Questions

Fresh water carrying pipelines in chemical industries are coloured with __________
1
color.
2 Which of the following material is seldom used for pressure vessel construction ?
3 The ratio of shear stress to shear strain is called
4 25 per cent cut segmental baffle means that the baffle
Liquid/petroleum fuel storage tanks are built underground (as in case of petrol pumps),
5
when the storage capacity is less than __________ kilolitres.
6 (1) for fully open globe value may be around

7 Lug support is

Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the use of valve tray, seive tray and bubble
8
cap trays in continuous distillation column.

9 With increase in the number of shell passes, the value of FT

Holes of a sieve tray are arranged in triangular pitch of __________ times the hole
10
diameter.
In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the minimum shell thickness for carbon steel
11 (inclusive of corrosion allowance) depends on shell diameter and is in the range of
__________ mm.
12 The stress developed in a material without any permanent set is called the
13 In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the 'tube pitch' is defined as the

Which of the following is not a valid assumption in continuous binary distillation for
14
calculating the number of equilibrium stages by Mc-Cabe-Thiele's method ?
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by
15 (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ
= molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp =
pressure drop per tray, psi)
16 The value of fouling factor depends upon the

In case of bubble cap distillation column of diameter greater than 1.2 metres, the cap
17
diameter is roughly about __________ cms.

Tube side pressure drop in a 1-2 heat exchanger (for turbulent flow of fluids through the
18 tubes) is about __________ times, that in a 1-1 heat exchanger having the same size &
number of tubes and operated at the same liquid flow rate.
 To keep the power input constant for a stirred vessel operating under fully developed
19 turbulent flow conditions (constant power number), if the impeller diameter is
increased by 20%, the impeller speed should be decreased by a factor of

20 In a heat exchanger, shell side fluid velocity can be changed by changing the tube
Where does the maximum tensile strength occur in a thick cylindrical vessel subjected
21
to internal pressure ?

22 It is not desirable to design a heat exchanger for LMTD correction factor, FT, of less than
23 A rivetted joint does not fail by __________ of rivets.
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat
24
exchanger
25 Bracket supports are the most suitable for supporting __________ vessels.
In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the shell side cross flow area does not
26
depend upon
Two iron pipes of the same nominal diameter but different schedule numbers will have
27
the same
Steam side heat transfer co-efficient for design consideration under ordinary condition
28
can be assumed to be about __________ kcal/hr.m^2.°C.

29 Pick out the wrong statement

Lessing ring is formed by the addition of a partition across the centre of a raschig ring,
30
which results in an area increase of about __________ percent.
In chemical process equipments, the conical bottom heads used, usually has an apex
31
angle of
Smaller sized packings are generally dumped to the packed columns, and the large ones
32 of size greater than __________ mm are stacked individually, which provides better
control over bed porosity and offers lower gas pressure drop.
Shell side heat transfer co-efficient in case of square pitch as compared to the triangular
33
pitch under similar condition of fluid flow and tube size is
Correct use of 'factor of safety' is very important in equipment design. It is defined as
34
the ratio of the
The operating velocity in the absorption tower is usually 40-50% of the flooding
35 velocity. Packed absorption towers are normally designed for a pressure drop of about
__________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.
__________ tray arrangement is recommended for distillation column having diameter
36
upto 4 ft.
37 What is the value of 'q' for saturated liquid feed to a distillation column ?
38 In perforated plate towers, the

39 The main purpose of providing stepping on the trays is to

40 The operating pressure drop range in a bag filter is about __________ mm water gauge.

The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four
41 shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest
pressure.
For laminar flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipe, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given
42
by

43 Pick out the correct statement.

44 Wall thickness of schedule 40 pipe as compared to that of schedule 80 pipe is

45 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a basket type evaporator.

Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the bubble cap tray of a
46
distillation column to give stable operation and even vapour distribution.

47 Speed of the drum of the rotary vacuum filter normally ranges from __________ rpm.

48 A stuffing box is used for

Pressure drop (Δp) and the superficial gas mass velocity (G) in case of packed absorption
49
tower operating in the preloading range are related as

Pick out the wrong statement.

50
In an agitated vertical cylinderical reaction vessel, the
 sea green brown
Rimmed still Mild steel
bulk modulus shear modulus
height is 75% of the I.D. of the shell. height is 25% of the I.D. of the shell.
20 30

10 25

the most suitable for thick vertical vessel. same as bracket support.

Bubble cap trays though most expensive are Murphree efficiency of all the three trays are
the best in situations, where low vapour rates nearly equal, however the peak efficiency is
is to be handled and a positive liquid seal is generally higher for seive and valve trays than
essential at all flow rates. the bubble cap.

increases decreases

1.5 to 2 2.5 to 5

3-5 5-11

ultimate stress yield stress

shortest distance between two adj acent tube
O.D. of the tube for square pitch.
holes.
Sensible heat changes for vapour & liquid are
Reflux is not a saturated liquid.
negligibly small.

η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

velocity of process fluid containing suspended

characteristic of process fluid.
solids.

10 20

2 1/2
 (1.2)^3/2 (1.2)^3/5

layout pitch
At the inner surface. At the mid thickness of the cylindrical wall.

0.99 0.95
tearing shearing
permits the use of less tubes in a given shell facilitates comparatively easier external
diameter. cleaning because of large clearance.
thick walled vertical horizontal
baffle spacing clearance

inside diameter outside diameter

1250 2500

For all the cylindrical process vessels

Fouling factor of river water is less than that
operating above atmospheric pressure,
of sea water.
formed heads are used for closing the vessel.

5 20

20° 40°

25 50

more same

ultimate stress to breaking stress. ultimate stress to working stress.

1-5 20-40

Radial flow Cross flow

0 <1
total hole area may be around 6 to 15% of
hole sizes may be around 1/8" or 3/16".
tower cross-sectional area.

increase the residence time. decrease the pressure drop.

 50-150 5-10

Flat plate Hemispherical

Di, opt = 3 Q^0.36 ρ^0.18 Di, opt = 3.9 Q^0.45 . Ρ^0.23

When highly corrosive fluids are to be

Packed towers are generally preferred over
handled, the plate towers prove to be
plate towers, if the liquids have a foaming
cheaper and easier to construct than packed
tendency.
tower.

more less

It is used for high viscosity liquor having large

The tube bundle is suspended on bracket.
rate of scaling.

Tendency towards stable operation is

The pressure drop due to the caps & slots and increased by increasing the skirt clearance of
the static submergence should be as high as the caps, lowering the rate of liquid flow per
practicable for reasonable operation. unit plate width or increasing the spacing
between the caps.

0.1 to 2 5 to 7

absorbing the contraction/expansion of prevention of fluid leakage around moving

pipeline due to temperature changes. parts.

Δp = G Δp = G0.5

ratio of liquid depth to tank diameter (i.e. the

filling ratio for dispersing gas in a liquid is 2
filling ratio) recommended for most purposes
for sufficiently long contact period.
is 1.
 yellow red
Killed steel Semi-killed steel
modulus of rigidity modulus of elasticity
spacing is 75% of its height. width is 25% of its height.
45 85

75 300

provided usually for vessels of much smaller

all (a), (b) and (c).
height than skirt supported vessels.

Maintenance cost for valve and seive trays are Valve trays have the highest turn down ratio
comparatively more than bubble cap tray due (i.e. the ratio of the highest to the lowest
to their relatively complicated construction vapour flow rates) and thus provides the
features. maximum flexible operating range.

remains same, only if the number of tube

remains same
passes does not change.

5 to 10 10 to 15

8-15 12-18

elastic limit breaking stress

shortest centre to centre distance between
none of these.
adjacent tubes.
Molar latent heat of the two components are Heat of mixing of normal liquid is assumed to
equal. be zero.

η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67

suspended solids in the fluid. all (a), (b) and (c).

30 35

4 8
 (1.2)^2/3 (1.2)^5/3

both (a) & (b) neither (a) nor (b)

At the outer surface. None of these.

0.80 0.55
tearing of the plate across a row none of these
permits the use of more tubes in a given shell
both (b) and (c).
diameter.
thin shperical (e.g. Horton sphere) none of these
pitch none of these

wall thickness none of these

7500 15000

Risers provided in bubble cap trays in the

distillation column facilitate the flow of both both (b) and (c).
liquid and vapor.

35 55

60° 80°

75 150

less twice

working stress to ultimate stress. none of these.

100-150 1000-1500

Split flow Cascade

1 >1
pressure drop is less compared is similar
all (a), (b) and (c).
bubble cap towers.

facilitate handling of large flow rate of liquid. improve the flow condition.
 500-1500 1500-2500

Torispherical Ellipsoidal

Di, opt = 7.6 Q^0.36 . Ρ^0.9 Di, opt = 3 Q^0.36 . ρ^1.86 μ^0.08

The pressure drop through the packed towers

is generally more than the pressure drop none of these.
through plate towers designed for same duty.

cither (a) or (b); depends upon the I.D. of the

same
pipe
Downtake is formed by the annular space
There is no central downtake.
between the bundle and the shell.

