CHAPTER-1

Ideological Basis OF PAKISTAN

National Book Foundation
Exercise short Questions:
Q.1.What is the fundamental principle of Pakistan's ideology?
Ans: Ideology is the set of views, values, and goals of a group or country. It is deeply embedded
in people's sense of right and wrong. Pakistan’s ideology refers to the establishment of a
separate land in which Muslims of the subcontinent can preserve Islamic values and ideals.

Q.2.How did the Ideology of Pakistan influence the country's establishment?

Ans: Pakistan's ideology refers to the establishment of a separate state in which Muslims of the
subcontinent can preserve Islamic values and ideals in accordance with the Qur'an and Sunnah
and conduct their lives in accordance with the wonderful principles of Islam. It is the ideological
foundation upon which the Muslims of the subcontinent fought for their identity, rights,
separate country, and national welfare.

Q.3.How did Allama Iqbal's emphasis on individual and group self-awareness align with
Pakistan's goals for national advancement?
Ans: Iqbal exhorted Muslims to work on their own self-realization and personal growth. He felt
that Muslims might overcome socioeconomic and political obstacles by promoting both
individual and group self-awareness. His emphasis on personal growth is consistent with
Pakistan's desire for national advancement.

Q.4.Define British colonialism.

Ans: The era of direct British regulation over the Indian subcontinent, which lasted from 1858
until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, is referred to as British colonialism. The
entity that assumed control of the subcontinent subsequent to the British East India Company
seized the company's assets and instituted direct governance.

Q.5.Recognise the significant role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as an important reformer of his
time.
Ans: Sir Syed's work as a reformer was a big part of why the Pakistan Movement was so
successful. At first, he tried to bring Hindus and Muslims together, but later he became a leader
of Muslim nationalism in India. Many people think that Sir Syed came up with the idea of two
countries, which was the base of the Pakistan Movement. His ideas and work helped shape
what it meant to be a Muslim and advance the goals of Indian Muslims. His focus on education
and development helped create a new generation of educated Muslims who were better
prepared to face the difficulties of the modern world.

SLO Based MCQs:

Q.1 Four possible options are given for each statement Mark (*) on the correct option.
i. When did the Hindi Urdu Controversy start?
(a) 1861 (b) 1863 (c) 1865 (d) 1867 *
ii. The first pillar of Islam is
(a) Tauheed and Prophet Hood * (b) Namaz
(c) Keeping fast (d) Zakat

iii. When was the fight of freedom fought?

(a) 1855 (b) 1857 * (c) 1859 (d) 1861

iv. Who has Supreme authority in Islam?

(a) Almighty Allah * (b) parliament c) President of the state (d) People

v. Who gave the Presidential Address in the Resolution of Lahore (23'March 1940)?
(a) Quaid-e-Azam * (b) A.K Fazal-ul-Haq
(c) Moulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar (d) Liaquat Ali Khan

vi. Who gave the idea of a separate state for the Muslims in 1930?
(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (b) Chaudhary Rehmat Ali Khan
(c) Sir Agha Khan (d) Allama Muhammad Iqbal *

vii. In which century did Pakistan come into being?

(a) Eighteenth (b) Nineteenth (c) Twentieth * (d) Twenty first

viii. State bank of Pakistan was inaugurated on:

(a) 1st July 1948 * (b) 28th May 1948 (c) 14th August 1949 (d) 1st October 1949

ix. The ideology of Pakistan is based on

(a) Collective System (b) Programmed (c) Progressivism (d) Islamic Ideology *

x. The word "Pakistan" was coined by:

(a) Allama Muhammad Iqbal (b) Sir Agha Khan
(c) Chaudhary Rehmat Ali * (d) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

xi. When did Allama Muhammad Iqbal address at Allahabad?

