Irrigation and Drinaige

IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE
ENGINEERING
MARVIN M. CINENSE
Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering
College of Engineering, CLSU
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
By failing to prepare you are
preparing to fail….
-Benjamin Franklin

Please prepare the following before we start:
•Calculator
•Sheets of paper
•Ballpen or pencil
•Other things that you think you need during the
review proper (etc…)

What is Irrigation? Drainage?
• Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil necessary to supply the
moisture essential for plant growth.
• Drainage refers to the removal of excess water from the soil that is detrimental
to plants.

The moisture content of the soil when the gravitational water has been
removed.
a. Available water
b. Field capacity
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Readily available moisture
B – Field capacity

Schematic representations of field capacity and permanent
wilting point soil moisture content

• Management Allowed Deficit (MAD) is the degree to which the
amount of water in the soil is allowed to be depleted before the next
irrigation is applied.
• Soil Moisture Deficit (SMD) is the depletion of soil moisture below

field capacity at the time that a particular soil moisture content, Pd, is
measured.

Representative values of total available water (TAW) for
different soil types

𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑔Τ𝑐 𝑐 ሻ
𝐴𝑠 =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (1 𝑔Τ𝑐 𝑐 ሻ
𝑂𝐷𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑔ሻ

𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑐𝑐ሻ

Twelve thousand five hundred (12,500) cubic meters of water was
delivered to a 10 ha farm for the month of June in which consumptive
use is estimated at 8 mm/day. The effective rainfall for the period was
150 mm. What is the irrigation efficiency?
a. 32%
b. 87%
c. 72%
d. 52%
C – 72%

Effective Rainfall, ER = 0.15m x 10 ha x 10,000 m2/ha
= 15,000 m3
Consumptive Use, CU
CU = (0.008 m/day) x 30 days x 10 ha x 10,000 m2/ha
= 24,000 m3
Irrigation Efficiency, Ea = (CU – ER)/Wf

= (24,000 – 15,000)m3 / 12500 m3
= 72%

Evapotranspiration in an 8 ha farm is 7 mm/day and percolation losses is
2 mm/day. What is the design discharge of a canal to be able to deliver a
5-day requirement of the farm in 24 hours if irrigation efficiency is 75%?
a. 150 m3/hr
b. 200 m3/hr
c. 175 m3/hr
d. 140 m3/hr
B - 200 m3/hr

Qt=Ad
Q = Ad/t
Q = [(8 ha x 10,000 m2/ha) (7 mm/day + 2 mm/day)
(1m/1000mm) (5 days)] / (24 hrs x 0.75)
Q = 200 m3/hr

Subsurface drain system wherein laterals join the submain on both
sides alternately.
a. Gridiron
b. Herringbone
c. Parallel drain system
d. Double main system
B – herringbone

How much water should be applied to a 6 ha farm where the rooting
depth is 80 cm, if it is in its permanent wilting point? Volumetric
moisture contents are 0.15 and 0.32 for permanent wilting point and
field capacity, respectively.
a. 7,200 m3
b. 6,120 m3
c. 15,360 m3
d. 8,160 m3
D – 8,160 m3

Vol. = (FC – PWP)(D)(A)
= (0.32 - 0.15)(0.8m)(60,000 m2)
= 8,160 m3
Pd = 100 (FW-ODW)/ODW
Pv = AsPd
d = PvD/100 = PdAsD/100

What is the depth of water in a trapezoidal channel with a side slope
of 2 and carrying a 2.5 m3/s water flow? The channel’s bottom
width is 1.5 meters and the flowing water has a velocity of 0.8 m/s.
a. 1 m
b. 1.2 m
c. 0.93 m
d. 0.82 m
C – 0.93 m

Q = AV or A = Q/V
A = 2.5 m3/s / 0.8 m/s = 3.125 m2
A = by + zy2 : 3.125 = 1.5y + 2y2
solving for y = 0.93 m

How many sprinklers with spacing of 7m x 7m are needed to
irrigate a rectangular piece of land 125 m x 190 m if the laterals
are set parallel to the longer side of the field?
a. 503
b. 504
c. 486
d. 485
C – 486

Number of Laterals, N = 125/7 = 17.86 or 18
Number of Sprinklers/lateral, S = 190/7 = 27.142 or 27
Total number of sprinklers = N x S = 18 x 27 = 486