The dimensionless ratio of liquid gradient to

pressure drop head caused by the bubble cap none of these.
assembly should be less than 0.4.

3 to 8 8 to 15

facilitating smooth opening and closing of a

reducing the resistance of fluid flow.
valve.

Δp = G2

flat bottom and conical bottom vessels have

dished bottom vessel has very high power
low agitation efficiency for agitation of heavy
consumption.
solids in liquids.
 Questions
1 Needle valves are generally not used for

Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) is the height of packing that will give the
same separation as one theoretical plate in gas-liquid mass transfer operations like
2
distillation, absorption/stripping and humidification/dehumidification. HETP which is
experimentally determined, depends upon the

3 Pick out the wrong statement.

With increase in gas flow rate to fabric surface area ratio (Nm3/hr/m2 fabric surface
4
area), the size & the cost of a bag filter

A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished
5
section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Number of evaporators which can be used in service in a multiple effect evaporation

6
system is limited by the

7 Which of the following is used to set the diameter of the distillation column ?

Ponchon Savarit method is based on the use of enthalpy concentration diagram, which
contains the bubble point curve (saturated liquid curve), dew point curve (saturated
8
vapour curve) and equilibrium tie lines. As compared to McCabe-Thiele's method, this
method
The optimum size ratio for two mixed reactors in series depends on the kinetics of the
9
reaction and the conversion level. For reaction orders more than one, the

10 In a shell and tube heat exchanger, tube side __________ of the mass velocity.

Which of the following is not a graphical method (but is an analytical method) for the
11
calculation of theoretical number of stages in case of continuous binary distillation?

12 Saddle supports are used for supporting __________ vessels.

The diameter of a propeller agitator used in agitation tank ranges from __________
13 percent of the tank diameter and its peripherial speed is normally 300 to 500
metres/minute.

In packed towers provided with saddle packing, liquid redistributors are positioned at
14
every __________ times column diameter or 6 metres whichever is less.

15 Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the

16 Cooling water fouling factors vary in the range of 0.001 to 0.003

Minimum recommended baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat exchanger is about
17
(where, D = shell diameter )
18 The maximum liquid gradient over a tray must not exceed
19 An underdesigned steam trap will

The slope of the feed line in distillation opeartion is given by (where, q = fraction of the
20
feed stream that is liquid.)
21 Speed of industrial paddle agitator ranges from __________ rpm.
22 __________ strain is measured using a 'strain rosetter'.
23 Thin spherical shells subjected to internal pressure, develop __________ stresses.
With increase in the reflux ratio for a fixed production from a continuous binary
24
distillation column, the __________ decreases.
The slope of operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation column is unity, if the
25
reflux ratio is
26 Vertical vessels are not supported by
With increase in pressure drop (for a given particle size), the dust collection efficiency of
27
a cyclone separator will

28 Spherical shaped pressure vessel is considered to be the most ideal, because it can

An adequate clearance between the tray and the shell wall of a distillation column is
29
provided to

30 Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

31 Pick out the wrong statement about the design of a sieve plate column.

Generally, no corrosion allowance in wall thickness of a part is required, if the thickness

32
is more than __________ mm.
Multiple blade paddle agitator is used for mixing high viscosity liquids/paste in which
33 the paddle diameter is commonly 0.8 times the tank diameter. However, the width of
the blade is in the range of __________ times the paddle diameter.

34 In a __________ rivetted joint, the rivets in the various rows are opposite to each other.

35 Pick out the wrong statement:

36 Generally, elliptical dished heads

 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the comparative evaluation of performance
37
of the packed tower and the plate tower.

The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal
38
pressure is
39 (1) for fully open gate valves would be

40 LMTD correction factor is used in heat exchanger design for

41 Floating head heat exchangers are used for the

42 The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

Compensation against openings in process vessels for giving inlet and outlet
43 connections, for providing sight glasses and manholes etc. is provided for strength and
rigidity. The most efficient type of compensation is of __________ type.

44 In case of a continuous distillation column, increase in reflux ratio may result in the

In a distillation column, the minimum residence time for liquid in the downspout is
45
about __________ seconds.
46 Thickness of the frame of a plate and frame filter as compared to that of plates is
Which of the following factors affect the pressure drop in a co-current gas-liquid
47
absorption packed tower ?

The thickness of heat transfer plates used in the plate type heat exchanger ranges from
48
__________ mm, pressed in a single piece provided with grooves & corrugations.

49 Rivets are generally specified by the

50 Length to diameter ratio of most rotary driers is in the range of
 very large diameter pipes. high pressure throttling service.

flow rates of each fluid. type and size of packing.

Safety valves are provided in heat exchangers Liquid metals and dowtherm are used for very
for removal of non-conden-sables. high temperature heating.

increases decreases

central dished section and corner torus corner torus section and central dished
section. section.

practical limit reached, due to low heat

economic limit reached, when the plant cost
transfer rate because of inadequate
exceeds the saving of steam.
temperature difference.

Number of theorectical plates. Static submergence.

is more accurate in finding the number of accounts for the enthalpy changes in the
equilibrium stages. process.

equal sized reactors are the best. smaller reactor should come first.

heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to

pressure drop is proportional to the square
0.8th power

Sorel-Lewis method. McCabe-Thiele's method.

horizontal cylinderical tall vertical

5 to 10 15 to 30

2-3 5-8

maximum permissible vapour velocity. flooding limit of the column.

(BTU/hr.ft^2 . °F)^-1 (kcal/hr.m^2 .°C)^-1

0.2 D 0.5 D
 0.5" -1.25". 2"-3.5".
destroy itself of acceleration wear due to
waste steam.
rapid recycling.

-q -q/(1-q)
1 to 5 20 to 100
Volumetric Shear
radial circumferential
fixed charges initially running cost of cooling water for condenser

0 ∞
brackets skirts
increase decrease

withstand higher pressure for a given metallic

be fabricated very easily.
shell thickness.
drain the liquid from the tray when the unit is allow for thermal expansion and facilitate
not in operation. installation.
overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required to the number of real
ideal trays required. trays required.

An increased weir height improves the tray

For segmental downcomers, the chord length
efficiency at the cost of high plate pressure
is 60-80% of the column diameter. An initial
drop; optimum wear height being 40-90 mm
value of downcomer area of 12% is taken in
for column pressure above atmospheric and
the design.
6-12 mm for vacuum columns.

10 20

0.1 to 0.25 0.3 to 0.5

zig-zag chain

The tensile strength of a brittle material is less The compressive strength of a ductile
than its compressive strength. materia] is less than its tensile strength.
are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to resist half the pressure rating compared to
minor axis and is recommended to be used hemi spherical head provided on the
for pressure vessels operating above a cylindrical shell of the same thickness and
pressure of 1.5 MN/m^2 . diameter.
Plate tower is perferred, if interstage cooling Plate tower is preferred over packed tower, if
is required to remove heats of reaction or the operation involves liquids containing
solution. dispersed solids.

pd/2t pd/4t

much more than that for fully open globe much less (say 2% than that for fully open
valves. globe valves).
double pipe heat exchanger. multipass shell and tube heat exchanger.

cases where temperature difference between

heat transfer between corrosive fluids.
the shell and the tubes is more (>50°C).

1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser. 6" dia cap with 4" dia riser.

nozzle or rim flared out

lower fixed charges for the column. greater cost for the reboiler heat supply.

1 8
less same
Size, shape, orientation and surface of the
Density and viscosity of fluids.
packing particles.

0.3 to 0.8 1.25 to 3.125

head diameter shank diameter

1 to 2 4 to 10
 very accurate flow control. smaller sizes of pipe.

concentration of each fluid. all a, b & c.

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, high A loop seal or U-seal is provided in a vertical
pressure fluid is generally routed through the condenser sub-cooler to prevent quick
tube. draining of the condensate.

remain unaffected none of these

central dished section and straight flange straight flange section and corner torus
section. section.

both (a) & (b). neither (a) nor (b).

Length of straight rectangular weir on cross-

Allowable vapour velocity.
flow tray.

facilitates direct calculation of heat load on

reboiler & condenser from, the diagram used all 'a', 'b' & 'c'.
in this method.

larger reactor should come first. none of these.

both 'a' & 'b' neither 'a' nor 'b'

Ponchon-Savarit method. none of these.

thick walled vertical thick spherical

40 to 50 55 to 75

10-15 20-25

total cost consideration (fixed cost of the

none of these.
column plus the cooling water & steam cost).