(a) 1929 (b) 1930 * (c) 1933 (d) 1940

xii. The Quaid-e-Azam addressed the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August
________1947.
(a) 11 * (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14

xiii. The Quaid-e-Azam said that in an Islamic state, ________is the sole center of allegiance.
(a) Allah* (b) Prophets (c) Angles (d) Humans

xiv. Allama Iqbal said: “State authority except an interpreter of ______________has no place
in the social structure of Islam.
(a) Law* (b) System of government (c) Religion (d) Orders
xv. Basic principles of the state policy were set forth by the Quaid-e-Azam in his _________
address to the Constituent assembly of Pakistan.
(a) First* (b) Second (c) Third (d) Fourth

xvi. The set off ideas that unite the people is called _____________.
(a) Ideology * (b) Culture (c) Philosophy (d) Psychology

xvii. Islam identifies the human groups on the basis of_____________.

(a) Faith* (b) Language (c) Race (d) Geography

xviii. Geographically, Pakistan is a part of_________________.

(a) South Asia * (b) Central Asia (c) North Asia (d) Eastern Asia

xix. Which annual session of the All-India Muslim League was presided over by Allama Iqbal.
(a) 1920 (b) 1925 (c) 1930 * (d) 1935

xx. Allama Iqbal said ________ is the basis of our progress.

(a) Ijtihad* (b) Nationhood (c) Poetry (d) State

xxi. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan died in _______________.

(a) 1896 (b) 1897 (c) 1898 * (d) 1899

xxii. Islamic ideology has two basic principles Tauheed and _________________.
(a) Faith (b) Iman (c) Risalat* (d) Ideology

xxiii. ______________ was the first person who warned the British rulers that the British
democratic system is not suited for India.
(a) Allama Iqbal (b) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan*
(c) Quaid-e-Azam (d) Liaquat Ali Khan

xxiv. Quaid-e-Azam pronounced the guiding principles of state policy that there would be no
________ discrimination in Pakistan.
(a) Religious * (b) Political (c) Economic (d) Social

xxvi. In which year Allama Iqbal became the president of All India Muslim League.
(a) 1930 * (b) 1933 (c) 1934 (d) 1935

xxvii. The Third Pillar of Islam is:

(a) Namaz (b) zakat (c) Keeping fast* (d) Haj

SLO based short Questions:

Q.1 Describe Basic Difference between the Foundation of Pakistan and other independent
countries.
Ans: Pakistan came into existence on 14th of August, 1947 during the twentieth century. Many
nations got freedom and many free and independent states emerged on the map of the world.
Pakistan is also one of those countries, but the foundation of Pakistan was altogether unique
and unprecedented.
The basis of the Foundation of other independent countries: Most of the countries got
freedom on racial. Linguistic or territorial basis Pakistan is the only country which came into
being on the basis of a strong ideology.
The basis of the Foundation of Pakistan: The basis of the ideology of Pakistan lies in the
religion of Islam which provides guidance to the Muslims in every sphere of life Islamic way of
living encompasses all aspects of human life. It has basic principles with reference to social,
moral, political, religious and economic fields. Islamic system is based on the Holy Quran, the
Sunnah of the Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and the Hadith This very system was declared the
basis of Pakistan.

Q.2 Describe the meanings of the Ideology of Pakistan.

Ans: Meanings of the Ideology of Pakistan: Ideology represents the collective consciousness of
a group of people in a particular phase of history. The ideology keeps people united and shows
them a direction to move forward. Since the Muslims constitute overwhelming majority of the
people of Pakistan, Islam forms the basis of the collective consciousness of the Pakistani
people, which is called “Pakistani Ideology”.

Q.3 What is meant by the significance of the Ideology?

Ans: Significance of the Ideology: All nations agree upon certain basic principles and undertake
to be guided by these principles. They fix their targets in the light of these principles. This set of
principles, forms their ideology. Ideology motivates a nation to move forward with a sense of
direction.

Q.4. What is meant by Two-Nation Theory in the historical perspective of the Subcontinent?
Ans: In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major
nations, the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were entirely
different from each other in their religious ideas, the way of living and collective thinking. Their
basic principles and the way of living are so different that despite living together for centuries,
they could not intermingle with each other. The Indian Muslims fought the war of freedom on
the basis of Two- Nation Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical fact, two separate
states. Pakistan and India came into Existence. This theory is the basis of Ideology of Pakistan.

