Atomic radius

decreases across the period

nuclear charge increases , shielding remains constant

attraction force increases

Ionic radii

cations

smaller than original atom

En
last their outer shell of electrons from their original atom
?" i
smaller from Nat to sitt as nuclear charge increases

proton no is
increasing ,

E EY -

e
-
=

=
3

10
p

2
=

-
14

=
18
se*Es Zieren ne
pulling the
Anions e- inwards

larger than original atom

gained e-into their shell ,

increasing the repulsion between electrons but nuclear charge is the same

larger from p to Cl- as nuclear charge increases

Melting point

NA to Al

increases from

the number of electron each metal donates increases

the electrostatic force of attraction increases from Na to Al

·

Si

highest mp

giant molecular structure

each Si is held strong covalent bonds

by

P to Ar

· decreases

simple molecular structures

intermolecular forces like did are weak

Electrical
conductivity
NA +O Al

increases because there are delocalised electrons .

Si

poor conductivity because no delocalized electrons

P to Ar

decreases
·
 Reactions of period 3 with oxygen

4NACS) +0219) >2 NA28CS)

·

~burns solid (Na28) produced

vigourously with bright yellow flame , white

·
2Mg(s) +0219) <2 MgO (S)

4AICS) +
30219) :2A183 (S)

~
with bright white
burns vigourously flame

4P(s) +
50219) < 440 10 CS)

·
burns vigourously with oxygen , yellow / white flame with white smoke

· SCC) +02 >502 (9)

·
burns with blue flame SOL Itoxic gas) produced
gently ,

SO2(x +02(9) >2583(9)

·

·
further oxidation of SO2 gives SO >

C1 and Ar doesn't react with 02

Reactions of period 3 with Chlorine

>
2NACS) +
(12 (9) ZNACICS)

·
vigourous reaction , bright orange flame

<
·M9(5)
+

C12 (9) MyC1 (s)

vigourous reaction , bright white flame

2A1CS) + 3C12 (9) >

AlzC16 (S)

vigourous reaction , bright yellow flame

Sicss+(1219) >
SiCy(L)
·

·
reacts slowly to form colourless liquid

· 2P(s) 5C12(9) >

2PC1= (1)
+

·
reacts with yellow , white flame
slowly

Reaction Na and water

of
My With

·NACS) +H20CL) <

NAGH (99)
+

H2 (9)
·
reacts vigourously (strong alkaline , pH 14)

H20(L) >
·
MgCS) Mg10H) (99) H2
(g)
+ +

·
reacts cold water (weak alkaline pH than NaOH (
slowly with ,
11 , MgCOHic less soluble

MyC3) H20(g) >

Mg0 (C) H2(9)
· + +

reacts
vigourously with steam

oxides of period 3 elements

·Naz0 (5) + H20(1)

>
NACH (AG)

·
strong alkaline , pH14 (colourless)
>
M90(3) H20(1) Mg1OH) (a9(
+

· :

·
weak alkaline PH 11
,
Al2O3 doesn't react with water/ it's insoluble

with acidic solution salf

Reaits
by acting as a base , forming a

·Al2O3 (5) + 3H2SO4 (19) <Ak(SOn)3 (aq) +3 H20(1)

Reacts with alkaline solution by acting as an acid ,

forming a salt (colourless)

·A1z03 + 3 H20(1) >

CS) + 2 NaOH 199) INAAICONSY 199)

Si doesn't react with water

Reacts with not concentrated dikali by acting as an acid

SiO2 (s) NaOH -> H20 (1)

(99) NaSiO 199)
· +
+

· P48 , 0 CS) +bH28(1) >

4H3POy (99)

reacts acidic
vigourously ,
forming solution , pH2

· SO2 (5) +H20(1) <

H2SOs 199)

sulfurous acid
pHI
·
forms ,

<
·

SO3 (x)
+

H20(1) H2SO4 199)