(W/m^2.°K)^-1 (kcal/hr. m. °C)^-1

0.66 D 0.80 D
 5". half the tray spacing.
back up condensate and cause water hammer
none of these.
in steam line.

-q/(q-1) none of these

500 to 750 1000 to 2000
Linear none of these
both (a) & (b) neither (a) nor (b)
vapour & liquid load both running cost of steam for reboiler

1 minimum
columns saddles
increase or decrease depending on the nature
remain unaffected
of the dust.
be designed without wind load
be supported very easily.
considerations.

avoid back-trapping. none of these.

real trays required to the number of ideal

none of these.
trays required.

Minimum recommended downcomer

Width of the calming section provided at the
residence time for the disengagement of
inlet and outlet sides of the plate is 75 mm for
entrained vapour is the same for both
column diameter below 1.5 metres and 100
foaming and non-foaming liquids, which is
mm for larger diameter columns.
about 20 seconds.

30 5

0.5 to 0.6 0.65 to 0.80

diamond none of these

In a thick cylindrical shell, the hoop stress is The value of crushing load is more than that
maximum at the inner radius. of buckling load for long colmns.

are approximately as strong as seamless

cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D all (a), (b) and (c)
and O.D.
 In operations involving large temperature
The total weight of a dry plate tower is usually changes. (e.g. distillation), plate towers are
much more than that of a dry packed tower preferred over packed towers as the packing
designed for the same duty. may be crushed due to large temperature
changes.

pd/t pd/3t

around 7. both (b) and (c).

fouling fluids. counter flow of hot and cold fluids.

co-current heat transfer systems. counter-current heat transfer systems.

8" dia cap with 1" dia riser. 4" dia cap with 8" dia riser.

fluid in ring plate

greater cost for the condenser coolant. all (a), (b) and (c).

80 180
more either (a) or (b)
Fluid flow rates. All (a), (b) and (c).

3.5 to 7.0 8-12

overall length none of these

10 to 20 20 to 30
 Questions

Tube wall thickness depends on the cor-rosiveness of the fluids and their operating
pressure & temperature and is specified by Birmingham wire gauge (B.W.G)-a number
1 which varies from 8 to 18 with the numbers 14 and 16 being more commonly used.
Outside diameter of tubes varies from about 15 to 50 mm; however a tube of less than
__________ mm outside diameter is generally not recommended for fouling fluids.

Angled baffles are preferred in the agitation tank to control the swirling action; if the
2 viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is about 200 poise. However, the baffle may be
completely eliminated for mixing liquids having viscoisty above __________ poise.

3 Ratio of tube length to shell diameter for a shell and tube heat exchanger is

4 The dust collection efficiency of a cyclone separator

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer co-efficient is proportional
5 to the tube side (volumetric flow rate)^0.8. This is valid, only when the ratio of the tube
side film resistance to the total resistance is almost equal to

6 Which of the following types of reactors is the safest from operation point of view ?

7 In a bag filter, the pressure drop increases directly as the

8 The LMTD correction factor (FT) is applied in __________ heat exchangers.
9 Movement of pipeline caused by thermal expansion is taken care by providing

For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than
10
the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

11 In the design of a paddle agitator, the ratio (1) is normally taken as

The design stress, which is more than the damaging stress, is the least unit stress that
will render a member unfit for service before the end of its normal life. The design
12
stress factor or factor of safety indicates the margin between design stress and the
__________ stress.

13 Hole diameter of the seive trays in the distillation column ranges from __________ mm.

Factor of safety (i.e., overdesign factor) in heat transfer equipments is about

14
__________ percent more than the actual/theoretical design factor.

For annular flow of a fluid, the ratio of the equivalent diameter for pressure drop
15
calculation to the equivalent diameter for heat transfer calculation is
 In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among
16
the bubble caps, primarily because of the
The minimum shell thickness for tank ≤ 15 metres diameter is limited to __________
17
mm, for reasons of elastic stability.
If 'D' is the inside diameter of the shell of a shell and tube heat exchanger, then the
18
baffle spacing is usually in the range of
19 Brass valves are usually made for pipe sizes __________ inches.
At the following point for a given packing and set of fluids, the pressure drop per metre
20
of packed height, with variation in fluid rates and operating pressure

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square
21
pitch arrangement

22 Pick out the wrong statement about routing of fluids in a shell and tube heat exchanger.

23 The necessary wall thickness for a metallic storage vessel is a function of the

In a multiple effect evaporator system having 'n' effects, the amount of water
24 evaporated per unit surface area in approximately equal to __________ times that in a
single effect.

25 Pick out the wrong statement

26 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a horizontal tube evaporator.

27 Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column

28 Steam is preferred to be used as a heating medium in heat exchangers, because of its

29 __________ shapedroof is the most commonly used roof for cylinderical storage tanks.

Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to 'Horton sphere' used for the storage of
30
liquid ammonia.

31 Value of Peclet number = ∞, is the representative of

32 (1) for a Tee (used as elbow, entering branch) would be
 In most of the shell and tube heat exchangers, the tube pitch is generally __________
33
the tube diameter.
In a distillation column, bubble caps are located on trays with a pitch of __________
34
times the outside diameter of the caps.

35 1.2 to 3.8 cms is the value of the

36 Accidents in chemical plants are mostly due to

For identical operating conditions, the pressure drop over __________ tray is the
37
highest out of the following.

A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube
38
of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by

__________ is the determining factor for the number of bubble caps to be used per
39
tray.

40 Pick out the wrong statement about distillation operation

Low pressure steam (with saturation temperature between 105 to 120°C) is usually
41 used in the vacuum evaporators, which normally employ a vacuum of about
__________ mm Hg (referred to a 760 mm mercury barometer).
Which of the following is the best tube material from thermal conductivity point of view
42
alone?
43 Normal screwed fittings are used for pipes upto a diameter of __________ inches.
44 In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally
45 Diameter of the seive tray column is determined by the

46 For a given fluid, as the pipe diameter increases, the pumping cost

47 Maximum acceptable total liquid gradient over a tray is about __________ mm.
48 In case of a 'thin' pressure vessel, the ratio of its diameter to wall thickness is
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed
49
through the

50 Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because
 16 19

300 600

8 : 1 to 12 : 1 for both liquid-liquid and gas-

4 : 1 to 8 : 1 for liquid-liquid exchanger.
gas heat exchangers.
is inversely proportional to the mass of the
decreases with increase in gas flow rate.
dust particle.

∞ 1

A vapor phase reactor. Pot type reactor.

density of the gas, but is independent of the density of the gas and inversely as viscosity of
viscosity of the gas. the gas.
1-1 cocurrent double pipe
expansion joint. changes in its direction.

decreases upwards. increases upwards.

0.1 0.8

working damaging

lto3 4 to 8

5-10 15-20
 liquid gradient on the tray. lower skirt clearance.

2 5

D/2 or minimum 2" to 5D. D/5 or minimum 2" to 5D.

≤1 ≤2
increases decreases

can accomodate less number of tubes for a

results in higher shell side pressure drop.
given shell diameter.

The corrosive and fouling fluid should be The viscous fluid should be routed through
preferably routed through the tubes. the shell side.
ultimate tensile strength (or yield point) of operating pressure and welding/joint
the material and operating temperature. efficiency.

'n'th (1/n)th

In a flanged and standard dished head, the In a flanged and shallow dished head, the
crown radius is ≤ shell outside diameter. crown radius is > shell outside diameter.

It is unsuitable for concentrating those liquids, It is suitable for process, in which the final
which form a scale or deposit salt. product is a liquor instead of solid.

are normally located near the overflow weir

facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when so that any delivery of liquid during operation
the unit is not in operation. follows approximately the same path as the
overflow fluid.

low cost. high latent heat.

Conical Flat

Thickness of spherical shell is half that of the

cylinderical vessel under same operating
Diameter of Horton sphere is normally 6 to 25
pressure condition. Besides, the ratio of
metres and it is supported by 6 to 12 nos.
surface area to volume is less for sphere than
tubular or rolled section column.
any other shape ; hence insulation required is
less.
laminar flow. complete back mixing,
less than that for Tee (used as elbow, entering more than that for Tee (used as elbow,
run). entering run).
 less than 1.25-1.50 times

1.3 to 2 1.6 to 2

static submergence in case of a bubble cap

downcomer liquid seal in case of a balanced
tray for column operating under pressure (≥ 1
tray design.
atm.).
inadequate equipment design. faulty operating procedures.
sieve valve

Permissible slot velocity Tray diameter

In differential (simple) distillation, the vapour

Distillation under vacuum is a substitute for
is removed as soon as it is formed without
steam distillation.
appreciable condensation.

250 450

Aluminium Stainless steel

1.5 3
not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter
more than the tube diameter.
or 3/16".
lower limit of vapour velocity. upper limit of the vapour velocity.

decreases. increases.

5.5 12.5
< 10 > 10
tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure
shell side for smaller total pressure drop.
shell construction.

of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency it incurs less pressure drop as compared to
under varying conditions of operation. any other try designed for the same duty.
 28 38

1000 1500

< 4 : 1 for gas-gas exchangers. both(b) & (c).

is directly proportional to the radius of the

none of these.
dust particle path.

