar
s,

Wi
thwhi
tef
ace
sli
ket
ownc
hil
dre
n”

Thi
spoemisama s
terpi
eceofEng l
ishli
ter
ature
.Thepoethasexpr
ess
edhi
sfee
li
ngs
andimpres
si
onsaboutthehe a
lthyef
fectofthepol
lutede
nvi
ronmentofvi
ll
agel
if
eandthe
unhe
a l
thyef
fec
tsofthepol
lutedatmosphereoft
hec i
ti
esoni
tsinha
bit
ants
.

Inshort
,thepoetdes
cri
best
hepuri
tyandfr
eshnes
so ft
hevil
lageenvi
ronment
.So,the
v
ill
agest
andsforgoodheal
thandpur
it
y.Theimagesofred-
fac
eda ndwhite-
fac
edchil
dren
a
reo fgr
eatsi
gnif
ica
nce.Thepeas
anti
ndic
a t
esafres
ha ndhealt
hye nvi
ronmentwit
hf ul
l
f
orce.

Helooksbri
ght
,fre
sh,andacti
ve.Hei
sas ymbo
lo fli
fea
ndmo vement
.Thelatt
er
i
mag
ere
fer
stothepol
lut
ed,mis
ty,
andunhea
lthya
tmospher
eofthec
iti
es.
Here
,thepe
ople

1
25
a
ret
hes
ymbo
lso
fla
zine
ss.
The
yse
eml
if
ele
ss,
sti
ll
,andwi
the
red.

The
reisnofre
shne
ssa
ndgrac
eont
hei
rfa
ces
.Sot
oco
ncl
ude
,thepo
etha
spa
int
edt
he
pi
ctureo
frurala
ndurbanar
eas

2
).Fo
g

ByCa
rlS
anbur
g.

Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo1
:-Di
scus
sFo
gasa
nima
gis
ti
cpo
em.

Answer:
- Thepoem Fogi
saverysmallpoem.Int
hisshortpoem,CarlSa
ndburgasan
i
ma gi
st
icpoethaspers
oni
fi
edfog
.Thepo etcompa
resarti
sti
cal
lyittoawhitecatwho
co
me squie
tlya
nds o
ftl
y.I
tdoe
sno tc
ontai
na nymess
age.I
tissimpleandful
lofcer
tai
n
i
ma ge
sandimpres
si
ons.

Thepo e
tobserv
esaus ualhappe
ningofeve
ryday.Everyear
lymor
ning,thef
ogenve
lops
eve
ryt
hinginthecit
ya ndharboral
ike.
Thepo etpe
rsoni
fi
edFogint
hes hapeofanani
ma l
.
Inper
sonif
ica
tio
n,thingsoride
asaretr
eate
da sift
heywerehumanbei
ng sandwit
hhuma n
qual
it
ies
.

Thepo e
tg i
vesthei
mageo facatt
hatcome ss
teal
thi
ly.I
tmo ve
sonit
spaddednoi
sel
ess
fee
tands i
tssi
lentl
y.I
tcrea
tesalookaround.Aft
ersomet i
meitmoveson.Thepo
etha s
beaut
if
ull
yus edtheimageso ff
og,ci
ty,harbor
,andt hesil
entani
mal.Hec o
nve
ysthe
impre
ssi
ono fs
leepandsi
le
nce.

Que
sti
onNo2
:-Dr
awag
raphi
cpi
ctur
eoft
hepo
emFo
giny
ouro
wnwo
rds
.

Answer
:-Inthi
ssho r
tpoe
mFo g
, t
hepoetha
sdrawnaquie
tr e
ali
sti
cgr
aphi
cpic
tureoff
og.
Thispo
emi saclo
s eandkee
no bser
vati
onofthepe
rso
nalexperi
enceo
fthepo
et.Thepoet
pre
sent
sthearr
ivalandde
partureoffo
g.

Thepo e
tCa r
lS a
ndburghasper
soni
fi
edf
ogassomethi
ngani
mateinaveryef
fec
tiv
e
a
ndtouchi
ngsty
le.Thepoetobs
erv
esthef
ogco
mingo
nt hefee
tofali
tt
leca
t.I
tcomesver
y
s
lowl
yandsil
ent
ly.

Thepoetal
soobs
ervesthefo
gsit
ti
ngonitshaunchesli
keacat.Itc
omesf
romthe
har
bo randgoestot
hec it
y.Thepoethasdr
a wntheg ra
phicpi
ctur
eofthefogv
ery
ef
fect
ive
ly.
Iti
sli
keal
itt
lewhit
ecatt
hati
sse
arc
hingforit
sprey.

Thei
mag
esl
iket
hel
it
tl
efe
eta
nds
il
entha
unc
hesa
requi
tev
ivi
d,t
ouc
hing
,and

1
26
ef
fec
tiv
e.Thi
sshor
tpi
eceofworki
sthemast
erpi
eceo
fsti
lll
if
e.Thepoe
t,i
nav e
rycurta
nd
pi
thyst
yle
,pai
ntsavi
vidpi
ctur
eofc
ityl
if
e.Hevis
ual
ize
sitt
hroughhi
simagi
nat
ion.

