Cambridge O Level

*8963555644*

PHYSICS 5054/22
Paper 2 Theory May/June 2024
1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
● Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 9.8 N (acceleration of free fall = 9.8 m / s2).

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

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This document has 16 pages.

DC (DE/SW)
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2024
 2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows two trolleys. On the front of trolley A, there is a wooden rod. Trolley B is initially at
rest.
As trolley A moves towards the right, the rod enters the modelling clay. Trolley A slows down and
trolley B starts moving.
The trolleys then stick together and continue moving towards the right.

wooden modelling
rod clay
trolley A trolley B

Fig. 1.1

1
Fig. 1.2 shows the speed−time graph for the two trolleys.

.0
0.8
speed 0.7

h
m / s 0.6 trolley A

s 2
0.4-0.7
trolley A and B

a
0.4

4
&
0 .2

a 57
I -
%YS 0.2 trolley B

r
=1.5

b
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

a 1
t/s
:

_
_ 78 2 Fig. 1.2

The trolleys start to collide at time t = 0.30 s. At t = 0.50 s, the trolleys are moving at the same
speed.

@ 32
(a) (i) State how Fig. 1.2 shows that, during the collision, trolley B has a uniform acceleration.
=cceleration
Gradient ...........................o...f.....g...r..aa...p...h.....................

0
.u...n....i.f..o...r...m...../.c....o...n...s...t..a....n...t.......g...r.a...d...ie.....n...t

(ii) Describe how the graph in Fig. 1.2 shows that the magnitude (size) of the acceleration of
trolley B is larger than the magnitude of the deceleration of trolley A.

tsmetime0.2inis10.4
i(is...........................................c...h..a..n...g..en...........S..p...e..e..d......f.o..rA0.3
than
greater
.F...o..r.......h..ea.............................................c..h..a..n...g..e..........

...s..p..e...e..d.....f.o...r....................m..../.s..)..........

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 3

(iii) Calculate the acceleration of trolley B when t = 0.40 s.

v =
a =
=
20 m

acceleration = .....2....0... .m.../..j.2.............................. m / s2 [2]

(b) The mass of trolley A = 0.80 kg. The mass of trolley B = 0.60 kg.

Show that momentum is conserved in the collision.

sum of momentum Sum of momentum
collisio
begone collisio after
MaYa + Mis Yi (ma+
(0 mi) v

1
0 60.x 0
0. S0x0 . 70 +
20 + 0. 60)x0 . 40

0
.

56
(1 4) X0.

.
0. + 0
= .
40
50 kg m. 5
m
.0 = 0 56 kg . 5

h
.
.

Since
beforeand

s
collision
after collision

2
,

are
equal Hencemomentum isconserve.d [2]

a 4
(c) In another collision between the same trolleys, the rod and modelling clay are not present.

a 57
Trolley A hits trolley B with the same initial speed.

r
Explain why the force between the trolleys is larger in this collision.

b 1
i ..s..o...m....e......o...f.....e...n..e..r..g..ysusedto........................................p

a 2
clay. More work is done by
-Without&Godlesstimeofcontact,
..........................................................................T..o..o...l.le...yA.......................................

_
.............P.../.+.....,....................m....o...d..e...l.igd

_ 78
F = X
collisionis,forceacting
so more
.d...u..r..i.n...g....................................................................

@ 32 [Total: 8]

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 4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a small swimming pool containing water.

4.0m
2.1m

Fig. 2.1

The depth of water in the pool is 0.80 m. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

01
(a) (i) Show that the mass of water in the pool is approximately 6700 kg.

density

h. Msaume
=

s 2
= 672014
mass 1000 4. 80

a
x 0x2. 1x0.

4
=

a 57
6700K Hence shown
=
. [2]

r
.

(ii) Define ‘pressure’.

b 1
n ....F...o....r..c...e...........a....c....t..i..n....g.........p
a 2
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii)
_
_ 78
Calculate the pressure on the base of the pool due to the water.

@ 32
P= Igh
=

1000x9 . 81 x 0 So.
7848 Pa
=

0 7850
pressure = .................................................... Pa [2]

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 5

(iv) The water in the pool is initially at a temperature of 10 °C.

