A current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire and generates a signal

proportional to that current. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or a digital
output. The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an ammeter, or
can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for the purpose of
control.

The Hall Effect current sensor is a type of current sensor which is based on the Hall Effect
phenomenon discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879. Hall Effect current sensors can measure AC, DC, or
pulsating current.

Universal Current Sensor Ppt

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The intrinsic resistance of a conducting element, usually a copper trace in Printed circuit Board
(PCB) can be used as sensing element instead of a shunt resistor.[4] Since no additional resistor is
required this approach promises a low-cost and space saving configuration with no additional power
losses either. Naturally, the voltage drop of a copper trace is very low due to its very low resistance,
making the presence of a high gain amplifier mandatory in order to get a useful signal.There are
several physical effects which may alter the current measurement process: thermal drift of the
copper trace, initial conditions of the trace resistance etc. Therefore, this approach is not suitable
for applications that require a reasonable accuracy due to the large thermal drift. In order to
overcome the problems associated with the temperature drift, a digital controller can be used for
thermal drift compensation and calibration of the copper trace.[5]A significant drawback of this kind
of current sensor is the unavoidable electrical connection between the current to be measured and
the sense circuit. By employing a so-called isolation amplifier, electrical isolation can be added.
However, these amplifiers are expensive and can also deteriorate the bandwidth, accuracy and
thermal drift of the original current sensing technique. For these reasons, current sensing
techniques based on physical principles that provide intrinsic electrical isolation deliver a better
performance at lower costs in applications where isolation is required.

Hall effect sensors are devices based on the Hall-effect, which was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879
based on the physical principle of the Lorentz force. They are activated by an external magnetic
field. In this generalized device, the Hall sensor senses the magnetic field produced by the magnetic
system. This system responds to the quantity to be sensed (current, temperature, position, velocity,
etc.) through the input interface. The Hall element is the basic magnetic field sensor. It requires
signal conditioning to make the output usable for most applications. The signal conditioning
electronics needed are an amplifier stage and temperature compensation. Voltage regulation is
needed when operating from an unregulated supply. If the Hall voltage is measured when no
magnetic field is present, the output should be zero. However, if voltage at each output terminal is
measured with respect to ground, a non-zero voltage will appear. This is the common mode voltage
(CMV), and is the same at each output terminal. The output interface then converts the electrical
signal from the Hall sensor; the Hall voltage: a signal that is significant to the application context.
The Hall voltage is a low level signal on the order of 30 μvolts in the presence of one gauss magnetic
field. This low-level output requires an amplifier with low noise, high input impedance and moderate
gain. A differential amplifier with these characteristics can be readily integrated with the Hall
element using standard bipolar transistor technology. Temperature compensation is also easily
integrated.

Fluxgate sensors or Saturable inductor current sensors work on the same measurement principle as
Hall-effect-based current sensors: the magnetic field created by the primary current to be measured
is detected by a specific sensing element. The design of the saturable inductor current sensor is
similar to that of a closed-loop Hall-effect current sensor; the only difference is that this method uses
the saturable inductor instead of the Hall-effect sensor in the air gap.

In this technique, high frequency performance is achieved by using two cores without air gaps. One
of the two main cores is used to create a saturable inductor and the other is used to create a high
frequency transformer effect. In another approach, three cores can be used without air gap. Two of
the three cores are used to create saturable inductor, and the third core is used to create a high
frequency transformer effect. Advantages of saturable inductor sensors include high resolution, high
accuracy, low offset and gain drift, and large bandwidth (up to 500 kHz). Drawbacks of saturable
inductor technologies include limited bandwidth for simpler design, relatively high secondary power
consumption, and risk of current or voltage noise injection into the primary conductor.