Q.5 What is meant by “Tauheed”?

Ans: To believe in the Oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God (Tauheed) means that Allah is
the Creator and Master of the entire universe. No one is His partner and nothing is beyond His
knowledge.

Q.6 Write the translation of:

Ans: It means Allah hath power over all things

Q.7. What do you mean by the Faith in Prophet Hood?

Ans: Faith in Prophet Hood means to believe that Allah sent messengers for the guidance of
mankind. It is compulsory for a Muslim to have a staunch belief in Prophet hood without having
any kind of doubt this belief demands that the Holy Quran and the noble life of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) must be acknowledged as the source of guidance.

Q.8 What is the saying of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) about brotherhood?
Ans: Fraternity teaches us to develop brotherly relations with one another so that neither rights
of anyone are usurped nor the weak is oppressed by anyone. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said’
Each Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim. He should not commit breach of trust. He
taught to refrain from maliciousness, malignance and enviousness. Therefore, the Muslims
should live united. They should help each other.

Q.9 When did Chaudhary Rehmat Ali propose the word "Pakistan?"
Ans: in January 1933, during his stay at England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with some of his
friends published a pamphlet named “Now or never”. It was also distributed among Indian
Politicians. {n this pamphlet. the name of the separate state for the Muslims was proposed as
Pakistan

Q.10 What did Allama Muhammad Iqbal about the foundation of Muslim Millat?
Ans: Allama Iqbal was of the view that the Muslims, due to Islam, form a Millat and their power
and strength depends only on Islam. In his poetry, he presented the Key concept of the basis of
Muslim Millat.

Q.11 What did Allama Muhammad Iqbal mention in his famous Allahabad address?
Ans: In his famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930, Allama Iqbal demanded a
separate state for the Muslims so that they might lead their lives in accordance with their
religion and culture He said "The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state
appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of
Islam as cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a
specified territory, therefore demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best
interests of India and Islam.”

Q.12 Give definition of ideology?

Ans: Ideology is a set of ideas and beliefs shared by a large group of people. Ideology forms the
basis of a political, cultural, social or economic system. People of the world identify a nation as
a distinct entity on the basis of ideology.

Q.13 Explain sources of Ideology?

Ans: Ideology is not formed in a day; it is shaped after a long process of development and
evaluation. It can neither be implemented through an executive order nor imposed as law. It
has it root in a nation’s history, traditions, customs and religion; these are the major sources of
ideology.

Q.14 Describe and explain Pakistan Ideology.

Ans: The Muslims of India moved forward into the light of their firm Islamic belief under the
guidance of their leadership and were able to establish an independent Muslim state-Pakistan.
The course of action adopted by the Muslims of India independent for the achievement of a
Muslim state is called “Pakistan Movement” and the philosophy guiding this movement is
known as “Pakistan Ideology”.
Q.15 Explain fundamental principles of Pakistan ideology.
Ans: Pakistan ideology is derived from Islam. Islamic faith is based on two fundamental
principles Tauheed (oneness of Allah) and Risalat (finality of Prophet Hazrat Muhammad
(S.A.W).

Q.16. Write a short note on the economic basis of the Pakistan Movement.
Ans: With the passage of time the Muslims were utterly deprived of their share in agriculture,
industry and commerce. They were greatly suffering at the hands of Hindu money-lenders.
Leaders like Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal believed that the Muslims would not progress
economically unless they were emancipated from the Hindu exploitation and were allowed to
flourish in an atmosphere of political independence.

Q.17. What is the meaning of Two-nation theory?

Ans: Two-nation theory means that there were two nations living in the subcontinent which
were Hindus and Muslims. These two nations were totally different from each other on the
basis of their customs, religions and social moral values.

Q.18. Explain role of Sir Sayyid role regarding the two-nation theory.
Ans: Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) was the first person who warned the British rulers that
the British system of democracy was not suitable for Indian conditions. He argued that the two
major nations of India the Hindus and the Muslims had different religious and cultural
backgrounds. He wanted the Muslims to assert themselves as a separate and distinct nation. Sir
Sayyid’s idea of separate Muslim nationhood, developed into two nation theory was later, able
to guide the Muslims to the attainment of a homeland for them.