If the impeller speed of a centrifugal pump is increased from 1800
rpm to 2340 rpm, the resulting power will be how many times the
original?
a. 1.690
b. 2.197
c. 1.091
d. 1.140
B - 2.197

3
2340
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
1800
2.197 𝑃1 = 𝑃2

Darcy’s law states that the flow of water through a porous medium is?
a. Proportional to the medium’s hydraulic conductivity
b. Inversely proportional to the length of flow path
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
C – both a & b

One liter per second is equal to?
a. 16.85 gpm
b. 15.50 gpm
c. 15.85 gpm
d. 17.35 gpm
C – 15.85 gpm

It is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the
soil.
a. Void volume
b. Bulk density
c. Porosity
d. Void density n = Vv/VT
C – porosity

A soil sample was obtained using a cylindrical soil sampler with a 4-
inch diameter and 10-inch height. After oven-drying, the sample
weighed 2,470 grams. What is the soil’s bulk density.
a. 12 g/cc
b. 1.1 g/cc
c. 1200 kg/m3
d. 1.3 kg/m3
C – 1200 kg/m3

Vb = Ah = (πd2/4)(h)
= [π(4 in x 2.54 cm/in)2/4] x (10 in x 2.54 cm/in)
= 2,059.3 cm3
BD = ODW/Vb
= 2,470/2,059.3
= 1.2 g/cc = 1200 kg/m3

It is the water retained about individual soil particles by molecular
action and can be removed only by heating.
a. Permanent wilting point
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Hydrophobic water
d. Microscopic water
B – hygroscopic water

A 16-ft thick confined aquifer with hydraulic conductivity of 500 ft/day
was tapped by a 4-inch diameter shallow tube well. With a radius of
influence of 2000 ft, determine the maximum discharge of the STW in
lps. Assume an allowable drawdown of 10 ft.
a. 16.85
b. 17.55
c. 5.59
d. 6.59 B – 17.55

Q = 2πkb(h2 – h1) / ln(r2/r1)
Q = 2π(500 ft/day)(16 ft)(10 ft) / ln[2000 ft/(2/12 ft)
Q = 53,515.8 ft3/day
Q = 53,515.8 ft3/day x 1m3/ (3.28)3ft3 x 1000 li/m3 x 1 day/86400 sec
Q = 17.55 li/sec

It refers to the composite parts of the irrigation system that divert
water from natural bodies of water such as rivers, streams and lakes.
a. Main canal
b. Diversion canal
c. Irrigation structures
d. Headworks
D – headworks

It is a measure of the amount of water that the soil will retain against a
tension of 15 atmospheres.
a. Readily available moisture
b. Permanent wilting point
c. Available moisture
d. Field capacity
B – PWP

What is the discharge in each sprinkler nozzle to irrigate a
rectangular piece of land 150m x 180m if the laterals are set parallel
to the longer side of the field. Sprinkler spacing is 6m x 6m,
irrigation water requirement is 150 mm and irrigation period is 6
hours.
a. 0.250 lps
b. 0.375 lps
c. 0.500 lps
A – 0.250 lps
d. 0.125 lps

Q = 6m x 6m x 0.15m/6hrs x 1hr/3600sec x 1000li/m3
Q = 0.250 lps

The International Soil Science Society describes sand as a soil
particle with a diameter of
a. 0.02 to 2 mm
b. 0.2 to 2 mm
c. 0.002 to 0.02 mm
d. 0.002 to 0.2 mm
B – 0.2 to 2 mm

Ten m3/hr is equal to
a. 2.78 lps
b. 44.03 gpm
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
C – both a & b

Determine the irrigation interval for a farm with soil root zone having
a field capacity of 200 mm and a wilting point of 105 mm. Assume
that the consumptive use for August is 7.5 mm/day with no rainfall
and the allowable moisture depletion is 75%.
a. 11 days
b. 9 days
c. 4 days
d. 7 days B – 9 days

Iint = (FC – WP)(AMD) / CU
= ((200 – 105)mm x 0.75) / 7.5 mm/day
Iint = 9.5 days

What is the depth of water in a trapezoidal channel with a side slope
of 2 and carrying a 3.2 m3/s water flow? The channel’s bottom width
is 1.5 meters and the flowing water has a velocity of 0.85 m/s.
a. 1.8 m
b. 1.79 m
c. 1.05 m
d. 1.04 m
C – 1.05 m

GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF CHANNEL SECTIONS

Q = AV
A = Q/V = 3.2 m3/s / 0.85 m/s = 3.765 m2
A = by + zy2
3.765 = 1.5y + 2y2
Compute for y = 1.05 m