3
).Me
tro:
Pai
rs

byEz
raPo
und
Que
sti
onsa
ndAns
wer
s

Que
sti
onNo
1:-I
nas
tat
iono
ftheme
troPo
embyEz
raPo
unds
umma
ry,
cri
ti
cala
nal
ysi
s

Answe r
:-Ezrapoundi nas tationoftheme tr
oi sapi eceo fimag i
sm work.Thisisanother
verysma l
lpo emc onsist
ingo nlyoftwol ines
.I nt hispo emt hepo e
tha suseda nother
beauti
fulmetaphor.Thepo ethaso bs
erve
dt hepe oplestandingo ntheunde rgr
oundPa r
is
RailwayStat
ion.Het hinksthatthepeoplewe r
el o
ok ingthes amea siftheywerethepetals
onthewe tblackboug h/branch.Actual
lyheha sconv eye
dt hes ensethatwhil
es t
andingon
theRa i
lwayStati
ont hepe o
pleha vecommo nthinkingtha tisofwa it
ingforsomebody.The
beautyofthepoemi sv e
ryclearfro
mt hecompletepo emwhi chisquotedasunder:

“Thea
ppa
rit
iono
fthe
sef
ace
sint
hec
rowd;

Pe
tal
sonawe
tbl
ackbo
rgh”

Theme taphorisv
eryconvi
ncinga ndIntheabovelines.
Inas ta
tio
no ftheme t
roPo e
m
byEz r
aPo undmo der
nis
mo rmode rnpoema ndf i
rstima gi
stpoem Wewi l
ltrytok now
aboutthemo der
npo e
tryandmo de rnlit
era
tureingr
e die
ntsandho wi sitdiff
erentfro
m
cla
ssi
cl i
tera
tureo rpo e
trybecaus eitisv er
yi mpor t
antt ok now bef
o r
er eadingthe
summa r
yo fthepoemI nastat
iono fthemetroEzrapounda naly
sis”

Inas t
atio
no fthemetr
oismo der
nismo rmo dernpoema ndfir
stima g
istpoemtha thas
beenwr i
tte
nbyEz r
apoundbe causeithashasa llmoderni
smo rmo dernelementsthatare
pres
entinmo der
npo e
m.Inmo de rnPoetr
yc ontentbasesonl i
mit
e dranges t
orytell
ingin
themo dernerahasbeenalmostended;wec ansa ythatwit
ho utpl
o tmodern’swr itersgo
int
ot hei
rplayso rpoems,thestoryiscomplete
lyv ani
shedfromt hesurfa
c eofthepo et
ry
whichwa sprese
ntincl
ass
icpoetr
ybe f
o r
e.

Andwea ls
oha vetof i
ndit
so wnmo rall
ess
ona ndmodernthemebe ca
usetherewa snoneof
t
hemi nsideinmo dernpo e
try.Butthi
swo uldnothappenint hecl
assi
cpoetry,atthestar
t
ofchoruso rpoem,wewe r
et ol
dthatwha twouldbeitsmo ra
le,andmo r
allesson.No wat
t
het i
meo fmo der
nt imeweha rdl
yfoundo utanyexpl
ici
ttheme .Andweg etthroughwith
completeguidance,Thisdoesnotme a
nt hatinthe
sepoetr
y ,t
hereisnotheme sbuthidden
t
heme spresentinthispoet
rywhichthewr i
terl
eave
sonust hatweha v
etofindi tours
elv
es.

1
27
 Pe
o pl
ealsoas
kt hes
eInas t
ationoftheme t
roPoemEz r
aPo undquest
ionsa
nda ns
wers
t
hatareunderbel
owI nas t
ati
ono ftheme t
roEzrapoundanaly
s i
sEzrapoundinastat
ion
oft
heme tromodernis
m Ez r
apo undinas t
ati
ono fthemetr
ot hemeInas ta
tio
no fthe
met
robyEz rapo
undi scons
ider
edt hefi
rsti
ma g
istpoe
m.

Que
sti
onNo2
:-Di
scus
sthes
ymbo
lis
mint
hepo
em

Answer:
-Thepoem,Metro:Par
isi
sas ymboli
cpo e
m.Thi
sisaco mmo nsubj
ectbutthepoet
hasexpre
sse
ditinhisuniquesty
le.Hes aysthatpe
opl
ea r
es t
a ndi
ngina nundergro
und
rai
lwayst
ati
on.Thevis
agesofpeopleinthecrowdares
pir
itl
essa ndso
ulle
ss.Theyappea
r
tohimaspetal
sonthewetbla
ckbo ugh.

Fi
rst
ly,t
hepo
etg
ive
sthes
ymbo
lofMe
tro
.Me
troi
sas
ymbo
lofa
nev
er-
inc
rea
sing
po
pulat
ion.

S
eco
ndl
y,t
hea
ppa
rit
ioni
sas
ymbo
loft
hes
oul
le
ssl
ive
soft
hec
itype
opl
e.

Thi
rdl
y,we
tbl
ackbo
ughi
sas
ymbo
loft
hec
ityt
hati
sful
lofpo
llut
iona
ndpr
obl
ems
.

Four
thly
,thecrowd isasymbolofag a
the r
ingofpeopl
ewhoha velas
tt he
n
indiv
idual
it
ya ndt
heythinkandac
tali
ke.I
nshort,thepo
em Metr
o:Par
isi
sas y
mbo l
ic
poem.,thepoethasc
riti
ciz
edci
tyl
if
e.Heismakingf unofna
tur
ea ndt
hecondi
ti
ono f
mo dernpe
o pl
e.

1
28
1
29