SLO based Long Questions:

Q.1 Write note on the economic Condition of the Muslims in India before Partition.
Ans: Economic Deprivation of the Muslims in India:
When the war of freedom (1857) was over, the Muslims were oppressed very
badly. Although the Hindus supported the Muslims in this war but they declared that only the
Muslims were responsible for all their actions in the war. Thus, they acquitted themselves of
any responsibility. The Muslims were the targets of the wrath of the British. So, they suffered a
lot and faced serious consequences.
1. The British dominated by prejudice enmity, dismissed all the Muslims from government
jobs especially from Army and shut the doors of employment to the Muslims. Despite
having the required qualification for some job, the Muslims were deprived of it-On the
other hand, the Hindus were offered jobs even if they had less qualification as
compared to the Muslims.
2. The Muslims were deprived of their properties. Their properties were confiscated.
Some Muslim landowners were turned out of their lands. Their properties and lands
were allotted to the non-Muslims. The Muslims became tenant cultivators instead of
owner of the land. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan has depicted this miserable condition of the
 Muslims in the following words “No calamity has descended from heaven that had not
searched the house of the Muslims before it came down to the earth "
3. The business of the Muslims was ruined. In order to get the support of the Hindus. The
British gave them special business privileges. The Hindus established monopoly in local
trade The Muslim traders suffered economic crisis
4. As the result of industrial revolution in Britain, better and cheaper products were
manufactured there. These products were imported into India It resulted in the
destruction of cottage industry which belonged to various nations of India including the
Muslims the Cottage industry collapsed because it Could not compete with the modern
industry.
5. The goods produced in Britain could be imported into India but Indian products were
demanded neither in Britain nor in Europe. The export of the Indian goods was affected
and millions of people suffered unemployment which included a large number of the
Muslims.

Q.2 Write note on the Sources of Ideology and its significance?

Ans: Sources of Ideology: Following elements lead to the formation of an ideology among
people:

1. Common Religion: Religion is not only a set of adoration (worships) but it has
profound impacts on the whole of the social life. Every religion maintains social
relationships in the light of specific ideas for example, the Europeans, the
Japanese, the Hindus and the Muslims want to lead their lives according to their
religions respectively
2. Common Race: Common ideas are originated from common race A common
race gives birth to common ideas. It is quite natural that people belonging to the
same race develop the sentiments of sympathy and brotherhood for each other.
Racism is a strong bond, which, because of common ideas, binds the human
beings in blood like relationship
3. Common Language and Residency: Language is the means of conveying the
feelings, sentiments and thoughts to others. These help to form new ideas.
Similarity in the ways of living and harmony in ideas depend mostly on the
common territory.
4. Common Political Purposes: Because of common political purposes and political
ideas, most of the nations of the present age try to achieve political freedom for
the survival of their national life so that they may become a strong nation.
5. Common Customs: Common customs have played a vital role in the formation
and development of ideas in every age. Common customs create ideological
harmony with respect to culture and thoughts.
Significance of Ideology:
a) Man has been sent to this world with some purpose. Purposeless life
never gets success. The existence of nations is reflected through their
ideas.
b) Ideas create consciousness of purpose among nations. These ideas lead
the nations towards success.
c) Ideas provide the foundation to any political, economic, social or cultural
movement.
d) Ideas are the axis around which life revolves. it is the second name of
motivating force.
e) Ideas provide discipline to various aspects of human life
f) Ideas determine the national duties and rights.
g) Idea is just like something which is invisible but the nations look live and
dynamic because of it. If a nation ignores its ideas, it endangers its
existence and some new idea tries to merge this nation and changes its
identity.