20.8 2

A liquid phase reactor. A liquid phase catalytic reactor.

viscosity of the gas and inversely as density of

none of these.
the gas.
all multipass all (involving liquid/liquid heat transfer)
change in the shape of pipeline. all (a), (b) and (c).

may decrease or increase upwards depending

remains same throughout. upon whether vacuum or positive pressure
would be maintained inside the shell.

0.25 0.5

allowable none of these

3 to 12.5 12.5 to 18.5

30-35 35-40
 lower static submergence. small downcomer liquid seal.

10 15

D/5 or minimum 2" to D. none of these.

>2.5 >3.5
may increase or decrease depending upon the
remains same
solubility of the gas in the liquid
facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is creates relatively lower turbulence on the
more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side resulting in lower shell side heat
shell side fluid. transfer co-efficient.
Lower flow rate fluid should be routed Higher pressure fluid stream should be routed
through the shell side. through the shell side.

diameter of the vessel. all (a); (b) and (c).

0.5 nth 1.5 nth

Flanged only head is a type of flat head in

Flat head covers are most suitable for larger
which gradual change in the shape at the
vessels operating at very high pressure.
centre results in reduced local stresses.
Its usual dimensions are: tube dia = 2-3 cms;
Liquor flows inside the tube, while the steam
evaporator body dia = 1-4 metres and
is outside submerging the tube.
evaporator height = 2.5-4 metres.

must be large enough (usually 1/4" to 5/8"

dia) to prevent plugging but should not
all (a), (b) and (c).
deliver excessive amount of fluid during
operation.

non-corrosive condensate. high film co-efficient.

Dome Umbrella

Horton sphere is used for the storage of gases Horton sphere is used for the storage of liquid
and volatile liquid at a moderate pressure of 1 at sub-zero temperature at very high pressure
to 10 kg/cm^2 . upto 200 kg/cm^2 .

plug flow. eddy diffusivity = 0.

around 90. both (b) and (c).
 2.5 times one-fourth of

2.5 1.5 to 3

skirt clearance for bubble caps. all (a), (b) and (c).

improper layout of the equipments. failure of equipments.

counterflow bubble cap

Liquid load Vapor load

In flash (equilibrium) distillation, a definite

Flash distillation, differential distillation &
fraction of liquid is vaporised in such a way
steam distillation are all continuous
that the evolved vapour & residual liquids are
distillation processes.
in equilibrium with each other.

650 750

Copper Carbon steel

5 7
more in case of triangular pitch as compared
equal to the tube diameter.
to the square pitch tube layout.
hole diameter of the seive tray. height of the plate spacing.
may increase or decreaes depending upon
remains unaffected. whether the fluid is Newtonian or non-
Newtonion.
30.5 45.5
> 20 30
shell side, if the flow is counter-current and shell side for large overall heat transfer co-
tube side if the flow is co-current. efficient.

it eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment

none of these.
tendency during operation.
 Questions
In common bubble cap distillation column design practice, riser area is approximately
1
equal to (where, Aa = Annular passage area, and Sa = Slot area)
Heat transfer co-efficient, hG(Kcal/hr.m^2 .°C) and mass velocity of air, G (kg/hr.m^2 )
for air flow parallel to the surface in case of constant drying rate in batch drying is
2
related as hG = 0.0176G^0.8. But when the flow of air perpendicular to the surface is
encountered, this equation changes to
In the agitators, the power required will be changed with the increase of diameter of
3
agitator (D) as
Apex angle of conical heads used in the bottom heads of chemical process equipments
4
is usually
Pressure drop due to pipe fittings can be estimated by the equation (1), where, Le =
equivalent of straight pipeline which will incur the same frictional loss as the fitting and
5
D = diamter of the fitting. The value of (2) (dimensionless for 45° and below 180° close
return bends would be respectively around

A pressure vessel is said to be made of 'thick' shell, if the ratio of its diameter to wall
6
thickness is

7 Rate of filtrate delivery is inversely proportional to the

Tube side heat transfer co-efficient for turbulent flow of liquid through tubes is
8
proportional to
Circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin cylindrical vessel under internal pressure is
9
_________ the longitudinal stress.

10 The dust collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitator increases with increase in the

For storing hazardous chemicals in large storage tanks, the minimum safe distance
11
between the two tanks should range between __________ times the tank diameter

Which of the following factors determine the amount of entertainment in a distillation

12
column?
The absorption factor is defined as (where, S1 = slope of the equilibrium curve, S2 =
13
slope of the operating line)
14 In shell and tube heat exchangers, straight tie rods are used to
In a rotary drier, the average retention time of solid is (where Z = length of the drier,
15 metres ρ = apparent solid density, kg/m^3 L = flow rate of dry solids, kg/see*m^2 drier
cross-section H = hold up of solid.)
16 In case of design of a shell and tube heat exchanger,

In a cylinderical vessel subjected to internal pressure, the longitudinal stress σL and the
17
circumferential stress, σn are related by
18 Nominal size of a pipe is an indication of its __________ diameter.
19 Excessive liquid gradient on a tray may result in the
The ratio of tube length to shell diameter in case of liquid shell and tube heat exchanger
20
ranges from

In a double pipe concentric heat exchanger, the equivalent diameter of annulus for heat
21
transfer would be (where, D1 and D2 are I.D. of inner and outer pipes)

22 What is the slope of the operating line in the stripping section of a distillation column ?
23 __________ shaped roof is most commonly used for cylindrical tanks.
24 In a thin cylindrical shell, the hoop stress is __________ stress.
Commercial packed scrubbers are normally designed for a pressure drop range of
25
__________ mm water coloumn per metre of packed height.
26 The retention time of material in a rotary dryer depends upon its
In actual operation of a bubble cap distillation tower, the __________ at the bottom of
27
the tower is more than that at the top of the tower.
Rotary driers are most economically designed for the number of heat transfer units
28
(HTU) from
The difficulty of liquid distribution in packed towers is accentuated, when the ratio of
29
tower diameter to packing diameter is

A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation
30
evaporator

An increase in the liquid resistance to interphase mass transfer and a resultant

31
reduction in plate efficiency is caused by
In the design of a bag filter, the gas temperature is an important consideration, as it
32
affects the
With increase in temperature drop (in a shell and tube heat exchanger), the LMTD
33
correction factor, FT
34 The normal range of velocity of steam in pipes is __________ m/sec.
35 __________ dished head is the strongest of all.

36 Pick out the correct statement.

37 "A claming section" before the liquid flows into the downcomer is privided to
38 The units of Young's modulus of elasticity and __________ are the same.

39 In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

Vertical condenser is advantageous to the horizontal condenser from operation point of

40
view, when
Hazards associated with the relief valve leakage for extremely hazardous material
41
storage can be taken care of by providing

42 Minimum baffle spacing recommended in a shell and tube heat exchanger is equal to
43 __________ liquor is best handled in a long tube vertical evaporator.
Theoretically calculated diameter of the stripping section of the continuous rectification
44
column is __________ that of the enriching section.
45 Hold up of material in a operating rotary drier is in the range of
A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point higher than either of the
46
components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult's Law.
The testing pressure of storage tanks and pressure vessels designed as per Indian
47
standard codes should be about __________ times.the design pressure.
48 Flanges are connected to pipes by
The ratio of down take area to cross-sectional area of the tube, for calendria type
49
evaporator ranges from

50 Shortest distance between two tubes is

 Aa = Sa 1.2 Aa = 1.2 Sa

hG = 1.004G^0.37 1.004G^0.8

D^2 D^5

30° 45°

5 and 10 45 and 75

10 10

filtering area & the pressure difference driving

viscosity of filtrate
force.

G^0.2 G^0.5

half equal to

gas flow rate. electrode area.

1 to 1.5 2.5 to 3.5

Plate spacing. Depth of liquid above the bubble cap slots.

S1/S2 S1 * S2
hold baffle in space. fix the tubes in position.
 minimum tube sheet thickness (in which
tubes are fixed) is equal to the O.D. of the
minimum cleaning lane of 6.5 mm is provided,
tube upto 15 mm tube diameter; and for > 15
when tubes are on a square pitch.
mm tube diameter, tube sheet thickness is
smaller than tube diameter.