The localized lowering of the static or piezometric water level due to
pumping.
a. Groundwater decline
b. Drawdown
c. Subsidence
d. Depression
B – drawdown

Any convenient level surface coincident or parallel with mean
sea level to which elevations of a particular area are referred
a. Datum
b. Elevation
c. Horizontal surface
d. Slope
A – datum

What is the design discharge of a canal to be able to deliver a
7-day requirement of a 5-ha farm in 12 hours if the irrigation
requirement is 8 mm/day?
a. 65 m3/s
b. 6.5 m3/s
c. 0.65 m3/s
d. 0.065 m3/s
D – 0.065 m3/s

Q = (5 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 8 mm/day x (1m/1000mm) x
7 days) / 12 hrs x 1hr/3600sec
Q = 0.0648 m3/s = 0.065 m3/s

It is a geologic formation which transmits water at a rate
insufficient to be economically developed for pumping.
a. Aquifer
b. Aquiclude
c. Aquifuge
d. Aquitard
B – aquiclude

Determine the maximum total head at which a 5-hp centrifugal pump
can extract water at a rate of 25 lps if pump efficiency is 65%.
a. 25.32 ft
b. 32.48 ft
c. 33.39 ft
d. 35.12 ft
B – 32.48 ft

BHP = γQH/EP or H = (BHP)(E )/γQ (γ = 62.4 lbs/ft3)
H = 5 hp x 0.65 x 550 ft-lbs/sec-hp x 1ft/62.4 lbs

25 li/sec x 1m3/1000 li x (3.28)3 ft3/m3
H = 32.48 ft

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 (Equation 7-1)
Where: 𝑃 = power required, watts

𝜌 = mass density of water, kg/m3
𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
𝑄 = pump discharge, m3/s
𝐻 = Head transmitted by the impeller (meters)
Or power requirements can be determined using the following equations:
GPM x Head (ft) x Specific Gravity

Brake Horsepower
= 3960 x Pump Efficiency (Equation 7.2)
(BHP)
Water Horsepower GPM x Head (ft) x Specific Gravity

= (Equation 7.3)
(WHP)
3960
Pump Efficiency WHP
= x 100 (Equation 7.4)
(%) BHP

It is the ratio of the dry weight of the soil to the weight of the water
with volume equal to the soil bulk volume.
a. Particle density
b. Bulk density
c. Real specific gravity
d. Apparent specific gravity
D - ASG

It accounts for the losses in an irrigation system from the water
source and prior to delivery of water into the field ditches.
a. Evaporation
b. Application efficiency
c. Diversion efficiency
d. Conveyance efficiency
D – Conveyance efficiency

A geologic formation that contains water but do not have the capacity
to transmit it.
a. Aquifuge
b. Aquifer
c. Aquitard
d. Aquiclude
D – Aquiclude

Aquifuge - An impermeable body of rock which contains no
interconnected openings or interstices and therefore neither absorbs nor
transmits water.
Aquiclude - Any geological formation that absorbs and holds water but
does not transmit it at a sufficient rate to supply springs, wells, etc.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater
can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers
and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms
include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer,[1]
and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area
underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the
aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.

Compute the land soaking requirement for a soil (depth of root zone = 60
cm) with residual moisture content of 18% by weight, bulk density of 1,320
kg/m3 and porosity of 50%. Standing water for planting is 20 mm.
a. 177.44 mm
b. 157.44 mm
c. 253.44 mm
d. 273.44 mm
B – 157.44 mm

What is the recommended value for standing water during land
preparation.
a. 5 mm
b. 10 mm
c. 15 mm
d. 8 mm
B – 10 mm

Farm water requirement minus the application losses is the.
a. Diversion water requirement
b. Farm irrigation requirement
c. Application efficiency
d. Land preparation water requirement
B – Farm irrigation requirement

What is the root zone depth of a farm with land soaking requirement
of 90 mm if the soil porosity is 45%, residual moisture content is 18%
(by weight) and bulk density is 1,250 kg/m3?
a. 35 cm
b. 40 cm
c. 45 cm
d. 60 cm
B – 40 cm

This results from overlapping radii of influence of neighboring wells.
a. Drawdown
b. Groundwater decline
c. Well interference
d. Drawdown curve
C – well interference

In furrow irrigation, the rate of water application should be ____ the
intake rate of the soil.
a. Less than
b. Greater than
c. Equal to
d. Not related to
A – less than