Q.3 Evaluate the Islamic values that are the basis of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans: Basis of the Ideology of Pakistan: The Muslims of the Sub-continent got a separate
homeland so that they might give practical shape to the final and absolute authority of
Almighty Allah The people might implement the absolute power of Almighty Allah and such a
system might be practiced as was based upon the principles of the Holy Quran and the
teachings of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
Islam is not merely the set of rituals and worships, but is a complete code of ' Ife.
It has the ability to fulfill all the demands of human life It can fulfill all the economical, moral
and political purposes of the society. Islamic system is in perfect harmony with modern
demands and is completely practicable for every age.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic ideology. Islamic values such as
beliefs of worships, justice, Promotion of democracy, fraternity and the duties of the citizens
are the basis of the ideology of Pakistan. The detail of these values is given below
1. Beliefs and Prayers: The Muslims of the Sub-continent put up the demand for Pakistan
because they wanted to lead their lives in accordance with their beliefs. They also wanted to
worship Almighty Allah without any obstruction. Belief of Islam includes belief in the oneness of
God (Tauheed), the finality of the Prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Life here-after,
Angels and the Books revealed by Almighty Allah. This set of the above-mentioned beliefs is
called Iman.
• Tauheed and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)”
To believe in the Oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood
of Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God (Tauheed) means that
Allah is the Creator and Master of the entire universe. No one is His partner and nothing is
beyo.1d His knowledge.

It means Allah hath power over all things.

 Nothing is beyond His Power Man is the deputy of Almighty Allah.
Therefore, it is obligatory for Muslims to obey the commands of Almighty Allah. It is evident
from the belief of the Absolute Authority of Allah, the Man, being His deputy has the authority
to the extent of the power given to him by Allah, but the real power lies with Almighty Allah.
• Faith in Prophet Hood
It means to believe that Allah sent messengers for the guidance of mankind. It is
compulsory for a Muslim to have a staunch belief in Prophethood without having any kind of
doubt. This belief demands that the Holy Quran and the noble life of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
must be acknowledged as the source of guidance.

• Namaz:
The second pillar of Islam is "Namaz”. It’s obligatory to offer prayers at the fixed hours. In
fact, to be steadfast in prayers is similar to be steadfast in religion and it is demonstrated every
day such a system of submission to Almighty Allah should be maintained all over the society.

• Fast:
The third pillar of Islam is to keep fast. Like all other Prayers, it is the best manifestation of
obligation.

• Zakat:
The fourth pillar of Islam is “Zakat" It is a monetary prayer. It is the means of strengthening
the economic system of Islam. With the system of "Zakat" wealth in circulates instead of
accumulating in a few hands. Thus, it reaches to the poor class of the society.

• Hajj:
“Hajj” is the fifth pillar of Islam. It is an obligation only for those who are financially able to
perform it. On the occasion of “Hajj”, the call of

(Here I am! at your service, O Lord) presents the unprecedented model of unity and
Brotherhood.

2. Justice and Equality:

While establishing a just society, the Muslims put an emphasis on justice. It is
determined in Islamic belief that all human beings are to be given equal status without any
Discrimination of caste, colour, creed, language and culture. The establishment of equal law
and same judiciary system for all living in the state is intended. Independent judiciary and the
supremacy of law are the basic conditions for the establishment of equality and justice. Islamic
System has laid stress on the elevation of justice. In his sermon on his final pilgrimage (Khutbah-
e-Haya Tul-Wida). Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) explained this fact in the following words:
“O people, all of you have one God and all mankind is the offspring of Adam.
An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab;
also, a white has no superiority over black nor does a black have any superiority over white.”
3. Promotion of Democracy:
Consultation and deliberation are the basis of Islamic state and society.
Democracy is promoted in an Islamic State and the rights of the people are protected. Every
citizen enjoys equal status. People lead their lives observing and respecting the law of the land.
Laws provide security to the people. All are equal in the eyes of law. No discrimination is
allowed on the basis of caste, colour, creed or language. The system of the government is run
for the welfare of all the people. While addressing at Sibbi on 14th of February, 1948, Quaid-e-
Azam described the purpose of achievement of Pakistan in the following words:
“Let us lay the foundation of our democracy on the basis of the truly Islamic
principles. Our Almighty has taught us that our decisions in the affairs of the state shall be
guided by discussions and consultations”.