σh = 2 σL σh = σL
inner outer
maldistribution of gas. back trapping.
2 to 3 3 to 5

D2 - D1

0 ∞
Cone Dome
radial circumferential tensile
4-8 17-34
rpm slope & length
molal flow rate of vapour vapour molecular weight

0.01 to 1 1.5 to 2.5

< 30 <7

employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate

is economical in operation.
and less heating surface requirement.

an increase in relatived volatility for

an increase in liquid viscosity.
rectification columns.

gas density gas viscosity

decreases very rapidly increases very rapidly

0.1-0.5 1-5
Hemispherical Elliptical

It is preferred to use a vertical condenser for Draining of residual liquid on tray during shut
condensation of vapor from a distillation down of distillation column is facilitated by
column without sub-cooling weep holes.
 permit release of entrained vapour in the
reduce the discharge fluctuation.
liquid.
strain stress
for carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is
need not be provided for non-pressure parts
1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe
like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc.
conditions it is 3 mm.
hydrostatic head is required for refluxing the only the function of condensation is to be
condensate. carried out.

rupture diaphragm dikes

5 cms 40% of the I.D. of the shell

Foamy Scaling
less than more than
0.05 to 0.15 0.25 to 0.50
positive negative

1.5 to 2 3 to 4
screwing welding
0.5 to 1 1 to 1.5

called tube pitch. called tube clearance.

 Sa = 1.5 Aa Aa = 1.5 Sa

hG = 0.0176G^0.37 0.0176G^1.37

D D^9

60° 75°

180 and 300 300 and 500

20 20

cake & filter medium resistance. both (a) and (b)

G^0.8 G^1.5

twice eight times

both (a) & (b) neither (a) nor (b)

4 to 5 6 to 8

Vapour velocity in the volumn between the

All (a), (b) and ©
plates.

S2 / S1 1/S1*S2
account for thermal strain. none of these.
O.D. of the tube is 6 to 40 mm while the tube
lengths used are 0.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6 all (a), (b) & (c).
metres.

σh = σL/2 no relation exists

approximate none of these
gas blowing beneath cap skit. all (a), (b) and (c).
4 to 8 6 to 12

none of these

>1 <1
Umbrella Flat
compressive longitudinal
52-68 88-105
flights arrangement all (a), (b) and (c)
pressure and temperature all (a), (b) and (c)

5 to 10 10 to 20

> 7 < 15 > 20 < 50

employs a centrifugal pump placed between

external downtake from vapor drum and inlet both (b) & (c).
to tube bundle.

decrease in gas solubility for absorbers. all (a), (b) and (c).

fibre selection all (a), (b) & (c)

remains constant increases linearly

10-20 80-100
Torispherical none of these
Random packing a packed tower offers the
Risers are generally not connected to the
advantage of lower pressure drop and higher
plate in a distillation coloumn by bolts, rivets
throughput of fluids as compared to
or welding.
regular/stacked packing.
 ensure better vapour-liquid contact. cool the liquid before it flows down.
modular ratio none of these

for internal cover and tube sheet is provided

all (a), (b) & (c).
on both the sides.

both the functions of condensation & sub

sub cooling of condensate is desired.
cooling are carried out in a single unit.

surge chamber none of these

25 cms I.D. of the shell

Viscous Salting
either more or less (depending upon relative
same as
volatility)
0.5 to 0.8 0.8 to 0.9
no none of these

4 to 5 >5
brazing all (a), (b) and (c)
1.5 to 2 2 to 2.5

more in case of triangular pitch as compared

none of these.
to square pitch of tube layout.
 Questions
__________ tower is the most suitable gas-liquid contacting device involving highly
1
corrosive fluids.
At equal mass velocities, the values of film co-efficients for gases as compared to that
2
for liquids are generally.
The ratio of the largest load in a test to the original cross-sectional area of the test
3
specimen is called the __________ stress.
4 Baffle spacing is generally __________ the I.D. of the shell.
The wall thickness of thin cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends is __________ that
5
of the spherical ends.
6 A 'rupture disc' is provided in chemical equipments as an accessory meant for

7 In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the problem of differential expansion
8
between the shell and tube passes is taken care of by using a
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the shortest centre to centre distance between the
9
adjacent tubes is
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason
10
of
Minimum tube pitch recommended for shell and tube heat exchangers is about
11
__________ times the outside diameter of the tube.
Liquid redistribution should be done in a packed tower packed with raschig rings every
12
6 metres or __________ times the column diameter, whichever is lower.

13 Slope of countercurrent flow rotary drier is in the range of __________ meter/metre.

In case of saddle packing (e.g., berl and intralox saddles), the maximum size of the
14
packing should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.

15 Seamless pipe is made

16 The thermal stress in a metallic bar does not depend upon the
17 The minimum baffle height should be
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the
optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft^3/sec.ρ = fluid
18
density, lb/ft^3 μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter,
inches)

To avoid the tearing off the plate of an edge, the margin (i.e., the minimum distance
19
from the centre of the rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate) should be equal to

20 The normal range of velocity of water in pipes is __________ m/sec.

 Baffles are provided in a shell and tube heat exchanger to increase the turbulence and
21 velocity of the shell side fluid. Which of the following shaped baffles does not fall in the
category of transverse baffle ?

A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for

openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of
22
the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area
compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

In a __________ rivetted joint, the number of rivets decreases from the innermost row
23
to the outermost row.
Large process vessels operating under extreme temperature and pressure conditions
are normally clad/ lined with materials like stainless steel, aluminium, nickel & its alloys,
24
copper & its alloys and titanium. The cladding thickness is generally about __________
percent of the total thickness.
Heat transfer co-efficient for a horizontal condenser as compared to a vertical
25
condenser operating under similar conditions is

26 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the distillation column.

The longitudinal stress induced in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal
27
pressure is
28 In distillation columns, bubble caps are held in place over trays by
29 The buckling tendency of compression members is always in the direction of the
In case of plain carbon steel, butt welded joints are used for shell plate thickness ≤
30
__________ cms.
The average velocity in the tubes of a 1-4 heat exchanger is __________ times that in 1-
31 1 heat exchanger having the same size & number of tubes and operated at same liquid
flow rate.

Hoop (circumferential) stress induced in a thin walled 'Horton Sphere' used for the
32
storage of liquid ammonia under pressure is

33 When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

34 The raio, (1) is normally taken as

35 A/an __________ is used for changing the direction of a pipeline.

36 Maximum plate efficiency is achieved in case of __________ flow.
37 The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

The clearance between two tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger is known as
38 'ligament', whose minimum value is __________ the outside diameter of the tube, but
in no case it should be less than 4.5 mm.
 The ratio for the rate of washing to the final rate of filtration in a washing type of plate
39
and frame filter is

Normally, the length to diameter ratio of rotary dryers varies form 4 to 10 and for its
40
economic operation, the number of transfer units (NTU) for such dryers varies from

41 Value of Peclet number = 0, is the representative of

Poisson's ratio of a material is the ratio of unit lateral strain to the unit axial elongation
42 within its elastic limit. The value of Poisson's ratio for structural and pressure vessel
steel may be taken as
43 Removable connection of tubes to tube sheet is called
Stress-strain diagram for low carbon steel/mild steel is shown below in the Fig.
44 (1)
The point 'A' on the Fig. represents the

Typical static submergence for bubble cap plate column operating at atmospheric
45
pressure may be around
In the allocated cap area, bubble caps are generally arranged on equilateral triangular
46
pitch. Number of caps fixed on a plate is with a
The length of straight rectangular weir used on cross-flow trays is generally __________
47
the column diameter.
48 (1) for couplings and unions would be

What is the slope of the operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation
49
coloumn ?
50 Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the
 Sieve plate Packed

higher lower

yield point breaking

more than not greater than
equal to more than
relieving excess pressure. creating turbulence.
tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 area of central downtake is equal to 40 to
cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres 100% of total cross-sectional area of the
are normally used. surrounding tube.

U-bend floating head tube sheet

called tube pitch. called tube clearance.

preventing the local overstressing of the shell reduction of discontinuity in shape at the
around the opening. junction.

1.25 1.75

2.5-3.0 5-7.5

0 to 0.08 0 to 0.8

l/5th l/15th

from rolled strips formed into cylinders and by extrusion & casting into static and
seam-welded. centrifugal molds.

changes in temperature. cross-sectional area.

equal to the impeller diameter. twice the impeller diameter.

0.5 d d

0.1-0.5 1-2
 Segmental baffle Flat plate extending across the wall

only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical

only if the opening is on spherical vessel.
vessel.

chain diamond

1 to 5 10 to 20

same less

Generally, a skirt clerance of 0.5" to 1.5' is

The purpose of the slot is to disperse the gas
recommended to prevent plugging of the
into the liquid in the form of small bubbles.
slots by residue build up.

pd/2t pd/4t
rivets a hold down bar
least radius of gyration. axis of the load.
1.2 0.5

2 1/2

preferably flow inside the tube for its easier

perferably flow outside the tube.
internal cleaning.

0.15-030 0.5-0.65

elbow union
split cross
ratio of true temperature difference to the ratio of LMTD to the true temperature
LMTD. difference.

equal to half
 0.25 0.50

1.5-2.5 3.5-5.5

laminar flow. complete back mixing.

0.01 0.3

ferrule socket

breaking stress ultimate stress

2.5" 0.5"

clearance of 25-75 mm. cap pitch of 1.3-2 times the cap diameter.