The temperature rises when 5.1 × 108 J of energy is transferred to the water.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the final temperature of the water.↓T=FindTemperature- Critical Temperatu

Q = mc DT =
mc(f -
Ti) xT =
Ty Ti
-

5.1 x 108 6720x4200

= x
(Ty
-10)
10 + 18. 0697
T7
-

= 28. 0697

= 2S
28
temperature = ..................................................... °C [3]

1
(b) (i) Explain, in terms of the movement of particles, how evaporation causes cooling.

0
.m....o...l.e...c..u...l.e..s......f..r..o...m..........t.h...e......L....i.q....u...i..dS

h.
.f..r..o...m........s...o...u..r..r..o..u...n...d...i.n...g..s.......a...
atom

s 2
.....................................................s...o...u...r..r..o...u...n...d...i.n...g...
and escape to the

a 4
.................n...e..r..g...e..t..i.c......m....o..lec.ul.e..sThus....................c..
less e

(ii)

ra 57
Changes to factors in the environment of the swimming pool can cause an increase or

b
decrease in the amount of evaporation from the surface of the water.

1
State two changes to environmental factors that increase the amount of evaporation

a 2
from the surface of the water.

_
1 ...S...u...c..r..e..a...s..e........t..h..e.......t..e...m....p...e..r..a...t.u...r.

_ 78
2 ................................(..d....r...a....u....g....h....t.......................................
use Wind

@ 32
[1]

[Total: 11]

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 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a solar-powered charger connected to a cell phone (mobile phone).

cell phone
solar-powered
charger

Fig. 3.1

The battery inside the cell phone is charged by the solar-powered charger.

(a) (i) Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the useful transfer of energy from the Sun to the battery.

1
.N...u..c...l.e.. electric field ...c..h...e..m....i.c

0
a..r........ in charger ...a..l....... energy
light from electrical

.
energy in Sun in battery
Sun current

s h 2
Fig. 3.2
[2]

a 4
(ii) Explain why the battery takes a long time to charge on a cloudy day.

ra 57
Less light reache solar powered charger thus less
...........................................................................................................................................

b
current is
produc.e.d..................................................................................... [1]

1
.........................................

a 2
(b) After use, the outside surface of the cell phone is warm. When switched off, the cell phone

_
cools down.

_ 78
Name and describe the three processes by which thermal energy is transferred as the cell
phone cools down.

@ 32
r1 ..&.......t..h..e.....f.o...r..m........o...f........I.n...f..r.eed................(..I..R....)......R..a...d.
. .................s...u...r..f..a...c..e........o....f......b..a..t..t.e..r..y...........................
the

0
Ait2 .....r....S...u..r..r..o..u...n...d..i.n...ghe................b..a..t.t..e..r.y.
hence a convection current is produc.ed
...................................................................................................................................................

nother3 .T...r..a....n...s...f..e...r.......o...f......e..n...e..r..g..y.......f..r..o...m....
atom of outside surface of battery results conductio.n
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

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 7

(c) It takes 4.5 hours to charge the battery with an average current of 300 mA.

Calculate the quantity of charge that enters the battery. Give the unit of your answer.

Q = It

=
300x 15x 4 . 5x60x60
= 4860L
4900 4900
=
charge = ................................... unit ......C........ [3]

[Total: 9]

01
h.
as 42
ra 57
ab 1
_
_ 78 2
@ 32
0

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 8

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows light passing through a triangular glass prism.

Q
"R
Li = angle of incidence

Fig. 4.1

(i) State the value of the angle of incidence at point P.

po

1
angle of incidence = ....................................................... ° [1]

0
Draw the normal and the angle of incidence at point R.

.
(ii)

h
Label the angle of incidence. [2]

s 2
(iii) State two conditions needed so that no light refracts from the glass into the air at point Q.

a 4
1 .A...n..g..l.e.....o...f....i.n..c...i.d..e..n...c..e.......>......C...r..i.t.i.c...a..l.....a..n..g..l.e...........

ra 57
...........................................................................................................................................

b
2 .L...i.g...h..t.....m....u..s..t......t.r..a..v..e...l.....f.r..o..m.........o..p...t.i.c...

a 1
........o...p..t..i.c..a...l.l.y......l.eense..s..sdr.......................m....e..d...i.u..m.........................................