Irrigation method is used for row crops wherein only a part of the
surface is wetted
a. Basin flooding
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Border irrigation
d. Border-strip flooding
B – furrow irrigation

Determine the irrigation interval for a farm with soil root zone having a
field capacity of 200 mm and a wilting point of 140 mm. Assume that
the consumptive use is 6 mm/day with no rainfall and the allowable
moisture depletion is 75%
a. 6 days
b. 9 days
c. 7 days
d. 10 days C – 7 days

Int = (FC-WP)(AMD)/CU
= ((200-140)mm x 0.75)/6 mm/day
= 7.5 or 7 days

What is the design discharge of a canal to be able to deliver a 6-day
requirement of a 6-ha farm in 9 hours if the irrigation requirement is 8
mm/day?
a. 88.9 m3/s
b. 8.89 m3/s
c. 0.889 m3/s
d. 0.0889 m3/s
D – 0.0889 m3/s

Q = Ad/t
Q = (6 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 0.008 m/day x 6 days x
1hr/3600 sec) / 9 hrs
Q = 0.0889 m3/sec

The amount of drainage water to be removed per unit time per unit
area is the
a. Drainage requirement
b. Drainage coefficient
c. Drain spacing
d. Drainage volume
B – drainage coefficient

In Hooghoudt’s drain spacing formula, it is assumed that
a. The water table is in equilibrium with the rainfall or
irrigation water
b. The drains are evenly spaced
c. Darcy’s law is valid for flow through soils
d. All of the above
D – all of the above

A mathematical expression for the macroscopic flow of water through
a porous system
a. Steady state groundwater flow equation
b. Darcy’s Law
c. Laplace’s equation
d. Scobey;s equation
B – Darcy’s Law

It is the soil moisture constant describing the amount of moisture
retained by the soil against a suction pressure of 1/3 atmosphere
a. Field capacity
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Saturation point
A – field capacity

Run-off is the difference between the gross depth of irrigation water
and the
a. Net depth requirement
b. Crop evapotranspiration
c. Depth that infiltrated
d. Water use rate
A – net depth requirement

It is the type of sprinkler irrigation system where the number of
laterals installed is equal to the total number of lateral positions
a. Hand move system
b. Periodic move
c. Special type
d. Set system
D – set system

A soil with root zone depth of 1.2 meters has 24% initial volumetric
moisture content, volumetric field capacity and permanent wilting
point of 30% and 15%, respectively and 50% allowable moisture
depletion. The initial depth of water in the soil is
a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm
C – 288 mm

Pv = d/D
Initial depth, d = Pv x D
d = (0.24) (1.2 m x 1000 mm/m) = 288 mm

In previous Problem, when the soil reaches _____, irrigation should
be done
a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm
B – 270 mm

FC = .3 x 1,200 = 360 mm
}
AMD = .5(FC-WP) = (0.5)(360-180) = 90 mm
90 mm
WP = .15 x 1,200 = 180 mm
WP + AMD = 180 + 90 = 270 mm

In previous Problem, natural drainage occurs when the soil water
reaches or exceeds a depth of _______.
a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm
D – 360 mm

FC = .3 x 1,200 = 360 mm
}
AMD = .5(FC-WP) = (0.5)(360-180) = 90 mm
90 mm
WP = .15 x 1,200 = 180 mm
Since FC is 360 mm, then natural drainage will occur

when the soil water reaches FC or 360 mm

It is a surface irrigation system where the area is subdivided by dikes
and water flows over these dikes from one subdivision to another.
a. Border irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. Corrugation irrigation
C – basin irrigation

Distribution control structures placed across an irrigation ditch to
block the flow temporarily and to raise the upstream water level.
a. Turnouts
b. Checks
c. Culverts
d. Weirs
B – checks

Which is not a component of the impact arm of an impact sprinkler?
a. Nozzle
b. Counterweight
c. Vane
d. Spoon
A - nozzle

A 20-ft thick confined aquifer with hydraulic conductivity of 400 ft/day
was tapped by a 4-inch diameter shallow tube well. With a radius of
influence of 2,500 ft, determine the maximum discharge of the STW
in liters per second. Assume an allowable drawdown of 12 ft?
a. 22.17
b. 20.57
c. 62.71
d. 25.63 B – 20.57