0.6-0.8 times equal to

60 200

0 ∞
type & size of packing. fluid rates and fluid properties.
 Bubble cap plate None of these

same unpredictable

ultimate none of these

not less than one fifth of both (b) and (c)
either (b) or (c); depends on maximum
less than
permissible internal pressure
enhancing mixing rate. avoiding vortex formation.

liquor is inside the tube while the steam is

all (a), (b) & (c).
outside the tube.

either (a) or (b) neither (a) nor (b)

always less than the diameter of the tube. none of these.

making the joint leak proof. none of these.

2.5 3.5

10-12.5 15-20

0 to 1.5 0 to 2.2

l/30th l/50th

by forging a solid round, piercing it by

simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a
both (b) and (c).
piercer point and further reducing it by rolling
gas drawing.
both (a) and (b). neither (a) nor (b).
twice the tank diameter. 3/4 of the tank height.

1.5 d 2.5 d

10-50 15-30
 Disk type baffle Helical type baffle

only if the opening is on a horizontal

irrespective of the shape of the vessel.
cylinderical vessel.

zig-zag none of these

30 to 40 40 to 50

about 3 times about 0.33 times

If sufficient slot area is not provided, the gas

none of these.
may pass through the skirt clearance.

pd/t pd/8t
bolts both (b) and (c)
perpendicular to the axis of the load. none of these.
3.8 6.8

4 1/4

flow outside the tube, when the flow is

flow at a very slow velocity. counter-current and inside the tube when the
flow is co-current.

0.75-0.85 0.60-0.90

flange disc compensator

cascade reverse
differenced of true temperature difference geometric mean of the true temperature
and the LMTD. difference and the LMTD.

one fourth three fourth

 0.75 1.25

7.5-10.0 10-15

plug flow. eddy diffusivity = 0.

0.75 0.95

nipple saddle

elastic limit yield point

5" 50% of the plate spacing

either 'a' or 'b'. neither 'a' nor 'b'.

2 ft irrespective of (for column > 3 ft

twice
diameter)
350 negligible

>1 <1
operating pressure and column diameter. all (a), (b) and (c).
 Questions
The minimum plate spacing in most of the pertroleum refinery distillation columns (of
1
dia > 3 ft) is normally __________ inches.
2 Joint efficiency (J) for a seamless pipe is
For a given design of bubble cap, the number of bubble caps to be used per tray is set
3
by the
The shell side pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger is maximum for
4
__________ baffle.

5 The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

6 Back-trapping in a distillation column results due to

For a cylinderical vessel of moderate height, the weld joint efficiency for joints parallel
to the cylinderical axis is given as 1.0, while for joints along the girth (circumference) it
7
is given as 0.8. In calculating the shell wall thickness using code formula for an internally
pressurised cylinderical vessel, what value of weld joint efficiency should be used ?

Diameter of bubble caps used in high pressure columns is __________ as compared to

8
that used in identical vacuum columns.
The ideal size of round bubble caps to be used in industrial distillation column having a
9
diameter of 3-6 metres is __________ cms.
10 Lap joints are preferred for plates having thickness __________ mm.
In a distillation column, minimum clearance to be maintained betweeen the overflow
11
weir and the last row of the bubble caps is __________ cms.
Which of the following lengths of heat exchanger tubes are normally not used in
12
practice ?
A pipe is generally made of circular cross-section, because a circular cross-section has
13
the
In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the effect of L/D on inside film heat transfer
14
co-efficient (hi) vanishes after a Reynold number of
Equivalent diameter for heat transfer calculation for a duct of square cross-section
15
having each side as 'd' will be

16 A cylindrical storage tank can have a self supported conical roof,

17 For high pressure process equipments/vessels, the connected nozzle should be
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous
18
binary distillation column is used, when the

19 Column support for the roof of cylindrical storage tank must be provided for

For a cylinderical internally pressurised vessel, which of the following closure types
20 would withstand highest pressure, if each closure is of the same material and
thickness ?
21 In inclined long tube vertical evaporators, the tubes are inclined at an angle of
In a continuous distillation column, the optimum reflux ratio ranges from __________
22
times the minimum reflux ratio.
 The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration
23
of the

In the case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the logarithmic mean temperature
24
difference

25 Skirt support is the most suitable for supporting __________ vessels.

26 Baffles may be eliminated for
Generally, as the length of the liquid path on a tray is increased beyond 5 ft, the overall
27
column efficiency
In packed absorption tower, onset of flooding usually occurs at a pressure drop of about
28
__________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.
For pipe flows, head is proportional to __________ at constant capacity (where D =
29
pipe diameter ).

30 Friction factor for turbulent flow in a new pipe is given by

The minimum tray spacing in distillation column of diameter less than 3 ft is normally
31
__________ inches.

32 Oxygen carrying pipelines in chemical industries are coloured with __________ colour.

Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble
33
cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around

Pick out the wrong statement about the design of seive plate column and the bubble
34
cap column.

Maximum size of the raschig rings used in a packed tower is about __________ of the
35
coloumn diameter.

36 Longitundinal stress induced in a thin walled cylindrical storage vessel is

The type of stress developed in a metallic bar on subjecting it to a change in

37
temperature without allowing it to be deformed is __________ stress.
The safe distance of habitation from a hazardous chemical plant (TLV of its product <
38
1000 ppm) should be about __________ kms.

39 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to a shell and tube heat exchanger.

Corrosion allowance in the design of pressure vessel/chemical equipment is not

40
necessary, if
41 Maximum allowable vapour velocity in a bubble cap tower is determined by the
 Normally, the plate thickness of the bottoms and roofs of vertically cylindrical storage
42
vessels as compared to that of the cylindrical shell is

The practical representative values of HETP for a number of commercial operations lies
43
within a range of __________ metre.
Of the pressure vessels, with same thickness but different diameters, which one
44
withstands higher pressure ?
45 Reflux ratio variation in a distillation column is between

Width and depth of grooves in the tube sheet holes normally are __________ inch
46
respectively.

In condenser, the cooling water is passed in the tube side in a pass arrangement,
47
because

In packed towers provided with pall rings liquid redistributors are positioned at heights
48 of every 6 metres or 5-10 times the column diameter, whichever is less. Maximum size
of the pall rings should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.

49 Height of the flights in the rotary drier is in the range of

Vapor velocity in a distillation column for non-foaming mixture is in the range of
50
__________ times the flooding velocity.
 6 12
1 0.85
allowable gas velocity through the slots. plate spacing.

disk and ring segmental

keep a check on the liquid gradient over the give access to the individual trays for cleaning,
plate by direct visual observation. maintenance and installation.
low gas velocity. high gas velocity.

0.8 0.9

less more

5 15
< 12.5 >3
2.5 7.5

2.5 metres 6 metres

lowest surface area requirement for a given

higher structural strength.
volume.

1000 3000

d √d

if its diameter is less than 15-20metres. if its diameter is more than 50 meters.
welded screwed
relative volatility is close to one (e.g.,
feed is not at its bubble point.
separation of close boiling isomers).

small diameter tanks. large diameter tanks.

hemispherical ellipsoidal (2 : 1)

15° 90°
1.1 to 1.5 1.6 to 2
 forces exerted by static and dynamic action at
axial tensile stress in the pipe.
bends.

is always more than arithmetic mean value

is always less than arithmetic average value.
and the geometric mean value.

small horizontal large horizontal

low viscosity liquids (< 200 poise). high viscosity liquids (> 600 poise).
increases decreases

25-50 50-75

1/D 1/D^2

6 18

yellow black

0.4-0.6 0.35-0.75

The downcomer design and the residence

Weir length for a bubble cap plate is the same
time in the downcomer is almost same for
as that for the seive plate.
seive plate and bubble cap columns.

1/10th 1/20th

shear tensile

1 5

The minimum value of baffle spacing is 50 The maximum value of baffle spacing is equal
mm. to the I.D. of the shell.

plain carbon steel and cast iron parts are

wall thickness is > 30 mm.
used.
entrainment considerations. vapour density.
 more less

0.1-0.2 0.2-0.5

Larger dia vessel. Smaller dia vessel.

zero and infinity zero and one

it reduces heat transfer area. more thinner tubes can be used.

1/10-1/15th 1/5-1/10th

0.08 to 0.12 d 0.02 to 0.05 d

0.1 to 0.3 0.6 to 0.7
 18 34
1.2 < 0.5
diameter of the column. all (a), (b) and (c).

orifice independent of the type of

guard against foaming & entrainment by

all (a), (b) and (c).
dumping antifoaming agent through it.
excessive liquid gradient over the tray. low reflux ratio.

1.0 (0.8)^0.5

either (a) or (b); no generalisation can be

same
made

7.5 50
>5 5-10
15 20

10 metres 0.5 metre

both (a) & (b). none of these.

5000 10000

if the thickness of the roof is more than that

irrespective of its diameter.
of the cylindrical shell.
flanged brazed
number of equilibrium stages in only stripping number of equilibrium stages required is
section is to be calculated. likely to be very small.
all tanks irrespective of their heights and
small diameter tall tanks.
diameters.

conical flat plate

45° 60°
2.2 to 2.6 2.7 to 3
 circumferential pipewall tension. temperature stresses.

may be either more or less than geometric

is always less than arithmetic mean value, but mean and arithmetic mean value depending
more than geometric mean value. upon whether the flow of stream is co-current
or counter-current.
tall vertical thick walled
large diameter tanks. none of these.
may increase or decrease depending upon the
remains same
plate spacing

200-250 750-1000

1/D^5 D^2

24 34

blue red

0.1-0.2 0.55-0.85

Weir height in case of a bubble cap plate

Weir height for a bubble cap plate column is
ranges from 50 to 150 mm and is higher than
the same as that for a seive plate column.
the seive plate.

1/30th 1/50th

compressive thermal

15 25

The maximum unsupported tube span is

generally about 75 times tube diameter, but is Disk and doughnut baffle is the most
reduced to about 60 times for aluminium, commonly used baffle.
copper & alloys of these.

material of construction is high alloy steel. both(b) & (c).

diameter of the column. none of these.
 more or less depending upon the pressure &
same temperature inside the vessel and the nature
of the fluid contained therein.

0.4-0.9 1.2-1.5

Strength of the vessel is same irrespective of

Larger dia long vessel.
the diameter.
minimum and infinity none of these

pressure drop is reduced. it makes condenser compact.

1/20-1/30th 1/2 to 1/4th

0.2 to 0.5 d 0.5 to 0.6 d

0.85 to 0.95 1.5 to 2
 Questions
Cylindrical storage tanks used for the storage of volatile liquids (e.g., naphtha) have
1
__________ roofs.
2 Larger depth of liquid on the trays of a distillation column

3 Pick out the wrong statement.

4 Pick out the wrong statement.

In the downcomer of a distillation column, the minimum recommended residence time

5
is about __________ seconds.
For identical situation, condensing film coefficient in case of a horizontal condenser is
6
almost __________ the value expected in case of vertical condenser.
Diameter of rivet hole (d, mm) and the plate thickness (t, mm) are related by Unwin's
7
formula as
A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point lower than either of the
8
components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult's Law.
In which of the following evaporators, steam is fed inside the tube while the liquor is
9
outside the tube ?
A single pass air heater is connected to a two pass unit. For the air flow rate and other
10 conditions remaining the same, the film heat transfer co-efficient for air will vary in the
ratio of
In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the baffles on shell side is primarily
11
provided for
12 For turbine agitator, the impeller diameter is about

In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent
13
diameter is given by

If a single tube pass heat exchanger is converted to two passes; for the same flow rate,
14
the pressure drop per unit length in tube side will __________ times.

15 Pick out the wrong statement.

Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a long tube vertical
16
evaporator.
Which of the following is the most common type of baffle used in industrial shell and
17
tube heat exchanger ?
 What is the minimum recommended ligament for square pitch arrangement in case of
18
heat exchangers ?

19 Pick out the correct statement

20 Safety valves are provided in chemical equipments to guard against excessive

21 The equivalent diameter for pressure drop is __________ that for heat transfer.
Most of the storage vessels/tanks are made cylindrical, because of the fact that a
22
cylinder
The distance between the top of the slots and the liquid surface when the static liquid is
23
just ready to flow over the overflow weir is called

24 Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

The centre to centre distance between two consecutive baffles in a shell and tube heat
25 exchanger is called the baffle pitch or baffle spacing, which is more than 1/5th the I.D.
of the shell. Which of the following is not a function of the baffles ?
A high vapour velocity is required for high plate efficiency in a seive plate coloumn. The
26 satisfactory value of operating vapor velocity for design purpose in seive plate column is
about __________ percent of the flooding velocity.

27 The approximate liquid depth in an agitation tank is equal to (where, d = tank diameter)
28 Baffle width is normally taken as __________ times the tank diameter.
A cylinderical pressure vessel of volume 6 πm3 has to be designed to withstand a
maximum internal pressure of 10 atm. The allowable design stress of the material is
29
125N/mm2 and corrosion allowance is 2 mm. The thickness of the vessel for a
length/diameter ratio of 3 will be close to
30 Which of the following packing materials provides for maximum mass transfer ?
31 __________ of water makes it a widely used coolant in heat exchangers.
The equivalent diameter for fluid flow through a channel of constant non-circular cross
32 section of area 'A' is given by (where, P = perimeter of the channel in contact with the
fluid)
Fouling factor must be included in the calculation of over all design heat transfer
33
coefficient, when the liquid
34 Lug support is meant for supporting __________ vessels.
Overall mass transfer co-efficient in case of absorption of __________ in water is based
35 on the gas film co-efficient only, as the mass transfer process is gas film (phase)
controlling.
Which tube arrangement in a heat exchanger would facilitate highest heat transfer
36
rate ?
In case of 1.5" heat exchanger tubes, the inside flow area __________ with decrease in
37
BWG.
Cylindrical pressure vessels in horizontal condition is generally supported on a
38
__________ support.
39 Pressure drop per tray in the atmospheric distillation column is about __________ psi.
40 Welded joint efficiency in the design of chemical process equipment is taken as
The thickness of segmental baffles (25 -35% cut truncated plates usually) is generally
41
__________ the tube wall thickness.
The safe height (h) to diameter (d) ratio (i.e., h/d) for liquid/petro fuel storage tank of
42
capacity more than 45 kilolitres is less than

For given number of passes, pitch & tube diameter, the maximum number of tubes that
43
can be accommodated in a shell of tripled inside diameter will be __________ times.

44 The ratio of linear stress to linear strain is termed as the

__________ head is the most economical for cylindrical vessels designed for operating
45
at high pressure (> 15 atm.).

46 Bubble cap plate column is

In seive plate column, holes are drilled or punched in sizes ranging from 2.5 to 12 mm (5
47 mm being widely used). The hole pitch is normally __________ times the hole diameter
to give the required hole area.

48 Pick out the wrong statement.

49 The force due to wind load acting on a tall vessel depends upon its
Bubble cap diameter used for the distillation column having diameter ranging from 1.5
50
to 4.5 metres is about __________ mm.
 conical flat
leads to high tray efficiency. results in higher pressure drop per tray.
Plate efficiency increases with increase in Increase in depth of the liquid about the slots
superficial vapour velocity till entrainment increases the plate efficiency, particularly if
limit. the liquid depth is < 1".

Height of packing in a packed tower is about 3

In practical operation, distillation towers
times the column diameter for raschig rings
having diameter 3-6 metres equipped with
and about 5 to 10 times the column diameter
bubble cap (round) size of 15 cms are used.
for saddle packing.

2.5 5

half twice

d = 1.1 t d = 1.6 √ t

positive negative

Long tube vertical evaporator Short tube vertical evaporator

2 2^0.8

reducing scale deposition. increasing pressure drop.

0.3 to 0.5 d 0.1 to 0.2 d

increase by 1.8 decrease by 2^2

An air cooled finned pipe is diagram-matically A heat exchanger is diagrammatically

represented by represented by

Tube dia is 3-6 cms, while tube length in 3-6 Steam is fed to the shell, whereas the liquor is
metres. filled inside the tube.

75% cut segmental baffle. 25% cut segmental baffle.

 6.5 cms 6.5 mm

Centre to centre distance between two A rivetted joint made in overlapping plates is
consecutives rivets in a row is called the pitch. called butt joint.

temperature pressure/pressure fluctuation

smaller than greater than
has greater structural strength. is easy to fabricate.

downcomer liquid seal static submergence

resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps &

low gas velocity.
risers and the flow of gas.

To increase the residence time of shell side

To provide support to the tube bundle.
fluid.

45 60

0.5 d 0.75 d
0.1-0.12 0.4-0.5

5 mm 6 mm

Lessig rings. Raschig rings.

Low corrosiveness Low dirt factor

4 A/P A/P

containing suspended solids flows at low containing suspended solids flows at high
velocity. velocity.
large horizontal cylindrical tall but empty

CO2 SO2

Triangular pitch. Square pitch.

increases decreases

lug skirt
 0.01 - 0.5 0.07 - 0.12
0.55 0.75
equal to twice

1 2

about 9 considerably more than 9

modulus of elasticity modulus of rigidity

Hemispherical Dished

a finite stage contactor. used only for distillation, not for absorption.

0.5 to 1.5 2.5 to 4.0

The joint made by overlapping of one plate

Rivetting provides a permanent fastening over the other, and then rivetting the two
method. plates together with two rows of rivets is
called 'double rivetted butt joint'.
shape. outside diameter.
10 50
 floating fixed
both (a) & (b). neither (a) or (b).
Too small a plate spacing can cause a low
efficiency, if the vapour velocity is greater none of these.
than the allowable value.