A magneto-resistor (MR) is a two terminal device which changes its resistance parabolically with
applied magnetic field. This variation of the resistance of MR due to the magnetic field is known as
the Magnetoresistive Effect. It is possible to build structures in which the electrical resistance varies
as a function of applied magnetic field. These structures can be used as magnetic sensors. Normally
these resistors are assembled in a bridge configuration to compensate for thermal drift.[7]Popular
magneto resistance-based sensors are: Anisotropic Magneto Resistance (AMR), Giant Magneto
Resistance (GMR), Giant Magneto Impendence (GMI) and Tunnel Magneto Resistance (TMR). All
these MR-based sensors have higher sensitivity compared to Hall-effect sensors. Despite this, these
sensors (GMR, CMR, and TMR) are still more expensive than Hall-effect devices, have serious
drawbacks related with nonlinear behavior, distinct thermal drift, and a very strong external field
can permanently alter the sensor behavior (GMR). GMI and TMR sensors are even more sensitive
than GMR based sensors, and are now in volume production at a few manufacturers.(TDK, Crocus,
Sensitec, MDT)[8]

I'm designing a control circuit for a universal (AC) motor (single phase, brushed).I've simulated the
control circuit and it works as expected.Circuit below is controlled by a STM32G4 series
microcontroller. I'm in the process of adding the current measuring capability to the circuit and I
need some help in choosing the best method for my use case.

Next idea was a hall-effect based current sensor such as TMCS1101 from Texas Instruments.
Everything was fine until I've seen the RSS error graph which shows that for measuring currents
lower than 2.5 A, error grows significantly.

You are using in-line HALL sensors for current sensing? This should all be able to work if offset /
gains of the sensing circuitry are considered properly in the software. Build #1 can be used to verify
sensing offsets are correct and build #2 can be used to verify sensing as a whole (plot in CCS or
with DAC).

For current sensing you should be able to derive the value for
USER_M1_ADC_FULL_SCALE_CURRENT_A based on your LEM sensor. You mentioned 1.65 offset
and (0.00320volt gain) and assuming C2000 ADC input has a max of 3.3V (unless you have
configured something different). What's the maximum current equivalent to 3.3V output from LEM
sensor?
Yet HV kit FOC still require 3 sensors, not 2 and note DRV boards with DCLINKS support 1 sensor,
review the tables. Hall current sensors have internal metal shunt, Hall is used to detect magnetic
flux in the internal metal shunt current passing through. I see TL074 amplifiers in schematic but not
ACS current sensors, still requires 3 sensors for HV kit software. It doesn't seem like the MCSDK
supports 2 current sensors with HV kit design without many SW modifications being required!

Eddy current (EC) sensors placed in the vicinity of a rail track and sensitive to passing train
components are safety-critical components commonly used in the railway sector. From the
engineering point of view they form a system with numerous variables including their geometry, the
lift-off, magnetic properties of the applied materials, the operating frequency and electrical
characteristics of the built-in circuits. Although some simple configurations of the EC devices have
been studied experimentally, numerically and analytically, there have so far been no universal
algorithm allowing for predicting, understanding and optimizing output signals for arbitrarily
device/track/wheel characteristics. A significant step towards such an universal algorithm is
presented in this work, combining a linear 3D finite element modelling and a set of analytical
formulas derived directly from the constants of the resonance circuit. Functions correlating the
magnetic induction space/time characteristics with the circuit outputs are proposed and validated
against experiment in three stages: (a) by determination of the signal from a flat thin FeSi plate (i.e.
in fully controlled laboratory conditions), (b) by laboratory measurements of a highly degraded rail
with uncertain material properties, (c) by tests of a commercial EC wheel detector, with reference to
averaged service data. The proposed methodology can be extended to any NDT field where EC
devices are applied.

Our approach aims at combining numerical and analytical strategies of representing the EC sensor
set-up, providing the key link between the magnetic field and the behaviour of the circuit, for an
arbitrary rail/wheel/coil configuration, with as little calibration and empirical parameters as
possible.

The approach starts from the fundamental observation that both the effective resistance R and
inductivity L of the measuring coil are dependent on the presence of a metallic object. Starting from
electrotechnical formulas relevant to either a serial or parallel resonant circuit, we postulate a
relatively simple association between effective values of (R, L), and the amplitude/phase of the
magnetic induction within the coil, which in turn can be determined from a relatively
straightforward FEA. This is a significant step towards prediction of the output signal of any coil-
based sensor in the vicinity of an arbitrarily shaped rail and wheel, and such an approach is
potentially extensible to other areas of application of EC-based devices.

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