4. Fraternity and Brotherhood:

Fraternity and Brotherhood has special significance in an Islamic society. When
Islamic government was formed in Madina, the example of Fraternity and Brotherhood set
there was worth seeing. Today, the Islamic society needs the same Fraternity and Brotherhood.
Before the advent of Islam people were not aware of this principle. They were the enemies of
each other. But as the Islamic state of Madina was established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
advised his followers to treat the orphan, widows and the poor kindly. He gave the people a
code of life so that they might live peacefully and an atmosphere of brotherhood might flourish
in the society. He constituted a system of “Zakat” and charity. He declared the usury unlawful
because there is no room for exploitation in Islam.
Fraternity teaches us to develop brotherly relations with one another so that
neither rights of anyone are usurped nor the weak is oppressed by anyone. The Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) said that each Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim. He should not commit
breach of trust. He taught to refrain from maliciousness, malignance and enviousness.
Therefore, the Muslims should live united. They should help each other.

5. Rights and Duties of Citizens:

When Pakistan appeared on the map of the world, the significance of the rights
of the citizens was acknowledged. At the same time much emphasis was laid on the duties of
the citizens in an Islamic State. Rights and duties are closely connected and both go hand to
hand. The right of one person becomes the duty of the other to fulfill. Rights and duties are
correlative. When a person does his duties, he deserves to enjoy rights. Duties cover both
individual as well as collective aspects of man. Mutual balance between rights and duties is the
key to make an Islamic State a successful one.
Sense to provide security to the minorities was also included in the
background of the demand for Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam, said very clearly that the rights of the
minorities will be fully protected in Pakistan. Islam does not allow that life, property, dignity
and religious traditions of the minorities in Pakistan go unprotected.

Q.4 What is meant by “Two Nation Theory”? Define and explain.

Ans: Key Points:
i. Two Nation theory
ii. Pakistan ideology
iii. Fundamentals of Pakistan Ideology
 iv. Economic Deprivation of the Muslims
v. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and Two Nation Theory
vi. Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory
vii. Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory
The explanation of above-mentioned key points is given below:

i. Two Nation theory

Two-nation theory means that there are two nations living in the
subcontinent which are Hindus and Muslims. These two nations are totally different from
each other on the basis of their customs, religions and social moral values.

ii. Pakistan ideology

The Muslims of India moved forward into the light of their firm Islamic
belief under the guidance of their leadership and were able to establish an independent
Muslim state-Pakistan. The course of action adopted by the Muslims of India
independent for the achievement of a Muslim state is called “Pakistan Movement” and
the philosophy guiding this movement is known as “Pakistan Ideology”.

iii. Fundamentals of Pakistan Ideology

Pakistan ideology is derived from Islam. Islamic faith is based on two
fundamental principles Tauheed (oneness of Allah) and Risalat (finality of Prophet
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W).

iv. Economic Deprivation of the Muslims

With the passage of time the Muslims were utterly deprived of their share
in agriculture, industry and commerce. They were greatly suffering at the hands of
Hindu money-lenders. Leaders like Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal believed that the
Muslims would not progress economically unless they were emancipated from the
Hindu exploitation and were allowed to flourish in an atmosphere of political
independence.

v. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and Two Nation Theory

Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) was the first person who warned
the British rulers that the British system of democracy was not suitable for Indian
conditions. He argued that the two major nations of India the Hindus and the Muslims
had different religious and cultural backgrounds. He wanted the Muslims to assert
themselves as a separate and distinct nation. Sir Sayyid’s idea of separate Muslim
nationhood, developed into two nation theory was later, able to guide the Muslims to
the attainment of a homeland for them.

vi. Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory

Allama Iqbal’s struggle for the cause of the Muslim Nation in India, his
revolutionary poetry and his philosophy of action and sustained effort, made him the
beloved leader of the Indian Muslims.

vii. Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory

 The Quaid-e-Azam did not look at the Indian Problem as communal: he
rather believed that the problem was of international character. The Quaid-e-Azam’s
demand for Pakistan was not based on the sentiment of Hindu Hatred. For Years together
he had worked hard to bring the two nations to the mutually agreeable terms of
constitutional agreement, but the Hindu extremists thwarted all the efforts made by him in
his direction.