In a stainless steel seive tray, the minimum

In a seive tray, the minimum hole diameter is
hole diameter is equal to 10 times the plate
equal to the tray thickness.
thickness.

12.5 17.5

thrice five times

d = 1.5 t 3√ t

no none of these

Horizontal tube evaporator None of these

2^0.2 none of these

fixing the tubes. creating turbulence.

0.65 to 0.85 d 0.95 d

increase by 2^1.6 none of these

A 90° welded elbow is diagrammatically A pipe still heater is diagrammatically

represented by represented by

Liquor level is maintained at l/3rd to 1/2 of

none of these.
the height of the tube.

Orifice baffle. Disk and doughnut baffle.

 Equal to tube I.D Equal to tube O.D

Hole size drilled in rivetted plates is less than

none of these.
the actual size of the rivet.

turbulence noise
equal to not related with
both (a) and (b). neither (a) nor (b).

skirt clearance none of these

large plate spacing. large reflux ratio.

To increase the tube side heat transfer co-

To reduce the induced vibration in the tubes.
efficient by inducing turbulence.

80 95

d 2d
0.45-0.6 0.2-0.45

8 mm 10 mm

Cross-partition rings. All give the same value.

High specific heat Low viscosity

4 P/A √A

is highly viscous. is of high specific gravity.

small thick walled tall

NH3 none of these

Heat transfer rate is independent of tube

Diagonal square pitch.
arrangement.

remains same none of these

saddle guy wire

 0.5 - 1.0 1-3
0.85 0.95
four times half

3 3.5

considerably less than 9 about 3

bulk modulus none of these

Ellipsoidal Conical

a differential stage contactor. a continuous contactor.

5 to 10 10 to 15

Shank diameter of the rivets should be less The efficiency of a rivetted joint is the ratio of
than the size of the hole drilled in the plate the strength of the rivetted joint to the
for rivetting. strength of the solid plate.

height. all (a), (b) & (c).

100 150
 Questions
1 Power required for agitation depends upon the
2 Tube height in a calendria type evaporator is normally less than __________ metres.

3 Pick out the wrong statement.

For a 25 mm hole drilled in plates to be rivetted, the shank diameter of the rivet should
4
be __________ mm.

In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent
5
diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

6 Optimum economic pipe diameter for fluid flow is determined by the

Pressure differential maintained across a continuous rotary vacuum filter is in the range
7
of __________ mm Hg column.
8 Vertical storage vessels are never supported by __________ support.
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for
9
a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be
Elastic failure of a material occurs, when the tensile stress equals yield strength, yield
point or the elastic limit. Also, the elastic failure occurs according to maximum strain
10
theory, when the maximum tensile strain equals (where, σ = yield strength and E =
modulus of elasticity)

In a pressure vessel containing multiple openings of various dimensions at different

11 parts, stress concentration at the edges of the opening is maximum which becomes
negligibly small beyond the area covered by __________ times the hole diameter.

What is the slope of the feed line, if the feed to a distillation column is a saturated liquid
12
?

13 Filtration rate is affected by the

14 Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller
15 diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller
diameter tubes

16 (1) for 90° elbow (medium radius) and 90°square elbow would be respectively around
17 __________ heat exchanger is also known as 'hair pin type' exchanger,
What is the value of 'q' for saturated vapor feed to a distillation column ?(where q =
18
fraction of the feed stream that is liquid.)
In hydrostatic testing of welded pipe (for leakage, strength etc.) the ratio of minimum
19
hydrostatic test pressure to internal design pressure is around
Frame thickness in the plate and frame filter press is normally in the range of
20
__________ inches.
21 Cylinderical shell thickness of rotary drier is generally __________ mm.
22 The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is termed as the
23 The distance between the centre of a rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate is called

Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column
24
assumes that the

A minimum clearance of about __________ mm is maintained between the distillation

25
column wall and the bubble cap.

26 Pick out the wrong statement.

27 Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.

28 Wind load consideration in the design of a support can be neglected, when the vessel is

Souders Brown equation given by, , is used for the calculation of the __________ in a
29
continuous distillation column.

The ratio of volumes of the mixed reactor to the plug flow reactor (for identical feed
30
composition, flow rate, conversion, and for all positive reaction orders) is always

Steam economy is defined as the amount of evaporation per unit amount of steam
31 used, while the capacity is the total evaporation obtained per hour. Use of multiple
effect in evaporation
32 (1) for a Tee (used as elbow, entering run) would be around
 Log mean temperature difference in case of multi-pass shell and tube heat exchanger is
33
always
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the
ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the
34
corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than
__________ of the head.

Tubes are fixed to the tube sheet (a thick circular metallic plate) by the method of tube
rolling and brazing (non-removable) or ferrule connection (removable). Thickness of the
35
tube, sheet is normally __________ the outside diameter of the tube but in no case it
should be less than 22 mm (7/8").
A shell may by termed as thin if its thickness to diameter ratio is less than 0.1. The
36
factor which can be neglected in the calculation of membrane stresses is
Scale up problem in design based on the similarity concept takes into account
37
__________ similarity.
38 __________ closure is the weakest enclosure for cylindrical vessels.
39 Which of the following efficiencies can be greater than 100% ?
 height & properties of the liquid. agitator type & speed of agitation.
1 2

A pipe is differentiated from a tube by the fact

Lug supports are less expensive than other
that a pipe has a greater wall thickness
type of supports.
compared to the tube.

25 23

viscosity of the fluid. density of the fluid.

50 to 100 100 to 150

bracket saddle
same as that for fluid flow. less than that for fluid flow.

E σ

two five

0 ∞

pressure drop across the cake & filter

cake & filter medium resistance.
medium.

decreasing the number of rows of caps

through which the liquid flows or by
providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher
decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the
weir.
caps or by reducing the distance along the
tray through which the liquid must flow.

are easier to clean. are less prone to fouling.

 25 and 60 3 and 5

Double pipe Finned

0 1

0.5 1.5

0.25 to 4 0.25 to 8
2-3 18-22
Poisson's ratio bulk modulus
pitch margin

sensible heat differences are small, because

the temperature changes from tray to tray is Trouton's rule is applicable.
small.

19 38

If sufficient residence time (around 8 seconds) The liquid head in the downcomer should not
is not proivided to the downcoming liquid in be greater than one half the plate spacing to
the downcomer, it may entrain some vapour. avoid flooding.

Clearance between shell & baffles and

between tube & baffles should be minimum
Baffles are supported independently of the
to avoid by-passing of the fluid, but it should
tubes by tie rods and positioned by spacers.
be enough to permit the removal of tube
bundle.

tall (say 30 metres), but is full of liquid. tall but empty.

diameter of the bubble cap column diameter of the seive plate column

1 <1

increases capacity. increases economy.

 5 60

less than arithmetic mean value. more than arithmetic mean value.

6% of I.D. 3 times the thickness

half three fourth

bending deformation

geometrical kinematic
Hemispherical Torispherical
Overall plate efficiency. Murphree plate efficiency.
 size of agitator & the tank. all (a), (b) and (c).
3.5 5.5

A reducer is used to change the direction of a The method of fixing tubes to a tube sheet by
pipe in a straight run. expanding is called 'tube rolling'.

26 27

πd/4P^2

total cost considerations (pumping cost plus

none of these.
fixed cost of the pipe).

250 to 500 600 to 700

skirt lug
D2 - D1 (D1 and D2 are I.D. of inner and outer
more than that for fluid flow.
pipes respectively).

σ/E E/σ

ten twenty

> 1 <1

area of filtering surface & the viscosity of

all (a), (b) and (c).
filtrate.

using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for

all (a), (b) and (c).
column diameter large than 4 ft.

can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter

hence the cost of the heat exchanger would none of these.
be less.
 100 and 250 250 and 600

Plate type Regenerative

<0 >1

2.5 3.5

1 to 5 1 to 12
6-8 12-15
modulus of elasticity shear modulus
back pitch none of these

liquid/vapor loading across the column

all (a), (b) and (c).
remains constant.

76 95

The dischare end of the downcomer must

project far enough into the tray liquid so that
none of these.
no gas bubbles can enter the open end and by
pass the bubble caps.

Tie rods are fixed at one end in the tube sheet

by making blind holes and the minimum Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell,
number of tie rods is 4 with at least 10 mm while saddle support is used for vertical shell.
diameter.

short (< 2 m) and housed indoor. none of these.

residence time in the downcomer for the

tray pressure drop
disengagement of entrained vapour

>1 equal to the order of reaction

does not affect the capacity. both 'b' & 'c'.

 200 350

more than geometric mean value. both(b) & (c).

either (a) or (b), whichever is larger either (a) or (b), whichever is smaller

equal to 1.5 times

shear elongation

dynamic all (a), (b) and (c)

Conical or flat plate Elliptical
Point efficiency. None of these.