_ 2
[2]

_ 78
(b) Information is sent across the internet using pulses of visible light through long, thin glass
fibres and electrical signals through copper wires.

@ 32
(i) State the name of one other type of electromagnetic radiation used to transmit information
through long, thin glass fibres.

0
............I..R..............(..1...I.F...R....A..........R...E....D....)........
(ii) Suggest two advantages of using glass fibres rather than copper wires to transmit
information from the internet.

1 ....L...o...n...g....e...r.......t..r..a...n...s....m.....i.s...s...i..o...n
...........................................................................................................................................

2 ..H.....i.g....h...l..y.......s...e...c...u...r..e.......L......e...s...
...........................................................................................................................................
3 less noise . [2]
[Total: 8]

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 9

5 An initially uncharged rubber balloon is rubbed with a woollen cloth as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Rubbing the balloon causes the balloon to have a negative charge.

balloon gains
..E..l.e..c..t.r.o...n..s................
and now has a negative charge

woollen cloth loses

..e...l.e...c...t..r..o...n...s..........

1
and now has a

0
..p...o...s...i..t..i.v...e...... charge

h. Fig. 5.1

s 2
(a) (i) On Fig. 5.1, complete the labels on the diagram. [2]

a 4
(ii) Explain why the balloon stays negatively charged for a long time.

a 57
cleu ....e..c..t.r..o..n..s.....i.n......a..n......i.n..s..u...l.a..tnu..o..r.....a..r.e......t.i.g...h...t..l.yboundto

r
El

b
Balloon is an insulator thus
will not freely more in insulator

1
............................................................................................................................................

a
it's electrons will not be moving aroun.d Thus balloon remains

2
...........................................................................................................................................

_
charged for longer tim.e

_ 78
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Rubbing the balloon causes the temperature of the air inside it to rise.

@ 32
Explain, in terms of the particles of air, why the volume of the balloon increases when the
temperature of the air rises.
rKrmsasubstanc.e .........T..e..m....p..e...r.a...t.u...r.e....=.....A...v.e....a..g..e:

0
As ,

e .....................................................t.e..m....p...e..r..a..t.uth...r.e.....,............
with the increase in

gas mosales trapped inside

i ....................................................................t.hrt...e......b..a...l.l.o..ota...n
wallsmoreenergetic.allyAsK.Eofmolecules incre.ases
.............................................. ........................................................................ ..............
secndformoduleswouldtakes .......................................p...e..ro.............................
more collision

lloo.nphichresultsofba ..l.aW..c..e...............................................e...x..p...
[Total: 7]

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 10

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a circuit diagram containing a battery, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) and a fixed
resistor of resistance 240 Ω connected in series.

Light
240Ω LDR
Reord

Fig. 6.1

There is a lamp near the circuit. Light from the lamp is incident on the LDR when the lamp is
switched on.

1
Fig. 6.2 shows the current−voltage graph for the LDR with the lamp switched on and with the lamp
switched off.

.0
h
with lamp
0.10

s 2
switched on
current / A0.08

a
0.06

a 57 4 0.04 with lamp

r
switched off
0.02

ab 1
0

_
_ 78 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
voltage / V
8

@ 32
Fig. 6.2

(a) State Ohm’s law.

0
Forconstantconditionsand ..........................p..h...y.s..i.c..a..l...............................T..e...m....p...e..r..a..t..u..
ElectricCurrent isdirectlyproportional
to Potential difference (P.d)
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Explain how the graph lines in Fig. 6.2 show that Ohm’s law applies to the LDR.
(b)
Graph is a straight line which
.................................................................p.a..s..s.e..s....t.h..r.o..u..g..h.......................................................
origin. (IV).
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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 11

(c) Use values from Fig. 6.2 to explain the effect of light on the resistance of the LDR.
isonPgivengraph/herR==0=.V/=.d..,
When
&0 ..........L..a...m...p...................,.................................................
F 0 10 A From

V=G.or1o=0.06AFrm-+,
>-=50When.LampisoffForSameP.d.,
..........................................................................................................................................g..r.a..p.h...
R
==1332Hence,,
Rdeviceseswiththe increase inLight intensi.ty
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
With the lamp switched on, the current in the LDR is 0.050 A.
(d)
(i) Determine the current in the fixed resistor.

current in fixed resistor = .......0......0..5...0....A................................. A [1]

(ii) Calculate the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the cell.