2πkb(h2 – h1) 2π(400 ft/day)(20 ft)(12 ft)
Q= =
ln(r2/r1) ln(2,500/.17)
= 67.52 ft3 /day
67.52 ft3 x m3 x day x 1000 li

= 20.57 lps
day (3.28)3 ft3 86,400 sec m3

In surface irrigation, the ratio between the gross amount of irrigation
water and the net requirement of the crop is the
a. Application efficiency
b. Deep percolation
c. Seepage
d. Runoff
a – Application efficiency

It is an orderly sequence of planting crop in an area for a 365-day
period
a. Cropping pattern
b. Crop combination
c. Crop sequence
d. Cropping schedule
A – Cropping pattern

A 21.6 mm/day water requirement is equivalent to
a. 23.8 gpm/ha
b. 0.9 lps/ha
c. 2.5 lps/ha
d. 14.3 gpm/ha
C – 2.5 lps/ha

21.6 mm x m x 10,000 m2 x day x 1000 li
day 1000 mm ha 86,400 sec m3
= 2.5 lps/ha

In a 5 ha area, it was determined that the soil volumetric field
capacity and permanent wilting point are 25% and 15%,
respectively. Crop consumptive use is 5 mm/day, application
efficiency is 80% and irrigation application rate is 32 m3/hr. The
allowable soil moisture depletion is 60%, apparent specific gravity is
1.2 and the depth of root zone is 0.8 m. The net depth of irrigation
water to be applied is
a. 80 mm
b. 48 mm
c. 24 mm
d. 36 mm B – 48 mm

dnet = (AMD)(FC-WP)(D)
= (.6)(.25-.15)(800mm) = 48 mm

In previous problem, the gross depth of irrigation water to be applied
is
a. 100 mm
b. 60 mm
c. 64 mm
d. 38 mm
B – 60 mm

dgross = dnet /Ea
= 48/.8 = 60 mm

In previous problem, the irrigation interval, in days is
a. 10
b. 5
c. 9
d. 4
C – 9 days

Int = dnet /CU
= (48 mm)/(5 mm/day) = 9.6 or 9 days

In previous problem, the irrigation period, in hours is
a. 93
b. 47
c. 230
d. 94
D - 94

Irrigation period = Adgross /Q
5 ha x 10,000 m2 x .06 m
ha = 93.75 hrs
32 m3/hr

The head in an emitter discharging 4 liters of water per hour and with
discharge coefficient of 0.798 and exponent of 0.5 is
a. 6.4 m
b. 5.0 m
c. 10 m
d. 1.8 m
25 m

In furrow irrigation, it is the difference between the depth of water
that infiltrated and the net depth requirement
a. Runoff
b. Application losses
c. Deep percolation
d. Seepage
C – deep percolation

A rectangular piece of land 180m x 240m is laid out with one-sided
sprinkler irrigation system. Laterals are set parallel to the longer
side of the field. Sprinkler spacing is 6m x 6m, irrigation water
requirement is 150 mm and irrigation period is 6 hours. Laterals
are set on only one side of the mainline. The sprinkler discharge is
a. 0.50 lps
b. 0.375 lps
c. 0.250 lps
d. 0.125 lps C – 0.250 lps

(6m) x (6m) x (.15 m) x hr x 1000 li
Q= = 0.25 lps
6 hrs 3600 sec m3

In previous problem, determine the number of lateral positions
a. 30
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
A - 30

240 m
180 m
No. of lateral positions = 180/6 = 30

In previous problem, determine the number of sprinklers/lateral
a. 30
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
c - 40

240 m
180 m
No. of sprinkler/lateral = 240/6 = 40

The field in previous problem is installed with hand-moved system
and 2 sets of laterals can be installed per day. Calculate the
minimum number of laterals that can be installed per set if there
are 5 operating days per irrigation interval
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 1 C–3

No. of laterals/set = total no. of laterals/5days
= 30/5 = 6 lat/set
Since there are 2 sets of laterals, then the minimum no.
of laterals per set = 6/2 = 3 laterals

In-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher
level to a lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting
from the drop in elevation
a. Drop
b. Flume
c. Weir
d. None of the above
A – drop

Longitudinal Section of a Vertical Drop (Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Longitudinal Section of a Rectangular Inclined Drop
(Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Longitudinal Section of a Baffled Apron Drop
Amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the
crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface
runoff and interception
a. Average rainfall
b. Effective rainfall
c. Rainfall depth
B – effective rainfall

Applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to
dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of
water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of
minor differences in pressure
a. Drippers
b. Emitters
c. Nozzle
d. None of the above B – emitters

Closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under
pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under
roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions
a. Siphon
b. Inverted siphon
c. Elevated flumes
B – inverted siphon

• Inverted siphons – closed conduit designed to convey canal water
in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by
gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local
depressions.
– for crossing wide deep hollows, depressions, or canyons through
them under pressure.
Cross-section of a proposed inverted siphon at a river showing the outline of the conduit
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes
water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land
soaking
a. Land soaking water requirements
b. Land preparation water requirements
c. Irrigation water requirements
B – land preparation requirements

Portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
a. Connector
b. Valve
c. Manifold
C – manifold

Constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a
uniform flow condition
a. Normal depth
b. Critical depth
c. Uniform depth
A – normal depth

Water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is
exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage
channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow conditions
a. Open channel flow
b. Canal flow
c. Pipe flow
A – open channel flow

Tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually
less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil
surface whose pumps are set above the water level
a. Shallow tubewell
b. Deep well
c. Pipe
A – shallow tubewell

Ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall
a. Slope
b. Channel gradient
c. Side slope
d. All of the above
C – side slope

Slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open
channels
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope
A – energy grade line slope

Slope of the free water surface in open channel
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope
D – Hydraulic grade line slope

Occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and
average velocity through a reach of channel
a. Normal flow
b. Critical flow
c. Uniform flow
d. Varied flow
C – uniform flow

Energy in Open-channel Flow
Accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall; and
outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation.
a. Water cycle
b. Water balance
c. Water flow
d. All of the above
B – water balance

Area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir.
a. Watershed
b. River network
c. Streams
d. All of the above
A - watershed

Diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating
at a given pressure and no wind.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above
A – wetted diameter

Portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing
water.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above
A – wetted perimeter

Moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which
describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water
supply has been cut-off.
a. Current soil moisture content
b. Residual moisture content
c. Allowable moisture depletion
B – residual moisture content

Pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the
water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses
and to provide adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water
distribution.
a. Average pressure
b. Design pressure
c. Pressure requirement
B – design pressure

An overflow structure built perpendicular to an open channel axis to
measure the rate of flow of water.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
A – weir

Types of Weir, Description and Discharge Evaluation

Types of Weir, Description and Discharge Evaluation

In-line structure with a geometrically specified constriction built in an
open channel such that the center line coincides with the center line
of the channel in which the flow is to be measured.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
B – flume

Types of Flumes, Description and Discharge Evaluation

Types of Flumes, Description and Discharge Evaluation

Parshall flume discharge equations
(adapted from the ISCO Open Channel Flow Measurement Handbook – 5th Edition)

Measuring device with a well-defined, sharp-edged opening in a wall
through which flow occurs such that the upstream water level is
always well above the top of this opening.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
C – orifice

Types of Orifices, Description and Discharge Equation

On the figure below, what is the theoretical discharge in m3/s, if the
orifice opening is 100 by 100 millimeters?
a. 0.146
b. 0.123
c. 0.003
d. 0.030
C – 0.003

3ൗ
𝑄 = 1.84 𝐿 − 0.2𝐻 𝐻 2
3ൗ
𝑄 = 1.84 0.1 − 0.2(0.08ሻ 0.08 2
𝑄 = 0.003 𝑚3/𝑠

Determine the seepage and percolation losses within the canal if the
difference in flow rates at 200-meter distance is 2 m3/s.
a. 1 liter/s-m
b. 0.1 m3/s-m
c. 0.01 m3/s-m
C – 0.01 m3/s-m

A device with individual scales on the rods to provide data to plot
furrow depth as a function of the lateral distance where data can then
be numerically integrated to develop geometric relationships such as
area verses depth, wetted perimeter versus depth and top-width
verses depth.
a. Infiltrometer
b. Profilometer
c. Penetrometer
d. None of the above B – profilometer

Profilometer

Application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
A – surface irrigation

Method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels
as it moves down the slope of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
B – furrow irrigation

Recommended slope for furrow irrigation method.
a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
b. 2.0% to 5.0%
c. ≤ 0.1%
A – 0.05% to 3.0%

a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %  Furrow
b. 2.0% to 5.0%  Border
c. ≤ 0.1%  Basin

What should be the depth of water to be applied if the needed water
depth is 6 mm and the application efficiency is 75%.
a. 4.5 mm
b. 6.0 mm
c. 8.0 mm
C - 8.00 mm