·
forms sulfuric acid , PHI

Acid/base nature of oxides

chlorides of period 3 elements

water
NaCI
>
Nat +Cr /dissolves)

hydrated
·
ious
Water
,
·
MgCI , Mg2+ +
cr <dissolves)
·

hydrated ions , releases CH and increases PH

[AICH2036] 199)
>
[AICH20150H] "(aq) +

H+ caq) Hydrolysis
compound acidic
·

AlzCl is a dimer , when added to water it turns the solution

, pH 3

>
SiCh(s) +2H20(L) SiO2 (S) +4 HC(g)
·

acidic solution off white and white fumes HC1

, ppt of
, pH 2

4 H 20(1) > + 5 HCl

·PC15(5) HyPO4
+

highly acidic
·
solution PH 2

Electronegativity
more electronegative across a period

-are more strongly attracted by increasing

nuclear charge
 Group 2 elements with O2 Creacts vigourously (
+ 02
·
2Mg(s) 2 MgO (3)

burns in bright white flame to give white ppt

· 2CACs) +

02 >2090(s)

brick red
·
burns in flame to
give white ppt
· 250 15)
+

02 250

·
burns in scarlet/red flame to give white ppt

2BACS)
+

02 >2BA0

solid
·
burns in apple green flame to give white

Group 2 elements with water

·
My(s)
+
H28(L) <
MgCOH) : (aq)
+

H2CG)
·
reacts
slowly in cold water
-
(hot)
>
Mg(x H20(9) Mg0(S) H2(9)
+ +

·
reacts vigourously in steam to produce white ppt

CaCs) +
H201L > CACOH)2 +
H2 (9)
·

produces limewater , CACCH)2 ,

white and slightly soluble ,
alkaline

Reactivity
increases down the group

He gas is released more readily down the group

solutions get more alkaline down the group

Group 2 elements with dilute HCI and H2SO4

oxides with water

->
M90(3) H20 Mg(OH)2
· +

·
solution forms PH 10
weakly alkaline ,

+ H20
· C10(3) >
CACCH2

reaction water buil solid expand and

·
vigourous , off , cracks open

oxides with dilute acids

acid + basic oxide> salt water

+ >
H20
M90 H2 MgCl2
+

·M98 + H2SO4 >

M9SO4
+

H28
 Hydroxides with water
water
·

CACOH) : (S) <Cacaq) +

OH

slightly
·
soluble

Hydroxides with dilute acids

hydroxide
+

acid > salt + water

+ 7
·
M9(OH)2 HCl M9C12 199)
+

2 H20

Mg(OH)2
+

H2SOy <
MgSO4 1991 + 2H28

Reaction of group 2 Carbonates

acid + metal carbonate > salt water +

carbon dioxide

·MyCO3(S) + H2SO4 >MgS84 +H20 +

CO2

formed
·

solid disappear , gas bubble

C9C83+HC1 < CAL1 + CO2 +

H20

·
solid disappears , gas bubble formed

CaCOs +HeSOy > CaSO4 +CO2 + H20

gas

BACUS +HCI -> BACI +CO2 +H2O

·
solid disappear , gas bubble formed
>
·BACOs + HeSOy BaSO4 + CO2 +H2O

gas

Thermal decomposition increases

MyCOs MgO + CO2

i increase in stability /increase in temp (

4N02 t
2 Mg(NOs o 2 MgO +

02

increase more stable means doesnt decompose that easily

brown
in stability
(increase in gas
Ba(NO3(2 temp >

solubility
SO2
MG(OH)2 My

Ca) OH (2 increase CaSO4

decrease

SrCOH) : (more soluble) SU SO4 (less soluble)

BA (OH)2 V BASOL W

white ppt
 physical properties

only did forces in grp 7

·
more -- did
stronger

melting and boiling point increases down the group

chlorine is
green/yellow
bromine is orange/brown
iodine black solid , purple vapour

more e- so greater intermolecular force

volatility d
decreases down the group
how
easily it vapourizes

chemical properties

halogen reacts with a metal and gains an e-

acts
oxidising agent
·
as

e Ca +

Cl2 Ca2+ (C1-)2

.

g .

8 !
-
reduced

halogen reacts with a non metal

covalently
>
H2
+

C12 HCl
e .

g .