P.dacross. LDR 4.01
graph
=
For the F =0. 050A From

1
.

-+
P
.
.050 x 240 = 12
=12=

0
d. = v 0

.
connect ed in Series
As both are

h
,

V = V +Vz

s
,

2
4
0
= 12 +

a
.

4
= 16V e.m.f. = .........1..6..v......................................... V [3]

a 57
[Total: 9]

br
a 21
_
_ 78
@ 32
0

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 12

7 (a) A plotting compass contains a needle. The needle is a small magnet that can rotate about its
centre.
Fig. 7.1 shows the plotting compass placed close to a bar magnet.

needle compass
bar magnet

NS N S

D2&P
1
.0 Fig. 7.1 (not to scale)

h
(i) On Fig. 7.1 mark the magnetic poles on the bar magnet. [1]

(ii)

as 2
There is a piece of paper underneath the magnet.

4
a 57
Describe how the compass is used to plot the magnetic field line that passes from one

r
pole to the other and through P.

b
satP2.markdof1and.
Place a ..................m...a..g..n..e..t.i.c.....c..o..m...p..a..s..................................................

a 1
ison
mo e v the
compass sothatheS-poleof thecompass

2
...........................................................................................................................................

_
dotz and mark dots against the K-pole of the compas

_ 78
...........................................................................................................................................
Repeat
the above method to plot other lines of force on either
...........................................................................................................................................

@ 32
Side of magnet to Obtain
a magnetic fidd pattern around

...........................................................................................................................................
the
...........m.....a..g...n...e...t.......................................................................................................... [3]

0
Describe how to use the compass in Fig. 7.1 to determine the direction of the magnetic
(iii) field at P.

Place the compass at P. the direction in which I-pole of

...........................................................................................................................................
compass points is the direction of magnetic field.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 13

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows the apparatus a student uses to produce an alternating current (a.c.).

magnet coil

A
centre-zero
ammeter

Fig. 7.2

1
The magnet is moved into and out of the coil.

0
(i) Explain why a current is produced when the magnet moves.

.
.S..t..a..t..i.o..n..a...r.y.....c..o..i.l......................m....a..g..n..e..t..i.c....f.luvgnet..
Cuts the

h
in the sell which results an

s
Faradays, law an emery is induced

2
To
...........................................................................................................................................

a 4
induced current in the co-il
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

ra 57
(ii) Describe the movement of the magnet that produces an a.c. of frequency 0.50 Hz.
&= Number of in and out in one secon.d

b
...........................................................................................................................................

a 1
ioutinonesecon.d
0 50Hz means .........................................................m....a..g...n..e..tnand.................................
0.5times

_
_ 78 2
(iii) Describe how the centre-zero ammeter shows the current is a.c. rather than d.c. (direct
current).
bohSide ..R...e..a..d...i.n..znandoutOg.....n.......C...e..n.t..r.e..-.z..e..w......a..r.et.....o..n

@ 32
motion of magnet.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

0
(iv) Explain why increasing the frequency of the a.c. produced also increases the magnitude
(size) of the a.c produced.
.E..M...F...i.n..d..u.c..e..d....i.s.....d..i.r.e..c..t.l.y.....p..r.o..p.o..r.t.i.o..n.a..l....t.o...r.a..t..e...o..f....c.h..a

change in magneticfluxHacemagnitude
increasein frequaryresults more

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
of EMF induced increases

[Total: 10]

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 14

8 Fig. 8.1 is a picture of a nebula formed from a supernova.

Fig. 8.1

(a) State what is meant by ‘a supernova’.