What should be the net depth of water to be applied if the depth of
soil to be irrigated is 600 mm. The soil has a FC of 28%, PWP of 14%
and the allowable moisture depletion is 50%.
a. 36 mm
b. 42 mm
c. 50 mm
B – 42 mm

What should be the irrigation frequency if the depth of water needed
is 42 mm. The potential ET is 7.6 mm/day and the crop coefficient is
0.95.
a. 4 days
b. 6 days
c. 8 days
B – 6 days

𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑇𝑎 = 0.95 𝑥 7.6 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 = 7.22 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝐸𝑇𝑎
42 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚
7.22
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑰𝒇 = 5.82 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔

What is the maximum sprinkler spacing, in square pattern, if the
average wind speed is 5 km/hr and below?
a. 55%
b. 50%
c. 45%
A – 55%

What should be the sprinkler precipitation rate if the sprinkler spacing
is 6m by 6m. The sprinkler discharge is 210 lph at 3 bars pressure
with 14 meter wetted diameter.
a. 4.2 mm/hr
b. 5.8 mm/hr
c. 6.3 mm/hr
B – 5.8 mm/hr

A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 6 meters and a side
slope of 1H:1V. The channel bottom slope is 0.0002 and the
Manning roughness coefficient is 0.014. What is the depth of flow
if Q = 12.1 m3/s?
a. 1.5 m
b. 1.3 m
c. 1.7 m
d. 1.1 m
A – 1.5 m

𝐴 = 𝑦 (𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦ሻ
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2
1
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅 2Τ3 𝑆 1Τ2
𝑛
2Τ3
1 𝑦 (6 + 1𝑦ሻ
12.1 = 𝑦 (6 + 1𝑦ሻ 0.00021Τ2
0.014 6 + 2𝑦 1 + 12
Computing for 𝑦 :
𝑦 = 1.5 𝑚

A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 6 meters and a side slope
of 1H:1V. The channel bottom slope is 0.0002 and the Manning
roughness coefficient is 0.014. What will be the state of flow if the
depth of flow is 1.5 m?
a. Critical
b. Sub-critical
c. Supercritical
d. Laminar
B – sub-critical

𝑉
𝐹= 𝐷 = 𝐴/𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦
𝑔𝐷
𝐴 = 𝑦 𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 = 1.5 (6 + 1 1.5 = 11.25 𝑚2
11.25
𝑇 = 6 + 2 1.5 = 9𝑚 𝐷= = 1.25 𝑚
9
𝑄 12.1
𝑉= = = 1.076 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 11.25
1.076
𝐹= = 0.307 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 0.307 < 1,
(9.81ሻ(1.25ሻ
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

What is the required power if the needed system capacity is 25 m3/hr
and the total dynamic head is 40 meters. The pump efficiency is 60%.
a. 3 hp
b. 5 hp
c. 7 hp
C – 7 hp

Determine the nominal pipe diameter for the 20 m3/hr flow if the
allowable velocity in pipe is 2 m/s.
a. 50 mm
b. 63 mm
c. 75 mm
B – 63 mm

Q = AV
Q = (πD2/4) V
D = (4Q/ πV)1/2 ;
allowable V = 2 m/s = 7200 m/hr
Dm= (4 x 20/ π x 7200)1/2

Dm = 59 mm

Any barrier constructed to store water.
a. Reservoir
b. Dam
c. Tank
B – dam

Volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level
and normal water level.
a. Active storage
b. Dead storage
c. Storage capacity
A – active storage

Maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the
dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway.
a. Maximum storage elevation
b. Dam crest elevation
c. Normal storage elevation
C – normal storage elevation

Part of water impounding system that stores the runoff.
a. Watershed
b. Reservoir
c. Dam
C – dam

What is the critical depth for a grassy triangular channel with 2H:1V
side slopes and a 0.5% slope when the flow is 3.00 m3/s?
a. 1.23 m
b. 1.36 m
c. 0.86 m
d. 0.78 m
C – 0.86 m

3 2
𝐴 𝑄
=
𝑇 𝑔
Where: A = flow area (m2, ft2)

T = top width of flow (m, ft)
Q = channel flow rate (m3/s, ft3/s)
g = gravitation acceleration (m/s2, ft/s2)