Reactions of halogens

Electronegativity decreases down the group

decreases down the group

-

Reactivity as
oxidising agents

chlorine potassium bromide ->

bromine potassium chloride
oxidising agent stregth decreases down the
group
+
+

displacement because

Cl is more electronegative than BVz

fluorine is a stronger oxidising agent than iodine

R eactions with hydrogen

Halogen t hydrogen hydrogen halide

H2 Fe >
2HF
·
+

·
reacts dark conditions
explosively even in cool ,

Ha Cl2 2HCl
·
+

reacts in sunlight
·

explosively
Ha + Br : IHBU

reacts
slowly
·
on
heating
·He +

12 2HE

·
forms equilibrium
an mixture on
heating
Thermal
stability (ability to resist chemical/physical changes when exposed to temperatures)

2H1 > H2 12
+

·
purple fumes

·HF and HCl are not decomposed in temperature up to 1500°C

thermal
stability decreases down the
group
decreases Text
bond energies down the group ,
making it
Text
easier to break the hydrogen halide bond

the longer the bond the weaker it is and required to break it

, , less
energy .

Reaction with
Ag followed by NHS 199(

compound (halide ions) nitric acid + silver nitrate >

4pt/AgCI White AgBr AgI yellow)
+

unknown , Cream ,

Ag+(ag) C1-cag) AgCI (S)

+
>

·pp+ (AgCI AgBr AgI) Ammonia solution (dilute then couc

+

,
,

↳ checks if they form soluble complexions

2NH3 (99) Ag[NH3)2 (aq) Cl-1a9S
AgCICS)
>
+ +

partially soluble

insoluble

Reaction of halide ious with concentrated sulfuric acid

Cr
compounds containing , Br-or I will react with H2SO4 increasingly effective as reducing agents down the
weak reducing
agent
·
NACIC)
+

H2SOY (1) > NAHSO4 (5)

+
HC1 (9) GVOUD

·
HCI
produces white fumes -
not
easier to oxidise down the group
strong enough to oxidize HCl

·NABUCS) +H2SO + (2) >

NAHSO(3)
+

HB (9)

CHBr +
H2SO <
Brc+SO2 +2H28

·
reddish brown gas
oxidising agent acid base

strong reducing
agent
·

NAICS) +

HeSOy /L >
NAHSO4 (C)
+

HI19)
I O +4
+6
-

2HI +

HeSOY >
Iz
+

SO2 + 2H20
redoX
8
-
I +6 0

6 HI t H2SO4 >3 Iz I S 4 H =0
+

+6 8 2
I
-
-

< 4H20
8HI H2SO4 4I2 H2S
+ +
+

·
sulfur is yellow ,
Has has a rotten egg smell ,
iodine is dark grey solid

Reaction of Cl2 With NaOH

CO1d Alkali

· C12+INAUH > NaCl + NACIO (sodium Chlorate (IC) +

HaG

ionic Cl2 +
20H
-

>
Cl
-

+ C10
-

+ H20
equ
:

⑧ I + 1
-

red .
7 9

OX -
disproportionation
 Hot alkali

3C1z GNAUH >5 NACI I NACIO3 3H20

· +
+

8 -
I +
5
7 7
red .

OX-

Chlorination of water

C1 2 With H20 kills balteria

H20 7 t
C12 t HC1 HCI0
8 -
I + 1
H 7

red .

OX-

·HC10 (chloric acid) Sterilizes water by killing bacteria

some HC10 dissociates in water to form Cl0- , also dets as sterilizing agent
 Nitrogen gaC
to bond
unreactive due triple (very strong) and lack of
polarity
Lightning provides Ea needed for formation of nitrogen monoxide N2 +
02191
-
2N0 (9)
:

, (9)
Further oxidation dioxide 2N0(9) +0219) >
(9)
:

to give nitrogen 2N02

Nitrogen dioxides dissolves in water when rain :

2N02 (9) +
H20(1)
+

=02 19) >

2HNO > 199)
acid rain

Ammonia and Ammonium compounds

·

NH 3
+
Ht > NHyt
base

NHL is weak base

Nitrogen oxides
lacts as Catalyst (
Oxidation of So, SO2(g) NO2(9) > 50 , (g) NO (9)
:
+ +

=02 (g) < NO2 (9)

Regeneration of NO2 No(g)
+

503(9) H2SO4 199)

H2OCL) <
acid
:

Formation of rain
+

acid rain

Photochemical
Smog
No and NOc react with unburned hydrocarbon to form PAN (a component of photochemical smog)

Reducing the effects of nitrogen oxides

20019) +

2 N0(9) <
200219)
+

N2(g)

Ammonium salt + base > ammonia

gas
slime water (
e .

g Ammonium
.
chloride +

calcium hydroxide ammonia