1
siveStar(Redgiant ..A...t.....t.h..e....e...n..d......o...f......l.i..f..e......c..y..c..lema

0
ptakesawichiscalledSupernova .......e..x.....l.o...s..i.o..n...................p...l...c..eh........
.

.
a

h
(b) Describe how a protostar forms inside a nebula.

s 2
.T..h...e......f.o..r..c..e......o..f......g...r..a..v...i.t..y......w....i.t.h...i.n......n...e...b.

a
closerntillitformsage .............g..a..s......................t.o...g..e..t.h...e..ru..............

4
and hot bell of

a 57
...........................p..r..o..t.o..s..t.a.is...rTh.......................................................................
results more frequent collisions between the

r
known as
Particles which causes temperature increase

b
(c) Our Sun is in a circular orbit around a black hole at the centre of our galaxy.

a 1
(i) State the name of the galaxy that contains our Sun.

_ 2
.....M.....i.l.k...y.......W....a..y.........................................................................................................

_ 78
(ii) State what is meant by a light-year.

@ 32
i .D...i.s..t..a..n...c..e.....t..r..a..v..e...l.l.e..d.....b...y......L...i.g...h..tnone-...................
(iii) The time taken for one complete orbit of our Sun around the black hole is 7.3 × 1015 s.
Sun--T

0
The distance from our Sun to the black hole is 26 000 light-years.

:blackThotejO->v
1 year = 3.2 × 107 s speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m / s

Calculate the speed of our Sun as it orbits the black hole.

1 3 = +=3.
U 0x108x3.2x107
Lightyear=
V=30x100x3.. 2x107x26000
x3.2x10726000x3.0x108=214832.x0.3mys=2115
Speech=
T 7. 3 x 1015
= .21x105
speed = .................................................. m / s [3]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2024 5054/22/M/J/24
 15

9 Alpha particles are sometimes emitted from the nuclei of radioactive elements.

This emission is both random and spontaneous.

(a) Describe what is meant by ‘spontaneous’ emission.

(factors)
.............e...m.....i.s..s...i.o...n........i.sNOT..................a...f..f.e...c...t.e...dxternal
The

...L...i.k...e.....,.....p...r.e...s..s..u..r..e...,.....T..e...m....p...e...r..a..t..u...r..e..................

(b) Describe the composition of an alpha particle.

....T..w....o......p...r.o...t.o...n..s.................................................................................................................
................n..e...u..t..r..o..n....s.............................................................................................................
Two
[2]

(c) Alpha particles are detected using the tracks shown in a cloud chamber or by the sparks

1
produced in a spark counter.
(i) Describe the structure of either a cloud chamber or a spark counter. Include a labelled

.0
drawing of the apparatus.
cloud

h
chamber observ e -
=&

s 2
↓Transparent Plastic kid.

a 4
Alcohol-
#

=/F'I--Lead
a 57
wick

-&& radioactive Source

r
-

b
container

1
A

_
C a
Light

2 dry ine-To

_ 78
Sourc
-

I
Foam to support

@ 32
black
dry ic.e
sheet
to enhance
contrast

0
observed T...h..i.c...k.....a..n...d.....s...t.r.a...i.gttrackare..h.............................................
.

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe how the emission of alpha particles is shown as random in the apparatus you
described in (c)(i).
..N..u..m...b..e..r....o..f...t..r.a..c.k..s.....p..r.o..d..u..c..e.d......a..n..d.....d...i.r.e...c..t.i.o...n....o..f.....t.r.

..p...r.e..d..i.c..t..a..b..l..e................................................................................................................. [

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 16

(iii) A radioactive source produces 120 tracks in one minute in a cloud chamber.
&

[
6.0 hours later, the same source produces 15 tracks in one minute.
- &

Without the source present, no tracks are produced.

Calculate the half-life of the radioactive isotope in the source.

t
t6.0hours.= 60 15
=? 120 - 30 +

-
t =
nxt1/2 |x+
+
2x+
123x + y2
,

6
n 3
n = 3 ,
t =
.
0
=

hours .
6
2 .0

: = half-life = .........2......0................................. hours [2]

[Total: 9]

01
h.
as 42
ra 57
ab 1
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0
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