Energy in Open-channel Flow
Best Hydraulic Section

What should be the state of flow on previous Problem if the channel is
actually flowing at a depth of 1.2 m?
a. Critical
b. Sub-critical
c. Supercritical
d. Laminar B – sub-critical
The critical depth is 0.86 m. The actual flow depth of 1.2 m is greater than
the critical depth, so the flow is subcritical

A trapezoidal channel carrying 400 cfs is built with nonerodible bed
having a slope of 0.0016 and n = 0.025. Determine the depth of
water, y if b = 20 ft and z = 2
a. 3.36 ft
b. 2.87 ft
c. 5.72 ft
d. 4.13 ft
A – 3.36 ft

0.025 𝑥 400
𝐴𝑅2Τ3 = = 167.7
1.486 0.0016
Where:
𝐴 = 𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦
𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦
𝑅=
𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2

Substituting A and R in the above equation:
5/3
𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦
2/3
= 167.7
𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2
5/3
20 + 2𝑦 𝑦
2/3
= 167.7
20 + 2𝑦 1 + 22
𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝒇𝒕

On previous problem, determine the cross-sectional area, A of the
channel.
a. 72.36 ft2
b. 89.78 ft2
c. 63.56 ft2
d. 83.92 ft2
𝐴 = 20 + 2 𝑥 3.36 𝑥 3.36 = 89.78𝑓𝑡 2

B – 89.78

On previous problem, determine the best hydraulic section?
a. y = 3.36 ft; b = 3.74 ft
b. y = 4.52 ft; b = 6.26 ft
c. y = 6.60 ft; b = 7.62 ft
d. y = 7.81 ft; b = 9.76 ft
C – y=6.6 ft; b=7.62 ft

For Best Hydraulic Section (Trapezoidal section):
𝐴 = 3𝑦 2
1
𝑅= 𝑦
2
Since section factor, 𝐴𝑅 2Τ3 = 167.7
Simplify and compute for y;
Then 𝒚 = 𝟔. 𝟔 𝒇𝒕
The water area, 𝐴 = 3(6.6ሻ2 = 75.45𝑓𝑡 2
Since the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is the half hexagon, the
side slopes are 1 on 3/3. Computing for bottom width, b:
𝐴 74.45 3
𝒃 = − 𝑧𝑦 = − 6.6 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝑦 6.6
3
A triangular channel section with a bottom angle 80o with channel
gradient 0.0016 and n = 0.025, carries a discharge of 400 cfs;
What is the normal depth of flow?
a. 3.32 ft
b. 6.76 ft
c. 9.68 ft
d. 10.12 ft
C – 9.68 ft

t
1.49 2ൗ 1ൗ
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆 2
𝑛
2 𝑄𝑛
𝐴𝑅 ൗ3 = 1ൗ
1 y 1.49𝑆 2
80o z 2ൗ
𝑧𝑦 3 (400ሻ (0.025ሻ
𝑧𝑦 2 = 1ൗ
2 1+ 𝑧2 (1.49ሻ 0.0016 2
2ൗ
0.84𝑦 3 (400ሻ (0.025ሻ
2
0.84𝑦 =
t = 2zy 2 1+ 0.842 (1.49ሻ 0.0016
1ൗ
2
Tan 40o = zy/y
z = 0.84
𝒚 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 𝒇𝒕

The estimated width and depth of concrete-lined rectangular open
channel for water velocity of 2 m/s and discharge of 10 m3/s?
a. 6.1 m, 2.3 m
b. 3.2 m, 1.6 m
c. 2.5 m, 5.0 m
b – 3.2 m, 1.6 m

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉;
𝑄 10
𝑉= = = 5𝑚2
𝐴 2
For best hydraulic section for rectangular section:
𝐴 = 2𝑦 2
5
𝑦= = 1.58𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎
2
𝑏 = 2𝑦 = 2 1.6 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝒎


Irrigation and Drinaige

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IRRIGATION AND

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

• Soil Moisture Deficit (SMD) is the depletion of soil moisture below

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

𝑂𝐷𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑔ሻ

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Irrigation Efficiency, Ea = (CU – ER)/Wf

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Number of Sprinklers/lateral, S = 190/7 = 27.142 or 27

Total number of sprinklers = N x S = 18 x 27 = 486

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Iint = 9.5 days

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Q = 0.0648 m3/s = 0.065 m3/s

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

H = 5 hp x 0.65 x 550 ft-lbs/sec-hp x 1ft/62.4 lbs

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Where: 𝑃 = power required, watts

Or power requirements can be determined using the following equations: